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31:
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1126:, stretching from high on the canvas to its foot . There he appears bound and surrounded by a gesticulating mob with hooting ragamuffins at their head. The stairs are covered with the rubbish with which the deposed emperor has been pelted and, as Suetonius describes the scene, a long blade is held at his throat so that he cannot look down. Others paintings show the moment of his execution, of which there are examples by
766:, gives an unfavourable account of Vitellius' brief administration: he describes him as unambitious and notes that Vitellius showed indications of a desire to govern wisely, but that Valens and Caecina encouraged him in a course of vicious excesses which threw his better qualities into the background. He is even reported to have starved his own mother to death—to fulfill a prophecy by a
1084:, represent him as broad-faced with several double chins, and it is this type which informs paintings of the emperor from the Renaissance on. There were once other ancient busts claimed to be of Vitellius which later scholarship has proved to be of someone else. The features of the Grimani Vitellius particularly, according to
507:. Once he realised his support was wavering, Vitellius prepared to abdicate in favor of Vespasian. He was not allowed to do so by his supporters, resulting in a brutal battle for Rome between Vitellius' forces and the armies of Vespasian. He was executed in Rome by Vespasian's soldiers on 20 December 69.
1678:
with the cavalry of the legion and of the auxiliaries, and together with them saluted
Vitellius as emperor. All the legions belonging to the same province followed his example with prodigious zeal, and the army of Upper Germany abandoned the specious names of the Senate and people of Rome, and on the
886:
had declared for
Vespasianus, Vitellius sent several legions under Caecina to prevent the Eastern armies from entering Italy, but Caecina, dissatisfied with Vitellius's poor administration, attempted without success to defect to Vespasian. This undermined the morale of the Vitellian legions, and they
807:
Vitellius also banned astrologers from Rome and Italy on 1 October 69. Some astrologers responded to his decree by anonymously publishing a decree of their own: "Decreed by all astrologers in blessing on our State
Vitellius will be no more on the appointed date." In response, Vitellius executed any
702:
accepted him and decreed to him the imperial honours on 19 April. He advanced into Italy at the head of a licentious and rough soldiery, and Rome became the scene of riot and massacre, gladiatorial shows and extravagant feasting. To reward his victorious legionaries, Vitellius expanded the existing
931:
On the entrance of
Vespasian's troops into Rome, Vitellius' supporters (mostly civilians) organized heavy resistance, resulting in a brutal battle. Entrenched on the city's buildings, they threw stones, javelins, and tiles on Vespasian's soldiers who consequently suffered heavy casualties in the
825:
at which, it is said, there were served up no less than two thousand choice fishes, and seven thousand birds. Yet even this supper he himself outdid, at a feast which he gave upon the first use of a dish which had been made for him, and which, for its extraordinary size, he called "The Shield of
820:
Suetonius is particularly responsible for giving
Vitellius the reputation of being an obese glutton, using emetics so as to be able to indulge in banquets four times a day, and often having himself invited over to a different noble's house for each one. One of the most famous of these feasts was
811:
Furthermore, Vitellius continued Otho's policies in regard to Nero's memory, in that he honored the dead emperor and sacrificed to his spirit. He also had Nero's songs performed in public, and attempted to imitate Nero, who remained extremely popular among the lower classes of the Roman Empire.
987:, who was the daughter of an ex-consul. They had a son, Aulus Vitellius Petronianus, who was blind in one eye. He was the universal heir of his mother and grandfather, but Vitellius had him killed in 69 in order to inherit his fortune. He married secondly, around the year 50, a woman named
959:
Suetonius, in writing of
Vitellius' execution, offers his physical description: "...He was in fact abnormally tall, with a face usually flushed from hard drinking, a huge belly, and one thigh crippled from being struck once by a four-horse chariot, when he was in attendance on
1309:
Several busts have been thought to depict
Vitellius, bust these identifications are usually based on vague resemblances with coin portraits. In reality it's almost impossible to identify most busts with any particular emperor, specially with one as short-lived as Vitellius.
770:
that he would rule longer if his mother died first; alternatively there is a report that his mother asked for poison to commit suicide—a request he granted. Suetonius additionally remarks that
Vitellius' besetting sins were luxury and cruelty. Other writers, namely
1332:
864:
Vitellius consumed in mere eating at least six millions of our money, in about seven months. It is not easy to express his vices with dignity, or even decency. Tacitus fairly calls him a hog; but it is by substituting for a coarse word a very fine
927:
and one of
Vespasian's chief supporters. However, as he was on his way to deposit the insignia of empire in the Temple of Concord, the Praetorian Guard refused to allow him to carry out the agreement, and forced him to return to the palace.
891:. Fabius Valens was then sent by Vitellius to rally supporting armies in Gaul, but forces loyal to Vespasian captured and executed him soon after. Vitellius, now deserted by many of his adherents, prepared to abdicate the title of emperor.
1048:
Every coin of
Vitellius features the title "Germanicus", referring to the legions of the Rhine that supported his bid for power. Regardless of the mint, this title was progressively shortened to "Germ" on the coins. Numismatist
590:
Suetonius makes the sensible remark that both accounts might have been made by either flatterers or enemies of Vitellius—except that both were in circulation before Vitellius became emperor. Since his father was a member of the
1374:
1057:. The coins Vitellius minted before his official proclamation as Emperor on 19 April do not bear the title "Augustus", while the title "Pontifex Maximus" appears on coins minted after his election at this title on 18 July.
1045:, France) a bit later. Taracco produced much more coins than Lugdunum, which might have not even struck bronze coinage. These two mints closed at the beginning of summer 69, by which time the mint of Rome had taken over.
1028:
As Vitellius was not recognised emperor by the Senate until 19 April 69—soon after Otho's suicide—he had to rely on other mints for his coin supply until his arrival at Rome. He first used the Spanish mint of
1426:: "was born on the eighth day before the Kalends of October , or according to some, on the seventh day before the Ides of September ". 24 September is generally the most accepted date, as it fits with
1316:
659:, and here Vitellius made himself popular with his subalterns and with the soldiers by outrageous prodigality and excessive good nature, which soon proved fatal to order and discipline.
1187:
The earliest fictional appearance of a Vitellius was of the Roman Consul in Syria, Lucius Vitellius (the father of Aulus), who intervened in Judaean affairs in the time of
1358:
2616:
1674:. "In the course of the night of the 1st of January the 4th and 18th legions had thrown down the images of Galba... in the course of the following day entered the
796:
Vitellius ended the practice of centurions selling furloughs and exemptions of duty to their men, a change Tacitus describes as being adopted by 'all good emperors'.
856:
599:
only later in his lifetime, Vitellius became the first emperor not to be born in the senatorial family. Suetonius also recorded that when Vitellius was born his
1171:
7559:
956:'s account is that Vitellius was beheaded and his head paraded around Rome, and his wife attended to his burial. His brother and son were also killed.
948:, and there struck down by Vespasian's supporters. "Yet I was once your emperor," were his last words. His body was thrown into the Tiber according to
1505:) states that he died after having "reigned for a year lacking ten days", which places his death on the 22nd. The date of 20 December is confirmed by
2004:
7678:
320:
7688:
2450:
2195:
7673:
2471:
1088:, were once used by painters to suggest that the character who bears them is destined to come to a bleak end. Another such bust figures in
1389:
1103:
that were once fashionable in large households. The series was also a popular subject for paintings, of which there have been examples by
687:
on the following day, and then again on the day after. More accurately, he was proclaimed emperor of the armies of Germania Inferior and
1588:
1024:
Denarius of Vitellius, with the goddess Victory erecting a trophy on the reverse, alluding to the incoming confrontation with Vespasian.
396:
for eight months, from 19 April to 20 December AD 69. Vitellius became emperor following the quick succession of the previous emperors
691:. The armies of Gaul, Britannia and Raetia sided with them shortly afterwards. By the time that they marched on Rome, however, it was
7574:
7569:
899:
2716:
1000:
679:. Through these two men a military revolution was speedily accomplished; they refused to renew their vows of allegiance to Emperor
545:
418:
upon his accession. Like his predecessor, Otho, Vitellius attempted to rally public support to his cause by honoring and imitating
151:
1099:
The Grimani portrait bust also served as the model for one by Giovanni Battista and Nicola Bonanome (ca.1565), one of a series of
7549:
7544:
3241:
1238:, he disappeared from later adaptations. But some later novels deal with incidents in the military career of this Vitellius. In
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7554:
2038:
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4035:
3903:
1910:
1797:
1482:
1455:
1381:
4068:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
7564:
7539:
3248:
1420:
1004:
936:. Cassius Dio claims that 50,000 people died in the battle for Rome. Large parts of the city were destroyed, including the
1514:
495:
His claim to the throne was soon challenged by legions stationed in the eastern provinces, who proclaimed their commander
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7529:
5309:
5097:
3871:
2217:
1862:
1637:
1619:
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1671:
874:
In July 69, Vitellius learned that the armies of the eastern provinces had proclaimed a rival emperor: their commander,
799:
He also expanded the offices of the Imperial administration beyond the imperial pool of freedmen, allowing those of the
7683:
7668:
7518:
6279:
5995:
4863:
4123:
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1230:'s reign. Although he survived as a character in the 1900 Broadway production, and in the Italian films based on it of
2568:
2370:
2337:
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937:
374:
500:
7658:
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1501:) writes that Vitellius learned of the defection of his troops on 18 December, and then died two days later. Dio (
7643:
6771:
3837:
3820:
3647:
3635:
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6548:
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3600:
3562:
3522:
3489:
1688:
1323:
306:
7117:
6907:
6839:
6704:
6571:
6481:
6294:
4412:
4023:
3849:
3676:
3642:
3606:
3495:
1502:
1431:
1176:
1147:
850:, named after the emperor a less exotic dish of peas or broad beans mashed with sweet and sour ingredients.
6689:
6626:
5909:
3664:
2709:
2652:
2016:
1976:
975:
in Gaul, and his nickname was Becco which means "rooster's beak": Gallus means both "a cock" and "a Gaul".
572:
564:
541:
194:
2432:
779:, disagree with some of Suetonius' assertions, even though their own accounts are scarcely positive ones.
651:
in either 60 or 61, in which capacity he is said to have acquitted himself with credit. At the end of 68,
7050:
6159:
6071:
5556:
5333:
5324:
3745:
3424:
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2520:
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1131:
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5776:
5708:
4290:
4055:
4011:
3989:
3940:
3827:
3618:
3387:
2729:
2639:
2545:
2507:
2125:
1712:
888:
883:
995:, Prefect of Egypt in 23. They had two children, a son, who was named as heir and was given the title
860:, refers to "the beastly Vitellius" among "the unworthy successors of Augustus", adding in a footnote:
7400:
5171:
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3755:
2935:
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1266:
1247:
1156:
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879:
405:
220:
2236:"Un busto en bronce del "Pseudo-Vitelio" de la antigua colección de El Retiro de Churriana (Málaga)"
1072:
building a trophy, likely alluding to his hopeful victory against the incoming armies of Vespasian.
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1964:
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5409:
5043:
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4050:
4029:
3935:
2725:
2676:
2647:
1339:
1211:
A Certain Jesus: the Gospel According to Thomas : an Historical Novel of the First Century
1209:. The same character also makes an appearance in the 1930 novel by Iwan Naschiwin (1874–1940),
920:
283:
30:
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1900:
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847:
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2235:
782:
Despite his short reign he made two important government contributions which outlasted him.
698:
In fact, he was never acknowledged as emperor by the entire Roman world, though at Rome the
7594:
7100:
7055:
6428:
6056:
5991:
5844:
5839:
5546:
5541:
5394:
4820:
4608:
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3775:
3750:
3715:
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3394:
3225:
2610:
2102:
2069:
1243:
1069:
830:, the brains of pheasants and peacocks, with the tongues of flamingos, and the entrails of
2400:
8:
7090:
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7030:
6967:
6342:
6317:
5521:
5516:
4940:
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3898:
3883:
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3740:
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3176:
3114:
3077:
2586:
1667:
1596:
1119:
1050:
904:
839:
787:
767:
763:
2114:
2080:
603:
so horrified his parents that his father tried to prevent Aulus from becoming a consul.
7663:
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7633:
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5501:
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1081:
623:
1141:
Much as the appearance of Vitellius prefigured approaching doom in earlier centuries,
1053:
notes that the prevalence of the title indicates that Vitellius used it almost like a
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7414:
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3002:
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1020:
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656:
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477:
473:
462:
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430:
129:
88:
967:
Years before there was a prediction that he would fall into the power of a man from
725:
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1531:
1192:
1118:
Several 19th-century French artists pictured the violent end of Vitellius. That by
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556:
339:
2505:
Kelly, Benjamin (2007). "Riot Control and Imperial Ideology in the Roman Empire".
1924:
1922:
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4511:
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3257:
3109:
2930:
2900:
2843:
2823:
2537:
2355:"Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture"
2182:
1707:
1430:'s statement that Vitellius lived "lived fifty-four years and eighty-nine days" (
1265:
Naturally Vitellius is a character in the rash of recent novels dealing with the
1123:
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988:
945:
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122:
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5496:
5456:
5204:
5056:
5021:
5011:
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4900:
4782:
4777:
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4336:
4302:
3575:
3539:
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3377:
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3198:
3192:
3124:
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2818:
2321:
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1946:
1919:
1206:
1188:
1181:
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992:
619:
499:
emperor instead. War ensued, leading to a crushing defeat for Vitellius at the
388:
1934:
7627:
7161:
7060:
6892:
6862:
6538:
6393:
6250:
6119:
5959:
5934:
5884:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5471:
5278:
5209:
5199:
5061:
4815:
4563:
4506:
4459:
4296:
4255:
4045:
4005:
3549:
3357:
3165:
1577:
1278:
1239:
1160:
1112:
984:
933:
851:
827:
672:
580:
434:
393:
44:
7246:
7080:
7070:
7045:
6897:
6847:
6806:
6532:
6444:
6332:
6245:
6225:
6144:
6109:
6104:
5990:
5929:
5639:
5461:
5451:
5414:
5369:
5283:
5273:
5263:
5179:
4895:
4772:
4581:
4522:
4382:
4329:
4234:
3790:
3585:
3517:
3512:
3502:
3325:
3187:
2828:
2630:
2436:
699:
640:
596:
489:
450:
437:, a relatively obscure family in ancient Rome. He was a noble companion of
96:
7350:
7295:
7146:
7095:
7015:
6887:
6779:
6761:
6719:
6630:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6465:
6449:
6422:
6387:
6377:
6312:
6265:
6255:
6240:
6230:
6177:
6139:
6114:
6094:
6084:
5850:
5834:
5809:
5804:
5604:
5531:
5441:
5424:
5379:
5354:
5288:
5268:
5253:
5235:
4965:
4960:
4767:
4594:
4574:
4388:
4322:
4313:
4197:
3654:
3529:
3479:
3404:
2978:
2925:
2868:
2494:
by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb (1876) on Wikisource).
2424:
1427:
1152:
953:
776:
175:
2528:
1592:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 147.
7467:
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6499:
6494:
6489:
6471:
6459:
6439:
6412:
6382:
6362:
6307:
6260:
6235:
6167:
6129:
6099:
6089:
5829:
5629:
5619:
5389:
5384:
5349:
5258:
5230:
5051:
4955:
4950:
4935:
4920:
4728:
4722:
4636:
4364:
4182:
4119:
3710:
3625:
3590:
3555:
3467:
3382:
3142:
3135:
3082:
3062:
3007:
2972:
2965:
2910:
2875:
2738:
1581:
1294:
1270:
940:. Vitellius was eventually dragged out of a hiding-place (according to
410:
2724:
2262:
7407:
7322:
7285:
7211:
7132:
7112:
6829:
6811:
6756:
6736:
6599:
6434:
6417:
6367:
6220:
6187:
6182:
6124:
5923:
5744:
5697:
5649:
5609:
5586:
5359:
5225:
5194:
4848:
4762:
4588:
4469:
4206:
3457:
3409:
3319:
3306:
3093:
3022:
2995:
2990:
2959:
2905:
2853:
2788:
2686:
2460:
1873:
1615:
1551:
1510:
1417:
1286:
1034:
949:
875:
755:
644:
600:
576:
496:
454:
258:
72:
2540:. In Bartsch, Shadi; Freudenberg, Kirik; Littlewood, Cedric (eds.).
7477:
7472:
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5819:
5731:
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3507:
3399:
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3052:
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1506:
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1038:
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826:
Minerva". In this dish there were tossed up together the livers of
655:, to the general astonishment, selected him to command the army of
615:
607:
568:
560:
537:
484:, and Vitellius then faced Otho in battle. He defeated Otho at the
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4890:
4841:
4747:
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4641:
4474:
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4106:
3659:
3362:
3269:
3182:
3037:
2813:
2516:
2481:
1992:
1662:
1343:
1093:
1030:
941:
916:
835:
831:
800:
783:
772:
684:
592:
4118:
1380:
The "Vitellius of Grimani", once thought to depict the emperor.
1122:(1883) depicts him being dragged by the populace down the steep
461:
in either 60 or 61. In 68, he was chosen to command the army of
7361:
7231:
6868:
6751:
6356:
6327:
6197:
6172:
5964:
5898:
5724:
5717:
5644:
5599:
5593:
5419:
5339:
4925:
4752:
4705:
4659:
4631:
4557:
4435:
4394:
4276:
4241:
4213:
3431:
3288:
3170:
2942:
2808:
1396:
1365:
1104:
1061:
744:
614:. Shortly thereafter, Vitellius was able to befriend the young
584:
35:
1080:
Busts from the time of Vitellius, particularly the one in the
480:, beginning a revolt against Galba. Galba was assassinated by
469:. He was later proclaimed emperor in January by the armies of
7447:
7226:
7216:
7194:
6852:
5761:
5749:
5662:
5579:
5430:
5364:
5026:
4695:
4653:
4647:
4439:
4398:
4269:
4262:
4248:
3032:
2803:
2793:
2773:
1145:
pictures him in shadow to the left of centre in the painting
919:. The terms of abdication had actually been agreed upon with
680:
676:
652:
611:
504:
466:
442:
397:
234:
92:
1364:
The "Pseudo-Vitellius", once thought to depict the emperor,
1246:
series, he is introduced as a rival to Vespasian during the
7199:
7189:
6579:
6454:
5655:
4985:
4805:
4787:
4672:
4454:
4449:
4283:
4075:
2778:
2768:
2669:
2577:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1602:
1227:
1216:
The son of Lucius, Aulus Vitellius, played a minor part in
1042:
968:
759:
692:
481:
419:
401:
363:
360:
354:
242:
62:
5404:
1905:. Vol. 10. Cambridge University Press. p. 273.
1823:
1250:. And in later chapters of Henry Venmore-Rowland's novel
345:
6625:
1138:(1847), and an engraving by Edouard Vimont (1876–1930).
834:, which had been brought in ships of war as far as from
2326:"A Flavian relief portrait in the J. Paul Getty Museum"
1816:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
878:. As soon as it was known that the armies of the East,
857:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
392:; 24 September 15 – 20 December 69) was
2156:. Bantam Press (an imprint of Transworld Publishers).
2147:
1474:
Calendars in Antiquity: Empires, States, and Societies
579:
recorded two different accounts of the origins of the
2240:
BAETICA. Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea
1835:
1758:
1254:(2012) he figures as the newly appointed Governor of
683:
on 1 January 69. Vitellius was proclaimed emperor at
375:
366:
606:
In his youth, he was one of the noble companions of
357:
351:
342:
1529:Vitellius did not inmediatly accepted the title of
1096:genre piece of a young art student drawing a copy.
803:
to take up positions in the Imperial civil service.
348:
2149:
1509:, who states that he was killed on the 3rd day of
1326:. The identification has been generally accepted.
915:state that Vitellius awaited Vespasian's army at
7625:
1993:"Boy Drawing before the Bust of a Roman Emperor"
634:
583:, one making them descendants of past rulers of
555:Aulus Vitellius was born on 24 September 15, in
2332:. Vol. 5. Getty Publications. p. 66.
2283:
2281:
2233:
1060:The last type of coin minted by Vitellius were
923:, the commander of the sixth legion serving in
903:Vitellius dragged through the streets of Rome,
707:and installed his own men from his Rhine army.
587:, the other describing their origins as lowly.
4091:
2710:
314:
182:Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Imperator Augustus
2523:, Classical Association of Canada: 150–176.
2386:Male bust — so-called “Vitellius of Grimani”
2278:
2229:
2227:
2225:
1151:(1847). This was shown prophetically at the
944:a door-keeper's lodge), driven to the fatal
695:, and not Galba, whom they had to confront.
540:of Vitellius, with a portrait of his father
2176:
4098:
4084:
2717:
2703:
2542:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Nero
571:, and had one brother, who was also named
321:
307:
2261:
2251:
2222:
1953:Mattingly, Sydenham & Sutherland 1984
1941:Mattingly, Sydenham & Sutherland 1984
1929:Mattingly, Sydenham & Sutherland 1984
1603:Mattingly, Sydenham & Sutherland 1984
821:offered Vitellius by his brother Lucius,
7508:
2316:
2314:
2297:. L'Erma di Bretschneider. p. 125.
1576:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1170:
1019:
898:
54:19 April – 20 December 69
7679:People of the Year of the Four Emperors
2595:. Vol. 1. London: Spink & Son.
2320:
1679:3rd of January declared for Vitellius."
894:
667:He owed his elevation to the throne to
38:of Vitellius minted in January–April 69
7626:
6655:
6020:
5122:
4148:
2592:Roman Imperial Coinage, 31 BC to AD 69
2535:
2352:
1898:
1841:
1812:
1785:
1764:
404:, in a year of civil war known as the
7507:
6624:
5989:
5091:
4117:
4079:
2698:
2504:
2311:
1829:
1635:
1614:
1608:
1557:
1470:
1443:
1382:Venice National Archaeological Museum
387:
7689:Roman governors of Germania Inferior
7160:
2498:
2287:
1742:Suetonius "Vitellius" Chapters 13–14
1547:
1545:
1037:) from January 69, then the mint of
488:, and was recognized emperor by the
422:who remained popular in the empire.
7674:People executed by the Roman Empire
1977:"Emperor Spotting" with Mary Beard"
675:, commanders of two legions on the
13:
2418:
1776:Suetonius, "Vitellius", chapter 13
1322:Head labelled as Vitellius in the
1283:Empire: The Novel of Imperial Rome
971:. Marcus Antonius Primus was from
618:, due to their common passion for
14:
7705:
2017:the engraving by Aegidius Sadeler
1853:Suetonius, "Vitellius" Chapter 17
1819:. The Modern Library. p. 79.
1733:Suetonius, "Vitellius" Chapter 14
1542:
1338:Damaged head of Vitellius in the
1304:
983:He married firstly a woman named
938:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
715:
629:
2330:The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal
1863:Suetonius "Vitellius" Chapter 18
1388:
1373:
1357:
1331:
1315:
1277:(2011), and shares a section of
1205:, the 1881 opera based on it by
1166:
978:
887:were decisively defeated at the
735:
724:
662:
530:
519:
408:. Vitellius added the honorific
338:
29:
2640:L. Vipstanus Publicola Messalla
2538:"Nero's Memory in Flavian Rome"
2413:
2394:
2379:
2346:
2211:
2200:
2189:
2170:
2148:Venmore-Rowland, Henry (2012).
2141:
2130:
2119:
2108:
2096:
2085:
2074:
2063:
2052:
2043:
2032:
2021:
2009:
1998:
1995:, Minneapolis Institute of Arts
1986:
1969:
1958:
1892:
1879:
1867:
1856:
1847:
1806:
1779:
1770:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1700:
1682:
1656:
1653:Suetonius, Vitellius, 3.2; 4.1.
1647:
1629:
1605:, pp. 272, 273 (n°79, 99).
1536:
1293:(2013), and he also appears in
991:, perhaps the granddaughter of
2253:10.24310/BAETICA.2013.v0i35.63
1523:
1491:
1464:
1437:
1411:
1346:. The damage is the result of
1324:Bardo National Museum, Tunisia
846:A noted gourmet of that time,
758:, whose father had fought for
1:
7649:1st-century murdered monarchs
7118:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
2431:, fragments of Book 64 (
2015:Now destroyed but known from
1902:The Cambridge Ancient History
1404:
1299:The Year of the Four Emperors
1285:(2010). His fall features in
1269:. He is in the background in
1177:The Romans in their Decadence
1148:The Romans in their Decadence
1015:
1010:
869:
815:
635:Political and military career
510:
4105:
2653:Gaius Pompeius Longus Gallus
2234:Rodríguez Oliva, P. (2013).
808:astrologers he came across.
389:[ˈau̯lʊswɪˈtɛlːijʊs]
7:
7051:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
2521:University of Toronto Press
1444:Price, Jonathan J. (1992).
786:describes them both in his
145:Aulus Vitellius Petronianus
135:
10:
7710:
7654:1st-century Roman emperors
5950:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
5334:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
5098:Second Intermediate Period
3990:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3941:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3828:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
2546:Cambridge University Press
2359:Monumenta Graeca et Romana
2049:Suetonius, "Vitellius", 17
1713:World History Encyclopedia
1191:. It is he who figures in
1005:Decimus Valerius Asiaticus
889:Second Battle of Bedriacum
710:
501:Second Battle of Bedriacum
148:Aulus Vitellius Germanicus
7684:Roman governors of Africa
7669:1st-century Roman consuls
7612:
7514:
7503:
7401:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
7145:
7091:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
6986:
6958:
6943:
6906:
6878:
6838:
6820:
6770:
6703:
6688:
6646:
6642:
6620:
6570:
6547:
6480:
6403:
6341:
6293:
6278:
6211:
6158:
6070:
6055:
6011:
6007:
5996:Third Intermediate Period
5985:
5908:
5867:
5775:
5707:
5555:
5323:
5308:
5244:
5218:
5170:
5155:
5113:
5109:
5087:
5042:
5002:
4877:
4862:
4796:
4738:
4681:
4622:
4607:
4497:
4426:
4411:
4312:
4196:
4181:
4139:
4135:
4124:First Intermediate Period
4113:
4066:
3998:
3963:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3931:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3756:Constantine IX Monomachos
3444:
3341:
3224:
3051:
2889:
2737:
2683:
2674:
2666:
2644:
2628:
2607:
2602:
1267:Year of the Four Emperors
1248:Roman invasion of Britain
1157:French Revolution of 1848
1128:fr:Charles-Gustave Housez
1075:
876:Titus Flavius Vespasianus
406:Year of the Four Emperors
221:Year of the Four Emperors
200:
190:
181:
174:
169:
164:
160:
128:
116:
112:Rome, Italy, Roman Empire
102:
82:
78:
68:
58:
50:
43:
28:
23:
7113:Cleopatra VII Philopator
5370:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
4128: (<3150–2040 BC)
3926:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2573:De Imperatoribus Romanis
2353:Varner, Eric R. (2004).
1981:Ancient History Magazine
1899:Bowman, Alan K. (1996).
1813:Gibbon, Edward (2013) .
1583:"Vitellius, Aulus"
1132:Paul-Jacques-Aimé Baudry
215:Roman imperial dynasties
7659:Executed Roman emperors
7086:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
7001:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
5295:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
3781:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3415:Tiberius II Constantine
2617:Gaius Volasenna Severus
2328:. In Frel, Jiří (ed.).
2207:"Foreword" to the novel
1589:Encyclopædia Britannica
1155:in the year before the
595:class and achieved the
414:to his name instead of
7644:1st-century executions
7128:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
7107:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
7101:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
7056:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
7026:Arsinoe III Philopator
5940:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
5410:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
5350:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
4941:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
3936:Michael IX Palaiologos
2648:Quintus Veranius Nepos
1450:. BRILL. p. 211.
1399:labelled as Vitellius.
1340:Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
1184:
1025:
964:as he was driving..."
921:Marcus Antonius Primus
908:
867:
844:
544:(top) and his son and
284:Julio-Claudian dynasty
16:Roman emperor in AD 69
7076:Ptolemy X Alexander I
7041:Ptolemy VI Philometor
7021:Ptolemy IV Philopator
7016:Berenice II Euergetes
7011:Ptolemy III Euergetes
6973:Philip III Arrhidaeus
5482:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
5477:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
4831:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
4030:Thessalonian emperors
4024:Trapezuntine emperors
3985:John VIII Palaiologos
3980:Manuel II Palaiologos
3951:John VI Kantakouzenos
3867:Andronikos I Komnenos
3704:Constantine Lekapenos
2732:and empresses regnant
2536:Varner, Eric (2017).
1676:Colonia Agrippinensis
1471:Stern, Sacha (2012).
1447:Jerusalem Under Siege
1174:
1136:Jules-Eugène Lenepveu
1023:
902:
862:
848:Marcus Gavius Apicius
823:
453:in 48, and served as
445:and there befriended
433:, he was born to the
7509:Dynastic genealogies
7133:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
6429:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
6343:High Priests of Amun
5845:Merankhre Mentuhotep
5547:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
5542:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
5395:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
5102: (2040–1550 BC)
4821:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
3968:John VII Palaiologos
3916:Theodore II Laskaris
3776:Constantine X Doukas
3716:Nikephoros II Phokas
2611:Gnaeus Hosidius Geta
2587:Sutherland, C. H. V.
2548:. pp. 238–258.
2177:Quinn, Kate (2011).
1955:, pp. 264, 267.
1931:, pp. 267, 273.
1832:, pp. 169, 171.
1792:. Berg. p. 44.
1786:Albala, Ken (2007).
1477:. OUP. p. 284.
1297:'s two-part series,
1291:Rome, The Art of War
1244:Eagles of the Empire
1226:, set at the end of
895:Abdication and death
563:. He was the son of
7031:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
6968:Alexander the Great
6000: (1550–664 BC)
5522:Mershepsesre Ini II
5517:Merkawre Sobekhotep
4911:Neferkare IV Khendu
3899:Theodore I Laskaris
3884:Alexios III Angelos
3862:Alexios II Komnenos
3786:Romanos IV Diogenes
3741:Romanos III Argyros
3687:Romanos I Lekapenos
2583:Sydenham, Edward A.
2492:English translation
2472:English translation
2451:English translation
2435:by Earnest Cary on
2433:English translation
1943:, pp. 262–271.
1258:and something of a
1120:Georges Rochegrosse
1115:, and many others.
1051:C. H. V. Sutherland
905:Georges Rochegrosse
486:Battle of Bedriacum
7368:Trebonianus Gallus
5955:Senakhtenre Ahmose
5573:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
5527:Sewahenre Senebmiu
5502:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
4931:Neferkare V Tereru
4901:Neferkare III Neby
4569:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
4018:Britannic emperors
4012:Palmyrene emperors
3946:John V Palaiologos
3889:Alexios IV Angelos
3838:Constantine Doukas
3833:Alexios I Komnenos
3821:Constantine Doukas
3804:Michael VII Doukas
3766:Michael VI Bringas
3332:Romulus Augustulus
2955:Trebonianus Gallus
2948:Herennius Etruscus
2730:Byzantine emperors
2659:as Suffect consuls
2623:as Suffect consuls
2603:Political offices
2466:The Twelve Caesars
2103:"Lucius Vitellius"
2059:Art Renewal Centre
1708:"Praetorian Guard"
1218:Henryk Sienkiewicz
1185:
1101:The Twelve Caesars
1082:Capitoline Museums
1026:
999:, and a daughter,
909:
7621:
7620:
7608:
7607:
7499:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7491:
7490:
7415:Claudius Gothicus
7309:Severus Alexander
7276:Septimius Severus
7141:
7140:
6939:
6938:
6684:
6683:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6323:Osorkon the Elder
6274:
6273:
6051:
6050:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5945:Nubkheperre Intef
5825:Sekhemre Shedwast
5447:Sehetepkare Intef
5375:Semenkare Nebnuni
5304:
5303:
5151:
5150:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5074:
4858:
4857:
4836:Netjerkare Siptah
4758:Neferirkare Kakai
4603:
4602:
4407:
4406:
4177:
4176:
4073:
4072:
3911:John III Vatatzes
3857:Manuel I Komnenos
3596:Michael I Rangabe
3440:
3439:
3282:Petronius Maximus
2881:Severus Alexander
2849:Septimius Severus
2693:
2692:
2684:Succeeded by
2662:
2645:Succeeded by
2626:
2579:Mattingly, Harold
2499:Secondary sources
2487:Annales (Tacitus)
2218:Fantastic Fiction
2179:Daughters of Rome
2081:Wikimedia Commons
2070:Wikimedia Commons
1983:, 2 November 2017
1965:Wikimedia Commons
1912:978-0-521-26430-3
1799:978-1-84788-341-4
1753:Ancient Astrology
1639:Life of Vitellius
1621:Life of Vitellius
1539:for more details.
1484:978-0-19-162622-7
1457:978-90-04-67248-2
1349:damnatio memoriae
1275:Daughters of Rome
1109:Peter Paul Rubens
1068:with the goddess
657:Germania Inferior
557:Nuceria Alfaterna
463:Germania Inferior
449:. He was elected
431:Nuceria Alfaterna
331:
330:
298:
297:
210:
209:
186:
185:
89:Nuceria Alfaterna
7701:
7615:List of pharaohs
7505:
7504:
7270:Pescennius Niger
7158:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7066:Ptolemy IX Soter
7036:Cleopatra I Syra
6956:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6653:
6652:
6644:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6622:
6621:
6373:Djedkhonsuefankh
6291:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6038:
6033:
6018:
6017:
6009:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5987:
5986:
5580:Qareh Khawoserre
5566:Yakbim Sekhaenre
5507:Mersekhemre Ined
5321:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5120:
5119:
5111:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5089:
5088:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4146:
4145:
4137:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4115:
4114:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4077:
4076:
3921:John IV Laskaris
3894:Alexios V Doukas
3879:Isaac II Angelos
3845:John II Komnenos
3771:Isaac I Komnenos
3731:Constantine VIII
3721:John I Tzimiskes
3448:Byzantine Empire
3222:
3221:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2667:Preceded by
2656:
2620:
2608:Preceded by
2600:
2599:
2596:
2559:
2532:
2476:John Carew Rolfe
2407:
2398:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2255:
2231:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2155:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1975:Sandra Alvarez,
1973:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1896:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1789:Beans: A History
1783:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1704:
1698:
1686:
1680:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1574:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1527:
1521:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1441:
1435:
1415:
1392:
1377:
1361:
1335:
1319:
1193:Gustave Flaubert
768:Chattian seeress
739:
728:
705:Praetorian Guard
610:' retirement on
573:Lucius Vitellius
565:Lucius Vitellius
542:Lucius Vitellius
534:
523:
441:' retirement on
425:Originally from
391:
386:
379:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
323:
316:
309:
276:
275:
212:
211:
195:Lucius Vitellius
162:
161:
139:
109:
33:
21:
20:
7709:
7708:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7698:
7624:
7623:
7622:
7617:
7604:
7510:
7487:
7387:Macrianus Minor
7316:Maximinus Thrax
7252:Marcus Aurelius
7151:
7150:
7149:
7137:
6996:Ptolemy I Soter
6982:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6935:
6902:
6874:
6834:
6816:
6796:Psammetichus IV
6766:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6680:
6658:
6649:
6638:
6635:(664 BC–313 AD)
6634:
6633:
6604:
6566:
6543:
6539:Menkheperre Ini
6476:
6399:
6337:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6270:
6207:
6154:
6135:Neferneferuaten
6061:
6060:
6059:
6047:
6046:
6036:
6031:
6030:Pharaohs
6023:
6014:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5969:
5904:
5863:
5790:Sobekhotep VIII
5771:
5703:
5551:
5512:Sewadjkare Hori
5314:
5313:
5312:
5300:
5240:
5214:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5147:
5125:
5116:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5071:
5038:
4998:
4906:Djedkare Shemai
4868:
4867:
4866:
4854:
4792:
4734:
4677:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4599:
4493:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4403:
4308:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4173:
4151:
4142:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4109:
4104:
4074:
4069:
4062:
4006:Gallic emperors
3994:
3682:Constantine VII
3463:Constantine III
3450:
3447:
3436:
3345:
3337:
3276:Valentinian III
3264:Constantius III
3258:Priscus Attalus
3242:Constantine III
3228:
3220:
3110:Valerius Valens
3055:
3047:
2893:
2885:
2844:Didius Julianus
2824:Marcus Aurelius
2741:
2733:
2723:
2689:
2680:
2672:
2655:
2651:
2636:
2634:
2619:
2614:
2556:
2501:
2478:on Wikisource).
2457:on Wikisource).
2421:
2419:Primary sources
2416:
2411:
2410:
2399:
2395:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2286:
2279:
2232:
2223:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2190:
2183:Headline Review
2175:
2171:
2164:
2152:The Last Caesar
2146:
2142:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:Tamsyn Barton,
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1696:XIII K. Mai(as)
1687:
1683:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1634:
1630:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1575:
1558:
1554:, Vitellius, 4.
1550:
1543:
1528:
1524:
1499:III, 67, 70, 82
1496:
1492:
1485:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1442:
1438:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1369:
1362:
1353:
1336:
1327:
1320:
1307:
1252:The Last Caesar
1169:
1124:Gemonian stairs
1090:Michiel Sweerts
1078:
1018:
1013:
989:Galeria Fundana
981:
946:Gemonian stairs
897:
872:
840:Spanish Straits
818:
753:
752:
751:
750:
749:
740:
731:
730:
729:
718:
713:
665:
637:
632:
597:senatorial rank
553:
552:
551:
550:
549:
535:
526:
525:
524:
513:
384:
377:
341:
337:
334:Aulus Vitellius
327:
293:Flavian dynasty
291:
282:
263:
255:
247:
239:
170:Aulus Vitellius
156:
133:
132:
123:Galeria Fundana
121:
111:
107:
87:
86:24 September 15
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7707:
7697:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7524:
7521:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7483:Maximinus Daza
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7458:
7451:
7444:
7439:
7432:
7425:
7418:
7411:
7404:
7397:
7390:
7383:
7378:
7371:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7347:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7312:
7305:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7266:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7242:Antoninus Pius
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7166:
7164:
7155:
7152:(30 BC–313 AD)
7143:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6992:
6990:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6964:
6962:
6953:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6916:Artaxerxes III
6912:
6910:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6884:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6844:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6826:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6792:
6787:
6785:Petubastis III
6782:
6776:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6722:
6717:
6709:
6707:
6698:
6686:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6668:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6650:
6647:
6640:
6639:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6576:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6553:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6486:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6409:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6353:
6347:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6299:
6297:
6288:
6280:3 Intermediate
6276:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6217:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6164:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6076:
6074:
6065:
6062:(1550–1070 BC)
6053:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6015:
6012:
6005:
6004:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5920:
5914:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5873:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5795:Neferhotep III
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5713:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5625:Sewadjkare III
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5594:Maaibre Sheshi
5590:
5587:'Ammu Ahotepre
5583:
5576:
5569:
5561:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5497:Merhotepre Ini
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5457:Sobekhotep III
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5329:
5327:
5318:
5315:(1802–1550 BC)
5310:2 Intermediate
5306:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5205:Mentuhotep III
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5165:
5162:(2040–1802 BC)
5157:Middle Kingdom
5153:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5107:
5106:
5094:Middle Kingdom
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5057:Neferkare VIII
5054:
5048:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5029:
5024:
5022:Nebkaure Khety
5019:
5014:
5012:Meryibre Khety
5008:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4946:Neferkamin Anu
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4872:
4869:(2181–2040 BC)
4864:1 Intermediate
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4783:Djedkare Isesi
4780:
4778:Menkauhor Kaiu
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4651:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4617:
4614:(2686–2181 BC)
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4432:
4430:
4421:
4418:(3150–2686 BC)
4413:Early Dynastic
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4392:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4200:
4191:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4133:
4132:
4111:
4110:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3965:
3960:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3825:
3801:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3761:Theodora (III)
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3657:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3623:
3611:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3576:Constantine VI
3573:
3568:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Theodosius III
3537:
3532:
3527:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3485:Constantine IV
3482:
3477:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3343:Eastern Empire
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3226:Western Empire
3219:
3218:
3211:
3199:Magnus Maximus
3195:
3193:Valentinian II
3190:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3127:
3125:Constantius II
3122:
3120:Constantine II
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2819:Antoninus Pius
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2742:27 BC – AD 235
2735:
2734:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2646:
2643:
2627:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2555:978-1107669239
2554:
2533:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2479:
2458:
2440:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2393:
2378:
2371:
2365:. Brill: 109.
2345:
2338:
2310:
2303:
2277:
2242:(in Spanish).
2221:
2210:
2199:
2188:
2169:
2162:
2140:
2137:Broadway World
2129:
2118:
2115:Opera Scotland
2107:
2095:
2084:
2073:
2062:
2051:
2042:
2031:
2028:Rubens at Home
2020:
2008:
1997:
1985:
1968:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1918:
1911:
1891:
1878:
1876:, Vitellius, 6
1866:
1855:
1846:
1844:, p. 250.
1834:
1822:
1805:
1798:
1778:
1769:
1767:, p. 238.
1757:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1699:
1681:
1655:
1646:
1628:
1607:
1595:
1580:, ed. (1911).
1578:Chisholm, Hugh
1556:
1541:
1522:
1490:
1483:
1463:
1456:
1436:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1395:Statue in the
1394:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1305:Bust portraits
1303:
1256:Lower Germania
1207:Jules Massenet
1201:(1877) and in
1189:Pontius Pilate
1182:Thomas Couture
1168:
1165:
1143:Thomas Couture
1077:
1074:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1003:, who married
993:Gaius Galerius
980:
977:
934:urban fighting
896:
893:
871:
868:
817:
814:
805:
804:
797:
741:
734:
733:
732:
723:
722:
721:
720:
719:
717:
716:Administration
714:
712:
709:
664:
661:
636:
633:
631:
630:Public service
628:
536:
529:
528:
527:
518:
517:
516:
515:
514:
512:
509:
429:, likely from
329:
328:
326:
325:
318:
311:
303:
300:
299:
296:
295:
286:
272:
271:
267:
266:
265:
264:
261:
256:
253:
248:
245:
240:
237:
229:
228:
224:
223:
217:
216:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
184:
183:
179:
178:
172:
171:
167:
166:
158:
157:
155:
154:
149:
146:
142:
140:
126:
125:
118:
114:
113:
110:(aged 54)
106:20 December 69
104:
100:
99:
84:
80:
79:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
41:
40:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7706:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7616:
7611:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7513:
7506:
7502:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7437:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7424:
7423:
7419:
7417:
7416:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7398:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7341:
7339:
7338:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7267:
7265:
7264:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7156:
7148:
7144:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7061:Cleopatra III
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6985:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6957:
6954:
6946:
6942:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6905:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6866:
6864:
6863:Nepherites II
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6691:
6687:
6677:
6674:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6654:
6651:
6645:
6641:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6619:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6394:Psusennes III
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6289:
6285:(1069–664 BC)
6281:
6277:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6251:Ramesses VIII
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6120:Amenhotep III
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6058:
6054:
6043:
6040:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6010:
6006:
5997:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5960:Seqenenre Tao
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5935:Sobekemsaf II
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5885:Wepwawetemsaf
5882:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5492:Merneferre Ay
5490:
5488:
5487:Wahibre Ibiau
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:Sobekhotep IV
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5311:
5307:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5279:Amenemhat III
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5210:Mentuhotep IV
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5200:Mentuhotep II
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5158:
5154:
5144:
5141:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5112:
5108:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5062:Wahkare Khety
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5017:Neferkare VII
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4865:
4861:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4564:Seth-Peribsen
4562:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Hotepsekhemwy
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4298:
4297:Double Falcon
4295:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4188:(pre-3150 BC)
4184:
4183:Protodynastic
4180:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4138:
4134:
4125:
4121:
4120:Protodynastic
4116:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4065:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
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3643:Theodora (II)
3641:
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3550:Constantine V
3548:
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3535:Anastasius II
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3358:Theodosius II
3356:
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3166:Valentinian I
3164:
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3159:
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3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3088:Constantine I
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Constantius I
3076:
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3069:
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2700:
2697:
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2679:
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2677:Roman emperor
2671:
2665:
2661:
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2654:
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2567:
2564:
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2544:. Cambridge:
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2477:
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2469:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:Life of Galba
2444:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:Roman History
2426:
2423:
2422:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2372:9789004135772
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2339:9780892360116
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:Polloni, John
2317:
2315:
2306:
2304:9788870628142
2300:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2284:
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2273:
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2203:
2197:
2192:
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2180:
2173:
2165:
2163:9780593068519
2159:
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2077:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2055:
2046:
2040:
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2029:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1925:
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1908:
1904:
1903:
1895:
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1870:
1864:
1859:
1850:
1843:
1842:Varner (2017)
1838:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1773:
1766:
1765:Varner (2017)
1761:
1754:
1748:
1739:
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1300:
1296:
1292:
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1284:
1280:
1279:Steven Saylor
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:Simon Scarrow
1237:
1233:
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1225:
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1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1167:In literature
1164:
1162:
1161:July Monarchy
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1113:Otto van Veen
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
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1087:
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1073:
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1063:
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1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1008:
1006:
1002:
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994:
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986:
979:Personal life
976:
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963:
957:
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951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
929:
926:
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885:
881:
877:
866:
861:
859:
858:
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852:Edward Gibbon
849:
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841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
813:
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802:
798:
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747:
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738:
727:
708:
706:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:Fabius Valens
670:
663:Bid for power
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
627:
625:
624:games of dice
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
588:
586:
582:
581:gens Vitellia
578:
574:
570:
567:and his wife
566:
562:
558:
547:
543:
539:
533:
522:
508:
506:
502:
498:
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491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
468:
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460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
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436:
435:Vitellia gens
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:Roman emperor
390:
382:
381:
371:
335:
324:
319:
317:
312:
310:
305:
304:
302:
301:
294:
290:
287:
285:
281:
278:
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269:
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206:
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189:
180:
177:
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168:
163:
159:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
141:
138:
137:
131:
127:
124:
119:
115:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
85:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
45:Roman emperor
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
7460:
7453:
7446:
7434:
7427:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7399:
7392:
7385:
7373:
7366:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7307:
7300:
7268:
7261:
7247:Lucius Verus
7205:
7204:
7105:
7081:Berenice III
7071:Cleopatra IV
7046:Cleopatra II
6978:Alexander IV
6898:Nectanebo II
6867:
6848:Nepherites I
6807:Artaxerxes I
6794:
6724:
6712:
6695:(664–332 BC)
6675:
6631:Roman Period
6533:Shoshenq VII
6531:
6504:
6464:
6445:Shoshenq III
6427:
6392:
6355:
6333:Psusennes II
6246:Ramesses VII
6226:Ramesses III
6110:Amenhotep II
6105:Thutmose III
6041:
5930:Sobekemsaf I
5922:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5856:
5849:
5754:
5737:
5732:'Aper-'Anati
5730:
5723:
5716:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5654:
5640:Sekheperenre
5592:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5462:Neferhotep I
5452:Seth Meribre
5429:
5415:Djedkheperew
5332:
5293:
5284:Amenemhat IV
5274:Senusret III
5264:Amenemhat II
5180:Mentuhotep I
5142:
5031:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4896:Neferkare II
4847:
4840:
4773:Nyuserre Ini
4727:
4710:
4665:
4658:
4646:
4587:
4582:Neferkasokar
4580:
4573:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4486:
4479:
4387:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4330:Finger Snail
4328:
4321:
4301:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4168:
3973:Andronikos V
3971:
3954:
3902:
3870:
3848:
3836:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3795:
3789:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3663:
3646:
3634:
3617:
3605:
3599:
3586:Nikephoros I
3561:
3560:
3554:
3521:
3518:Justinian II
3513:Tiberius III
3503:Justinian II
3494:
3488:
3471:
3423:
3395:Anastasius I
3386:
3330:
3326:Julius Nepos
3318:
3311:
3299:
3287:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3213:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3188:Theodosius I
3175:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3105:Maximinus II
3092:
2994:
2977:
2964:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2867:
2829:Lucius Verus
2783:
2675:
2658:
2657:
2637:
2631:Roman consul
2629:
2622:
2621:
2591:
2541:
2512:
2506:
2485:
2464:
2446:
2437:LacusCurtius
2428:
2414:Bibliography
2404:
2396:
2388:
2381:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2329:
2294:Studia Varia
2293:
2243:
2239:
2213:
2202:
2196:Google Books
2191:
2178:
2172:
2151:
2143:
2132:
2126:Google Books
2121:
2110:
2105:, Livius,org
2098:
2087:
2076:
2065:
2054:
2045:
2034:
2023:
2011:
2005:Prado Museum
2000:
1988:
1980:
1971:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1881:
1869:
1858:
1849:
1837:
1830:Kelly (2007)
1825:
1815:
1808:
1788:
1781:
1772:
1760:
1755:, pp. 47–48.
1752:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1695:
1684:
1666:
1658:
1649:
1638:
1631:
1620:
1610:
1598:
1587:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1493:
1473:
1466:
1446:
1439:
1421:
1413:
1347:
1308:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1264:
1251:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1186:
1175:
1159:toppled the
1146:
1140:
1117:
1098:
1079:
1059:
1047:
1027:
996:
982:
966:
958:
930:
912:
910:
873:
863:
855:
845:
824:
819:
810:
806:
788:
781:
754:
748:of Vitellius
743:
697:
666:
647:governor of
638:
605:
589:
554:
503:in northern
494:
490:Roman Senate
457:governor of
424:
415:
409:
333:
332:
288:
279:
250:
134:
97:Roman Empire
18:
7351:Gordian III
7296:Diadumenian
7096:Cleopatra V
6950:(332–30 BC)
6945:Hellenistic
6888:Nectanebo I
6780:Cambyses II
6762:Psamtik III
6720:Tefnakht II
6522:Takelot III
6517:Osorkon III
6512:Shoshenq VI
6466:Pedubast II
6450:Shoshenq IV
6423:Shoshenq II
6388:Pinedjem II
6378:Menkheperre
6313:Psusennes I
6266:Ramesses XI
6256:Ramesses IX
6241:Ramesses VI
6231:Ramesses IV
6178:Ramesses II
6140:Tutankhamun
6115:Thutmose IV
6095:Thutmose II
6085:Amenhotep I
6057:New Kingdom
5992:New Kingdom
5851:Senusret IV
5835:Dedumose II
5810:Nebiriau II
5805:Nebiryraw I
5800:Mentuhotepi
5605:Khakherewre
5532:Merkheperre
5442:Imyremeshaw
5425:Sedjefakare
5380:Sehetepibre
5355:Ameny Qemau
5289:Sobekneferu
5269:Senusret II
5254:Amenemhat I
5236:Iyibkhentre
4966:Neferirkare
4961:Neferkauhor
4768:Shepseskare
4609:Old Kingdom
4595:Khasekhemwy
4575:Neferkara I
4544:Weneg-Nebty
4389:Scorpion II
4032:(1224–1242)
4026:(1204–1461)
3815:Konstantios
3692:Christopher
3665:Constantine
3655:Michael III
3636:Constantine
3619:Constantine
3601:Theophylact
3530:Philippicus
3480:Constans II
3405:Justinian I
3301:Severus III
3249:Constans II
3003:Claudius II
2979:Silbannacus
2926:Gordian III
2901:Maximinus I
2869:Diadumenian
2468:, Vitellius
2455:A.H. Clough
2425:Cassius Dio
2389:Ancientrome
2246:(35): 194.
1719:19 February
1636:Suetonius.
1428:Cassius Dio
1195:'s novella
1153:Paris Salon
954:Cassius Dio
777:Cassius Dio
645:proconsular
643:in 48, and
465:by emperor
455:proconsular
289:Followed by
280:Preceded by
176:Regnal name
59:Predecessor
7628:Categories
7468:Diocletian
7422:Quintillus
7375:Aemilianus
7330:Gordian II
7302:Elagabalus
7123:Arsinoe IV
7006:Arsinoe II
6931:Darius III
6858:Psammuthes
6747:Psamtik II
6562:Bakenranef
6500:Pedubast I
6495:Takelot II
6490:Harsiese A
6472:Osorkon IV
6460:Shoshenq V
6440:Osorkon II
6413:Shoshenq I
6383:Smendes II
6363:Pinedjem I
6308:Amenemnisu
6261:Ramesses X
6236:Ramesses V
6188:Amenmesses
6168:Ramesses I
6130:Smenkhkare
6100:Hatshepsut
6090:Thutmose I
5840:Montuemsaf
5830:Dedumose I
5630:Nebdjefare
5620:Merdjefare
5390:Nedjemibre
5385:Sewadjkare
5259:Senusret I
5231:Qakare Ini
5052:Meryhathor
4956:Neferkaure
4951:Qakare Iby
4936:Neferkahor
4921:Neferkamin
4729:Thamphthis
4723:Shepseskaf
4637:Sekhemkhet
4488:Horus Bird
4365:Scorpion I
3809:Andronikos
3797:Nikephoros
3746:Michael IV
3711:Romanos II
3631:Theophilos
3626:Michael II
3607:Staurakios
3591:Staurakios
3563:Nikephoros
3556:Artabasdos
3468:Heraclonas
3425:Theodosius
3383:Basiliscus
3143:Nepotianus
3136:Magnentius
3130:Constans I
3083:Severus II
3063:Diocletian
3008:Quintillus
2973:Aemilianus
2966:Volusianus
2911:Gordian II
2876:Elagabalus
2739:Principate
2289:Frel, Jiří
2263:10630/7812
2039:Mutual Art
1405:References
1295:James Mace
1271:Kate Quinn
1086:Mary Beard
1016:In coinage
1011:Portrayals
997:Germanicus
870:Challenges
816:Reputation
593:equestrian
511:Early life
411:Germanicus
270:Succession
227:Chronology
108:(69-12-20)
7664:Filicides
7639:69 deaths
7634:15 births
7600:Ptolemaic
7408:Gallienus
7323:Gordian I
7286:Caracalla
7212:Vespasian
7206:Vitellius
6988:Ptolemaic
6830:Amyrtaeus
6812:Darius II
6757:Ahmose II
6737:Psamtik I
6676:uncertain
6664:Pharaohs
6600:Tanutamun
6435:Takelot I
6418:Osorkon I
6368:Masaharta
6318:Amenemope
6221:Setnakhte
6183:Merneptah
6125:Akhenaten
6042:uncertain
5924:Nebmaatre
5745:Sakir-Har
5698:Yaqub-Har
5610:Nebefawre
5360:Hotepibre
5226:Segerseni
5195:Intef III
5143:uncertain
5131:Pharaohs
4763:Neferefre
4589:Hudjefa I
4470:Semerkhet
4207:Hedju Hor
4169:uncertain
4157:Pharaohs
4051:Classical
4036:Empresses
4020:(286–296)
4014:(267–273)
4008:(260–274)
3751:Michael V
3677:Alexander
3490:Heraclius
3458:Heraclius
3410:Justin II
3320:Glycerius
3307:Anthemius
3177:Procopius
3115:Martinian
3094:Maxentius
3023:Florianus
2996:Saloninus
2991:Gallienus
2960:Hostilian
2936:Philip II
2906:Gordian I
2854:Caracalla
2789:Vespasian
2784:Vitellius
2687:Vespasian
2589:(1984) .
2569:Biography
2565:at Livius
2563:Biography
2461:Suetonius
2401:Vitellius
2272:187481480
1887:Histories
1885:Tacitus,
1874:Suetonius
1668:Histories
1616:Suetonius
1552:Suetonius
1511:Apellaios
1497:Tacitus (
1422:Vitellius
1418:Suetonius
1287:M C Scott
1273:'s novel
1223:Quo Vadis
1220:'s novel
1203:Hérodiade
1035:Tarragona
950:Suetonius
913:Histories
911:Tacitus'
884:Illyricum
789:Histories
764:Bedriacum
756:Suetonius
601:horoscope
577:Suetonius
548:(bottom).
497:Vespasian
259:Vespasian
251:Vitellius
73:Vespasian
69:Successor
24:Vitellius
7694:Vitellii
7560:21 to 23
7478:Galerius
7473:Maximian
7462:Numerian
7429:Aurelian
7381:Valerian
7344:Balbinus
7337:Pupienus
7291:Macrinus
7263:Pertinax
7257:Commodus
7222:Domitian
7185:Claudius
7180:Caligula
7175:Tiberius
7170:Augustus
6790:Darius I
6742:Necho II
6585:Shebitku
6557:Tefnakht
6150:Horemheb
6080:Ahmose I
5892:Pantjeny
5878:Senebkay
5858:Pepi III
5820:Bebiankh
5677:Shenshek
5635:Nebsenre
5467:Sihathor
5437:Khendjer
5400:Renseneb
5345:Nerikare
5190:Intef II
5067:Merykare
4972:Wadjkare
4916:Merenhor
4811:Userkare
4718:Menkaure
4712:Bikheris
4701:Djedefre
4667:Qahedjet
4551:Wadjenes
4537:Horus Sa
4530:Nubnefer
4517:Nynetjer
4481:Sneferka
4221:Ni-Neith
4107:Pharaohs
4046:Usurpers
4041:Augustae
3999:See also
3904:Nicholas
3726:Basil II
3523:Tiberius
3508:Leontius
3496:Tiberius
3473:Tiberius
3451:610–1453
3446:Eastern/
3400:Justin I
3353:Arcadius
3313:Olybrius
3295:Majorian
3236:Honorius
3215:Eugenius
3150:Vetranio
3100:Licinius
3073:Galerius
3068:Maximian
3053:Dominate
3043:Numerian
3013:Aurelian
2986:Valerian
2931:Philip I
2921:Balbinus
2916:Pupienus
2864:Macrinus
2839:Pertinax
2834:Commodus
2799:Domitian
2764:Claudius
2759:Caligula
2754:Tiberius
2749:Augustus
2529:20304642
2443:Plutarch
2324:(1994).
2291:(1994).
1532:augustus
1518:IV, 11.4
1507:Josephus
1198:Hérodias
1134:(1847),
1055:cognomen
1039:Lugdunum
1001:Vitellia
985:Petronia
973:Toulouse
925:Pannonia
880:Dalmatia
838:and the
832:lampreys
689:Superior
620:chariots
616:Caligula
608:Tiberius
569:Sextilia
561:Campania
546:daughter
478:Superior
474:Inferior
471:Germania
447:Caligula
439:Tiberius
427:Campania
205:Sextilia
152:Vitellia
120:Petronia
7455:Carinus
7436:Tacitus
7394:Quietus
7237:Hadrian
6921:Khabash
6752:Wahibre
6732:Necho I
6726:Nekauba
6714:Ammeris
6657:Dynasty
6595:Taharqa
6590:Shabaka
6527:Rudamun
6506:Iuput I
6351:Herihor
6303:Smendes
6203:Twosret
6193:Seti II
6037:female)
6022:Dynasty
5918:Rahotep
5815:Semenre
5785:Djehuti
5767:Khamudi
5756:Yanassi
5739:Salitis
5691:Yakareb
5684:Khamure
5615:Sehebre
5537:Merkare
5185:Intef I
5124:Dynasty
5033:Imhotep
4993:Iytjenu
4979:Khuiqer
4891:Menkare
4842:Neferka
4826:Pepi II
4748:Userkaf
4642:Sanakht
4465:Anedjib
4445:Hor-Aha
4378:Iry-Hor
4372:Shendjw
4344:Pen-Abu
4228:Hat-Hor
4150:Dynasty
4056:Eastern
3956:Matthew
3850:Alexios
3698:Stephen
3660:Basil I
3545:Leo III
3420:Maurice
3363:Marcian
3346:395–610
3270:Joannes
3229:395–480
3183:Gratian
3056:284–610
3038:Carinus
3018:Tacitus
2894:235–285
2814:Hadrian
2517:Toronto
2515:(1/2).
2508:Phoenix
2482:Tacitus
1672:1.56–57
1663:Tacitus
1537:Coinage
1344:Denmark
1260:glutton
1094:Baroque
1070:Victory
1066:denarii
1031:Tarraco
942:Tacitus
917:Mevania
836:Parthia
801:Equites
784:Tacitus
773:Tacitus
711:Emperor
685:Cologne
669:Caecina
639:He was
538:Denarii
117:Spouses
7595:Argead
7442:Probus
7362:Decius
7357:Philip
7232:Trajan
6960:Argead
6869:Muthis
6822:XXVIII
6802:Xerxes
6670:female
6648:Period
6357:Piankh
6328:Siamun
6198:Siptah
6173:Seti I
6013:Period
5965:Kamose
5899:Snaaib
5869:Abydos
5725:Semqen
5718:Sharek
5670:Sheneh
5650:'Apepi
5645:Bebnum
5600:Nehesy
5420:Sebkay
5340:Sonbef
5137:female
5115:Period
4926:Nikare
4816:Pepi I
4753:Sahure
4706:Khafre
4691:Snefru
4660:Sedjes
4632:Djoser
4558:Senedj
4436:Narmer
4395:Narmer
4277:Wazner
4242:Hsekiu
4214:Ny-Hor
4163:female
4141:Period
3818:&
3794:&
3701:&
3672:Leo VI
3648:Thekla
3604:&
3571:Leo IV
3493:&
3432:Phocas
3388:Marcus
3373:Leo II
3289:Avitus
3206:Victor
3171:Valens
3161:Jovian
3156:Julian
3028:Probus
2963:&
2943:Decius
2891:Crisis
2809:Trajan
2552:
2527:
2405:Louvre
2369:
2336:
2301:
2270:
2160:
2092:Flickr
1909:
1796:
1535:. See
1481:
1454:
1397:Louvre
1366:Louvre
1105:Titian
1076:In art
907:(1883)
882:, and
865:image.
700:Senate
649:Africa
641:consul
585:Latium
459:Africa
451:consul
416:Caesar
385:Latin:
380:-ee-əs
201:Mother
191:Father
136:Detail
36:Aureus
7448:Carus
7227:Nerva
7217:Titus
7195:Galba
7162:XXXIV
7147:Roman
6926:Arses
6853:Hakor
6772:XXVII
6482:XXIII
6072:XVIII
6032:(male
5762:Apepi
5750:Khyan
5663:Wazad
5431:Wegaf
5365:Iufni
5219:Nubia
5027:Setut
4849:Nefer
4696:Khufu
4654:Khaba
4648:Nebka
4512:Nebra
4440:Menes
4399:Menes
4351:Stork
4314:Upper
4270:Neheb
4263:Thesh
4249:Khayu
4198:Lower
3614:Leo V
3581:Irene
3368:Leo I
3033:Carus
2804:Nerva
2794:Titus
2774:Galba
2726:Roman
2650:, and
2638:with
2525:JSTOR
2268:S2CID
1889:2, 59
1644:3, 2.
1503:64.22
1432:64.22
1062:aurei
1041:(now
1033:(now
962:Gaius
854:, in
745:aurei
681:Galba
677:Rhine
653:Galba
612:Capri
505:Italy
467:Galba
443:Capri
398:Galba
262:69–79
238:68–69
235:Galba
165:Names
130:Issue
93:Italy
51:Reign
7281:Geta
7200:Otho
7190:Nero
6908:XXXI
6893:Teos
6840:XXIX
6705:XXVI
6690:Late
6667:male
6627:Late
6580:Piye
6549:XXIV
6455:Pami
6405:XXII
5994:and
5910:XVII
5656:Nuya
5325:XIII
5134:male
5096:and
4986:Khui
4883:VIII
4806:Teti
4788:Unas
4673:Huni
4475:Qa'a
4455:Djet
4450:Djer
4358:Bull
4337:Fish
4303:Wash
4284:Mekh
4160:male
3970:(w.
3953:(w.
3901:(w.
3872:John
3869:(w.
3847:(w.
3835:(w.
3806:(w.
3788:(w.
3689:(w.
3662:(w.
3645:(w.
3633:(w.
3616:(w.
3598:(w.
3559:(w.
3520:(w.
3487:(w.
3470:(w.
3422:(w.
3385:(w.
3378:Zeno
3245:(w.
3202:(w.
2993:(w.
2957:(w.
2945:(w.
2933:(w.
2866:(w.
2859:Geta
2779:Otho
2769:Nero
2728:and
2670:Otho
2615:and
2550:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2334:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2158:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1721:2019
1692:2051
1479:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1236:1924
1234:and
1232:1913
1228:Nero
1064:and
1043:Lyon
969:Gaul
828:pike
775:and
760:Otho
742:Two
693:Otho
671:and
622:and
482:Otho
476:and
420:Nero
402:Otho
400:and
378:TELL
376:vih-
243:Otho
103:Died
83:Born
63:Otho
6880:XXX
6629:to
6572:XXV
6295:XXI
6160:XIX
5777:XVI
5557:XIV
5405:Hor
5246:XII
4879:VII
4624:III
4460:Den
4256:Tiu
4122:to
3791:Leo
3736:Zoe
2982:(?)
2681:69
2571:at
2474:by
2453:by
2258:hdl
2248:doi
1689:CIL
1289:'s
1281:'s
1242:'s
1180:by
762:at
7630::
7590:31
7585:30
7580:27
7575:26
7570:25
7565:24
7555:20
7550:19
7545:18
7540:12
7535:11
6213:XX
6145:Ay
5709:XV
5172:XI
5004:IX
4798:VI
4683:IV
4523:Ba
4499:II
4438:/
4397:/
4383:Ka
4235:Pu
3812:,
3695:,
2635:48
2585:;
2581:;
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2513:61
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2427:,
2403:.
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2361:.
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2280:^
2266:.
2256:.
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2238:.
2224:^
2181:.
1979:,
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1710:.
1694::
1665:,
1626:1.
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1301:.
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7526:3
7523:2
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4881:/
4740:V
4428:I
4323:A
4291:A
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3976:)
3959:)
3907:)
3875:)
3853:)
3841:)
3824:)
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3651:)
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