Visigoths - Knowledge

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that repeated these laws and extended their stringency. These entered canon law and became legal precedents in other parts of Europe as well. The culmination of this process occurred under King Sisibut, who officially decreed a forced Christian conversion upon all Jews residing in Spain. This mandate apparently achieved only partial success: similar decrees were repeated by later kings as central power was consolidated. These laws either prescribed forcible baptism of the Jews or forbade circumcision, Jewish rites, and the observance of the Sabbath and other festivals. Throughout the 7th century the Jews were persecuted for religious reasons, had their property confiscated, were subjected to ruinous taxes, forbidden to trade and, at times, dragged to the baptismal font. Many were obliged to accept Christianity but continued privately to observe the Jewish religion and practices. The decree of 613 set off a century of difficulty for Spanish Jewry, which was only ended by the Muslim conquest.

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fields, for example. Historian Jane Gerber relates that some of the Jews "held ranking posts in the government or the army; others were recruited and organized for garrison service; still others continued to hold senatorial rank". In general, then, they were well respected and well treated by the Visigothic kings, that is, until their transition from Arianism to Catholicism. Conversion to Catholicism across Visigothic society reduced much of the friction between the Visigoths and the Hispano-Roman population. However, the Visigothic conversion negatively impacted the Jews, who came under scrutiny for their religious practices.

1646: 1499: 929: 1745: 427:, stating that "Visigoths were the Goths of the western country." According to Wolfram, Cassiodorus created this east–west understanding of the Goths, which was a simplification and literary device, while political realities were more complex. Cassiodorus used the term "Goths" to refer to only the Ostrogoths, whom he served, and reserved the geographic reference "Visigoths" for the Gallo-Spanish Goths. The term "Visigoths" was later used by the Visigoths themselves in their communications with the 132: 844: 5975: 1495:(568–586), attempted to restore political unity between the Visigothic-Arian elite and the Hispano-Roman Nicene Catholic population through a doctrinal settlement of compromise on matters of faith, but this failed. Sources indicate that the Iberian Visigoths maintained their Christian Arianism, especially the Visigothic elite until the end of Liuvigild's reign. When Reccared I converted to Catholicism, he sought to unify the kingdom under a single faith. 1040: 435: 1153: 1690:, displayed in the National Archaeological Museum of Madrid; both are made of gold, encrusted with sapphires, pearls and other precious stones. The discoverer of the second lot gave Spanish Queen Elizabeth II some of the pieces that she still had in her possession, including the crown of Suintila, this crown was stolen in 1921 and never recovered. There are several other small crowns and many votive crosses in the treasure. 1028:). Though the emperor did not legally recognize Gothic sovereignty, according to some views under this treaty the Visigothic kingdom became an independent kingdom. Between 471 and 476, Euric captured most of southern Gaul. According to historian J. B. Bury, Euric was probably the "greatest of the Visigothic kings" for he managed to secure territorial gains denied to his predecessors and even acquired access to the 1560: 889:

Roman legions massacred the families of thousands of barbarian soldiers who were trying to assimilate into the Roman empire, Alaric decided to march on Rome. After two defeats in Northern Italy and a siege of Rome ended by a negotiated pay-off, Alaric was cheated by another Roman faction. He resolved to cut the city off by capturing its port. On August 24, 410, however, Alaric's troops entered Rome through the

1491:. There was a religious gulf between the Visigoths, who had for a long time adhered to Arianism, and their Catholic subjects in Hispania. There were also deep sectarian splits among the Catholic population of the peninsula which contributed to the toleration of the Arian Visigoths on the peninsula. The Visigoths scorned to interfere among Catholics but were interested in decorum and public order. King 831:

its ranks other disaffected Goths. Intense campaigns against the Visigoths followed their victory at Adrianople for upwards of three years. Approach routes across the Danube provinces were effectively sealed off by concerted Roman efforts, and while there was no decisive victory to claim, it was essentially a Roman triumph ending in a treaty in 382. The treaty struck with the Goths was to be the first

518: 1298:). All of these cities were founded for military purposes and three of them in celebration of victory. Despite the fact that the Visigoths reigned in Spain for upwards of 250 years, there are few remnants of the Gothic language borrowed into Spanish. The Visigoths as heirs of the Roman empire lost their language and intermarried with the Hispano-Roman population of Spain. 819:

Rome's leading officers and some of their most elite fighting men died during the battle which struck a major blow to Roman prestige and the Empire's military capabilities. Adrianople shocked the Roman world and eventually forced the Romans to negotiate with and settle the tribe within the empire's boundaries, a development with far-reaching consequences for the eventual

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end of the 7th century, Catholic conversion made the Visigoths less distinguishable from the indigenous Roman citizens of the Iberian peninsula; when the last Visigothic strongholds fell to the Muslim armies, whose subsequent invasions transformed Spain from the beginning of the 8th century, their Gothic identity faded.

957:, the emperor in the West, enlisted the aid of the Visigoths to regain control of the territory. From 408 to 410 the Visigoths caused so much damage to Rome and the immediate periphery that nearly a decade later, the provinces in and around the city were only able to contribute one-seventh of their previous tax shares. 670: 1517:

were well tolerated. Previous Roman and Byzantine law determined their status, and it already sharply discriminated against them, but royal jurisdiction was in any case quite limited: local lords and populations related to Jews as they saw fit. We read of rabbis being asked by non-Jews to bless their

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fell to the Goths in 256, the Goths were further emboldened. Sometime between 266 and 267, the Goths raided Greece but when they attempted to move into the Bosporus straits to attack Byzantium, they were repulsed. Along with other Germanic tribes, they attacked further into Anatolia, assaulting Crete

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Over the next 15 years, an uneasy peace was broken by occasional conflicts between Alaric and the powerful Germanic generals who commanded the Roman armies in the east and west, wielding the real power of the empire. Finally, after the western general Stilicho was executed by Honorius in 408 and the

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is that the two names, Vesi and Tervingi, are found in different places in the list, "a clear indication that we are dealing with two different army units, which must also presumably mean that they are, after all, perceived as two different peoples". Peter Heather has written that Wolfram's position

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Despite the severe consequences for Rome, Adrianople was not nearly as productive overall for the Visigoths and their gains were short-lived. Still confined to a small and relatively impoverished province of the Empire, another Roman army was being gathered against them, an army which also had amid

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Throughout the 3rd and 4th centuries there were numerous conflicts and exchanges of varying types between the Goths and their neighbors. After the Romans withdrew from the territory of Dacia, the local population was subjected to constant invasions by the migratory tribes, among the first being the

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migration is possible, the movement of Gothic peoples south-east was probably the result of warrior bands moving closer to the wealth of Ukraine and the cities of the Black Sea coast. Perhaps what is most notable about the Gothic people in this regard was that by the middle of the third century AD,

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in 633, they selected a king from among the royal family, a practice previously reserved for nobles. This was the same synod that spoke out against those who had been baptized but had relapsed into Judaism. As far as the Visigoths were concerned, the time for religious pluralism "was past". By the

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Wolfram believes that "Vesi" and "Ostrogothi" were terms each tribe used to boastfully describe itself and argues that "Tervingi" and "Greuthungi" were geographical identifiers each tribe used to describe the other. This would explain why the latter terms dropped out of use shortly after 400, when

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King Reccared convened the Third Council of Toledo to settle religious disputations related to the religious conversion from Arianism to Catholicism. The discriminatory laws passed at this Council seem not to have been universally enforced, however, as indicated by several more Councils of Toledo

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in the northern part of the peninsula. According to Joseph F. O'Callaghan, the remnants of the Hispano-Gothic aristocracy still played an important role in the society of Hispania. At the end of Visigothic rule, the assimilation of Hispano-Romans and Visigoths was occurring at a fast pace. Their

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regent for the young Amalaric. Theodoric's death in 526, however, enabled the Visigoths to restore their royal line and re-partition the Visigothic kingdom through Amalaric, who incidentally, was more than just Alaric II's son; he was also the grandson of Theodoric the Great through his daughter

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The Visigothic Kingdom was a Western European power in the 5th to 8th centuries, created first in Gaul, when the Romans lost their control of the western half of their empire and then in Hispania until 711. For a brief period, the Visigoths controlled the strongest kingdom in Western Europe. In

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was killed during the fighting. Precisely how Valens fell remains uncertain but Gothic legend tells of how the emperor was taken to a farmhouse, which was set on fire above his head, a tale made more popular by its symbolic representation of a heretical emperor receiving hell's torment. Many of

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in 402. Honorius visited Rome often, and after his death in 423 the emperors resided mostly there. Rome's fall severely shook the Empire's confidence, especially in the West. Loaded with booty, Alaric and the Visigoths extracted as much as they could with the intention of leaving Italy from

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broke out and Rome was unwilling to supply them with either the food they were promised or the land. Generally, the Goths were abused by the Romans, who began forcing the now starving Goths to trade away their children so as to stave off starvation. Open revolt ensued, leading to 6 years of

530:. Wolfram believes that the people Zosimus describes were those Tervingi who had remained behind after the Hunnic conquest. For the most part, all of the terms discriminating between different Gothic tribes gradually disappeared after they moved into the Roman Empire. 1231:. An unknown number of them fled and took refuge in Asturias or Septimania. In Asturias they supported Pelagius's uprising, and joining with the indigenous leaders, formed a new aristocracy. The population of the mountain region consisted of native 1102:, whose forces pushed Clovis I and his armies out of Visigothic territories. Theodoric the Great's assistance was not some expression of ethnic altruism, but formed part of his plan to extend his power across Spain and its associated lands. 1741:), are an unmistakable example of the Visigothic presence in Spain. These fibulae were used individually or in pairs, as clasps or pins in gold, bronze and glass to join clothes, showing the work of the goldsmiths of Visigothic Hispania. 501:), whenever they mention two different tribes, they always refer either to "the Vesi and the Ostrogothi" or to "the Tervingi and the Greuthungi", and they never pair them up in any other combination. In addition, Wolfram interprets the 1873:

The linguistic remnants of the Gothic people in Spain are sparse. A few place names and a mere handful of well-known "Spanish" first names, such as Alfonso, Fernando, Gonzalo, Elvira, and Rodrigo are of Germanic (Visigothic) origin.

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both before and after Gothic settlement there, by evidence of forest-related names among the Tervingi, and by the lack of evidence for an earlier date for the name pair Tervingi–Greuthungi than the late third century. That the name

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Two older tribal names from outside the Roman empire are associated with Visigoths who formed within the empire. The first references to any Gothic tribes by Roman and Greek authors were in the third century, notably including the

1180:. Wamba was succeeded by King Ervig, whose rule lasted until 687. Collins observes that "Ervig proclaimed Egica as his chosen successor" on 14 November 687. In 700, Egica's son Wittiza followed him on the throne according to the 1693:

These findings, along with others from some neighbouring sites and with the archaeological excavation of the Spanish Ministry of Public Works and the Royal Spanish Academy of History (April 1859), formed a group consisting of:

1087:. Any survey of western Europe taken during this moment would have led one to conclude that the very future of Europe itself "depended on the Visigoths". However, in 507, the Franks under Clovis I defeated the Visigoths in the 1421:. All the kingdom's subjects were under the same jurisdiction, which eliminated social and legal differences and facilitated greater assimilation of the various population groups. The Visigothic Code marks the transition from 1681:

from the royal workshop in Toledo, with signs of Byzantine influence. According to Spanish archaeologists, this treasure represents the high point of Visigothic goldsmithery. The two most important votive crowns are those of

1707:: a crown and a gold cross and a stone engraved with the Annunciation. A crown and other fragments of a tiller with a crystal ball were stolen from the Royal Palace of Madrid in 1921 and its whereabouts are still unknown. 1126:

Theodegotho. Amalaric reigned independently for five years. Following Amalaric's assassination in 531, another Ostrogothic ruler, Theudis took his place. For the next seventeen years, Theudis held the Visigothic throne.

1032:. At his death, the Visigoths were the most powerful of the successor states to the Western Roman Empire and were at the very height of their power. Not only had Euric secured significant territory, he and his son, 1401:(Spain). It goes into more detail than a modern constitution commonly does and reveals a great deal about Visigothic social structure. The code abolished the old tradition of having different laws for Romans ( 235:

in 378. Relations between the Romans and Alaric's Visigoths varied, with the two groups making treaties when convenient, and warring with one another when not. Under Alaric, the Visigoths invaded Italy and

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and onto the Iberian peninsula. That Visigothic settlement proved paramount to Europe's future as had it not been for the Visigothic warriors who fought side by side with the Roman troops under general

759:. Starting in approximately 255, the Goths added a new dimension to their attacks by taking to the sea and invading harbors which brought them into conflict with the Greeks as well. When the city of 1172:

recovered in 624. Suintila reigned until 631. Only one historical source was written between the years 625 through 711, which comes from Julian of Toledo and only deals with the years 672 and 673.

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on imperial Roman soil. It required these semi-autonomous Germanic tribes to raise troops for the Roman army in exchange for arable land and freedom from Roman legal structures within the Empire.

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and who migrated southeastwards into eastern Europe. Such understanding of their origins is largely the result of Gothic traditions and their true genesis as a people is as obscure as that of the

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and wrested control of Aquitaine. King Alaric II was killed in battle. French national myths romanticize this moment as the time when a previously divided Gaul morphed into the united kingdom of

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by varying means, many elements of the pre-Christian culture and indigenous beliefs remained firmly in place after the conversion process, particularly in the more rural and distant regions.

768:, the Visigoths continued to conduct raids on Roman territory south of the Danube River. By 332, relations between the Goths and Romans were stabilized by a treaty but this was not to last. 698:. The Visigoths spoke an eastern Germanic language that was distinct by the 4th century. Eventually the Gothic language died as a result of contact with other European people during the 322:(completed in 654), abolished the longstanding practice of applying different laws for Hispano-Roman population and Visigoths. Once legal distinctions were no longer being made between 4542:

Ripoll, Gisela (2011). "The Archaeological Characterisation of the Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo: The Question of the Visigothic Cemeteries". In Matthias Becher; Stefanie Dick (eds.).

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The Visigothic belt buckles, a symbol of rank and status characteristic of Visigothic women's clothing, are also notable as works of goldsmithery. Some pieces contain exceptional

1973:. All of these cities were founded for military purposes and at least Reccopolis, Victoriacum, and Ologicus in celebration of victory. A possible fifth Visigothic foundation is 1606:, a Visigothic-Gallic nobleman brought from Narbonne to Visigothic Hispania in 672 or 673 by Wamba himself. These are the only remains of the Visigothic cathedral of Palencia. 1145:) who had been invited in to help settle this Visigothic dynastic struggle, but who stayed on, as a hoped-for spearhead to a "Reconquest" of the far west envisaged by emperor 1247:

and other groups unassimilated into Hispano-Gothic society. Other Visigoths who refused to adopt the Muslim faith or live under their rule fled north to the kingdom of the

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by the Visigoths. It is the only city in Western Europe to have been founded between the 5th and 8th centuries. The city's construction was ordered by the Visigothic king

992:) the last day of 406 and eventually were invited into Spain by a Roman usurper in the autumn of 409 (the latter two tribes were devastated). This was probably done under 3980: 497:

Wolfram, who still recently defends the equation of Vesi with the Tervingi, argues that while primary sources occasionally list all four names (as in, for example,

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Mathisen, Ralph W.; Sivan, Hagith S. (1999). "Forging a New Identity: The Kingdom of Toulouse and the Frontiers of Aquitania, 418–507". In Alberto Ferreiro (ed.).

3580: 490:. Based on this, many scholars have traditionally treated the terms "Vesi" and "Tervingi" as referring to one distinct tribe, while the terms "Ostrogothi" and " 3747:

Claude, Dietrich (1998). "Remarks to the Relationship between Visigoths and Hispano-Romans in the seventh Century". In Walter Pohl; Helmut Reimitz (eds.).

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sought military assistance from Justinian I and while this aide helped Athanagild win his wars, the Romans had much more in mind. Granada and southernmost

451:. Much less is known of the "Vesi" or "Visi", from whom the term "Visigoth" was derived. Before Sidonius Apollinaris, the Vesi were first mentioned in the 350:, and many members of the Visigothic governing elite were killed and their kingdom rapidly collapsed. This was followed by the subsequent formation of the 4481: 725:. However, this legend is not supported by archaeological evidence so its validity is disputable. Historian Malcolm Todd contends that while this large 1176:

was the king of the Visigoths from 672 to 680. During his reign, the Visigothic kingdom encompassed all of Hispania and part of southern Gaul known as

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Arce, Javier (1999). "The City of Merida (Emerita) in the Vitas Patrum Emeritensium (Vith Century)". In Chrysos, Euangelos K.; Wood, Ian N. (eds.).

996:, the rules for billeting army soldiers. The settlement formed the nucleus of the future Visigothic kingdom that would eventually expand across the 869:, made peace with the rebels, and this peace held essentially unbroken until Theodosius died in 395. In that year, the Visigoths' most famous king, 721:

rivers until overpopulation (according to Gothic legends or tribal sagas) forced them to move south and east, where they settled just north of the

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Barbero, Alessandro; Loring, Marie Isabel (2005). "The Formation of the Sueve and Visigothic Kingdoms in Spain". In Rosamond MicKitterick (ed.).

1861: 743:, pillaging and exacting payment through hostage taking. During the war with the Persians that year, Goths also appeared in the Roman armies of 374: 596:, and English "tree". This is supported by evidence that geographic descriptors were commonly used to distinguish people living north of the 1164:, conquered most of the northern regions (Cantabria) in 574, the Suevic kingdom in 584, and regained part of the southern areas lost to the 4257: 1525:

The political aspects of the imposition of Church power cannot be ignored in these matters. With the conversion of the Visigothic kings to

1113:, which was the last Gothic outpost in Gaul, and further across the Pyrenees into Hispania. The center of Visigothic rule shifted first to 4114:

Guerra, M.F; Galligaro, T.; Perea, A. (2007). "The Treasure of Guarrazar: Tracing the Gold Supplies in the Visigothic Iberian Peninsula".

3615: 370: 4252: 1036:, who succeeded him, adopted Roman administrative and bureaucratic governance, including Rome's tax gathering policies and legal codes. 365:

The Visigoths founded the only new cities in western Europe from the fall of the Western half of the Roman Empire until the rise of the

4885: 747:. When subsidies to the Goths were stopped, the Goths organized and in 250 joined a major barbarian invasion led by the Germanic king, 713:

people with the Goths may have contributed to their earlier exodus into mainland Europe. The vast majority of them settled between the

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that survived and left many artifacts, items which have been discovered in increasing numbers by archaeologists in recent years. The

914:. Alaric died before the disembarkation and was buried supposedly near the ruins of Croton. He was succeeded by his wife's brother. 764:

and Cyprus on the way; shortly thereafter, they pillaged Troy and the temple of Artemis at Ephesus. Throughout the reign of emperor

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as equating the Vesi with the Tervingi in a reference to the years 388–391. On the other hand, another recent interpretation of the

5932: 1782: 5950: 1904:, Vol. 3 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1956 reprint ), pp. 43–52 (on Sisibut, pp. 47–49); Salo W. Baron, 1698: 6014: 4858: 1098:

Visigothic power throughout Gaul was not lost in its entirety due to the support from the powerful Ostrogothic king in Italy,

4791: 4772: 4749: 4711: 4630: 4591: 4572: 4551: 4532: 4447: 4426: 4374: 4355: 4296: 4241: 4222: 4203: 4144: 4085: 4034: 3969: 3933: 3914: 3874: 3836: 3813: 3794: 3756: 3694: 3673: 3654: 3635: 3569: 419:, had already used when referring to the Visigoths. The first part of the Ostrogoth name is related to the word "east", and 3988: 6009: 1912:(Leiden: Brill, 1994), pp. 7–40; Ram Ben-Shalom, "Medieval Jewry in Christendom," in M. Goodman, J. Cohen and D. Sorkin, 1591: 4730: 4270: 4184: 3737: 1602:

is a Visigothic chapel from the mid-7th century, built during the reign of Wamba to preserve the remains of the martyr

1016:, unified the various quarreling factions among the Visigoths and, in 475, concluded the peace treaty with the emperor 3749:

Strategies of Distinction: Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300–800 (The Transformation of the Roman World, vol. 2)

5031: 4829: 4810: 3855: 3775: 3713: 4993: 1484: 820: 459:, a late-4th- or early-5th-century list of Roman military forces. This list also contains the last mention of the " 47: 3706:

Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C.–A.D. 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World (Vol. 2, Bronze Age to Early Middle Ages)

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who had moved into the Roman Empire beginning in 376 and had played a major role in defeating the Romans at the

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Sarris, Peter (2002). "The Eastern Roman Empire from Constantine to Heraclius, 306–641". In Cyril Mango (ed.).

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The Politics of Identity in Visigothic Spain : Religion and Power in the Histories of Isidore of Seville

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Although he did not refer to the Vesi, Tervingi or Greuthungi, Jordanes identified the Visigothic kings from

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to the Romans, a relationship that was established in 418. This developed as an independent kingdom with its

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who had taken control of large swathes of Roman territory. In 507, Visigothic rule in Gaul was ended by the

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plundering throughout the Balkans, the death of a Roman Emperor and a disastrous defeat of the Roman army.

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Other names for other Gothic divisions abounded. In 469, the Visigoths were called the "Alaric Goths". The

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when a collection of Tervingi, Greuthungi and other "barbarian" contingents banded together in multiethnic

339: 227:. Their exact origins are believed to have been diverse but they probably included many descendants of the 3944: 1987:, cf. José María Lacarra, "Panorama de la historia urbana en la Península Ibérica desde el siglo V al X," 1271: 5960: 4973: 885:

in the west. In 397, Alaric was named military commander of the eastern Illyrian prefecture by Arcadius.

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Gonzalez-Salinero, Raul (1999). "Catholic Anti-Judaism in Visigothic Spain". In Alberto Ferreiro (ed.).

3523: 3477: 3475: 1149:. Imperial Roman armies took advantage of Visigothic rivalries and established a government at Córdoba. 873:, made a bid for the throne, but controversy and intrigue erupted between the East and West, as General 5126: 5121: 4764: 811: 5978: 5158: 5065: 5058: 5036: 4871: 4602: 3472: 1526: 1259:, a group of Visigoths who remained under Muslim dominance constituted the personal bodyguard of the 559: 555:, since they had become a multi ethnic group and could no longer claim to be exclusively Tervingian. 304:

and crosses are the most spectacular among the finds thus far. In or around 589, the Visigoths under

5198: 5183: 4998: 4983: 1530: 802:. Valens permitted this, as he saw in them "a splendid recruiting ground for his army". However, a 777: 542: 17: 3723: 3561:

East and West: Modes of Communication : Proceedings of the First Plenary Conference at Merida

1583: 5313: 5203: 5193: 5188: 5008: 4988: 4945: 4262: 1908:, Vol. 3 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1957), pp. 33–46 (on Sisibut pp. 37–38); N. Roth, 1843:

Other sources dispute the contents of the supposed "treaty" and claim it was a Gothic surrender.

1772: 1614: 1645: 1617:, Castile-La Mancha, Spain, is an archaeological site of one of at least four cities founded in 877:

tried to maintain his position in the empire. Theodosius was succeeded by his incompetent sons:

751:. Success on the battlefield against the Romans inspired additional invasions into the northern 5715: 5148: 5143: 5070: 4965: 1983: 1704: 1488: 644: 415:", but using the older name of the Vesi, one of the tribal names which the fifth-century poet 5013: 4903: 1701:: six crowns, five crosses, a pendant and remnants of foil and channels (almost all of gold). 1666: 981: 814:

in 378 was the decisive moment of the war. The Roman forces were slaughtered and the Emperor

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Visigothic belt buckle. Copper alloy with garnets, glass and inclusion of lapis lazuli. The

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500. From 585 to 711 Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo in dark orange, green and white (Hispania)

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The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective

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oral tradition and were set in writing in the year 654. This book survives in two separate

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would have seized control of Gaul, rather than the Romans being able to retain dominance.

572:, foreign). This probably refers to the Romanized Visigoths after their entry into Spain. 381:, which served, among other things, as the basis for court procedure in most of Christian 282: 8: 5940: 5153: 4385: 1610: 1219: 1215: 1196: 1099: 479: 366: 351: 343: 313: 4489: 4396: 3481: 1941:, but a twelfth-century foundation for this city is given in contemporary sources, (ii) 1730: 1456:, the Visigoths, as well as other Germanic peoples, followed what is now referred to as 1121:. From 511 to 526, the Visigoths were ruled by Theoderic the Great of the Ostrogoths as 316:, gradually adopting the culture of their Hispano-Roman subjects. Their legal code, the 5999: 5323: 5175: 5114: 5003: 4935: 4911: 4690: 4665: 4506: 4467: 4064: 1950: 1819: 1662: 1599: 1507: 1441: 1426: 1072: 954: 923: 894: 882: 504: 454: 335: 292:

for which they are best remembered. During their governance of Hispania, the Visigoths

237: 220: 4562: 537:, have concluded that Visigothic group identity emerged only within the Roman Empire. 5099: 4950: 4925: 4825: 4806: 4787: 4768: 4745: 4726: 4707: 4626: 4587: 4568: 4547: 4528: 4511: 4472: 4443: 4437: 4422: 4415: 4370: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4328: 4311: 4292: 4266: 4237: 4218: 4199: 4180: 4159: 4140: 4127: 4102: 4081: 4068: 4030: 4009: 3965: 3929: 3910: 3889: 3870: 3851: 3832: 3809: 3790: 3771: 3752: 3733: 3709: 3690: 3684: 3669: 3650: 3631: 3565: 1792: 1763:

inlays and are generally rectangular in shape, with copper alloy, garnets and glass.

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was their protection of the property rights of married women, which was continued by

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was the seat of government, but after the siege of Milan the Imperial Court moved to

617: 562:, probably of Byzantine or Italian origin, referred to one of the two peoples as the 398: 382: 1831: 1710: 5522: 4894: 4657: 4501: 4493: 4123: 4096: 4056: 1981:), mentioned as founded by Reccared in the fifteenth-century geographical account, 1165: 1138: 965: 428: 386: 164: 57: 901:

seat of the government of the Western Roman Empire. From the late 370s up to 402,

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During their governance of Hispania, the Visigoths built several churches in the

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Visigothic Hispania and its regional divisions in 700, before the Muslim conquest

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they were "the most formidable military power beyond the lower Danube frontier".

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The Visigoths emerged from the Gothic tribes, probably a derivative name for the

621: 573: 318: 208: 87: 75: 53: 1283: 1274:. It is certain (through contemporary Spanish accounts) that they founded four: 1043:

Greatest extent of the Visigothic kingdom of Toulouse in light and dark orange,

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Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths: Studies in a Migration Myth

1860:(war), falda > falda (skirt) and skankjan > escanciar (to pour out); See 1370: 1339: 1290:. There is also a possible 5th city ascribed to them by a later Arabic source: 1002: 658: 657:"id.". Jordanes relates the tribe's name to a river, though this is probably a 637: 216: 200: 99: 1315: 739:

Goths. In 238, the Goths invaded across the Danube into the Roman province of

5993: 5564: 5527: 5487: 5353: 5082: 5041: 4315: 4060: 1757: 1548: 1118: 1105:

After Alaric II's death, Visigothic nobles spirited his heir, the child-king

890: 538: 534: 115: 5666: 4497: 4047:(1983). "The Supposedly 'Frankish' Table of Nations: An Edition and Study". 1900:

Cf. the extensive accounts of Visigothic Jewish history by Heinrich Graetz,

1385:(English: Law of the Visigoths), is a set of laws first promulgated by king 1319: 1311: 592:

may mean "forest people", with the first part of the name related to Gothic

411:

in 507. Cassiodorus apparently invented the term based on the model of the "

5258: 5248: 5231: 5048: 4846: 4600: 4515: 3823:

Collins, Roger (2000). "Visigothic Spain, 409–711". In Raymond Carr (ed.).

3704:

Carr, Karen (2004). "Visigoths". In Peter Bogucki; Pam J. Crabtree (eds.).

3427: 1760: 1674: 1476: 1461: 1437: 1409:), and under which all the subjects of the Visigothic kingdom ceased being 1390: 1386: 1272:

only new cities founded in Western Europe between the 5th and 8th centuries

1173: 1064: 1017: 866: 301: 288:

It is within what is now Spain and Portugal that the Visigoths created the

254: 212: 136: 95: 2253: 1223:

nobility had begun to think of themselves as constituting one people, the

131: 5740: 5698: 5621: 5534: 5402: 5392: 5303: 5087: 3888:. The Story of Civilization. Vol. IV. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1816: 1683: 1670: 1629:

and to serve as Reccared's seat as co-king in the Visigothic province of

1626: 1453: 1398: 1270:

During their long reign in Spain, the Visigoths were responsible for the

1252: 1146: 985: 843: 744: 699: 687: 527: 404: 355: 140: 4584:

Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict

4101:. Vol. 3. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. 3985:

Historia del Arte UNED (National University of Distance Education-Spain)

1925:

According to E. A Thompson, "The Barbarian Kingdoms in Gaul and Spain",

605:

has pre-Pontic, possibly Scandinavian, origins still has support today.

5917: 5705: 5688: 5636: 5626: 5611: 5579: 5569: 5447: 5397: 5273: 5268: 5236: 4955: 4468:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years" 4332: 4163: 4106: 3893: 2137: 2009: 1910:

Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict

1726: 1657:

In Spain, an important collection of Visigothic metalwork was found in

1634: 1630: 1468: 1433: 1275: 1177: 1130: 491: 412: 305: 111: 4694: 4669: 4196:

The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians

3460: 1307: 1191:(Rodrigo) was killed while opposing an invasion from the south by the 669: 5912: 5907: 5897: 5830: 5735: 5631: 5584: 5544: 5497: 5492: 5442: 5382: 5308: 5298: 5278: 5241: 5226: 3361: 1966: 1884: 1622: 1575: 1544: 1492: 1422: 1236: 1161: 1114: 1039: 1033: 961: 897:. However, Rome, while still the official capital, was no longer the 787: 722: 597: 547: 487: 483: 475: 471: 460: 444: 249: 228: 4678: 4310:. Translated by Charles C. Mierow. London: Oxford University Press. 3581:"Les éléments de parure wisigoths en Hispania aux Ve et VIe siècles" 624:

for "good", implying the "good or worthy people", related to Gothic

5885: 5870: 5850: 5835: 5815: 5790: 5775: 5770: 5750: 5720: 5710: 5661: 5651: 5646: 5477: 5462: 5437: 5417: 5387: 5377: 5372: 5343: 5338: 5328: 5263: 5221: 4930: 4863: 4859:

National Archaeological Museum-Museo Arqueológico Nacional of Spain

4661: 3649:. Paris: Editions de la Réunion des musées nationaux-Grand Palais. 3487: 1946: 1687: 1658: 1618: 1571: 1539: 1480: 1475:

were Christianized while they were still outside the bounds of the

1264: 1240: 1169: 1110: 1106: 1084: 1068: 997: 938: 878: 874: 870: 860: 848: 756: 695: 651: 467: 420: 408: 309: 278: 262: 258: 224: 91: 1590:, Santa Lucía del Trampal in Alcuéscar, Santa Comba in Bande, and 1152: 5902: 5890: 5880: 5855: 5845: 5840: 5820: 5810: 5785: 5725: 5683: 5656: 5574: 5507: 5502: 5482: 5472: 5427: 5422: 5412: 5407: 5348: 5333: 5283: 4853: 3630:. Vol. I . Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 2171: 2169: 2013: 1978: 1962: 1738: 1472: 1394: 1334:

in the 6th century. These individuals displayed genetic links to

1295: 1244: 1232: 1188: 1134: 1092: 1080: 1060: 1051:

At this point, the Visigoths were also the dominant power in the

1024:) to the Visigoths, while requiring them to address him as lord ( 973: 942: 906: 794:

to be allowed to settle with his people on the south bank of the

752: 718: 706: 683: 552: 434: 347: 270: 219:. The Visigoths first appeared in the Balkans, as a Roman-allied 119: 61: 4350:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 4215:

The Restoration of Rome: Barbarian Popes and Imperial Pretenders

3499: 3193: 2301: 2041: 1559: 1330:

in March 2019 examined the remains of eight Visigoths buried at

334:. In the century that followed, the region was dominated by the 5922: 5875: 5860: 5825: 5800: 5765: 5760: 5693: 5678: 5616: 5554: 5539: 5517: 5467: 5457: 5452: 5365: 5360: 5318: 5288: 2478: 2318: 2316: 2077: 1777: 1444:

system now in force throughout the majority of western Europe.

1248: 1142: 1006: 852: 815: 803: 795: 791: 760: 740: 691: 576:, writing in the 10th or 11th century, calls the Visigoths the 568: 289: 274: 123: 3085: 3073: 2798: 2796: 2507: 2505: 2369: 2367: 2166: 1487:(Trinitarianism) followed by most Romans, who considered them 147:(Toledo, Spain), hanging in Madrid. The hanging letters spell 5795: 5780: 5755: 5745: 5730: 5673: 5641: 5606: 5601: 5559: 5549: 5432: 5293: 5136: 3169: 3133: 2328: 1970: 1714: 1678: 1595: 1287: 1204: 1056: 1013: 989: 977: 969: 950: 946: 902: 783: 748: 710: 403:

The Visigoths were never called Visigoths, only Goths, until

266: 4805:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 3867:

Guardianship, Gender, and the Nobility in Early Modern Spain

3313: 3265: 2808: 2757: 2661: 2313: 2241: 2106: 2104: 2089: 551:(Wolfram's "federate armies") under Alaric I in the eastern 541:

also believes that the Visigothic identity emerged from the

517: 423:, the medieval writer, later clearly contrasted them in his 188: 5865: 5512: 3926:

Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation

3337: 3241: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2793: 2502: 2364: 1514: 1260: 968:

on which to settle after they had attacked the four tribes—

799: 714: 661:

or legend like his similar story about the Greuthung name.

583: 244: 27:

Germanic people of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages

3949:

Sitzungsberichte der Münchener Akademie der Wissenschaften

3535: 3448: 3013: 2745: 2673: 2649: 2637: 2601: 2553: 2277: 2181: 2053: 392: 185: 3436: 3385: 3325: 3253: 3217: 3205: 3181: 3049: 2890: 2625: 2613: 2101: 2008:

Important findings have also been made in the Visigothic

1864:(Spanish) in Cervantes Virtual. Accessed 15 October 2017. 182: 179: 173: 4026:

The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience

3003: 3001: 2962: 2938: 2861: 2769: 2721: 2685: 2403: 2379: 2340: 2265: 2205: 2193: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2065: 932:

Europe at the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD

827:

ended his chronology of Roman history with this battle.

474:

as the successors of the fourth-century Tervingian king

3397: 3373: 3229: 2781: 2529: 2442: 2415: 2391: 2289: 377:

languages. Their most notable legacy, however, was the

369:. Many Visigothic names are still in use in the modern 4344:. In G.W. Bowersock; Peter Brown; Oleg Grabar (eds.). 4139:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 3349: 3301: 3157: 3061: 3037: 3025: 2914: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2709: 2697: 2565: 2432: 2430: 1937:, founded by Leovigild and may survive as the city of 1460:. While the Germanic peoples were slowly converted to 1432:

One of the greatest contributions of the Visigoths to

211:

united under the rule of a king and living within the

4459:

Le Trésor de Pétrossa. Étude sur l'orfèvrerie antique

3768:

Law, Culture, and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain

3530:

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, "Belt Buckle 550–600"

3277: 3109: 3097: 2998: 2986: 2950: 2926: 2902: 2878: 2577: 2229: 2217: 2149: 2116: 1717:: three crowns, two crosses, links and gold pendants. 191: 176: 4525:

Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World

4325:

The Decline of Rome and the Rise of Mediaeval Europe

4113: 3601:"Las versiones del hallazgo del tesoro de Guarrazar" 3466: 3409: 3289: 2733: 2541: 2517: 2490: 1609:

Reccopolis, located near the tiny modern village of

1513:

While the Visigoths retained their Arian faith, the

407:

used the term, when referring to their loss against

243:

The Visigoths were subsequently settled in southern

170: 4482:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

3598: 3585:

Migrations barbares dans l'Empire romain d'occident

3511: 3493: 3121: 2849: 2837: 2820: 2589: 2466: 2454: 2427: 2352: 1529:, the bishops increased their power, until, at the 1255:a few generations later. In the early years of the 1079:in the northwest and small areas controlled by the 167: 4689:(53). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press: 32–46. 4414: 4347:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 3902: 3824: 3482:Museo Arqueologico Nacional, "Tesoro de Guarrazar" 3145: 1969:as a fortification against the Basques, is modern 1891:of Baetica, was a Catholic in the mid-6th century. 1653:discovered in Romania, attributed to the Visigoths 1251:, and Visigoths played key roles in the empire of 64:), were a popular symbol among the Goths in Spain. 4075: 3668:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3367: 2974: 2029: 1020:. In the treaty the emperor was called a friend ( 620:, Claudian and Sidonius Apollinaris. The word is 5991: 4648:, and the Settlement of the Goths in A.D. 418". 4217:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 4198:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 4137:Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568 3909:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1916:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 156. 1203:, when most of the Iberian Peninsula came under 514:is "entirely arguable, but so is the opposite". 4435: 3175: 3091: 3079: 2095: 2083: 1075:and most of Hispania with the exception of the 3644: 3505: 1578:style that survive, including the churches of 673:Migrations of the main column of the Visigoths 4879: 4367:The Visigoths: Studies in Culture and Society 4364: 4078:The Visigoths: Studies in Culture and Society 3625: 3271: 2763: 1067:. By 500, the Visigothic Kingdom, centred at 823:. Fourth-century Roman soldier and historian 686:, a people believed to have their origins in 389:, centuries after the demise of the kingdom. 4786:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4720: 4412: 4258:The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature 3319: 3139: 2802: 2511: 2484: 2373: 2059: 1594:in Quintanilla de las Viñas. The Visigothic 205:Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi 4910:origin primarily identified as speakers of 4413:Nadeau, Jean-Benoit; Barlow, Julie (2013). 3722: 2175: 2110: 798:. Here, they hoped to find refuge from the 502: 452: 431:, and was still in use in the 7th century. 354:in northern Spain and the beginning of the 223:military group united under the command of 4886: 4872: 3666:Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C.–A.D. 400 1906:A Social and Religious History of the Jews 1862:La época visigoda Susana Rodríguez Rosique 1537:In the eighth through 11th centuries, the 1187:The kingdom survived until 711, when King 771: 46: 4803:The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples 4676: 4505: 4231: 4008:. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. 4003: 3942: 3923: 3599:Balmaseda Muncharaz, Luis Javier (1996). 3259: 2872: 2814: 2775: 2667: 2421: 2334: 2295: 960:In 418, Honorius rewarded his Visigothic 261:, and they extended their authority into 4739: 4721:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). 4456: 4442:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 4327:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 4305: 4250: 3900: 3864: 3686:The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians 3454: 3403: 3187: 3067: 2703: 2143: 1783:Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 1743: 1644: 1558: 1497: 1151: 1038: 927: 842: 790:, appealed to the Eastern Roman Emperor 668: 584:Etymology of Tervingi and Vesi/Visigothi 566:, meaning "Roman Goths" (from Germanic * 516: 447:, who were once referred to as Goths by 433: 130: 5951:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 4800: 4781: 4560: 4212: 4193: 4170: 4153: 4134: 4043: 3978: 3945:"Die sogenannte fränkische Völkertafel" 3845: 3822: 3803: 3789:. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. 3784: 3765: 3732:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. 3708:. Vol. 2. New York: Thomson Gale. 3689:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 3608:Boletín del Museo Arqueológico Nacional 3442: 3415: 3391: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3199: 3163: 3055: 3043: 3031: 3019: 3007: 2992: 2968: 2956: 2944: 2932: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2751: 2715: 2691: 2679: 2655: 2643: 2619: 2607: 2571: 2559: 2409: 2385: 2346: 2322: 2307: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2160: 2131: 2047: 1699:National Archaeological Museum of Spain 1637:, where the main capital, Toledo, lay. 705:Long struggles between the neighboring 393:Nomenclature: Vesi, Tervingi, Visigoths 14: 5992: 4620: 4544:Reiche und Namen im frühen Mittelalter 4541: 4522: 4465: 4094: 4022: 3959: 3883: 3869:. Surrey and Burlington, VT: Ashgate. 3746: 3578: 3541: 3517: 3295: 3283: 3151: 3115: 2547: 2535: 2523: 2496: 2071: 1566:, a Visigothic church in Zamora, Spain 1502:Capital from the Visigothic church of 786:until 376, when one of their leaders, 499:Gruthungi, Austrogothi, Tervingi, Visi 4867: 4639: 4625:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4286: 3831:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3751:. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. 3663: 3211: 2739: 2727: 2631: 1914:The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies 1214:, defeated the Umayyad forces in the 917: 4893: 4819: 4758: 4701: 4581: 4322: 4158:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. 3703: 3682: 3557: 3307: 3127: 3103: 2980: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2787: 2595: 2583: 2472: 2460: 2448: 2436: 2397: 2358: 2035: 1997:Estudios de alta edad media española 1883:At least one high-ranking Visigoth, 1547:claimed descent from the Visigothic 1137:were lost to representatives of the 838: 733: 486:as the heirs of the Greuthungi king 330:, they became known collectively as 4744:. San Mateo, CA: Golden Era Books. 4342:"Christian Triumph and Controversy" 4339: 4234:The Visigoths in History and Legend 3787:The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797 3379: 2262:, pp. 52–57, 130–178, 302–309. 1389:(642–653 AD) that had been part of 1199:. This marked the beginning of the 340:invading force of Arabs and Berbers 56:from the 6th century, and found in 24: 4461:. Paris: Éditions J. Rothschchild. 3981:"Historia y arquitectura visigoda" 3628:The New Cambridge Medieval History 3467:Guerra, Galligaro & Perea 2007 1711:National Museum of the Middle Ages 1598:(the Crypt of San Antolín) in the 1381:(English: Book of the Judges) and 1012:The Visigoths' second great king, 342:defeated the Visigoths during the 25: 6031: 4840: 4761:Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain 4586:. Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill. 3645:Bardiès-Fronty, Isabelle (2015). 1933:(1963:4n11), the others were (i) 494:" were used to refer to another. 5974: 5973: 4723:Encyclopedia of European Peoples 4603:"Cripta visigoda de San Antolín" 4466:Olalde, Iñigo (March 15, 2019). 4421:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 4236:. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. 4128:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00287.x 3850:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 3808:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2002: 1919: 1894: 1877: 1440:and ultimately evolved into the 1160:The last Arian Visigothic king, 677: 526:the Goths were displaced by the 163: 52:The eagles represented on these 5956:Christianization of Scandinavia 4623:The Oxford History of Byzantium 4369:. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill. 4173:"The creation of the Visigoths" 3928:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 3806:Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000 3550: 1867: 1846: 1837: 1788:Visigothic art and architecture 1673:find is composed of twenty-six 1640: 1554: 1352:Visigothic art and architecture 1207:rule in the early 8th century. 478:, and the Ostrogoth kings from 338:and the episcopacy. In 711, an 5946:Christianization of the Franks 5019:Continental Germanic mythology 4527:. New York: Harper Perennial. 4390:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 4308:The Gothic History of Jordanes 4289:Europe's Barbarians AD 200–600 4171:Heather, Heather, ed. (1999). 3430:Cripta visigoda de San Antolín 1824: 1810: 1721:The aquiliform (eagle-shaped) 1129:Sometime in 549, the Visigoth 1005:, it is perhaps possible that 533:Many recent scholars, such as 13: 1: 6015:5th century in sub-Roman Gaul 4759:Wolf, Kenneth Baxter (2014). 4683:The English Historical Review 4650:American Journal of Philology 4397:Museo Arqueologico Nacional. 1995:(1958:319–358). Reprinted in 1798: 1725:that have been discovered in 1479:; however, they converted to 1324:A genetic study published in 1044: 4457:Odobescu, Alexandru (1889). 4436:O'Callaghan, Joseph (1975). 4384:Metropolitan Museum of Art. 4049:Frühmittelalterliche Studien 3770:. Great Yarmouth: Variorum. 2023: 1999:(Valencia: 1975), pp. 25–90. 1927:Nottingham Mediaeval Studies 1201:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 937:response to the invasion of 7: 5961:Christianization of Iceland 4725:. New York: Facts on File. 4439:A History of Medieval Spain 3964:. New York: Da Capo Press. 3924:Frassetto, Michael (2003). 1989:La città nell'alto medioevo 1830:The first R is held at the 1766: 1737:or Castiltierra (cities of 1447: 1301: 1218:in 718 and established the 1182:Chronica Regum Visigothorum 1117:, then inland and south to 1071:, controlled Aquitania and 281:, who defeated them in the 10: 6038: 6010:Iron Age peoples of Europe 4765:Cambridge University Press 4763:. Cambridge and New York: 4679:"The Beginnings of Wessex" 4640:Sivan, Hagith (1987). "On 3943:Friedrich, Johann (1910). 3901:Fletcher, Richard (2006). 2050:, pp. 52–57, 300–301. 1604:Saint Antoninus of Pamiers 1349: 1345: 1305: 921: 858: 775: 664: 396: 358:by Christian troops under 5969: 5931: 5212: 5174: 4964: 4918: 4901: 4706:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. 4677:Stevenson, W. H. (1899). 4523:Ostler, Nicholas (2006). 4232:Hillgarth, J. N. (2010). 4095:Graetz, Heinrich (1894). 3848:Visigothic Spain, 409–711 3272:Mathisen & Sivan 1999 3202:, pp. 58, 66, 72–74. 2764:Barbero & Loring 2005 2310:, pp. 387–388, fn58. 1527:Chalcedonian Christianity 1316:Baiuvarii § Genetics 1141:(to form the province of 628:"better" and a reflex of 608:The Visigoths are called 560:Frankish Table of Nations 463:" in a classical source. 238:sacked Rome in August 410 110: 105: 86: 81: 74: 69: 45: 38: 5199:North Germanic languages 5184:Germanic parent language 4801:Wolfram, Herwig (1997). 4782:Wolfram, Herwig (1988). 4601:Salvador Conejo, Diego. 4567:. New York: Allen Lane. 4251:Howatson, M. C. (2011). 4179:. Boydell & Brewer. 4061:10.1515/9783110242164.98 4029:. New York: Free Press. 4006:The Romanians. A History 4004:Georgescu, Vlad (1991). 3979:Galeano, Rafael (2016). 3865:Coolidge, Grace (2011). 3647:Musée de Cluny: Le Guide 3614:: 95–110. Archived from 3494:Balmaseda Muncharaz 1996 3320:Waldman & Mason 2006 3140:Nadeau & Barlow 2013 2803:Waldman & Mason 2006 2512:Waldman & Mason 2006 2485:Waldman & Mason 2006 2374:Waldman & Mason 2006 2060:Waldman & Mason 2006 1803: 1531:Fourth Council of Toledo 1320:Alemanni § Genetics 1312:Lombards § Genetics 150:ECCESVINTHVS REX OFFERET 39: 5204:West Germanic languages 5194:East Germanic languages 5189:Proto-Germanic language 5009:Proto-Germanic folklore 4946:Romano-Germanic culture 4740:Williams, Mark (2004). 4561:Roberts, J. M. (1997). 4498:10.1126/science.aav4040 4291:. New York: Routledge. 4263:Oxford University Press 4213:Heather, Peter (2013). 4194:Heather, Peter (2005). 4154:Heather, Peter (1998). 3962:Armaments & History 3960:Fuller, J.F.C. (1998). 3846:Collins, Roger (2004). 3804:Collins, Roger (1999). 3785:Collins, Roger (1995). 3766:Collins, Roger (1992). 1773:Romano-Germanic culture 1615:province of Guadalajara 1588:San Martín de Montalbán 1210:A Visigothic nobleman, 1055:, quickly crushing the 964:by giving them land in 772:War with Rome (376–382) 6005:Early Germanic peoples 4702:Todd, Malcolm (2000). 4323:Katz, Solomon (1955). 4287:James, Edward (2009). 3724:Christensen, Arne Søby 3664:Burns, Thomas (2003). 3368:Gonzalez-Salinero 1999 1984:Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar 1753: 1705:Royal Palace of Madrid 1654: 1567: 1510: 1367:Visigothic Code of Law 1360: 1278:, Victoriacum (modern 1157: 1048: 933: 856: 782:The Goths remained in 674: 522: 503: 453: 439: 294:built several churches 265:at the expense of the 204: 154: 5014:Anglo-Saxon mythology 4904:Ethnolinguistic group 4824:. Brill. p. 16. 4582:Roth, Norman (1994). 4399:"Tesoro de Guarrazar" 4386:"Belt Buckle 550–600" 4340:Lim, Richard (1999). 4135:Halsall, Guy (2007). 4023:Gerber, Jane (1992). 3884:Durant, Will (1950). 3579:Bacoup, Paul (2015). 1747: 1667:Treasure of Guarrazar 1648: 1584:Santa María de Melque 1562: 1501: 1308:Goths § Genetics 1306:Further information: 1155: 1042: 982:had crossed the Rhine 931: 846: 766:Constantine the Great 672: 543:Gothic War of 376–382 520: 437: 397:Further information: 346:. The Visigoth king, 298:Treasure of Guarrazar 145:Treasure of Guarrazar 134: 106:Related ethnic groups 4820:Wood, Jamie (2012). 4784:History of the Goths 4417:The Story of Spanish 3683:Bury, J. B. (2000). 2634:, pp. 322, 374. 2325:, p. 387, fn58. 2250:, p. 387, fn57. 1817:Pair of Eagle Fibula 1651:Pietroasele Treasure 1580:San Pedro de la Nave 1564:San Pedro de la Nave 1504:San Pedro de la Nave 1077:Kingdom of the Suebi 972:, Asding and Siling 825:Ammianus Marcellinus 812:Battle of Adrianople 778:Gothic War (376–382) 449:Ammianus Marcellinus 417:Sidonius Apollinaris 233:Battle of Adrianople 6020:History of Asturias 5941:Gothic Christianity 4854:Visigothic Symposia 4564:A History of Europe 4490:2019Sci...363.1230O 4098:History of the Jews 3544:, pp. 161–179. 3506:Bardiès-Fronty 2015 3382:, pp. 209–210. 3370:, pp. 140–147. 3346:, pp. 211–212. 3250:, pp. 265–269. 3214:, pp. 215–225. 3022:, pp. 102–104. 2817:, pp. 358–359. 2790:, pp. 211–212. 2754:, pp. 186–187. 2730:, pp. 759–772. 2682:, pp. 214–217. 2670:, pp. 204–205. 2658:, pp. 183–223. 2646:, pp. 153–160. 2610:, pp. 179–180. 2562:, pp. 178–179. 2487:, pp. 844–845. 2451:, pp. 150–151. 2400:, pp. 149–150. 2337:, p. 36, fn15. 2286:, pp. 125–126. 2190:, pp. 300–301. 2178:, pp. 207–212. 2074:, pp. 119–120. 1902:History of the Jews 1852:The Words such as: 1750:Metropolitan Museum 1611:Zorita de los Canes 1592:Santa María de Lara 1483:rather than to the 1417:and instead became 1220:Kingdom of Asturias 1216:Battle of Covadonga 1197:Battle of Guadalete 1100:Theodoric the Great 847:An illustration of 480:Theoderic the Great 367:Carolingian dynasty 352:Kingdom of Asturias 344:Battle of Guadalete 314:Nicene Christianity 96:Nicene Christianity 35: 5324:Germani cisrhenani 5032:Funerary practices 4936:Pre-Roman Iron Age 4912:Germanic languages 4742:The Story of Spain 4607:Rutas con historia 3991:on October 7, 2019 3058:, pp. 96–100. 2899:, pp. 243–45. 2622:, pp. 180–81. 1951:Isidore of Seville 1820:Walters Art Museum 1754: 1663:Province of Toledo 1655: 1600:Palencia Cathedral 1568: 1511: 1508:province of Zamora 1442:community property 1257:Emirate of Córdoba 1158: 1073:Gallia Narbonensis 1049: 934: 924:Visigothic Kingdom 918:Visigothic Kingdom 857: 675: 523: 505:Notitia Dignitatum 455:Notitia Dignitatum 440: 336:Councils of Toledo 310:Arian Christianity 155: 33: 5987: 5986: 5159:Gothic and Vandal 4951:Germanic Iron Age 4926:Nordic Bronze Age 4908:Northern European 4793:978-0-52005-259-8 4774:978-1-10763-481-7 4751:978-0-97069-692-2 4713:978-0-63119-904-5 4704:The Early Germans 4632:978-0-19814-098-6 4593:978-9-00409-971-5 4574:978-0-96584-319-5 4553:978-3-77054-891-0 4546:. Leiden: Brill. 4534:978-0-06093-572-6 4449:978-0-80149-264-8 4428:978-0-31265-602-7 4376:978-9-00411-206-3 4357:978-0-67451-173-6 4306:Jordanes (1915). 4298:978-0-58277-296-0 4243:978-0-88844-166-9 4224:978-0-19936-851-8 4205:978-0-19515-954-7 4146:978-0-52143-543-7 4087:978-9-00411-206-3 4080:. Leiden: Brill. 4036:978-0-02911-573-2 3971:978-0-30680-859-3 3935:978-1-57607-263-9 3916:978-0-52024-840-3 3876:978-1-40940-053-0 3838:978-0-19280-236-1 3815:978-0-33365-808-6 3796:978-0-63119-405-7 3758:978-9-00410-846-2 3696:978-0-39300-388-8 3675:978-0-80187-306-5 3656:978-2-7118-5631-2 3637:978-0-52136-291-7 3571:978-90-04-10929-2 3508:, pp. 22–24. 3469:, pp. 53–74. 3445:, pp. 55–56. 3428:Salvador Conejo, 3394:, pp. 60–62. 3334:, pp. 59–60. 3310:, pp. 35–40. 3226:, pp. 75–79. 3190:, pp. 17–25. 3142:, pp. 28–35. 3106:, pp. 14–15. 2971:, pp. 51–53. 2947:, pp. 82–85. 2694:, pp. 63–65. 2586:, pp. 88–89. 2538:, pp. 24–25. 2412:, pp. 42–55. 2349:, pp. 39–40. 2274:, pp. 22–24. 2214:, pp. 24–25. 2202:, pp. 43–44. 2086:, pp. 91–92. 2012:of Castiltierra ( 1965:labour in 621 by 1961:), founded using 1949:, referred to by 1943:Lugo id est Luceo 1793:Visigothic script 1752:of Art (New York) 1633:, to the west of 1625:to honor his son 1458:Germanic paganism 1405:) and Visigoths ( 1356:Visigothic script 1282:, though perhaps 1193:Umayyad Caliphate 1089:Battle of Vouillé 1053:Iberian Peninsula 1030:Mediterranean Sea 865:The new emperor, 839:Reign of Alaric I 734:Contact with Rome 618:Trebellius Pollio 399:Name of the Goths 283:Battle of Vouillé 129: 128: 16:(Redirected from 6027: 5977: 5976: 5933:Christianization 5523:Ripuarian Franks 4895:Germanic peoples 4888: 4881: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4848:Lex Visigothorum 4835: 4816: 4797: 4778: 4755: 4736: 4717: 4698: 4673: 4636: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4597: 4578: 4557: 4538: 4519: 4509: 4462: 4453: 4432: 4420: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4393: 4380: 4361: 4336: 4319: 4302: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4247: 4228: 4209: 4190: 4167: 4150: 4131: 4110: 4091: 4072: 4040: 4019: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3987:. Archived from 3975: 3956: 3939: 3920: 3908: 3897: 3886:The Age of Faith 3880: 3861: 3842: 3830: 3827:Spain: A History 3819: 3800: 3781: 3762: 3743: 3719: 3700: 3679: 3660: 3641: 3622: 3621:on 12 July 2020. 3620: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3575: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3457:, p. 1-100. 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3176:O'Callaghan 1975 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3092:O'Callaghan 1975 3089: 3083: 3080:O'Callaghan 1975 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2388:, p. 42–43. 2383: 2377: 2371: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2176:Christensen 2002 2173: 2164: 2158: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2114: 2111:Christensen 2002 2108: 2099: 2096:O'Callaghan 1975 2093: 2087: 2084:O'Callaghan 1975 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2017: 2006: 2000: 1977:(perhaps modern 1923: 1917: 1898: 1892: 1881: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1828: 1822: 1814: 1582:in El Campillo, 1407:leges barbarorum 1383:Lex Visigothorum 1379:Liber Iudiciorum 1294:(perhaps modern 1139:Byzantine Empire 1059:and forcing the 1046: 966:Gallia Aquitania 881:in the east and 755:and deeper into 636:"good", akin to 528:Hunnic invasions 508: 458: 438:Europe in 305 AD 429:Byzantine Empire 387:Late Middle Ages 198: 197: 194: 193: 190: 187: 184: 181: 178: 175: 172: 169: 58:Tierra de Barros 50: 36: 32: 21: 6037: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6024: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5965: 5927: 5208: 5170: 5132:Gothic alphabet 5024:Norse mythology 4960: 4914: 4897: 4892: 4843: 4838: 4832: 4813: 4794: 4775: 4752: 4733: 4714: 4633: 4611: 4609: 4594: 4575: 4554: 4535: 4450: 4429: 4403: 4401: 4377: 4358: 4299: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4244: 4225: 4206: 4187: 4147: 4088: 4045:Goffart, Walter 4037: 4016: 3994: 3992: 3972: 3936: 3917: 3877: 3858: 3839: 3816: 3797: 3778: 3759: 3740: 3716: 3697: 3676: 3657: 3638: 3618: 3603: 3589: 3587: 3572: 3553: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3166:, pp. 6–8. 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2167: 2159: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2117: 2109: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2046: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2020: 2007: 2003: 1924: 1920: 1899: 1895: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1868: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1769: 1758:Byzantine-style 1665:, known as the 1643: 1557: 1467:The Visigoths, 1450: 1375:Forum Iudicum), 1363: 1358: 1348: 1322: 1304: 1280:Vitoria-Gasteiz 926: 920: 912:northern Africa 895:sacked the city 863: 841: 780: 774: 736: 680: 667: 586: 574:Landolfus Sagax 401: 395: 379:Visigothic Code 319:Visigothic Code 308:converted from 209:Germanic people 166: 162: 88:Gothic paganism 65: 41: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6035: 6034: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5937: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5590:Thracian Goths 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5218: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5124: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5097: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4970: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4941:Roman Iron Age 4938: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4891: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4842: 4841:External links 4839: 4837: 4836: 4830: 4817: 4811: 4798: 4792: 4779: 4773: 4756: 4750: 4737: 4732:978-0816049646 4731: 4718: 4712: 4699: 4674: 4662:10.2307/294799 4656:(4): 759–772. 4637: 4631: 4618: 4598: 4592: 4579: 4573: 4558: 4552: 4539: 4533: 4520: 4463: 4454: 4448: 4433: 4427: 4410: 4394: 4381: 4375: 4362: 4356: 4337: 4320: 4303: 4297: 4284: 4272:978-0191739422 4271: 4261:(3 ed.). 4248: 4242: 4229: 4223: 4210: 4204: 4191: 4186:978-0851157627 4185: 4168: 4151: 4145: 4132: 4111: 4092: 4086: 4073: 4041: 4035: 4020: 4014: 4001: 3976: 3970: 3957: 3940: 3934: 3921: 3915: 3898: 3881: 3875: 3862: 3856: 3843: 3837: 3820: 3814: 3801: 3795: 3782: 3776: 3763: 3757: 3744: 3739:978-8772897103 3738: 3720: 3714: 3701: 3695: 3680: 3674: 3661: 3655: 3642: 3636: 3623: 3610:(in Spanish). 3596: 3576: 3570: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3546: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3496:, p. 109. 3486: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3420: 3408: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3322:, p. 847. 3312: 3300: 3288: 3276: 3264: 3262:, p. 304. 3260:Frassetto 2003 3252: 3240: 3238:, p. 325. 3228: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3130:, p. 175. 3120: 3118:, p. 307. 3108: 3096: 3094:, p. 286. 3084: 3082:, p. 176. 3072: 3060: 3048: 3046:, p. 109. 3036: 3034:, p. 105. 3024: 3012: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2925: 2923:, p. 245. 2913: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2875:, p. 359. 2873:Frassetto 2003 2860: 2858:, p. 213. 2848: 2846:, p. 165. 2836: 2834:, p. 421. 2819: 2815:Frassetto 2003 2807: 2805:, p. 846. 2792: 2780: 2778:, p. 358. 2776:Frassetto 2003 2768: 2766:, p. 170. 2756: 2744: 2742:, p. 382. 2732: 2720: 2718:, p. 434. 2708: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2668:Frassetto 2003 2660: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2598:, p. 154. 2588: 2576: 2574:, p. 179. 2564: 2552: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2514:, p. 845. 2501: 2489: 2477: 2475:, p. 152. 2465: 2463:, p. 151. 2453: 2441: 2439:, p. 150. 2426: 2422:Georgescu 1991 2414: 2402: 2390: 2378: 2376:, p. 844. 2363: 2361:, p. 149. 2351: 2339: 2335:Stevenson 1899 2327: 2312: 2300: 2296:Friedrich 1910 2288: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2240: 2228: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2165: 2148: 2146:, p. 74 . 2136: 2115: 2113:, p. 219. 2100: 2088: 2076: 2064: 2062:, p. 843. 2052: 2040: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2001: 1918: 1893: 1876: 1866: 1845: 1836: 1832:Musée de Cluny 1823: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1768: 1765: 1719: 1718: 1708: 1702: 1642: 1639: 1556: 1553: 1485:Nicene version 1449: 1446: 1362: 1359: 1347: 1344: 1340:central Europe 1332:Pla de l'Horta 1303: 1300: 1095:under Clovis. 1003:Flavius Aetius 941:of 409 by the 939:Roman Hispania 922:Main article: 919: 916: 910:Basilicata to 859:Main article: 840: 837: 776:Main article: 773: 770: 735: 732: 679: 676: 666: 663: 659:folk etymology 585: 582: 394: 391: 217:late antiquity 135:Detail of the 127: 126: 108: 107: 103: 102: 100:Roman paganism 84: 83: 79: 78: 72: 71: 67: 66: 51: 43: 42: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6033: 6032: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5980: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 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5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4966:Early culture 4963: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4884: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4833: 4831:9789004209909 4827: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4812:0-520-08511-6 4808: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4484:: 1230–1234. 4483: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4419: 4418: 4411: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4274: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4055:(1): 98–130. 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4028: 4027: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3907: 3906: 3905:Moorish Spain 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3857:0-631-18185-7 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3777:0-86078-308-1 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3715:0-684-31421-5 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3597: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3543: 3538: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3514: 3507: 3502: 3495: 3490: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3455:Odobescu 1889 3451: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3431: 3424: 3417: 3412: 3406:, p. 45. 3405: 3404:Fletcher 2006 3400: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3358:, p. 60. 3357: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3297: 3292: 3286:, p. 44. 3285: 3280: 3274:, p. 40. 3273: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3249: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3188:Coolidge 2011 3184: 3178:, p. 49. 3177: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3076: 3070:, p. 60. 3069: 3068:Williams 2004 3064: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3040: 3033: 3028: 3021: 3016: 3010:, p. 70. 3009: 3004: 3002: 2995:, p. 69. 2994: 2989: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2965: 2959:, p. 82. 2958: 2953: 2946: 2941: 2935:, p. 94. 2934: 2929: 2922: 2917: 2911:, p. 93. 2910: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2887:, p. 70. 2886: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2857: 2852: 2845: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2772: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2736: 2729: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2706:, p. 51. 2705: 2704:Williams 2004 2700: 2693: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2556: 2550:, p. 36. 2549: 2544: 2537: 2532: 2526:, p. 24. 2525: 2520: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2499:, p. 55. 2498: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2474: 2469: 2462: 2457: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2424:, p. 11. 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2399: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2309: 2304: 2298:, p. 14. 2297: 2292: 2285: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2244: 2238:, p. 24. 2237: 2232: 2226:, p. 75. 2225: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2163:, p. 26. 2162: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2145: 2144:Jordanes 1915 2140: 2134:, p. 25. 2133: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2098:, p. 98. 2097: 2092: 2085: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2056: 2049: 2044: 2038:, p. 16. 2037: 2032: 2028: 2015: 2011: 2005: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1870: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1840: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1675:votive crowns 1672: 1671:archeological 1668: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1647: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1550: 1549:Count Cassius 1546: 1542: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403:leges romanae 1400: 1397:preserved at 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1357: 1353: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286:), Luceo and 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225:gens Gothorum 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1168:, which King 1167: 1163: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 976:, as well as 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 930: 925: 915: 913: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 891:Salarian Gate 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 862: 854: 850: 845: 836: 834: 828: 826: 822: 817: 813: 808: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 779: 769: 767: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 731: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 678:Early origins 671: 662: 660: 656: 653: 649: 646: 643:"excellent", 642: 639: 635: 631: 630:Indo-European 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 599: 595: 591: 581: 579: 575: 571: 570: 565: 561: 556: 554: 550: 549: 544: 540: 539:Roger Collins 536: 535:Peter Heather 531: 529: 519: 515: 512: 507: 506: 500: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 457: 456: 450: 446: 436: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 400: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 320: 315: 311: 307: 303: 302:votive crowns 299: 295: 291: 286: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 251: 246: 241: 239: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 196: 160: 152: 151: 146: 142: 138: 133: 125: 121: 117: 116:Crimean Goths 113: 109: 104: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 80: 77: 73: 68: 63: 59: 55: 49: 44: 37: 19: 5594: 5259:Anglo-Saxons 5249:Adrabaecampi 5232:Bucinobantes 4974:Architecture 4847: 4821: 4802: 4783: 4760: 4741: 4722: 4703: 4686: 4682: 4653: 4649: 4646:Hospitalitas 4645: 4641: 4622: 4610:. 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Retrieved 3584: 3560: 3551:Bibliography 3537: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3462: 3450: 3443:Collins 2004 3438: 3429: 3423: 3416:Galeano 2016 3411: 3399: 3392:Collins 2000 3387: 3375: 3363: 3356:Collins 2000 3351: 3344:Collins 1999 3339: 3332:Collins 2000 3327: 3315: 3303: 3298:, p. 9. 3291: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3248:Wolfram 1997 3243: 3236:Heather 2013 3231: 3224:Wolfram 1997 3219: 3207: 3200:Wolfram 1997 3195: 3183: 3171: 3164:Collins 2004 3159: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3075: 3063: 3056:Roberts 1997 3051: 3044:Collins 2004 3039: 3032:Collins 2004 3027: 3020:Collins 2004 3015: 3008:Collins 2004 2993:Collins 2004 2988: 2983:, p. 4. 2976: 2969:Collins 2000 2964: 2957:Roberts 1997 2952: 2945:Roberts 1997 2940: 2933:Heather 2013 2928: 2921:Wolfram 1988 2916: 2909:Heather 2013 2904: 2897:Wolfram 1988 2892: 2885:Heather 2013 2880: 2851: 2839: 2810: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2752:Wolfram 1988 2747: 2735: 2723: 2716:Heather 2005 2711: 2699: 2692:Collins 1999 2687: 2680:Halsall 2007 2675: 2663: 2656:Heather 2013 2651: 2644:Heather 2013 2639: 2627: 2620:Halsall 2007 2615: 2608:Halsall 2007 2603: 2591: 2579: 2572:Halsall 2007 2567: 2560:Halsall 2007 2555: 2543: 2531: 2519: 2492: 2480: 2468: 2456: 2444: 2417: 2410:Wolfram 1988 2405: 2393: 2386:Wolfram 1997 2381: 2354: 2347:Wolfram 1997 2342: 2330: 2323:Wolfram 1988 2308:Wolfram 1988 2303: 2291: 2284:Goffart 1983 2279: 2272:Collins 2004 2267: 2260:Heather 1998 2255: 2248:Wolfram 1988 2243: 2236:Wolfram 1988 2231: 2224:Heather 1999 2219: 2212:Wolfram 1988 2207: 2200:Heather 1999 2195: 2188:Heather 1998 2183: 2161:Wolfram 1988 2139: 2132:Wolfram 1988 2091: 2079: 2067: 2055: 2048:Heather 1998 2043: 2031: 2016:) in Spain. 2004: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1974: 1958: 1954: 1953:, and (iii) 1942: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1888: 1879: 1869: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1839: 1826: 1812: 1761:lapis lazuli 1755: 1749: 1727:necropolises 1720: 1692: 1656: 1641:Goldsmithery 1608: 1569: 1555:Architecture 1543:clan of the 1538: 1536: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1477:Roman Empire 1466: 1462:Christianity 1451: 1431: 1427:Germanic law 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1391:aristocratic 1387:Chindasuinth 1382: 1378: 1377:also called 1374: 1364: 1325: 1323: 1291: 1284:Iruña-Veleia 1269: 1228: 1224: 1209: 1186: 1181: 1159: 1128: 1122: 1104: 1097: 1065:north Africa 1050: 1025: 1021: 1018:Julius Nepos 1011: 994:hospitalitas 993: 959: 935: 898: 887: 867:Theodosius I 864: 832: 829: 821:fall of Rome 809: 781: 737: 726: 704: 681: 654: 647: 640: 633: 625: 613: 609: 607: 602: 593: 589: 587: 577: 567: 563: 557: 546: 532: 524: 510: 498: 496: 465: 441: 424: 402: 378: 364: 331: 327: 323: 317: 287: 248: 242: 213:Roman Empire 158: 156: 149: 148: 137:votive crown 30:Ethnic group 5699:Nahanarvali 5622:Hilleviones 5535:Frisiavones 5403:Cananefates 5393:Burgundians 5304:Banochaemae 5154:Anglo-Saxon 5105:Anglo-Saxon 5071:Anglo-Saxon 5054:Anglo-Saxon 5037:Anglo-Saxon 4404:October 10, 4278:January 26, 4253:"Visigoths" 3590:October 10, 3542:Ripoll 2011 3518:Bacoup 2015 3296:Gerber 1992 3284:Graetz 1894 3152:Olalde 2019 3116:Ostler 2006 2548:Sarris 2002 2536:Durant 1950 2524:Durant 1950 2497:Fuller 1998 2072:Claude 1998 1935:Victoriacum 1684:Recceswinth 1454:Middle Ages 1452:Before the 1438:Spanish law 1399:el Escorial 1253:Charlemagne 1147:Justinian I 1109:, first to 1085:Cantabrians 986:Mogontiacum 745:Gordian III 700:Middle Ages 688:Scandinavia 405:Cassiodorus 356:Reconquista 141:Recceswinth 5994:Categories 5918:Vinoviloth 5706:Marcomanni 5689:Helveconae 5667:Heaðobards 5637:Istvaeones 5627:Ingaevones 5612:Hermunduri 5580:Ostrogoths 5570:Greuthungi 5448:Chattuarii 5274:Angrivarii 5269:Ampsivarii 5237:Lentienses 5066:Literature 4956:Viking Age 4333:B002S62FYI 4164:B00RWST3HE 4107:B000JRBM60 4015:0814205119 3894:B000HFCEIO 3212:James 2009 2740:Burns 2003 2728:Sivan 1987 2632:Burns 2003 2010:necropolis 1799:References 1635:Carpetania 1631:Celtiberia 1469:Ostrogoths 1434:family law 1350:See also: 1276:Reccopolis 1178:Septimania 1166:Byzantines 1131:Athanagild 492:Greuthungi 413:Ostrogoths 385:until the 375:Portuguese 306:Reccared I 112:Ostrogoths 6000:Visigoths 5913:Vidivarii 5908:Victohali 5898:Vangiones 5831:Thuringii 5736:Nuithones 5632:Irminones 5595:Visigoths 5585:Thervingi 5545:Gambrivii 5498:Dulgubnii 5493:Dauciones 5443:Chasuarii 5383:Brondings 5309:Bastarnae 5299:Baiuvarii 5279:Armalausi 5242:Raetovari 5176:Languages 5144:Symbology 5004:Folklore 4999:Festivals 4642:Foederati 4612:April 19, 4316:463056290 4156:The Goths 4069:201734002 3564:. Brill. 3308:Roth 1994 3128:Todd 2000 3104:Wolf 2014 2981:Arce 1999 2856:Bury 2000 2844:Todd 2000 2832:Carr 2004 2788:Bury 2000 2596:Todd 2000 2584:Katz 1955 2473:Todd 2000 2461:Todd 2000 2449:Todd 2000 2437:Todd 2000 2398:Todd 2000 2359:Todd 2000 2036:Wood 2012 2024:Citations 1967:Suinthila 1957:(perhaps 1885:Zerezindo 1677:and gold 1661:, in the 1623:Liuvigild 1576:cruciform 1572:basilical 1545:Banu Qasi 1493:Liuvigild 1423:Roman law 1237:Galicians 1162:Liuvigild 1115:Barcelona 1034:Alaric II 962:federates 851:entering 788:Fritigern 723:Black Sea 598:Black Sea 588:The name 578:Hypogothi 564:Walagothi 548:foederati 521:Gutthiuda 488:Ermanaric 484:Theodahad 476:Athanaric 472:Alaric II 461:Thervingi 445:Thervingi 250:foederati 229:Thervingi 221:barbarian 207:) were a 159:Visigoths 143:from the 70:Languages 40:Visigothi 34:Visigoths 5979:Category 5886:Hasdingi 5871:Usipetes 5851:Tubantes 5836:Toxandri 5816:Tencteri 5791:Suarines 5776:Sicambri 5771:Semnones 5751:Reudigni 5721:Mattiaci 5711:Marsacii 5662:Lombards 5652:Lacringi 5647:Juthungi 5478:Corconti 5463:Cherusci 5438:Charudes 5418:Chaedini 5388:Bructeri 5373:Bateinoi 5344:Eburones 5339:Condrusi 5334:Caeroesi 5329:Atuatuci 5264:Ambrones 5227:Brisgavi 5222:Alemanni 5100:Paganism 4989:Clothing 4984:Calendar 4931:Germania 4516:30872528 4480:(6432). 3995:June 12, 3726:(2002). 3380:Lim 1999 1959:Ologitis 1955:Ologicus 1947:Asturias 1834:, Paris. 1767:See also 1729:such as 1688:Suintila 1659:Guadamur 1627:Reccared 1619:Hispania 1540:muwallad 1489:heretics 1481:Arianism 1448:Religion 1336:northern 1302:Genetics 1265:al-Haras 1241:Cantabri 1170:Suintila 1111:Narbonne 1107:Amalaric 1069:Toulouse 998:Pyrenees 988:(modern 955:Honorius 899:de facto 883:Honorius 879:Arcadius 875:Stilicho 871:Alaric I 861:Alaric I 757:Anatolia 727:en masse 696:Alamanni 652:Sanskrit 650:"good", 603:Tervingi 590:Tervingi 468:Alaric I 421:Jordanes 409:Clovis I 360:Pelagius 279:Clovis I 263:Hispania 259:Toulouse 225:Alaric I 92:Arianism 82:Religion 18:Visigoth 5903:Varisci 5891:Silingi 5881:Vandals 5856:Tulingi 5846:Triboci 5841:Treveri 5821:Teutons 5811:Taifals 5786:Sitones 5726:Nemetes 5684:Helisii 5657:Lemovii 5575:Gutones 5508:Firaesi 5503:Favonae 5483:Cugerni 5473:Cobandi 5428:Chamavi 5423:Chaemae 5413:Casuari 5408:Caritni 5378:Betasii 5349:Paemani 5284:Auiones 5149:Warfare 5127:Scripts 5095:Numbers 4919:History 4507:6436108 4486:Bibcode 4473:Science 3955:: 1–27. 2014:Segovia 1979:Montoro 1975:Baiyara 1945:in the 1939:Vitoria 1739:Segovia 1735:Madrona 1731:Duratón 1723:fibulae 1686:and of 1679:crosses 1669:. This 1613:in the 1473:Vandals 1419:hispani 1395:codices 1346:Culture 1327:Science 1296:Montoro 1292:Baiyara 1245:Basques 1233:Astures 1229:Hispani 1227:or the 1205:Islamic 1195:in the 1189:Roderic 1135:Baetica 1123:de jure 1093:Francia 1081:Basques 1061:Vandals 1026:dominus 974:Vandals 943:Vandals 907:Ravenna 753:Balkans 719:Vistula 707:Vandili 684:Gutones 665:History 553:Balkans 511:Notitia 371:Spanish 348:Roderic 332:Hispani 271:Vandals 255:capital 215:during 120:Vandals 62:Badajoz 54:fibulae 5923:Warini 5876:Vagoth 5861:Tungri 5826:Thelir 5806:Swedes 5801:Sunici 5766:Saxons 5761:Rugini 5694:Manimi 5679:Diduni 5617:Heruli 5555:Gepids 5540:Frisii 5518:Franks 5468:Cimbri 5458:Chauci 5453:Chatti 5366:Nervii 5361:Morini 5319:Belgae 5314:Batavi 5289:Avarpi 5254:Angles 5214:Groups 5164:Viking 5110:Gothic 5088:Gothic 4994:Family 4828: 4809: 4790: 4771: 4748: 4729: 4710: 4695:548095 4693: 4670:294799 4668: 4629: 4590: 4571: 4550: 4531: 4514: 4504: 4446: 4425: 4373: 4354: 4331: 4314: 4295: 4269: 4240: 4221: 4202: 4183: 4162: 4143: 4105: 4084: 4067: 4033: 4012: 3968: 3932: 3913: 3892: 3873: 3854: 3835: 3812: 3793: 3774: 3755: 3736: 3712: 3693: 3672: 3653: 3634: 3568: 1963:Basque 1858:guerra 1778:Thiufa 1411:romani 1318:, and 1249:Franks 1212:Pelayo 1143:Spania 1119:Toledo 1022:amicus 1007:Attila 949:, and 893:, and 855:in 395 853:Athens 849:Alaric 833:foedus 816:Valens 804:famine 796:Danube 792:Valens 761:Pityus 741:Moesia 692:Franks 655:vásu-ş 626:iusiza 622:Gothic 569:walhaz 425:Getica 383:Iberia 324:Romani 290:polity 277:under 275:Franks 124:Gepids 76:Gothic 5796:Suebi 5781:Sciri 5756:Rugii 5746:Quadi 5731:Njars 5716:Marsi 5674:Lugii 5642:Jutes 5607:Harii 5602:Gutes 5560:Goths 5550:Geats 5488:Danes 5433:Chali 5354:Segni 5294:Baemi 5137:Runes 5122:Rings 5115:Norse 5083:Names 5076:Norse 5059:Norse 5042:Norse 4691:JSTOR 4666:JSTOR 4065:S2CID 3619:(PDF) 3604:(PDF) 1971:Olite 1856:> 1854:werra 1804:Notes 1715:Paris 1596:crypt 1415:gothi 1371:Latin 1288:Olite 1174:Wamba 1063:into 1057:Alans 1014:Euric 990:Mainz 984:near 980:—who 978:Alans 970:Suebi 951:Suebi 947:Alans 903:Milan 784:Dacia 749:Kniva 711:Lugii 645:Greek 638:Welsh 328:Gothi 267:Suebi 201:Latin 5866:Ubii 5513:Fosi 5398:Buri 4826:ISBN 4807:ISBN 4788:ISBN 4769:ISBN 4746:ISBN 4727:ISBN 4708:ISBN 4627:ISBN 4614:2020 4588:ISBN 4569:ISBN 4548:ISBN 4529:ISBN 4512:PMID 4444:ISBN 4423:ISBN 4406:2022 4371:ISBN 4352:ISBN 4329:ASIN 4312:OCLC 4293:ISBN 4280:2020 4267:ISBN 4238:ISBN 4219:ISBN 4200:ISBN 4181:ISBN 4160:ASIN 4141:ISBN 4103:ASIN 4082:ISBN 4031:ISBN 4010:ISBN 3997:2020 3966:ISBN 3930:ISBN 3911:ISBN 3890:ASIN 3871:ISBN 3852:ISBN 3833:ISBN 3810:ISBN 3791:ISBN 3772:ISBN 3753:ISBN 3734:ISBN 3710:ISBN 3691:ISBN 3670:ISBN 3651:ISBN 3632:ISBN 3592:2022 3566:ISBN 1649:The 1515:Jews 1471:and 1413:and 1365:The 1354:and 1338:and 1261:Emir 1083:and 810:The 800:Huns 717:and 715:Oder 709:and 694:and 641:gwiw 634:wesu 614:Wisi 610:Wesi 594:triu 373:and 326:and 269:and 245:Gaul 157:The 5741:Osi 5049:Law 4979:Art 4906:of 4658:doi 4654:108 4502:PMC 4494:doi 4478:363 4124:doi 4057:doi 1889:dux 1586:in 1574:or 1425:to 1361:Law 648:eus 616:by 612:or 482:to 470:to 312:to 300:of 257:at 247:as 240:. 139:of 5996:: 4767:. 4687:14 4685:. 4681:. 4664:. 4652:. 4644:, 4605:. 4510:. 4500:. 4492:. 4476:. 4470:. 4388:. 4265:. 4255:. 4175:. 4120:49 4118:. 4063:. 4053:17 4051:. 3983:. 3953:11 3951:. 3947:. 3612:14 3606:. 3583:. 3474:^ 3000:^ 2863:^ 2822:^ 2795:^ 2504:^ 2429:^ 2366:^ 2315:^ 2168:^ 2151:^ 2118:^ 2103:^ 1991:, 1929:, 1887:, 1733:, 1713:, 1551:. 1506:, 1429:. 1373:: 1342:. 1314:, 1310:, 1267:. 1263:, 1243:, 1239:, 1235:, 1184:. 1045:c. 953:, 945:, 702:. 580:. 362:. 285:. 203:: 199:; 122:, 118:, 114:, 98:, 94:, 90:, 5026:) 4887:e 4880:t 4873:v 4834:. 4815:. 4796:. 4777:. 4754:. 4735:. 4716:. 4697:. 4672:. 4660:: 4635:. 4616:. 4596:. 4577:. 4556:. 4537:. 4518:. 4496:: 4488:: 4452:. 4431:. 4408:. 4392:. 4379:. 4360:. 4335:. 4318:. 4301:. 4282:. 4246:. 4227:. 4208:. 4189:. 4166:. 4149:. 4130:. 4126:: 4109:. 4090:. 4071:. 4059:: 4039:. 4018:. 3999:. 3974:. 3938:. 3919:. 3896:. 3879:. 3860:. 3841:. 3818:. 3799:. 3780:. 3761:. 3742:. 3718:. 3699:. 3678:. 3659:. 3640:. 3594:. 3574:. 3532:. 3520:. 3484:. 3433:. 3418:. 3154:. 1993:6 1931:7 1369:( 632:* 195:/ 192:s 189:θ 186:ɒ 183:ɡ 180:ɪ 177:z 174:ɪ 171:v 168:ˈ 165:/ 161:( 153:. 60:( 20:)

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