113:
HIV/AIDS, only 69% would tell anyone else if they got diagnosed as HIV-infected and only 46% would share food with someone who was infected. Nine years following the detection of the first HIV case in
Nicaragua, the Nicaraguan government instituted Law 238 to protect the rights of those infected with HIV/AIDS in regards to confidentiality, access to healthcare, and nondiscrimination, setting the precedent for future intervention strategies focused on decreasing AIDs stigma amongst various professionals, including health care workers.
90:
cost-effective strategy for controlling the spread of TB in
Nicaragua; however, some have argued that they lack sustainability in funding. Outside of the educational realm, a team of researchers found that they could reduce internalized social stigma of TB patients in rural Nicaragua by pursuing patient-centered care that allowed for medical professionals to see patients at their homes and gain a better understanding of the support given to them by their social networks.
69:
income. In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves only 89.7% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income. Nicaragua falls into the "good" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling 100.0% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.
86:(TB) patients have encountered issues with employment and 27% had reported social problems because of stigma associated with the disease. In order to reduce false community beliefs and fears about tuberculosis that could be feeding into this social stigma, various solutions have been proposed and attempted in communities throughout the country.
196:
Out of
Nicaraguan women married or previously married women of childbearing age, 52% have identified having had experienced physical violence by an intimate partner at least once. Additionally, 21% of these women report having experienced a full combination of physical, emotional, and sexual violence
137:
Malaria has also been a historically major health issue in
Nicaragua, and during the 1930s up to 60% of the population had malaria. Usage of bed-nets protecting against mosquitos have been reported to be 25.3% amongst all Nicaraguan households. Within these households, it was found that children were
187:
A study conducted in 2000 revealed that poverty of
Nicaraguan families heightened the risk of infant mortality. Its findings also showed that social inequity, or the contrast in wealth between a household and its surrounding neighborhood, further increased this risk. In addition to income levels, it
174:
Hypertension and pre-hypertension are significant national medical concerns. Studies conducted in rural communities of
Nicaragua that have revealed that 41.1% of their residents have hypertension. Beyond these patients who have met this traditional hypertensive minimum cut-off, there is also a large
108:
amongst
Nicaraguan adults was estimated to be 0.3% by UNAIDS in 2015, in the past UNAIDS' numbers have been claimed to be grossly underreported due to data collection issues. Nicaragua's high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), high risk sexual behaviors associated with the culture
89:
In order to increase local awareness of this disease and improve TB control, volunteer-run TB clubs have been created in municipalities across
Nicaragua to facilitate the creation of supportive community networks and lead educational workshops for citizens. These TB clubs have been reported to be a
188:
has been shown that violence against mothers increases the risk of infant and child mortality. Intimate partner abuse also contributes to low birth weight of infants. Overall decreasing national infant mortality trends correspond with higher educational levels of mothers and lower fertility rates.
200:
Domestic violence has immediate and lasting effects on its victims. An overwhelming majority of emotional distress cases amongst every-married
Nicaraguan women is attributable to current or former experiences of domestic abuse. Domestic abuse is also correlated with higher incidence of unintended
170:
paired up with supplementation of artificial snacks were frequently observed amongst 6-to 8-month-olds. These early introduction to highly processed foods leads to increased risk of infections and impaired developmental growth. In 2008, WHO reported that 55.5% of the population was overweight and
112:
In Latin
America, stigma and discrimination against HIV/AIDS serve as barriers to effective responses and are linked to social inequalities associated with gender, living status, and sexuality. One study found that while 90% of Nicaraguan adolescents would accept and care for a family member with
68:
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that Nicaragua is fulfilling 96.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income. When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Nicaragua achieves 98.6% of what is expected based on its current
64:
faces challenges that may contribute to the exacerbation of health issues and hinder sustainable improvements. In the process of Nicaragua's democratization, there has been a general decrease in funding allocated to public services, coinciding with an increasing prevalence of privatization in
133:
viruses co-circulate in Nicaragua, and those infected with one or multiple of these viruses can present with similar clinical symptoms, making clinical treatment and diagnosis more difficult. Co-infections are common in endemic areas in Nicaragua.
166:. Improved access to processed foods has led to higher consumption of highly processed snacks and sugar-containing drinks in rural areas of Nicaragua, and raw sugar cane is often freely available. Complementary feeding practices involving
56:, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, which were diseases previously thought to be more relevant and problematic for more developed nations. Additionally, in the women's health sector, high rates of adolescent pregnancy and
27:
Health in Nicaragua is influenced by several factors including public health policies, the availability of healthcare facilities, environmental influences, individual lifestyle choices, and socioeconomic circumstances.
671:
Macq, Jean; Solis, Alejandro; Martinez, Guillermo; Martiny, Patrick; Dujardin, Bruno (2005). "An exploration of the social stigma of tuberculosis in five "municipios" of Nicaragua to reflect on local interventions".
31:
Nicaragua ranks as the second-least affluent nation in the Western Hemisphere. Despite the challenges Nicaragua faces in improving public health, there has been a notable increase in life expectancy since the
65:
healthcare, including both primary and secondary care. Hence, access to healthcare (and states of health) varies considerably between urban and rural areas, as well as among different socioeconomic groups.
1509:
Ellsberg, Mary; Caldera, Trinidad; Herrera, Andrés; Winkvist, Anna; Kullgren, Gunnar (1999). "Domestic violence and emotional distress among Nicaraguan women: Results from a population-based study".
1414:
Valladares, Eliette; Ellsberg, Mary; Peña, Rodolfo; Högberg, Ulf; Persson, Lars Ake (2002-10-01). "Physical partner abuse during pregnancy: a risk factor for low birth weight in Nicaragua".
854:
Manji, A.; Peña, R.; Dubrow, R. (2007-09-01). "Sex, condoms, gender roles, and HIV transmission knowledge among adolescents in León, Nicaragua: Implications for HIV prevention".
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Waggoner, Jesse J.; Gresh, Lionel; Vargas, Maria Jose; Ballesteros, Gabriela; Tellez, Yolanda; Soda, K. James; Sahoo, Malaya K.; Nuñez, Andrea; Balmaseda, Angel (2016-12-15).
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of machismo, low prevalence of condom usage, and the early age of first sexual intercourse of its citizens all contribute to concerns about rising HIV/AIDS rates.
17:
406:
Drain, Paul K.; Holmes, King K.; Hughes, James P.; Koutsky, Laura A. (2002-07-10). "Determinants of cervical cancer rates in developing countries".
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Ellsberg, M.; Peña, R.; Herrera, A.; Liljestrand, J.; Winkvist, A. (2000-12-01). "Candies in hell: women's experiences of violence in Nicaragua".
764:
1980:
1674:
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905:
Ugarte, W. (2013). "Measuring HIV- and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination in Nicaragua: Results from a Community-Based Study".
780:"Tackling tuberculosis patients' internalized social stigma through patient centred care: An intervention study in rural Nicaragua"
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459:"To Decentralize or Not to Decentralize, is That the Question? Nicaraguan Health Policy under Structural Adjustment in the 1990s"
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1728:
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continue to persist as national health concerns, there is a rising public health threat of non-communicable diseases such as
1152:"Consumption of highly processed snacks, sugar-sweetened beverages and child feeding practices in a rural area of Nicaragua"
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1068:"Operational aspects of bednet impregnation for community-based malaria control in Nicaragua, Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia"
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1222:"Prevalence of obesity, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption by socioeconomic status among six communities in Nicaragua"
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Laux, Timothy S.; Bert, Philip J.; González, Marvin; Unruh, Mark; Aragon, Aurora; Lacourt, Cecilia Torres (2016-12-12).
954:"Viremia and Clinical Presentation in Nicaraguan Patients Infected With Zika Virus, Chikungunya Virus, and Dengue Virus"
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1713:
939:
National Assembly of Nicaragua. (1999). Ley 238: PromociĂłn, ProtecciĂłn y Defensa de los Derechos Humanos ante el SIDA .
552:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries"
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efforts that focus on preventative measures have been proposed to address this pre-hypertensive sub-population.
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1011:"Malaria control in Nicaragua: social and political influences on disease transmission and control activities"
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2014:
1985:
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1375:"Violence against women increases the risk of infant and child mortality: a case–referent study in Nicaragua"
1318:"The effect of poverty, social inequity, and maternal education on infant mortality in Nicaragua, 1988–1993"
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Webber, Laura; Kilpi, Fanny; Marsh, Tim; Rtveladze, Ketevan; Brown, Martin; McPherson, Klim (2012-08-13).
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1599:"Violence against women and unintended pregnancies in Nicaragua: a population-based multilevel study"
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Contreras, Mariela; Zelaya Blandón, Elmer; Persson, Lars-Åke; Ekström, Eva-Charlotte (2016-01-01).
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World Health Organization. (2011). Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2011: Nicaragua.
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at birth was 72 years for men and 78 for women in 2016. While communicable diseases such as
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1459:"Fertility and infant mortality trends in Nicaragua 1964–1993. The role of women's education"
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more often protected than adults with 46% of bed-net coverage of infants under 1 year.
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506:"Looking good but doing harm? Perceptions of short-term medical missions in Nicaragua"
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22.2% classified as obese, and trends reveal that obesity rates are steadily rising.
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1279:"Hypertension and related lifestyle factors among persons living in rural Nicaragua"
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341:"High Rates of Obesity and Non-Communicable Diseases Predicted across Latin America"
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Plamondon, Katrina M.; Hanson, Lori; Labonté, Ronald; Abonyi, Sylvia (2008-01-01).
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Macq, Jean; Solis, Alejandro; Martinez, Guillermo; Martiny, Patrick (2008-05-08).
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of 1979, when it stood as low as 55 years old. In comparison, life expectancy in
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709:"The Global Fund and Tuberculosis in Nicaragua: Building Sustainable Capacity?"
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There has been an observed increasing prevalence of chronic diseases such as
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Alicea-Planas, Jessica; Greiner, Lydia; Greiner, Philip A. (February 2016).
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Birn, Anne-Emanuelle; Zimmerman, Sarah; Garfield, Richard (January 2000).
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continue to persist as national concerns. The infrastructure surrounding
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Asling-Monemi, K.; Peña, R.; Ellsberg, M. C.; Persson, L. A. (2003).
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Aschner, Pablo (September 2002). "Diabetes trends in Latin America".
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Nouvet, Elysée; Chan, Elizabeth; Schwartz, Lisa J. (2018-04-03).
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has been attributed to lifestyle changes and increased
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Salazar, Mariano; San Sebastian, Miguel (2014-01-01).
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262:"Health services reforms in revolutionary Nicaragua"
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1316:Peña, R.; Wall, S.; Persson, L. A. (2016-12-12).
836:UNAIDS (2015). Nicaragua Report. Available from:
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1719:Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838)
1457:Peña, R.; Liljiestrand, J.; Zelaya, E. (1999).
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763:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
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624:"Nicaragua - HRMI Rights Tracker"
600:"Nicaragua - HRMI Rights Tracker"
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158:. This increase in prevalence of
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907:AIDS Education and Prevention
522:10.1080/17441692.2016.1220610
236:"Nicaragua - Market Overview"
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104:Though the prevalence of
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100:HIV/AIDS in Nicaragua
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1724:Mosquito Coast
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1469:(3): 132–137.
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1422:(4): 700–705.
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1232:(3): 217–225.
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1199:
1162:(1): 164–176.
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913:(2): 164–178.
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2036:Demographics
1958:Central Bank
1897:Armed Forces
1880:Human rights
1860:Constitution
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1517:(1): 30–36.
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1409:
1385:(1): 10–16.
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1378:
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1328:(1): 64–69.
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759:cite journal
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655:. Retrieved
651:
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631:. Retrieved
627:
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348:
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322:. Retrieved
312:
269:
265:
255:
244:. Retrieved
242:. 2024-02-29
239:
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199:
195:
186:
173:
164:urbanization
156:hypertension
145:
136:
120:
111:
103:
88:
84:tuberculosis
81:
78:Tuberculosis
67:
30:
26:
1948:Agriculture
1885:LGBT rights
1779:Earthquakes
1739:Sandinistas
324:22 November
320:. WHO. 2018
318:"Nicaragua"
123:chikungunya
46:chikungunya
2104:Mass media
2094:Literature
2031:Corruption
1965:(currency)
1875:Government
1784:Ecoregions
1742:v. Contras
790:(1): 154.
657:2022-03-26
633:2022-03-26
609:2022-03-26
585:2022-03-26
561:2022-03-26
246:2024-04-20
222:References
2051:Languages
2041:Education
2001:Transport
1917:President
1865:Elections
1824:Volcanoes
1804:Mountains
1762:Geography
1684:Nicaragua
1625:1472-6874
1576:0277-9536
1554:CiteSeerX
1531:145129950
1436:0029-7844
1342:0090-0036
1289:: 43–46.
1246:1020-4989
1176:1740-8709
1037:0140-6736
978:1058-4838
876:0954-0121
856:AIDS Care
806:1471-2458
530:1744-1692
483:0020-7314
428:1097-0215
375:1932-6203
286:0090-0036
38:Nicaragua
2185:Category
2165:Category
2061:Religion
1963:CĂłrdoba
1912:Politics
1843:Politics
1688:articles
1643:24521005
1584:11072881
1493:10396488
1444:12383537
1401:12640470
1360:10630139
1303:26856487
1264:23183562
1194:25134722
1137:19202778
1129:12324982
1053:40590547
1045:10437886
996:27578819
927:23514083
884:17851995
824:18466604
751:18767286
733:41995119
694:16153480
538:27545146
491:10707302
444:25852758
436:12115570
393:22912663
345:PLOS ONE
205:See also
106:HIV/AIDS
94:HIV/AIDS
54:diabetes
2142:Outline
2109:Museums
2084:Cuisine
2076:Culture
2015:Society
1996:Tourism
1953:Banking
1936:Economy
1794:Islands
1704:Nicarao
1696:History
1634:3925120
1484:1756845
1392:2572309
1351:1446115
1255:4387569
1185:6860125
1094:9236827
987:5146717
892:5889671
815:2396624
742:6975681
384:3418261
353:Bibcode
304:6476169
295:1651882
152:obesity
2170:Portal
2056:Health
1976:Energy
1819:Rivers
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1631:
1623:
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154:, and
129:, and
127:dengue
48:, and
42:dengue
2149:Index
2099:Music
1799:Lakes
1789:Fauna
1527:S2CID
1133:S2CID
1049:S2CID
888:S2CID
729:JSTOR
440:S2CID
2089:Film
1639:PMID
1621:ISSN
1580:PMID
1572:ISSN
1489:PMID
1440:PMID
1432:ISSN
1397:PMID
1356:PMID
1338:ISSN
1299:PMID
1260:PMID
1242:ISSN
1210:139.
1208:WHO,
1190:PMID
1172:ISSN
1125:PMID
1090:PMID
1041:PMID
1033:ISSN
992:PMID
974:ISSN
923:PMID
880:PMID
872:ISSN
820:PMID
802:ISSN
765:link
747:PMID
690:PMID
534:PMID
526:ISSN
487:PMID
479:ISSN
432:PMID
424:ISSN
389:PMID
371:ISSN
326:2018
300:PMID
282:ISSN
131:Zika
121:The
50:Zika
1629:PMC
1611:doi
1564:doi
1519:doi
1479:PMC
1471:doi
1424:doi
1420:100
1387:PMC
1346:PMC
1330:doi
1291:doi
1250:PMC
1234:doi
1180:PMC
1164:doi
1117:doi
1080:doi
1023:doi
1019:354
982:PMC
966:doi
915:doi
864:doi
810:PMC
792:doi
737:PMC
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