354:(ECOSOC). Gildersleeve sought and received drafting responsibility for the work of this second council—the one, as she put it, in charge of "doing things rather than preventing things from being done." She was able to insert into the charter the following goals for people around the world: "higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development." She also persuaded the delegates to adopt the following aim for the United Nations: "universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion." She insisted for the charter to require the appointment of the
437:
Gildersleeve laid the groundwork for some of the most innovative scholarship of the twentieth century. And in helping to draft the charter of the UN, Gildersleeve assured that the issues to which she had devoted her career on
Morningside Heights would be addressed throughout the world in the decades that followed. By insisting that women have the right to every educational opportunity open to men, and by fighting her whole life to secure that opportunity, she helped establish the bedrock on which feminists have been building ever since."
380:" of her era. Gildersleeve wrote that "after (her) retirement from the Deanship at Barnard, (she) devoted (her)self mainly to the Middle East", describing herself as "struggling ardently against" the creation of and, later, the continued existence of the Jewish State. She blamed her failure to prevent the creation of the State of Israel on "the Zionist control of the media of communication." Gildersleeve repeatedly testified before congressional committees and lobbied members of Congress and President
453:. This has given some a basis to speculate about Gildersleeve's sexuality. In her 1954 memoir, Gildersleeve protested the "particularly cruel and unwholesome discrimination against unmarried women" who chose to spend their lives living with other women. She attributed this trend to "the less responsible psychologists and psychiatrists of the day", who voiced "disrespect for spinsters in the teaching profession as 'inhibited' and 'frustrated'". Gildersleeve used "celibate" to describe her status.
31:
483:). To date, the fund has awarded more than 400 grants for a total project aid disbursement of more than US$ 1.8 million to women's groups in low-per-capita-income countries. Priority is given to income generation and community development projects that enhance and exercise women's educational, vocational, and leadership skills. Project activities range from seminars, conferences, and training workshops, to community-action projects.
229:
178:. She taught English part-time at Barnard for several years. She declined a full-time position and took a leave of absence to undertake her Ph.D. in English and comparative literature at Columbia for three years. When she completed her studies in 1908, she was appointed a lecturer in English in 1908 by Barnard and Columbia; by 1910, she had become an assistant professor and, in 1911, she was made dean of Barnard College.
281:. Enrollment of Jewish students at Columbia College had reached 40 percent before World War I. Gildersleeve opposed religious exclusivity and refused to openly categorize Barnard students, but reportedly took steps to reduce the number of Jewish students. In the 1930s, roughly 20 percent of Barnard students were Jewish, compared to 6 to 10 percent at most other women's colleges. According to Gildersleeve's biographer
285:, at that time, both Columbia and Barnard began recruiting students from outside New York City. They evaluated applicants on the basis of psychological tests, interviews, and letters of recommendation, as well as academic criteria. In the two decades before World War II, this process of selective admissions reduced the percentage of Jewish students at Columbia to match the 20 percent at Barnard.
425:
not so many dried-up old maids". Gildersleeve recorded this remark in her memoir without comment. She then persuaded the
Barnard board of trustees to enact a maternity policy that provided one term off at full pay or a year off at half pay for all new mothers among the faculty. In the first year, three women took advantage of this new policy.
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Gildersleeve and
Spurgeon met just after the First World War ended, when a delegation of British educators came to the United States. Caroline Spurgeon, a highly respected Shakespeare scholar who published many books and papers about both Chaucer and Shakespeare, taught at Bedford College for Women,
424:
Gildersleeve was an early advocate of paid leaves of absence for women faculty members to take maternity leave. In 1931, she raised the matter with
Columbia President Butler, who "looked a little startled", but he agreed, saying "We should have women teachers with fuller lives and richer experience,
470:
Women (IFUW), housing it in London with a second home in Paris at Reid Hall. For two decades, between World War I and World War II, Gildersleeve worked through the IFUW to keep alive the spirit of international understanding, even as isolationism gripped her country. They believed that the women of
436:
Rosalind
Rosenberg, Gildersleeve's biographer, has argued that "Through her work Gildersleeve and other pioneers like her provided the essential conditions necessary to winning for women full equality with men in American society and throughout the world... In broadening women's scholarly horizons,
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she challenged the commonly held belief that the education of women was a detriment to society, arguing that improved public health and the declining infant mortality made it unnecessary to breed so many children as once had been the case in order to have surviving progeny. She asserted that in the
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Even though the
Barnard College board of trustees believed that "marching in a parade would be a shocking and shameful thing" for women students to do, and some school administrators considered political activism "unladylike" and "too sordid for a refined woman," Gildersleeve encouraged faculty and
254:, when he was threatened with being fired because of his objections to World War I. Professor Boas was a Jewish immigrant from Germany and a socialist. Among the Barnard undergraduates, Boas headed the department that included several of the century's most outstanding anthropologists, including
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part of the
University of London. They collaborated in establishing an organization that would foster international cooperation among like-minded academic women. Gildersleeve imagined an organization built on the model of the American Association of Collegiate Alumnae and the
346:. Gildersleeve learned of her appointment from her cook-housekeeper, who heard it on the radio. She was the only woman named to the U.S. delegation. The delegates were instructed to address two issues: 1) the need to prevent future wars through the creation of a
373:, in March 1946, Gildersleeve served as a member of the U.S. Educational Mission to Japan. She was respected in Japan for having been the only American woman delegate at the San Francisco founding conference.
298:
216:, and following the war, she was appointed to the United Nations Charter Committee. She was involved in the reconstruction of higher education in Japan. For this work she received France's
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met while the two
English women were on an academic exchange to the United States. They discussed founding an international association of university women, and in 1919, founded the
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affiliated with
Columbia University. She completed her studies in 1899 and received a fellowship to undertake research for her master of arts degree in medieval history at
135:
401:
313:. On February 22, 1918, Gildersleeve called for "some ordered system of international government, backed by power enough to give authority to its decrees."
309:, Gildersleeve contributed vigorously to wartime civil defense activities in New York City. She was an early and strong supporter of the formation of the
238:
Throughout her tenure as dean of
Barnard College, Gildersleeve worked to advance women's rights by championing their access to the professional school at
246:, a young Columbia instructor in 1914 to teach Barnard's first course in American government so that Barnard graduates would be eligible to attend the
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For several decades Gildersleeve and Professor Caroline Spurgeon shared a summer retreat. Later, she lived with the Barnard English professor,
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In 1969, eleven members of the International Federation of University Women founded the Virginia Gildersleeve International Fund (VGIF).(See
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277:. In the early 1940s, out of her own pocket, Dean Gildersleeve paid for the full scholarship of at least one African-American student from
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331:("Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service"). Its second in command was Gildersleeve's companion, English Professor
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820:"VIRGINIA CROCHERON GILDERSLEEVE: DEAN OF BARNARD COLLEGE, America's Top Woman at the U.N. Charter Conference in 1945"
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Christian attitudes towards the State of Israel, Paul Charles Merkley. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 2001, p. 6.
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to deny American political, military, and financial support to Israel. Gildersleeve was a trustee of the
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350:; and 2) the need to enhance human welfare, which they accomplished through the establishment of the
193:. Gildersleeve and Spurgeon developed a close friendship and annually, shared a rental summer home.
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Some historians consider Gildersleeve to have been "the most influential leader" of the Christian "
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250:. At the beginning of World War I, she hired the head of Columbia's anthropology department,
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416:. Miller states that Gildersleeve's "sympathies were indeed overwhelmingly with the Arabs."
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127:(October 3, 1877 – July 7, 1965) was an American academic, the long-time dean of
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was a pioneer in 1925, who attended Barnard with assistance from her literary mentor
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200:, Gildersleeve became interested in international politics. She campaigned for
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the world could make change by discussion with and learning from each other.
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Harry Emerson Fosdick: preacher, pastor, prophet, Robert Moats Miller,
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she chaired the advisory council of the navy unit for women, the
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students to engage in all the political movements of the day.
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335:. All of its members—90,000 in all—were college graduates.
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modern world women could have the same ambitions as men.
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and following her graduation in 1895, went on to attend
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United Nations charter and creation delegation appointee
392:'s statehood in 1948. She helped found and chaired the
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named Gildersleeve to the U.S. delegation to write the
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United Nations Conference on International Organization
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847:
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495:
Many a Good Crusade: Memoirs of Virginia Gildersleeve
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Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
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Brown., C.F. 2000 Gildersleeve, Virginia Crocheron.
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and a leading figure in the Christian opposition to
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in 1939, Gildersleeve was a strong interventionist.
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242:and to its best professors. This included hiring
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428:In 1915, in a speech to the Columbia Chapter of
394:Committee for Justice and Peace in the Holy Land
327:, Gildersleeve was instrumental in founding the
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900:Christian Attitudes towards the State of Israel
553:The Insider: A Life of Virginia C. Gildersleeve
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158:into a prominent New York family. Her father,
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988:International Federation of University Women
962:The Virginia Gildersleeve International Fund
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457:International Federation of University Women
191:International Federation of University Women
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661:"Virginia Gildersleeve: Opening the Gates"
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493:Gildersleeve, Virginia Crocheron (1980) .
352:United Nations Economic and Social Council
223:
29:
741:"Oral History Interview with Ken Hechler"
512:Gildersleeve, Virginia Crocheron (1962).
792:
635:
591:from the original on September 15, 2007.
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520:. New York: Columbia University Press.
265:students during Gildersleeve's tenure.
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739:Johnson, Niel M. (November 29, 1985).
549:
468:International Federation of University
464:British Federation of University Women
708:from the original on October 23, 2015
497:. New York: Arno Press. p. 317.
364:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
818:Killough, Patrick (March 21, 2004).
674:from the original on January 2, 2004
1058:Graduate Women International people
659:Rosenberg, Rosalind (Summer 2001).
419:
398:American Friends of the Middle East
13:
1053:Recipients of the Legion of Honour
944:American National Biography Online
747:from the original on June 19, 2001
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154:Virginia Gildersleeve was born in
37:(Harris & Ewing/LOC hec.21309)
14:
1094:
950:
768:"The Legacy of Dean Gildersleeve"
983:"Who was Virginia Gildersleeve?"
958:"Who was Virginia Gildersleeve?"
1068:Academics from New York (state)
905:McGill-Queen's University Press
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369:Having been invited by General
358:, which under the direction of
273:and Barnard College co-founder
125:Virginia Crocheron Gildersleeve
47:Virginia Crocheron Gildersleeve
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408:, the group was funded by the
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1083:Presidents of Barnard College
556:. Columbia University Press.
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400:. According to the historian
386:American University of Beirut
248:Columbia School of Journalism
16:American academic (1877–1965)
1073:Educators from New York City
766:Rosenberg, Rosalind (1995).
587:. No. 19. Summer 2006.
550:Woloch, Nancy (2022-03-08).
466:. In 1919, they created the
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406:University of North Carolina
289:Politics and foreign affairs
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1033:Columbia University faculty
704:. Vol. 3, no. 2.
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410:Central Intelligence Agency
301:Virginia Gildersleeve, 1921
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356:Commission on Human Rights
946:. Oxford University Press
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981:Winstone, Dame Dorothy.
698:"Enter the Negrotarians"
396:, which merged into the
160:Henry Alger Gildersleeve
142:for and creation of the
35:Virginia C. Gildersleeve
1038:Barnard College faculty
932:Oxford University Press
609:Beyond Separate Spheres
581:"Like Dawn in Paradise"
261:Barnard only had a few
224:Dean of Barnard College
138:, which negotiated the
1063:Brearley School alumni
1048:Barnard College alumni
1028:American anti-Zionists
897:Merkley, Paul (2001).
344:United Nations Charter
318:Germany invaded Poland
302:
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181:In 1918 Gildersleeve,
615:Yale University Press
340:Franklin D. Roosevelt
300:
231:
206:Franklin D. Roosevelt
23:Virginia Gildersleeve
830:on September 4, 2004
824:patrickkillough.com
795:Many a Good Crusade
603:Rosenberg, Rosalind
585:Brighton, Our Story
481:http://www.vgif.org
402:Robert Moats Miller
366:three years later.
338:In 1945, President
176:Columbia University
101:Columbia University
516:A Hoard for Winter
378:anti-Zionist lobby
323:In 1942, early in
303:
283:Rosalind Rosenberg
275:Annie Nathan Meyer
267:Zora Neale Hurston
236:
170:, a member of the
995:on April 21, 2009
934:US, 1985, p. 192.
885:Gildersleeve 1980
873:Gildersleeve 1980
861:Gildersleeve 1980
727:Gildersleeve 1980
563:978-0-231-55544-9
451:Bedford, New York
447:Elizabeth Reynard
371:Douglas MacArthur
360:Eleanor Roosevelt
333:Elizabeth Reynard
311:League of Nations
183:Caroline Spurgeon
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991:. Archived from
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164:Brearley School
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75:(1965-07-07)
73:July 7, 1965
1023:1965 deaths
1018:1877 births
617:. pp.
307:World War I
198:World War I
82:Centerville
1012:Categories
537:References
252:Franz Boas
196:Following
53:1877-10-03
999:March 20,
972:March 20,
834:March 20,
751:March 20,
712:March 20,
678:March 20,
441:Sexuality
208:. During
150:Biography
778:March 2,
745:Archived
706:Archived
672:Archived
668:Magazine
666:Columbia
605:(1982).
589:Archived
532:(essays)
475:Tributes
240:Columbia
202:Al Smith
111:Academic
619:213-214
404:of the
305:During
140:charter
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414:ARAMCO
390:Israel
279:Harlem
185:, and
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329:WAVES
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974:2017
909:ISBN
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499:ISBN
412:and
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43:Born
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55:)
51:(
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