873:, Roman booty was not the focus of Alaric's sack of Rome; he came for needed food supplies. Historian Stephen Mitchell asserts that Alaric's followers seemed incapable of feeding themselves and relied on provisions "supplied by the Roman authorities." Whatever Alaric's intentions were cannot be known entirely, but Kulikowski certainly sees the issue of available treasure in a different light, writing that "For three days, Alaric's Goths sacked the city, stripping it of the wealth of centuries." The barbarian invaders were not gentle in their treatment of property as substantial damage was still evident into the sixth century. Certainly the Roman world was shaken by the fall of the Eternal City to barbarian invaders, but as Guy Halsall emphasizes, "Rome's fall had less striking political effects. Alaric, unable to treat with Honorius, remained in the political cold." Kulikowski sees the situation similarly, commenting:
518:
799:
857:) lamented: "A dreadful rumour reached us from the West. We heard that Rome was besieged, that the citizens were buying their safety with gold ⊠The city which had taken the whole world was itself taken; nay, it fell by famine before it fell to the sword." Nonetheless, Christian apologists also cited how Alaric ordered that anyone who took shelter in a Church was to be spared. When liturgical vessels were taken from the basilica of St. Peter and Alaric heard of this, he ordered them returned and had them ceremoniously restored in the church. If the account from the historian
456:, Alaric received little recognition from the emperor. Alaric was among the few who survived the protracted and bloody affair. Many Romans considered it their "gain" and a victory that so many Goths had died during the Battle of Frigidus River. Alaric biographer Douglas Boin (2020) posited that seeing ten thousand of his (Alaric's) dead kinsmen likely elicited questions about what kind of ruler Theodosius actually had been and whether remaining in direct Roman service was best for men like him. Refused the reward he expected, which included a promotion to the position of
827:, Heraclian. Then, sometime in 409, Attalusâaccompanied by Alaricâmarched on Ravenna and after receiving unprecedented terms and concessions from the legitimate emperor Honorius, refused him and instead demanded that Honorius be deposed and exiled. Fearing for his safety, Honorius made preparations to flee to Ravenna when ships carrying 4,000 troops arrived from Constantinople, restoring his resolve. Now that Honorius no longer felt the need to negotiate, Alaric (regretting his choice of puppet emperor) deposed Attalus, perhaps to re-open negotiations with Ravenna.
660:, where Alaric was defeated for a second time. Stilicho once again offered Alaric a truce and allowed him to withdraw from Italy. Kulikowski explains this confusing, if not outright conciliatory behavior by stating, "given Stilicho's cold war with Constantinople, it would have been foolish to destroy as biddable and violent a potential weapon as Alaric might well prove to be". Halsall's observations are similar, as he contends that the Roman general's "decision to permit Alaric's withdrawal into
1227:"Partly, it seems, because he (Stilicho) was ready to compromise with the Goths in an attempt to wrest the much-coveted eastern parts of Illyricum from the control of Constantinople. Partly, too, because his concentration on Italian and Balkan affairs left Gaul open to invasion. Partly because his defense policy proved costly to the senatorial class. But most of all, perhaps, because to the Romans, he signified the arrival of Arianism," a belief system that Western Catholics found sacrilegious.
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victory over the "wolves of the North". Alaric's people were relatively quiet for the next couple of years. In 399, Eutropius fell from power. The new
Eastern regime now felt that they could dispense with Alaric's services and they nominally transferred Alaric's province to the West. This administrative change removed Alaric's Roman rank and his entitlement to legal provisioning for his men, leaving his armyâthe only significant force in the ravaged Balkansâas a problem for Stilicho.
312:
964:, they put down roots and created the first autonomous barbarian kingdom inside the frontiers of the Roman empire." The Goths were able to settle in Aquitaine only after Honorius granted the once Roman province to them, sometime in 418 or 419. Not long after Alaric's exploits in Rome and Athaulf's settlement in Aquitaine, there is a "rapid emergence of Germanic barbarian groups in the West" who begin controlling many western provinces. These barbarian peoples included:
29:
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791:, entreating for peace, tried to intimidate him with hints of what the despairing citizens might accomplish, he laughed and gave his celebrated answer: "The thicker the hay, the easier mowed!" After much bargaining, the famine-stricken citizens agreed to pay a ransom of 5,000 pounds of gold, 30,000 pounds of silver, 4,000 silken tunics, 3,000 hides dyed scarlet, and 3,000 pounds of pepper. Alaric also recruited some 40,000 freed
849:, and therefore a hereditary enemy of Alaric and his house. He attacked Alaric's men. Why Sarus, who had been in imperial service for years under Stilicho, acted at this moment remains a mystery, but Alaric interpreted this attack as directed by Ravenna and as bad faith from Honorius. No longer would negotiations suffice for Alaric, as his patience had reached its end, which led him to march on Rome for a third and final time.
926:
887:, when one compares Alaric with other barbarians, "he was almost an Elder Statesman." Nonetheless, Alaric's respect for Roman institutions as a former servant to its highest office did not stay his hand in violently sacking the city that had for centuries exemplified Roman glory, leaving behind physical destruction and social disruption, while Alaric took clerics and even the emperor's sister,
938:
men south to
Campania, from where he intended to sail to Sicilyâprobably to obtain grain and other suppliesâwhen a storm destroyed his fleet. During the early months of 411, while on his northward return journey through Italy, Alaric took ill and died at Consentia in Bruttium. His cause of death was likely fever, and his body was, according to legend, buried under the riverbed of the
479:, it is not entirely clear in the sources if Alaric rose to prominence at the time the Goths revolted following Theodosius's death, or if he had already risen within his tribe as early as the war against Eugenius. Whatever the circumstances, Jordanes recorded that the new king persuaded his people to "seek a kingdom by their own exertions rather than serve others in idleness."
681:. Although the imperial government was struggling to muster enough troops to contain these barbarian invasions, Stilicho managed to stifle the threat posed by the tribes under Radagaisus, when the latter split his forces into three separate groups. Stilicho cornered Radagaisus near Florence and starved the invaders into submission. Meanwhile, Alaricâbestowed with codicils of
752:, whose Gothic troops massacred the Hun contingent in their sleep, and then withdrew towards the cities in which their own families were billeted. Stilicho ordered that Sarus's Goths should not be admitted, but, now without an army, he was forced to flee for sanctuary. Agents of Olympius promised Stilicho his life, but instead betrayed and killed him.
724:("This is not peace, but a pact of servitude"). Stilicho paid Alaric the 4,000 pounds of gold nevertheless. This agreement, sensible in view of the military situation, fatally weakened Stilicho's standing at Honorius's court. Twice Stilicho had allowed Alaric to escape his grasp, and Radagaisus had advanced all the way to the outskirts of
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Alaric's "desire for a generalship" was a means to legitimize himself "further within a Gothic following," or whether he was simply an ambitious man, who was at heart, "essentially a Roman soldier." Kulikowski adds that trying to determine either "depends upon our own previous assumptions, not upon the evidence."
823:, as a rival emperor, from whom Alaric then received the appointment" he desired. Meanwhile, Alaric's newly appointed "emperor" Attalus, who seems not to have understood the limits of his power or his dependence on Alaric, failed to take Alaric's advice and lost the grain supply in Africa to a pro-Honorian
381:
Roman frontier during Alaric's day without Gothic slaves and servants of one form or another. For several subsequent decades, many Goths like Alaric were "called up into regular units of the eastern field army" while others served as auxiliaries in campaigns led by
Theodosius against the western usurpers
1095:
Heather surmises that Alaric's participation in the earlier revolt that followed
Maximus' defeat and his "command of Gothic troops on the Eugenius campaign suggest...a noble steadily advancing his prestige among the Goths settled in the Balkans by Theodosius." The sources do not make it clear whether
877:
But for Alaric the sack of Rome was an admission of defeat, a catastrophic failure. Everything he had hoped for, had fought for over the course of a decade and a half, went up in flames with the capital of the ancient world. Imperial office, a legitimate place for himself and his followers inside the
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After having provisionally agreed to the terms offered by Alaric for lifting the blockade, Honorius recanted; historian A.D. Lee highlights that one of the points of contention for the emperor was Alaric's expectation of being named head of the Roman Army, a post
Honorius was not prepared to grant to
602:
Alaric thus acquired entitlement to gold and grain for his followers and negotiations were underway for a more permanent settlement. Stilicho's supporters in Milan were outraged at this seeming betrayal; meanwhile, Eutropius was celebrated in 398 by a parade through
Constantinople for having achieved
513:
points out that while the rivalries created by the two halves of the Empire vying for power worked to Alaric's advantage and that of his people, simply being called to authority by the Gothic people did not solve the practicalities of their needs for survival. He needed Roman authority in order to be
852:
On 24 August 410, Alaric and his forces began the sack of Rome, an assault that lasted three days. After hearing reports that Alaric had entered the cityâpossibly aided by Gothic slaves insideâthere were reports that
Emperor Honorius (safe in Ravenna) broke into "wailing and lamentation" but quickly
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in accordance with the pagan practices of the
Visigothic people. The stream was temporarily turned aside from its course while the grave was dug, wherein the Gothic chief and some of his most precious spoils were interred. When the work was finished, the river was turned back into its usual channel
899:
For they destroyed all the cities which they captured, especially those south of the Ionian Gulf, so completely that nothing has been left to my time to know them by, unless, indeed, it might be one tower or gate or some such thing which chanced to remain. And they killed all the people, as many as
715:
it spread to Gaul. Burdened by so many enemies, Stilicho's position was strained. During this crisis in 407, Alaric again marched on Italy, taking a position in
Noricum (modern Austria), where he demanded a sum of 4,000 pounds of gold to buy off another full-scale invasion. The Roman Senate loathed
676:
Historian A.D. Lee observes, "Alaric's return to the north-west
Balkans brought only temporary respite to Italy, for in 405 another substantial body of Goths and other barbarians, this time from outside the empire, crossed the middle Danube and advanced into northern Italy, where they plundered the
937:
Not only had Rome's sack been a significant blow to the Roman people's morale, they had also endured two years' worth of trauma brought about by fear, hunger (due to blockades), and illness. However, the Goths were not long in the city of Rome, as only three days after the sack, Alaric marched his
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to Alaric. Many thousands of barbarian auxiliaries, along with their wives and children, joined Alaric in Noricum. The conspirators seem to have let their main army disintegrate and had no policy except hunting down supporters of Stilicho. Italy was left without effective indigenous defence forces
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on imperial Roman soil and required these semi-autonomous Germanic tribesâamong whom Alaric was raisedâto supply troops for the Roman army in exchange for peace, control of cultivatable land, and freedom from Roman direct administrative control. Correspondingly, there was hardly a region along the
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peninsula, and reports that only Stilicho's surprise attack with his western field army (having sailed from Italy) stemmed the plundering as he pushed Alaric's forces north into Epirus. Zosimus adds that Stilicho's troops destroyed and pillaged too, and let Alaric's men escape with their plunder.
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When Alaric was rebuffed, he led his force of around 30,000 menâmany newly enlisted and understandably motivatedâon a march toward Rome to avenge their murdered families. He moved across the Julian Alps into Italy, probably using the route and supplies arranged for him by Stilicho, bypassing the
1266:
Scholars have often wondered about the cause of King Alaric's death. As recent as 2016, Francesco Galassi and his colleagues pored over all the historical, medical and epidemiological sources they could find about Alaric's death, and concluded that the underlying cause was malaria. For further
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on Easter Sunday, where Stilicho (according to Claudian) achieved an impressive victory, taking Alaric's wife and children prisoner, and more significantly, seizing much of the treasure that Alaric had amassed over the previous five years' worth of plundering. Pursuing the retreating forces of
1226:
explains that Stilicho could not endear himself to the Romans, even though he had rescued Rome on two occasions before it fell to Alaric. The reasons he remained "the scapegoat of Roman writers" were many; including that they saw Stilicho as "the man who "sold the pass." Wallace-Hadrill adds,
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Still, the importance of Alaric cannot be "overestimated" according to Halsall, since he had desired and obtained a Roman command even though he was a barbarian; his real misfortune was being caught between the rivalry of the Eastern and Western empires and their court intrigue. According to
908:
dropped from 800,000 in 408 to 500,000 by 419. Rome's fall to the barbarians was as much a psychological blow to the empire as anything else, since some Romans citizens saw the collapse as resulting from the conversion to Christianity, while Christian apologists like Augustine (writing
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empire, these were now forever out of reach. He might seize what he wanted, as he had seized Rome, but he would never be given it by right. The sack of Rome solved nothing and when the looting was over Alaric's men still had nowhere to live and fewer future prospects than ever before.
669:âwriting a half a century laterâthat indicates an agreement was concluded between Stilicho and Alaric in 405, which suggests Alaric being in "western service at that point", likely stemming from arrangements made back in 402. Between 404 and 405, Alaric remained in one of the four
917:, wrote how "day and night" he could not stop thinking of everyone's safety, and moreover, how Alaric had extinguished "the bright light of all the world." Some contemporary Christian observers even saw Alaricâa professed Christianâas God's wrath upon a still pagan Rome.
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three years later. Following in the wake of Alaric's leadership, which Kulikowski claims, had given his people "a sense of community that survived his own death...Alaric's Goths remained together inside the empire, going on to settle in Gaul. There, in the province of
371:
Alaric's childhood in the Balkans, where the Goths had settled by way of an agreement with Theodosius, was spent in the company of veterans who had fought at the Battle of Adrianople in 378, during which they had annihilated much of the Eastern army and killed Emperor
740:; Stilicho seems to have planned to march to Constantinople, and to install there a regime loyal to himself. He may also have intended to give Alaric a senior official position and send him against the rebels in Gaul. Before Stilicho could do so, while he was away at
364:. Alaric was probably a child during this period who grew up along Rome's periphery. Alaric's upbringing was shaped by living along the border of Roman territory in a region that the Romans viewed as a veritable "backwater"; some four centuries before, the Roman poet
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Goths. There is no way to verify this claim. Historian Douglas Boin does not make such an unequivocal assessment about Alaric's Gothic heritage and instead claims he came from either the Thervingi or the Greuthung tribes. When the Goths suffered setbacks against the
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and other allies of a would-be Roman usurper. Despite losing many thousands of his men, he received little recognition from Rome and left the Roman army disappointed. After the death of Theodosius and the disintegration of the Roman armies in 395, he is described as
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advises Arcadius to display manliness and remove a "skin-clad savage" (probably referring to Alaric) from the councils of power and his barbarians from the Roman army. We do not know if Arcadius ever became aware of this advice, but it had no recorded effect.
590:
Stilicho obtained a few more troops from the German frontier and continued to campaign indecisively against the Eastern empire; again he was opposed by Alaric and his men. During the next year, 397, Eutropius personally led his troops to victory over some
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which was protected by widespread marshland and had a port, and in September 408 he menaced the city of Rome, imposing a strict blockade. No blood was shed this time; Alaric relied on hunger as his most powerful weapon. When the ambassadors of the
1267:
information, see: "The sudden death of Alaric I (c. 370â410 AD), the vanquisher of Rome: A tale of malaria and lacking immunity." Francesco M. Galassi, Raffaella Bianucci, Giacomo Gorini, Giacomo M. Paganottie, Michael E. Habicht, Frank J. RĂŒhli.
638:"dealing with frontier issues" the two did not first confront one another in Italy until 402. Alaric's entry into Italy followed the route identified in the poetry of Claudian, as he crossed the peninsula's Alpine frontier near the city of
764:
As a declared 'enemy of the emperor', Alaric was denied the legitimacy that he needed to collect taxes and hold cities without large garrisons, which he could not afford to detach. He again offered to move his men, this time to
755:
Alaric was again declared an enemy of the emperor. Olympius's men then massacred the families of the federate troops (as presumed supporters of Stilicho, although they had probably rebelled against him), and the troops defected
630:, sometime in the spring of 402 Alaric decided to invade Italy, but no sources from antiquity indicate to what purpose. Burns suggests that Alaric was probably desperate for provisions. Using Claudian as his source, historian
1196:
points out that while many sources identify Radagaisus as an Ostrogoth, he and his forces were likely composed of "odds and ends of peoples who crossed into the empire" and that their documented numbers have been
861:
can be seen as accurate, there was even a celebratory recognition of Christian unity by way of a procession through the streets where Romans and barbarians alike "raised a hymn to God in public"; historian
664:
makes sense if we see Alaric's force entering Stilicho's service, and Stilicho's victory being less total than Claudian would have us believe". Perhaps more revealing is a report from the Greek historian
401:
and the empire resulted from the treaty signed in 382, as more and more Goths attained aristocratic rank from their service in the imperial army. Alaric began his military career under the Gothic soldier
1248:
Evidently the piety and restraint of the barbarian soldiers under Alaric, despite their adherence to Arianism, was less pagan in the eyes of Christian writers than the practices of the Romans themselves.
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to stave off Stilicho's threat. No battle took place. Alaric's forces made their way down to Athens and along the coast, where he sought to force a new peace upon the Romans. In 396, he marched through
438:
By 392, Alaric had entered Roman military service, which coincided with a reduction of hostilities between Goths and Romans. In 394, he led a Gothic force that helped Emperor Theodosius defeat the
493:
Whether or not Alaric was a member of an ancient Germanic royal clanâas claimed by Jordanes and debated by historiansâis less important than his emergence as a leader, the first of his kind since
904:
Whether Alaric's forces wrought the level of destruction described by Procopius or not cannot be known, but evidence speaks to a significant population decrease, as the number of people on the
292:. As the leader of the only effective field force remaining in the Balkans, he sought Roman legitimacy, never quite achieving a position acceptable to himself or to the Roman authorities.
853:
calmed once "it was explained to him that it was the city of Rome that had met its end and not 'Roma'," his pet fowl. Writing from Bethlehem, St. Jerome (Letter 127.12, to the lady
1077:
Many of Rome's leading officers and some of their most elite fighting men died during the battle which struck a major blow to Roman prestige and the Empire's military capabilities.
3523:
642:. For a period of six to nine months, there were reports of Gothic attacks along the northern Italian roads, where Alaric was spotted by Roman townspeople. Along the route on
422:
belittled Alaric as "a little-known menace" terrorizing southern Thrace during this time, Alaric's abilities and forces were formidable enough to prevent the Roman emperor
450:. Despite sacrificing around 10,000 of his men, who had been victims of Theodosius' callous tactical decision to overwhelm the enemies' front lines using Gothic
685:
by Stilicho and now supplied by the Westâawaited for one side or the other to incite him to action as Stilicho faced further difficulties from more barbarians.
1168:
While Alaric had not penetrated into the city, his invasion of Italy still produced important results. It caused the imperial residence to be transferred from
1129:
This victory celebration included recognizing Eutropius's part in allowing Roman troops to be reinforced by Goths, who jointly ejected the Huns from nearby
1068:
Ovid never singled out any particular barbarian group and at the time of his writings, was referencing the ethnic Sarmatians, Getae, Dacians and Thracians.
3407:
819:
Alaric. When this title was not bestowed onto Alaric, he proceeded to not only "besiege Rome again in late 409, but also to proclaim a leading senator,
891:, with him when he left the city. Many other Italian communities beyond the city of Rome itself fell victim to the forces under Alaric, as Procopius (
509:
made himself master of the West and attempted to establish control in the East as well, and led an army into Greece. Alaric rebelled again. Historian
900:
came in their way, both old and young alike, sparing neither women nor children. Wherefore even up to the present time Italy is sparsely populated.
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regarded the area along the Danube and Black Sea where Alaric was reared as a land of "barbarians", among "the most remote in the vast world."
744:
at the head of a small detachment, a bloody coup against his supporters took place at Honorius's court. It was led by Honorius's minister,
582:, the new supreme minister and the only eunuch consul of Rome, who, Zosimus claims, controlled Arcadius "as if he were a sheep". A poem by
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who were marauding in Asia Minor. With his position thus strengthened he declared Stilicho a public enemy, and he established Alaric as
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Geary also contends that Alaric had the long-term intention to lead his people to North Africa, much like the later Vandals would do.
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concludes that such stories are likely more political rhetoric of the "noble" barbarians than a reflection of historical reality.
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He operated mainly against the successive Western Roman regimes, and marched into Italy, where he died. He is responsible for the
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497:. Theodosius's death left the Roman field armies collapsing and the Empire divided again between his two sons, one taking the
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406:, and later joined the Roman army. He first appeared as leader of a mixed band of Goths and allied peoples, who invaded
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376:. Imperial campaigns against the Visigoths were conducted until a treaty was reached in 382. This treaty was the first
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and the captives by whose hands the labor had been accomplished were put to death that none might learn their secret.
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711:, crossed the Rhine into Gaul while about the same time a rebellion occurred in Britain. Under a common soldier named
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Stilicho was forced to send some of his Eastern forces home. They went to Constantinople under the command of one
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Stilicho's enemies later reproached him for not having finished off the enemy by slaying them in their entirety.
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and sacked Athens, where archaeological evidence shows widespread damage to the city. Stilicho's propagandist
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1309:
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Alaric had a fascination for the 'golden age' of Rome and insisted on his tribesmen calling him 'Alaricus'.
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Barbarians within the Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians, CA. 375â425 A.D
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1150:, "Away with delay, Alaric; boldly cross the Italian Alps this year and thou shalt reach the city."
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For a modern-day novel exploring the historical sources relating to Alaric's riverbed grave, see
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provinces, from where he could "play East off against West while potentially threatening both".
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570:, a Goth with a large Gothic following. On arrival, Gainas murdered Rufinus, and was appointed
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and command of regular Roman units, Alaric mutinied and began to march against Constantinople.
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Negotiations with Honorius might have succeeded had it not been for another intervention by
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models from the Lower Danube and the Black Sea. See the following Spanish-language source:
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Alaric, Stilicho offered to return the prisoners but was refused. The second battle was at
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On 17 January 395, Theodosius died of an illness, leaving his two young and incapable sons
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Frantz, Alison; Thompson, Homer A.; Travlos, John (1988). "Late Antiquity: A.D. 267â700".
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The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade
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accuses his troops of plundering for the next year or so as far south as the mountainous
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773:, but he was refused because Olympius's regime regarded him as a supporter of Stilicho.
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Before France and Germany: The Creation & Transformation of the Merovingian World
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reports that Alaric's attack actually began in late 401, but since Stilicho was in
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On Barbarian Identity: Critical Approaches to Ethnicity in the Early Middle Ages
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1000:, a historian who lived probably about half a century after Alaric's death; and
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Alaric was succeeded in the command of the Gothic army by his brother-in-law,
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The Goths: from the Earliest Times to the End of the Gothic Dominion in Spain
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Semi-independent action in Eastern Roman interests, Eastern Roman recognition
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3386:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 470â472.
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described as a "pillaging campaign" that began first in the East. Historian
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913:) responded in turn. Lamenting Rome's capture, famed Christian theologian
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The Tragedy of Empire: From Constantine to the Destruction of Roman Italy
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253:, from 395 to 410. He rose to leadership of the Goths who came to occupy
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From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565: The Transformation of Ancient Rome
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1004:, a Goth who wrote the history of his nation in 551, basing his work on
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Failed agreement with the Western Romans, Alaric sets up his own emperor
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in Stilicho's guardianship. Modern writers regard Alaric as king of the
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Bayless, William N. (1976). "The Visigothic Invasion of Italy in 401".
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The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
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3483:
1021:
969:
961:
748:. Stilicho's small escort of Goths and Huns was commanded by a Goth,
494:
472:
452:
348:
289:
250:
126:
72:
44:
3081:. Translated by Charles C. Mierow. London: Oxford University Press.
736:
In the East, Arcadius died on 1 May 408 and was replaced by his son
392:
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1055:
To a large extent, Alaric's kin were largely Thervingi, with whom
925:
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3618:
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3598:
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1173:
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989:
988:
The chief authorities on the career of Alaric are: the historian
965:
939:
783:
741:
700:
427:
340:
166:
140:
112:
3179:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
3033:
The Restoration of Rome: Barbarian Popes and Imperial Pretenders
2167:
769:, in exchange for a modest sum of money and the modest title of
272:
and later joined the Roman army. Once an ally of Rome under the
3568:
3500:
2967:
Names and Their Varieties: A Collection of Essays in Onomastics
977:
952:
914:
731:
704:
567:
541:'s interpretation is that Alaric and his men were recruited by
522:
439:
411:
407:
403:
373:
357:
331:
originâwho later turned his hand to historyâAlaric was born on
280:
269:
254:
82:
34:
677:
countryside and besieged cities and towns" under their leader
215:
33:
An artist's depiction (circa 1915) of Alaric parading through
3708:
3703:
3683:
3588:
2923:
Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire
2191:
2056:
1469:
1273:
https://www.ejinme.com/article/S0953-6205(16)00067-4/abstract
1169:
920:
792:
770:
708:
689:
Second invasion of Italy, agreement with Western Roman regime
398:
328:
306:
285:
258:
144:
3333:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
2712:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
2326:
2324:
2322:
2297:
2295:
2097:
2095:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1767:
1765:
533:
Alaric took his Gothic army on what Stilicho's propagandist
3728:
2604:
2602:
2539:
2517:
2515:
592:
365:
353:
2756:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
2684:
Alaric the Goth: An Outsider's History of the Fall of Rome
2575:
2527:
2452:
1988:
1714:
1445:
1222:
Despite skillful maneuvering against the Goths, historian
2802:. Translated by Maurice Platnauer. London: W. Heinemann.
2360:
2358:
2319:
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2292:
2203:
2092:
2068:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1957:
1873:
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218:
209:
3123:(2002). "Nation versus Army: A Necessary Contrast?". In
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2179:
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2416:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
1945:
1361:
895:
3.2.11â13) writing in the sixth century later relates:
611:
521:
Alaric (central figure, bearded) rests after capturing
3101:
The End of Empire: Attila the Hun and the Fall of Rome
2947:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
2355:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2263:
2239:
2080:
2012:
2000:
1909:
1837:
1813:
1654:
1642:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1529:
1421:
1337:
607:
In search of Western Roman recognition; invading Italy
3237:
Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367â455
2860:
2563:
2500:
2488:
2428:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2044:
2034:
2032:
1756:
1702:
1690:
1541:
1505:
1212:
http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus05_book5.htm
980:
on the lower Rhine and in northern and central Gaul.
776:
221:
3151:
Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric
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2155:
2143:
2131:
2107:
1976:
1897:
1861:
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1777:
1738:
1630:
1601:
1409:
1325:
212:
3408:
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
2464:
2336:
2119:
1933:
1921:
1825:
1801:
1613:
1577:
1119:
http://en.wikisource.org/New_History/Book_the_Fifth
1107:
http://en.wikisource.org/New_History/Book_the_Fifth
206:
3098:
2925:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
2876:
2705:
2275:
2029:
1565:
1553:
1517:
1457:
1146:inform us that he heard a voice proceeding from a
929:An engraving of Alaric's burial in the bed of the
795:slaves. Thus ended Alaric's first siege of Rome.
2778:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1397:
1373:
1349:
545:'s Eastern regime in Constantinople, and sent to
393:Rebellion against Rome, rise to Gothic leadership
315:Imaginative portrait of Alaric in C. Strahlheim,
268:Alaric began his career under the Gothic soldier
245:, "ruler of all"; c. 370 â 411 AD) was the first
3750:
3258:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
3239:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
3035:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
3013:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2945:Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376â568
2883:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2734:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
695:Crossing of the Rhine § Stilicho's inaction
3303:
3275:A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284â641
2173:
1291:under a river in 106 AD. These burials repeat
3524:
1238:https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3001127.htm
976:along the upper Rhine and southern Gaul, and
720:observed that one senator famously declaimed
433:
299:in 410; one of several notable events in the
996:, both contemporary, neither disinterested;
732:Renewed hostilities after Western Roman coup
397:A new phase in the relationship between the
238:
2969:. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
446:âfighting at the behest of Eugeniusâat the
3531:
3517:
3171:
3145:
3119:
2838:
2776:Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C.âA.D. 400
2581:
2533:
2330:
2313:
2301:
2197:
2101:
2074:
2062:
1970:
1879:
1771:
1672:
1595:
1487:
1475:
1439:
1367:
1059:had concluded a lasting peace in the 330s.
921:Move to southern Italy, death from disease
651:Two battles were fought. The first was at
307:Early life, federate status in the Balkans
27:
3331:The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples
3277:. Oxford and Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
3253:
3220:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2221:
3272:
3071:
2903:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
2792:
2632:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
2608:
2521:
2410:
1891:
1684:
924:
797:
516:
356:, they made a mass migration across the
310:
3368:
3325:
3281:
3105:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
3027:
3005:
2983:
2939:
2917:
2816:
2667:
2646:
2545:
2422:
2364:
2269:
2245:
2050:
2023:
2006:
1994:
1915:
1843:
1732:
1720:
1696:
1660:
1648:
1499:
1451:
1427:
1331:
722:Non est ista pax, sed pactio servitutis
301:Western Roman Empire's eventual decline
3751:
3234:
3193:
2961:
2905:. Vol. 2. London: W.W. Gibbings.
2897:
2726:
2569:
2506:
2458:
1982:
1708:
1343:
3512:
3093:
3049:
2871:
2770:
2748:
2700:
2624:
2494:
2446:
2434:
2398:
2383:
2349:
2257:
2233:
2209:
2185:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2113:
1903:
1867:
1855:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1744:
1636:
1624:
1607:
1535:
1269:European Journal of Internal Medicine
1176:, and necessitated the withdrawal of
805:by the Visigoths on 24 August 410 by
648:, Alaric first encountered Stilicho.
16:King of the Visigoths from 395 to 410
3538:
2681:
2593:
2482:
2125:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1523:
1511:
1463:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1355:
410:in 391 but were stopped by the half-
327:, a 6th-century Roman bureaucrat of
37:after conquering the city in 395 AD.
3215:
2844:From Armageddon to the Fall of Rome
2557:
2470:
2286:
2086:
2038:
1757:Frantz, Thompson & Travlos 1988
13:
3199:Rome in Late Antiquity: AD 312â609
3057:. London and New York: Routledge.
2686:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
777:First siege of Rome, agreed ransom
14:
3820:
3391:
475:from 395. According to historian
3737:
3356:
3131:. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.
2824:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
2732:A Dictionary of the Roman Empire
1277:
1271:June 2016 Volume 31, pp. 84â87.
1260:
1251:
1236:See the New Advent source here:
202:
3769:5th-century Visigothic monarchs
3429:Alaric's Gold by Robert Fortune
3311:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
3055:Europe's Barbarians, AD 200â600
2867:. Vol. 24. pp. 49â56.
2822:Early Medieval Europe, 300â1000
2708:Augustine of Hippo: A Biography
2677:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
2617:
1283:A similar story is told of the
1242:
1230:
1216:
1200:
1186:
1162:
1153:
1142:Some lines from the Roman poet
1136:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
955:, who married Honorius' sister
830:
716:the idea of supporting Alaric;
319:, 4. Band, Frankfurt a.M., 1836
3799:4th-century monarchs in Europe
3445:King Alaric I of the Visigoths
3287:Byzantium: The Early Centuries
3078:The Gothic History of Jordanes
1308:, Luis AgustĂn GarcĂa Moreno,
1305:Diccionario biogråfico español
1049:
1:
3423:The Legend of Alaric's Burial
1037:
613:
97:
3809:390s in the Byzantine Empire
3784:5th-century Arian Christians
3309:The Barbarian West, 400â1000
1319:
1310:Real Academia de la Historia
946:
239:
7:
2991:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1015:
279:, Alaric helped defeat the
10:
3825:
3273:Mitchell, Stephen (2007).
3155:Cambridge University Press
3153:. Cambridge and New York:
983:
834:
692:
619:
514:supplied by Roman cities.
486:
434:Service under Theodosius I
343:and belonged to the noble
234:
3804:4th-century Gothic people
3779:People from Tulcea County
3735:
3549:
3497:
3488:
3475:
3470:
3443:
3349:
3254:Macgeorge, Penny (2002).
2989:Goths and Romans, 332â489
2846:. London: Coronet Books.
612:First invasion of Italy (
185:
177:
165:
152:
120:
92:
88:
78:
68:
58:
50:
42:
26:
21:
3235:McEvoy, Meaghan (2013).
1042:
972:in Spain and Aquitaine,
3789:Ancient Italian history
3383:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3201:. New York: Routledge.
869:According to historian
626:According to historian
418:. While the Roman poet
3305:Wallace-Hadrill, J. M.
2682:Boin, Douglas (2020).
934:
902:
880:
810:
530:
320:
3491:King of the Visigoths
2649:The Classical Journal
1394:, pp. 14â15, 37.
1224:J. M. Wallace-Hadrill
1117:See: Zosimus, book 5
1105:See: Zosimus, book 5
968:in Spain and Africa,
928:
897:
875:
801:
693:Further information:
597:magister militum per
520:
314:
3283:Norwich, John Julius
2212:, pp. 228, 236.
2174:Wallace-Hadrill 2004
622:Gothic War (401-403)
335:at the mouth of the
263:Battle of Adrianople
124:411 (aged around 40)
3256:Late Roman Warlords
3216:Lee, A. D. (2013).
3173:Kulikowski, Michael
3147:Kulikowski, Michael
3121:Kulikowski, Michael
2560:, pp. 114â115.
2548:, pp. 471â472.
2485:, pp. 167â168.
2461:, pp. 14, 119.
2236:, pp. 226â227.
2200:, pp. 172â173.
2188:, pp. 224â225.
2089:, pp. 112â113.
2065:, pp. 170â171.
1997:, pp. 201â202.
1954:, pp. 140â141.
1798:, pp. 162â163.
1723:, pp. 153â160.
1478:, pp. 152â153.
1454:, pp. 179â180.
3480:Title last held by
3434:2016-03-04 at the
3289:. London: Viking.
3095:Kelly, Christopher
2864:The Athenian Agora
1285:Decebalus Treasure
935:
837:Sack of Rome (410)
811:
782:imperial court in
628:Michael Kulikowski
531:
501:and the other the
489:Revolt of Alaric I
448:Battle of Frigidus
426:from crossing the
321:
3746:
3745:
3507:
3506:
3498:Succeeded by
3318:978-0-63120-292-9
3296:978-0-67080-251-7
3246:978-0-19164-210-4
3227:978-0-74863-175-9
3208:978-0-41592-975-2
3186:978-0-67466-013-7
3164:978-0-521-84633-2
3112:978-0-39333-849-2
3064:978-0-58277-296-0
3042:978-0-19936-851-8
3020:978-0-19515-954-7
2998:978-0-19820-234-9
2976:978-0-81915-233-6
2963:Harder, Kelsie B.
2954:978-0-52143-543-7
2932:978-0-81222-105-3
2890:978-0-19504-458-4
2873:Geary, Patrick J.
2853:978-0-34082-177-0
2831:978-0-31221-885-0
2809:978-0-67499-151-4
2785:978-0-80187-306-5
2763:978-0-25331-288-4
2741:978-0-19510-233-8
2693:978-0-39363-569-0
2639:978-0-39305-975-5
2626:Bauer, Susan Wise
2176:, pp. 22â23.
1822:, pp. 52â53.
1759:, pp. 49â56.
1735:, pp. 54â55.
1550:, pp. 93â94.
1538:, pp. 72â74.
1514:, pp. 52â53.
1502:, pp. 65â67.
1418:, pp. 15â16.
1346:, pp. 10â11.
525:, as imagined by
195:
194:
160:, Calabria, Italy
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3195:Lançon, Bertrand
3190:
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3090:
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3046:
3024:
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2882:
2868:
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2840:Durschmied, Erik
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803:The Sack of Rome
683:magister militum
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572:magister militum
458:magister militum
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3794:Gothic warriors
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3436:Wayback Machine
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3370:Hodgkin, Thomas
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3327:Wolfram, Herwig
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2728:Bunson, Matthew
2720:
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2582:Kulikowski 2006
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2534:Durschmied 2002
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2331:Kulikowski 2006
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2314:Kulikowski 2006
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2302:Kulikowski 2006
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2198:Kulikowski 2006
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2102:Kulikowski 2006
2100:
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1969:
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1934:
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816:
807:J.-N. Sylvestre
779:
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609:
527:Ludwig Thiersch
505:of the Empire.
503:western portion
491:
485:
436:
395:
360:, and fought a
339:in present-day
317:Das Welttheater
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3392:External links
3390:
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2665:
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2222:Macgeorge 2002
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2011:
2009:, p. 202.
1999:
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1973:, p. 135.
1956:
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1942:, p. 140.
1932:
1930:, p. 139.
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1918:, p. 201.
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1600:
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1010:Gothic History
985:
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889:Galla Placidia
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2522:Mitchell 2007
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2412:
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1991:
1985:, p. 12.
1984:
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1685:Jordanes 1915
1681:
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1674:
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1573:
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1561:
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1525:
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1465:
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1381:
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3689:Chindasuinth
3584:Theodoric II
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2941:Halsall, Guy
2922:
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2731:
2707:
2702:Brown, Peter
2683:
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2655:(1): 65â67.
2652:
2648:
2629:
2618:Bibliography
2589:
2577:
2565:
2553:
2546:Hodgkin 1911
2541:
2529:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2423:Halsall 2007
2418:
2406:
2365:Halsall 2007
2309:
2270:Norwich 1988
2265:
2253:
2246:Heather 2005
2241:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2051:Goffart 2006
2046:
2024:Hodgkin 1911
2007:Halsall 2007
2002:
1995:Halsall 2007
1990:
1978:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1916:Halsall 2007
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1844:Halsall 2007
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1752:
1740:
1733:Collins 1999
1728:
1721:Heather 2013
1716:
1704:
1697:Collins 1999
1692:
1680:
1668:
1661:Heather 1991
1656:
1649:Heather 1991
1644:
1632:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1500:Bayless 1976
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1452:Halsall 2007
1447:
1435:
1428:Halsall 2007
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1332:Wolfram 1997
1327:
1303:
1300:(in Spanish)
1279:
1268:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1232:
1218:
1207:
1202:
1188:
1179:
1164:
1155:
1148:sacred grove
1138:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1051:
1009:
987:
950:
936:
910:
903:
898:
892:
881:
876:
868:
864:Edward James
854:
851:
840:
831:Sack of Rome
824:
817:
780:
763:
761:thereafter.
757:
754:
735:
721:
698:
682:
675:
670:
661:
650:
645:Via Postumia
643:
635:
625:
596:
589:
565:
539:Thomas Burns
532:
492:
462:
451:
437:
428:Hebrus River
396:
377:
370:
337:Danube Delta
333:Peuce Island
322:
316:
297:sack of Rome
294:
267:
197:
196:
135:Roman Empire
107:Danube Delta
103:Peuce Island
43:King of the
3694:Recceswinth
3664:Reccared II
3614:Theudigisel
3574:Theodoric I
2799:Claudian II
2570:Bunson 1995
2507:Lançon 2001
2459:Lançon 2001
1983:Bunson 1995
1709:McEvoy 2013
1344:Harder 1986
1057:Constantine
1006:Cassiodorus
974:Burgundians
911:City of God
885:Peter Brown
847:Amal family
713:Constantine
632:Guy Halsall
560:Peloponnese
552:Thermopylae
349:Thervingian
69:Predecessor
3764:411 deaths
3759:410 deaths
3753:Categories
3639:Reccared I
3624:Athanagild
3579:Thorismund
3540:Visigothic
3417:Chapter 31
3413:Chapter 30
2495:Burns 1994
2447:James 2014
2435:Brown 2000
2399:Geary 1988
2384:James 2014
2350:James 2014
2258:Burns 1994
2234:Burns 1994
2210:Burns 1994
2186:Burns 1994
2162:Burns 1994
2150:Burns 1994
2138:Burns 1994
2114:Burns 1994
1904:Burns 1994
1868:Burns 1994
1856:Burns 1994
1832:Kelly 2009
1820:Kelly 2009
1808:Kelly 2009
1796:Burns 1994
1784:Burns 1994
1745:Burns 1994
1637:Burns 2003
1625:James 2014
1608:Burns 2003
1536:Bauer 2010
1210:, book 5.
1192:Historian
1038:References
883:historian
679:Radagaisus
424:Theodosius
277:Theodosius
261:after the
60:Coronation
3634:Liuvigild
3594:Alaric II
3484:Athanaric
3372:(1911). "
3087:463056290
2911:254408669
2594:Boin 2020
2483:Boin 2020
2126:Boin 2020
1952:Boin 2020
1940:Boin 2020
1928:Boin 2020
1584:Boin 2020
1572:Boin 2020
1560:Boin 2020
1548:Boin 2020
1524:Boin 2020
1512:Boin 2020
1464:Boin 2020
1416:Boin 2020
1404:Boin 2020
1392:Boin 2020
1380:Boin 2020
1356:Boin 2020
1320:Citations
1297:Alarico I
1197:inflated.
1178:Legio XX
1022:Alaric II
970:Visigoths
962:Aquitaine
947:Aftermath
906:food dole
855:Principia
845:, of the
671:Pannonian
653:Pollentia
599:Illyricum
580:Eutropius
495:Fritigern
473:Visigoths
453:foederati
290:Visigoths
251:Visigoths
127:Consentia
96:Unknown,
79:Successor
73:Athanaric
45:Visigoths
3724:Agila II
3679:Chintila
3674:Sisenand
3669:Suintila
3654:Gundemar
3649:Witteric
3644:Liuva II
3604:Amalaric
3554:Alaric I
3495:395â410
3432:Archived
3398:Alaric I
3329:(1997).
3307:(2004).
3285:(1988).
3197:(2001).
3175:(2019).
3149:(2006).
3097:(2009).
3075:(1915).
3073:Jordanes
3053:(2014).
3031:(2013).
3009:(2005).
2987:(1991).
2965:(1986).
2943:(2007).
2921:(2006).
2901:(1890).
2875:(1988).
2842:(2002).
2820:(1999).
2796:(1922).
2794:Claudian
2774:(2003).
2752:(1994).
2730:(1995).
2704:(2000).
2671:(1888).
2628:(2010).
2558:Lee 2013
2471:Lee 2013
2287:Lee 2013
2087:Lee 2013
2039:Lee 2013
1293:Scythian
1144:Claudian
1027:Gaiseric
1016:See also
1002:Jordanes
994:Claudian
767:Pannonia
758:en masse
746:Olympius
726:Florence
662:Pannonia
640:Aquileia
616:401â403)
584:Synesius
556:Claudian
547:Thessaly
535:Claudian
529:in 1879
507:Stilicho
469:Honorius
465:Arcadius
444:Arbogast
442:usurper
440:Frankish
420:Claudian
416:Stilicho
387:Eugenius
325:Jordanes
198:Alaric I
190:Arianism
186:Religion
22:Alaric I
3719:Roderic
3714:Wittiza
3659:Sisebut
3629:Liuva I
3619:Agila I
3609:Theudis
3599:Gesalec
3564:Sigeric
3559:Athaulf
3380:(ed.).
3367::
3127:(ed.).
2661:3296883
1174:Ravenna
1131:Armenia
1032:Odoacer
998:Zosimus
990:Orosius
984:Sources
966:Vandals
940:Busento
859:Orosius
784:Ravenna
742:Ticinum
718:Zosimus
701:Vandals
667:Zosimus
543:Rufinus
499:eastern
347:of the
341:Romania
288:of the
249:of the
241:Alarīks
181:Unknown
167:Dynasty
141:Cosenza
113:Romania
54:395â410
3569:Wallia
3501:Ataulf
3477:Vacant
3461:
3376:". In
3374:Alaric
3361:
3350:Online
3337:
3315:
3293:
3262:
3243:
3224:
3205:
3183:
3161:
3135:
3109:
3085:
3061:
3039:
3017:
2995:
2973:
2951:
2929:
2909:
2887:
2850:
2828:
2806:
2782:
2760:
2738:
2716:
2690:
2659:
2636:
1289:buried
978:Franks
953:Ataulf
933:(1895)
915:Jerome
809:(1890)
793:Gothic
789:Senate
705:Sueves
658:Verona
636:Raetia
576:Thrace
568:Gainas
523:Athens
412:Vandal
408:Thrace
404:Gainas
378:foedus
374:Valens
358:Danube
329:Gothic
281:Franks
270:Gainas
255:Moesia
231:Gothic
178:Father
153:Burial
131:Italia
83:Ataulf
35:Athens
3709:Egica
3704:Erwig
3699:Wamba
3684:Tulga
3589:Euric
3543:kings
3463:Died:
3456:Born:
2657:JSTOR
1170:Milan
1043:Notes
843:Sarus
771:Comes
750:Sarus
709:Alans
399:Goths
259:Alans
145:Italy
139:(now
111:(now
51:Reign
3729:Ardo
3415:and
3335:ISBN
3313:ISBN
3291:ISBN
3260:ISBN
3241:ISBN
3222:ISBN
3203:ISBN
3181:ISBN
3159:ISBN
3133:ISBN
3107:ISBN
3083:OCLC
3059:ISBN
3037:ISBN
3015:ISBN
2993:ISBN
2971:ISBN
2949:ISBN
2927:ISBN
2907:OCLC
2885:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2826:ISBN
2804:ISBN
2780:ISBN
2758:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2714:ISBN
2688:ISBN
2634:ISBN
893:Wars
707:and
593:Huns
574:for
467:and
385:and
366:Ovid
354:Huns
286:king
247:king
172:Balt
121:Died
100:370?
93:Born
3465:410
3458:370
1172:to
1008:'s
578:by
64:395
3755::
3411:,
3405:,
3157:.
2653:72
2651:.
2601:^
2514:^
2391:^
2372:^
2357:^
2338:^
2321:^
2294:^
2277:^
2094:^
2031:^
2014:^
1959:^
1764:^
1615:^
1302:,
1287:,
1012:.
728:.
703:,
614:c.
430:.
389:.
303:.
265:.
237:,
233::
229:;
216:Ér
143:,
133:,
129:,
105:,
98:c.
3532:e
3525:t
3518:v
3419:.
3343:.
3321:.
3299:.
3268:.
3249:.
3230:.
3211:.
3189:.
3167:.
3141:.
3115:.
3089:.
3067:.
3045:.
3023:.
3001:.
2979:.
2957:.
2935:.
2913:.
2893:.
2856:.
2834:.
2812:.
2788:.
2766:.
2744:.
2722:.
2696:.
2663:.
2642:.
1312:.
1133:.
225:/
222:k
219:ÉȘ
213:l
210:ĂŠ
207:Ë
204:/
200:(
147:)
115:)
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