Type 2 diabetes - Knowledge

862: 1836: 472: 46: 1663: 1156:(ADA), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) recommended that a threshold of ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥ 6.5 DCCT %) should be used to diagnose diabetes. This recommendation was adopted by the American Diabetes Association in 2010. Positive tests should be repeated unless the person presents with typical symptoms and blood sugars >11.1 mmol/L (>200 mg/dL). 1516:, improves a person's life expectancy. Decreasing the systolic blood pressure to less than 140 mmHg is associated with a lower risk of death and better outcomes. Intensive blood pressure management (less than 130/80 mmHg) as opposed to standard blood pressure management (less than 140-160 mmHg systolic to 85–100 mmHg diastolic) results in a slight decrease in stroke risk but no effect on overall risk of death. 1400:

reduce the risk of diabetes by about 28%. Evidence for the benefit of dietary changes alone, however, is limited, with some evidence for a diet high in green leafy vegetables and some for limiting the intake of sugary drinks. There is an association between higher intake of sugar-sweetened fruit juice and diabetes, but no evidence of an association with 100% fruit juice. A 2019 review found evidence of benefit from

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and life expectancy. Hypoglycemia is associated with adverse outcomes in older people with type 2 diabetes. Despite guidelines recommending that intensive blood sugar control be based on balancing immediate harms with long-term benefits, many people – for example people with a life expectancy of

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Management of type 2 diabetes focuses on lifestyle interventions, lowering other cardiovascular risk factors, and maintaining blood glucose levels in the normal range. Self-monitoring of blood glucose for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes may be used in combination with education,

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Rates of type 2 diabetes have increased markedly since 1960 in parallel with obesity. As of 2015, there were approximately 392 million people diagnosed with the disease compared to around 30 million in 1985. Typically, it begins in middle or older age, although rates of type 2 diabetes

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to prevent cardiovascular disease in diabetes is controversial. Aspirin is recommended in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, however routine use of aspirin has not been found to improve outcomes in uncomplicated diabetes. 2015 American Diabetes Association recommendations for aspirin use

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Onset of type 2 diabetes can be delayed or prevented through proper nutrition and regular exercise. Intensive lifestyle measures may reduce the risk by over half. The benefit of exercise occurs regardless of the person's initial weight or subsequent weight loss. High levels of physical activity

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Rates of diabetes in 1985 were estimated at 30 million, increasing to 135 million in 1995 and 217 million in 2005. This increase is believed to be primarily due to the global population aging, a decrease in exercise, and increasing rates of obesity. Traditionally considered a disease

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Many international guidelines recommend blood pressure treatment targets that are lower than 140/90 mmHg for people with diabetes. However, there is only limited evidence regarding what the lower targets should be. A 2016 systematic review found potential harm to treating to targets lower than

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to promote weight loss is generally recommended. Around 80 percent of obese people with type 2 diabetes achieve complete remission with no need for medication if they sustain a weight loss of at least 15 kilograms (33 lb), but most patients are not able to achieve or sustain significant weight

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release. However, in the setting of insulin resistance, the liver inappropriately releases glucose into the blood. The proportion of insulin resistance versus beta cell dysfunction differs among individuals, with some having primarily insulin resistance and only a minor defect in insulin secretion

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Researchers developed the Diabetes Severity Score (DISSCO), a tool that might better than the standard blood test at identify if a person's condition is declining. It uses a computer algorithm to analyse data from anonymised electronic patient records and produces a score based on 34 indicators.

1610:. Other recommendations include emphasizing intake of fruits, vegetables, reduced saturated fat and low-fat dairy products, and with a macronutrient intake tailored to the individual, to distribute calories and carbohydrates throughout the day. A 2021 review showed that consumption of tree nuts ( 1736:

Injections of insulin may either be added to oral medication or used alone. Most people do not initially need insulin. When it is used, a long-acting formulation is typically added at night, with oral medications being continued. Doses are then increased to effect (blood sugar levels being well

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intervention, appeared to delay or reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. This same review found moderate-quality evidence that when compared to intensive diet and exercise, Metformin did not reduce risk of developing type 2 diabetes, as well as very low-quality evidence that combining

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in those who are obese is an effective measure to treat diabetes. Many are able to maintain normal blood sugar levels with little or no medication following surgery and long-term mortality is decreased. There however is some short-term mortality risk of less than 1% from the surgery. The

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2015 American Diabetes Association recommendations are that people with diabetes and albuminuria should receive an inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system to reduce the risks of progression to end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular events, and death. There is some evidence that

8230:"Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association, a scientific statement of the American Heart Association, and an expert consensus document of the American College of Cardiology Foundation" 1235:

has the advantages that fasting is not required and results are more stable but has the disadvantage that the test is more costly than measurement of blood glucose. It is estimated that 20% of people with diabetes in the United States do not realize that they have the disease.

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rates. The five countries with the greatest number of people with diabetes as of 2000 are India having 31.7 million, China 20.8 million, the United States 17.7 million, Indonesia 8.4 million, and Japan 6.8 million. It is recognized as a global

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A proper diet and regular exercise are foundations of diabetic care, with one review indicating that a greater amount of exercise improved outcomes. Regular exercise may improve blood sugar control, decrease body fat content, and decrease blood lipid levels.

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Culturally appropriate education may help people with type 2 diabetes control their blood sugar levels for up to 24 months. There is not enough evidence to determine if lifestyle interventions affect mortality in those who already have type 2 diabetes.

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The development of type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. While some of these factors are under personal control, such as diet and obesity, other factors are not, such as increasing age, female sex, and genetics.

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Type 2 diabetes is typically a chronic disease associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy. This is partly due to a number of complications with which it is associated, including: two to four times the risk of cardiovascular disease, including

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are at particularly high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes in normal weight individuals represents 60 to 80 percent of all cases in some Asian countries. The mechanism causing diabetes in non-obese individuals is poorly understood.

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Mannucci E, Giaccari A, Gallo M, Bonifazi A, Belén ÁD, Masini ML, et al. (February 2022). "Self-management in patients with type 2 diabetes: Group-based versus individual education. A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized trails".

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metformin with intensive diet and exercise does not appear to have any effect on risk of developing type 2 diabetes when compared to intensive diet and exercise alone. This systematic review only found one suitable trial comparing metformin with

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descent the recommendation to start prevention starts at the BMI of 27,5. A study based on a large sample of people in England suggest even lower BMIs for certain ethnic groups for the start of prevention, for example 24 in South Asian and 21 in

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Cobelli C, Toffolo GM, Dalla Man C, Campioni M, Denti P, Caumo A, et al. (July 2007). "Assessment of beta-cell function in humans, simultaneously with insulin sensitivity and hepatic extraction, from intravenous and oral glucose tests".

7724:"Association Between Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Agonists, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors With All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 941:

The causes of the aging-related insulin resistance seen in obesity and in type 2 diabetes are uncertain. Effects of intracellular lipid metabolism and ATP production in liver and muscle cells may contribute to insulin resistance.

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Hyberbolic relationship between insulin sensitivity and beta cell function showing dynamical compensation in "healthy" insulin resistance (transition from A to B) and the evolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus (transition from A to C).

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Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, et al. (June 2016). "Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".

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in preventing cardiovascular disease. Although a more recent review found similar effects of ACEIs and ARBs on major cardiovascular and renal outcomes. There is no evidence that combining ACEIs and ARBs provides additional benefits.

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although the benefit of self-monitoring in those not using multi-dose insulin is questionable. In those who do not want to measure blood levels, measuring urine levels may be done. Managing other cardiovascular risk factors, such as

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Rosen ED, Kaestner KH, Natarajan R, Patti ME, Sallari R, Sander M, Susztak K. Epigenetics and Epigenomics: Implications for Diabetes and Obesity. Diabetes. 2018 Oct;67(10):1923-1931. doi: 10.2337/db18-0537. PMID 30237160; PMCID:

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is generally recommended as a first line treatment as there is some evidence that it decreases mortality; however, this conclusion is questioned. Metformin should not be used in those with severe kidney or liver problems. The

1792:(based on expert consensus or clinical experience) are that low-dose aspirin use is reasonable in adults with diabetes who are at intermediate risk of cardiovascular disease (10-year cardiovascular disease risk, 5–10%). 5664:"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 8082:"Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis" 4959:"Update on Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Light of Recent Evidence: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association" 7823:

Chen X, Yang L, Zhai SD (December 2012). "Risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality among diabetic patients prescribed rosiglitazone or pioglitazone: a meta-analysis of retrospective cohort studies".

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has also been linked to type 2 diabetes. Laboratory studies have linked short-term sleep deprivations to changes in glucose metabolism, nervous system activity, or hormonal factors that may lead to diabetes.

9277: 9262: 6418:"Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centred approach. Update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes" 3544:

Abdullah A, Peeters A, de Courten M, Stoelwinder J (September 2010). "The magnitude of association between overweight and obesity and the risk of diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies".

1729:, SGLT2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists. A 2018 review found that SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists, but not DPP-4 inhibitors, were associated with lower mortality than placebo or no treatment. 1482:. The same review found that there was no conclusive evidence that voglibose compared to diet and exercise or placebo reduced incidence of diabetes mellitus type 2, or any of the other measured outcomes. 1251:

that is a new onset of high blood sugars associated with pregnancy. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes can typically be distinguished based on the presenting circumstances. If the diagnosis is in doubt

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integrate beta cell function and insulin sensitivity in a way so that the results remain constant across dynamical compensation. Changed from Cobelli et al. 2007, Hannon et al. 2018 and Dietrich et al.

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are increasing in young people. Type 2 diabetes is associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy. Diabetes was one of the first diseases ever described, dating back to an Egyptian manuscript from

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mentioning "too great emptying of the urine." The first described cases are believed to be of type 1 diabetes. Indian physicians around the same time identified the disease and classified it as

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with people who have type 2 diabetes helps them to reduce their blood sugar levels. It is a way of helping people understand their own health condition and involving them actively in its management.

8123:"Effects of aliskiren on mortality, cardiovascular outcomes and adverse events in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease or risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 13,395 patients" 1962:

In 1916, Elliot Joslin proposed that in people with diabetes, periods of fasting are helpful. Subsequent research has supported this, and weight loss is a first line treatment in type 2 diabetes.

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of 7 to 8% or a fasting glucose of less than 7.2 mmol/L (130 mg/dL); however these goals may be changed after professional clinical consultation, taking into account particular risks of

746:, for example, increases the risk of developing diabetes by 1.5 times and is the greatest risk of the common genetic variants. Most of the genes linked to diabetes are involved in pancreatic 550:. In the developed world, and increasingly elsewhere, type 2 diabetes is the largest cause of nontraumatic blindness and kidney failure. It has also been associated with an increased risk of 9392: 2434:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1951:

in 400–500 AD with type 1 associated with youth and type 2 with being overweight. Effective treatment was not developed until the early part of the 20th century when the Canadians

1733:, a thiazolidinedione, has not been found to improve long-term outcomes even though it improves blood sugar levels. Additionally it is associated with increased rates of heart disease and death. 6459:"Hemoglobin A1c Targets for Glycemic Control With Pharmacologic Therapy for Nonpregnant Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Guidance Statement Update From the American College of Physicians" 2065: 1762:

140 mmHg, and a subsequent review in 2019 found no evidence of additional benefit from blood pressure lowering to between 130–140mmHg, although there was an increased risk of adverse events.

1622:) reduced fasting blood glucose in diabetic people. As of 2015, there is insufficient data to recommend nonnutritive sweeteners, which may help reduce caloric intake. An elevated intake of 7185:"Higher intake of microbiota-accessible carbohydrates and improved cardiometabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis and umbrella review of dietary management in patients with type 2 diabetes" 1821:

cutoffs for when surgery is appropriate are not yet clear. It is recommended that this option be considered in those who are unable to get both their weight and blood sugar under control.

6321:"Effect of intensive glucose lowering treatment on all cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials" 5536:"Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus" 739:(SNPs) had been found that contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these genes together still only account for 10% of the total heritable component of the disease. The 6030:"Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus" 6854: 3401:"Differences by sex in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 9138: 4443:

Nieto-Martínez R, González-Rivas JP, Medina-Inojosa JR, Florez H (November 2017). "Are Eating Disorders Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".

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A weight loss of ~15 kg, achieved by calorie restriction as part of an intensive management programme, can lead to remission of T2DM in ~80% of patients with obesity and T2DM.

6223: 4817:"Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Part 1. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus" 5976:"Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus" 515:. Many people, however, have no symptoms during the first few years and are diagnosed on routine testing. A small number of people with type 2 diabetes can develop a 9385: 653:. Excess body fat is associated with 30% of cases in those of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60–80% of cases in those of European and African descent, and 100% of cases in 2866:"Projections of type 1 and type 2 diabetes burden in the U.S. population aged <20 years through 2050: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and population growth" 1458:

appeared to reduce incidence of diabetes mellitus type 2 when compared to placebo, however there was no conclusive evidence that acarbose compare to diet and exercise,

7610:"First-Line Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists : A Cost-Effectiveness Study" 7091:

Muley A, Fernandez R, Ellwood L, Muley P, Shah M (May 2021). "Effect of tree nuts on glycemic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review".

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definition of diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) is for a single raised glucose reading with symptoms, otherwise raised values on two occasions, of either:

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In the early stages of insulin resistance, the mass of beta cells expands, increasing the output of insulin to compensate for the insulin insensitivity, so that the

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is typically recommended. Many people may eventually also require insulin injections. In those on insulin, routinely checking blood sugar levels (such as through a

3879:"Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis" 1310:(ADA) recommended in 2024 screening in all adults from the age of 35 years. ADA also recommends screening in adults of all ages with a BMI over 25 (or over 23 in 9378: 8179:"Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade in Adult Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analyses" 3243:

Akinpelu OV, Mujica-Mota M, Daniel SJ (March 2014). "Is type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with alterations in hearing? A systematic review and meta-analysis".

7136:"Nonnutritive sweeteners: current use and health perspectives: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association" 3222: 5713:

Nield L, Summerbell CD, Hooper L, Whittaker V, Moore H (July 2008). Nield L (ed.). "Dietary advice for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults".

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Moscou S (2013). "Getting the word out: advocacy, social marketing, and policy development and enforcement". In Truglio-Londrigan M, Lewenson SB (eds.).

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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

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Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. This is in contrast to

7226:"Should Viscous Fiber Supplements Be Considered in Diabetes Control? Results From a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" 3991:"The Concordance and Heritability of Type 2 Diabetes in 34,166 Twin Pairs From International Twin Registers: The Discordant Twin (DISCOTWIN) Consortium" 6128:"Clinical review: Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on improving glucose homeostasis and preventing diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 931:. However, not all people with insulin resistance develop diabetes since an impairment of insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells is also required. 5491:

Raina Elley C, Kenealy T (December 2008). "Lifestyle interventions reduced the long-term risk of diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance".

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A second oral agent of another class or insulin may be added if metformin is not sufficient after three months. Other classes of medications include:

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Saenz A, Fernandez-Esteban I, Mataix A, Ausejo M, Roque M, Moher D (July 2005). Saenz A (ed.). "Metformin monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus".

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levels may be useful to confirm type 2 diabetes, with C-peptide levels normal or high in type 2 diabetes, but low in type 1 diabetes.

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A 2017 review found that, long term, lifestyle changes decreased the risk by 28%, while medication does not reduce risk after withdrawal. While low

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American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Bannuru RR, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, et al. (2024-01-01).

1291:. For people of Asian descent, screening is recommended if they have a BMI over 23. Screening at an earlier age may be considered in people with a 5217: 7984:"Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses" 6883: 1353:

There is no evidence that screening changes the risk of death and any benefit of screening on adverse effects, incidence of type 2 diabetes, HbA

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estimates nearly 537 million people lived with diabetes worldwide in 2021, 90–95% of whom have type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is common both in the

1695: 9174:"Development and validation of the DIabetes Severity SCOre (DISSCO) in 139 626 individuals with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study" 9083:"Development and validation of the DIabetes Severity SCOre (DISSCO) in 139 626 individuals with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study" 9928: 7420:"Comparison of Clinical Outcomes and Adverse Events Associated With Glucose-Lowering Drugs in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis" 5408: 6657:"Physical activity and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies" 4577:"A novel simple disposition index (SPINA-DI) from fasting insulin and glucose concentration as a robust measure of carbohydrate homeostasis" 8033:"Benefits and harms of lower blood pressure treatment targets: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials" 1276: 6028:

Moelands SV, Lucassen PL, Akkermans RP, De Grauw WJ, Van de Laar FA (2018-12-28). Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group (ed.).

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Madsen KS, Chi Y, Metzendorf MI, Richter B, Hemmingsen B, et al. (Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (December 2019).

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Zaccardi F, Webb DR, Yates T, Davies MJ (February 2016). "Pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 90-year perspective".

731:, with each being a small contributor to an increased probability of becoming a type 2 diabetic. The proportion of diabetes that is 2274:"Effect of bariatric surgery on humoral control of metabolic derangements in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: How it works" 1489:

levels are associated with an increased risk of diabetes, correcting the levels by supplementing vitamin D3 does not improve that risk.

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Schulman AP, del Genio F, Sinha N, Rubino F (September–October 2009). ""Metabolic" surgery for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus".

8320:"Impact of providing patients access to electronic health records on quality and safety of care: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 4653: 9057: 3085: 2190: 3190: 414:

Type 2 diabetes is largely preventable by staying at a normal weight, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet (high in

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Threshold for diagnosis of diabetes is based on the relationship between results of glucose tolerance tests, fasting glucose or HbA

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Other potentially important mechanisms associated with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance include: increased breakdown of

3830:"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy" 1152: %) is another method of diagnosing diabetes. In 2009 an International Expert Committee that included representatives of the 7377:

Ee CC, Armour M, Piya MK, McMorrow R, Al-Kanini I, Sabag A (2021-12-23). Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group (ed.).

6079:"Long-term Sustainability of Diabetes Prevention Approaches: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials" 2009: 1591: 938:

remains constant. But when type 2 diabetes has become manifest, a type 2 diabetic will have lost about half of their beta cells.

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noting that the urine would attract ants. The term "diabetes" or "to pass through" was first used in 230 BCE by the Greek

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There are a number of medications and other health problems that can predispose to diabetes. Some of the medications include:

8964: 8680: 8627:"Metabolic Surgery in the Treatment Algorithm for Type 2 Diabetes: A Joint Statement by International Diabetes Organizations" 5125: 5096: 5064: 4764: 4632: 4194: 2929: 2743: 2552: 2490: 2413: 1737:

controlled). When nightly insulin is insufficient, twice daily insulin may achieve better control. The long acting insulins

9692: 9637: 9440: 5374: 4698:"A Review of Current Trends with Type 2 Diabetes Epidemiology, Aetiology, Pathogenesis, Treatments and Future Perspectives" 4651:

Sun T, Han X (2019). "Death versus dedifferentiation: The molecular bases of beta cell mass reduction in type 2 diabetes".

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loss. Even modest weight loss can produce significant improvements in glycemic control and reduce the need for medication.

1231:. A fasting or random blood sugar is preferred over the glucose tolerance test, as they are more convenient for people. HbA 762: 8667: 4816: 1364:

guidelines suggest taking action to prevent diabetes for people with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more. For people of

10133: 9296: 4147: 1929: 628: 7461:"Reappraisal of metformin efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials" 3582:"Relation of active, passive, and quitting smoking with incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1943:

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian physicians

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or severe obesity. ADA recommends repeat screening every 3 years at minimum. ADA recommends yearly tests in people with

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US Preventive Services Task Force, Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, Cabana M, Caughey AB, et al. (2021-08-24).

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Izzedine H, Launay-Vacher V, Deybach C, Bourry E, Barrou B, Deray G (November 2005). "Drug-induced diabetes mellitus".

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discovered insulin in 1921 and 1922. This was followed by the development of the long acting NPH insulin in the 1940s.

1875: 1373: 5444:"Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study" 10087: 9737: 3214: 1848: 718: 8720:"The Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Non-obese Individuals: An Overview of the Current Understanding" 9963: 8279:"The Effect of Improved Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status on Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients: A Meta-Analysis" 6500:"Hypoglycemia and diabetes: a report of a workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and the Endocrine Society" 1956: 1835: 1726: 1369: 520: 516: 350: 147: 7011:"Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base" 5588:"Lifestyle interventions for patients with and at risk for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 7459:

Boussageon R, Supper I, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Kellou N, Cucherat M, Boissel JP, et al. (2012). Groop L (ed.).

6549:"An Evidence-Based Medicine Approach to Antihyperglycemic Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus to Overcome Overtreatment" 6319:

Boussageon R, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Saadatian-Elahi M, Lafont S, Bergeonneau C, Kassaï B, et al. (July 2011).

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A random blood sugar of greater than 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) in association with typical symptoms or a

325:(wounds) that do not heal. Often, symptoms develop slowly. Long-term complications from high blood sugar include 5814:"Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies" 2038: 9548: 773:, among others. Maturity onset diabetes of the young constitute 1–5% of all cases of diabetes in young people. 770: 736: 722: 9139:"New tool for assessing the severity of type 2 diabetes could help personalise treatment and improve outcomes" 5409:"Are you at risk of diabetes? Research finds prevention should start at a different BMI for each ethnic group" 4749:

Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia: Report of a WHO/IDF consultation

2627: 9853: 9564: 4523: 1771: 1691: 1394: 1307: 1153: 7275:"Culturally appropriate health education for people in ethnic minority groups with type 2 diabetes mellitus" 6596:

Simpson TC, Clarkson JE, Worthington HV, MacDonald L, Weldon JC, Needleman I, et al. (April 14, 2022).

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Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ (February 2005). "Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus".

2100:"Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a historic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment" 1295:

of diabetes; some ethnic groups, including Hispanics, African Americans, and Native Americans; a history of

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are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Other health problems that are associated include:

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status of a mother during fetal development may also play a role, with one proposed mechanism being that of

9893: 9820: 8989: 5765:"Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis" 5160:"Screening for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 706: 8777:

Salvatore T, Galiero R, Caturano A, Rinaldi L, Criscuolo L, Di Martino A, et al. (30 December 2022).

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Hemmingsen B, Gimenez-Perez G, Mauricio D, Roqué I, Figuls M, Metzendorf MI, et al. (December 2017).

1470:, reduced or increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, serious or non-serious adverse events, non-fatal 1279:(USPSTF) recommended in 2021 screening for type 2 diabetes in adults aged 35 to 70 years old who are 9805: 9730: 9725: 9406: 5283:"Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force" 3489:

Pedersen HK, Gudmundsdottir V, Nielsen HB, Hyotylainen T, Nielsen T, Jensen BA, et al. (July 2016).

1749:, but as they are significantly more expensive, they are not cost effective as of 2010. In those who are 1439: 753:

There are a number of rare cases of diabetes that arise due to an abnormality in a single gene (known as

404: 6913:"8. Obesity Management for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021" 633:

Lifestyle factors are important to the development of type 2 diabetes, including obesity and being

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Fuchsberger C, Flannick J, Teslovich TM, Mahajan A, Agarwala V, Gaulton KJ, et al. (August 2016).

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Pasquier F (October 2010). "Diabetes and cognitive impairment: how to evaluate the cognitive status?".

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Ripsin CM, Kang H, Urban RJ (January 2009). "Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus".

1408: 1063: 1038: 674: 442: 7902:"Newer agents for blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and economic evaluation" 2628:"Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin" 9940: 9888: 9785: 9081:

Zghebi SS, Mamas MA, Ashcroft DM, Salisbury C, Mallen CD, Chew-Graham CA, et al. (May 5, 2020).

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Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL, Gospodarevskaya E, Loveman E, Baxter L, et al. (September 2009).

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Davis N, Forbes B, Wylie-Rosett J (June 2009). "Nutritional strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus".

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Although psychological stress is recognized as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, the effect of

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of adults, type 2 diabetes is increasingly diagnosed in children in parallel with rising

1745:

are equally safe and effective, and do not appear much better than neutral protamine Hagedorn

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Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes, with the other 10% due primarily to

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5874: 4095: 3502: 1382: 1365: 1343: 1296: 1269: 1248: 835:. Individuals with cancer may be at a higher risk of mortality if they also have diabetes. 808: 673:

Dietary factors also influence the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Consumption of

646: 615: 567: 380: 334: 163: 9239: 8: 10128: 10113: 10042: 10027: 10022: 10005: 9990: 9975: 9918: 9913: 9878: 9845: 9775: 9358: 9281: 7943:"A Roadmap on the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Among People Living With Diabetes" 5922:"Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses" 3781:"White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review" 1905: 1583: 1527:

of 7–7.9%) does not appear to change mortality. The goal of treatment is typically an HbA

1498: 1451: 1428:

in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes but it did not report any patient-relevant outcomes.

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to respond adequately to normal levels of insulin, occurs primarily within the muscles,

10092: 9680: 9531: 9510: 9402: 9290: 9286: 9198: 9173: 9154: 9115: 9082: 9034: 9009: 8872: 8837: 8813: 8778: 8754: 8719: 8607: 8564: 8483: 8383: 8368:"Sharing electronic records with patients led to improved control of type two diabetes" 8344: 8319: 8254: 8229: 8205: 8178: 8147: 8122: 8057: 8032: 8008: 7983: 7877: 7852: 7851:

Swinnen SG, Simon AC, Holleman F, Hoekstra JB, Devries JH (July 2011). Simon AC (ed.).

7800: 7748: 7723: 7699: 7666: 7590: 7539: 7487: 7460: 7403: 7378: 7359: 7255: 7160: 7135: 7116: 6986: 6961: 6942: 6833: 6743: 6730: 6705: 6681: 6656: 6632: 6597: 6573: 6548: 6524: 6499: 6393: 6345: 6320: 6201: 6152: 6127: 6103: 6078: 6054: 6029: 6000: 5975: 5951: 5897: 5862: 5838: 5813: 5789: 5764: 5742: 5690: 5663: 5560: 5535: 5516: 5468: 5443: 5424: 5390: 5348: 5323: 5032: 5007: 4983: 4958: 4921: 4896: 4872: 4847: 4724: 4697: 4678: 4552: 4527: 4468: 4384: 4336: 4311: 4287: 4262: 4243: 4116: 4083: 4064: 3971: 3903: 3878: 3854: 3829: 3805: 3780: 3756: 3731: 3707: 3682: 3663: 3606: 3581: 3526: 3450:"Maternal micronutrient deficiency, fetal development, and the risk of chronic disease" 3425: 3400: 3376: 3343: 3319: 3294: 3268: 3040: 2978: 2890: 2865: 2841: 2816: 2797: 2707: 2682: 2663: 2458: 2433: 2351: 2300: 2273: 2251: 2124: 2099: 2017: 1595: 953: 880: 592: 571: 445:) is advised; however, this may not be needed in those who are not on insulin therapy. 290: 118: 9145:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2020-08-07. 8595: 7772: 7527: 7512:"Guideline recommendations and the positioning of newer drugs in type 2 diabetes care" 6564: 5938: 5921: 5459: 5415:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2022-03-10. 5157: 3845: 3698: 3597: 3168: 2449: 9898: 9835: 9765: 9720: 9593: 9471: 9414: 9318: 9203: 9158: 9120: 9102: 9039: 8970: 8960: 8918: 8897:"Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030" 8877: 8859: 8818: 8800: 8759: 8741: 8676: 8648: 8599: 8568: 8556: 8521: 8475: 8434: 8429: 8387: 8349: 8300: 8259: 8210: 8172: 8152: 8103: 8062: 8013: 7964: 7923: 7882: 7833: 7805: 7753: 7704: 7686: 7647: 7629: 7594: 7582: 7543: 7531: 7492: 7441: 7351: 7343: 7304: 7247: 7206: 7165: 7120: 7108: 7073: 7032: 6991: 6946: 6934: 6837: 6825: 6817: 6778: 6735: 6686: 6637: 6578: 6529: 6480: 6439: 6385: 6350: 6301: 6260: 6205: 6193: 6157: 6108: 6059: 6005: 5943: 5902: 5843: 5794: 5734: 5695: 5644: 5609: 5565: 5508: 5473: 5428: 5394: 5353: 5304: 5249: 5237: 5189: 5181: 5131: 5121: 5092: 5060: 5037: 4988: 4926: 4877: 4797: 4760: 4729: 4682: 4670: 4628: 4598: 4557: 4504: 4460: 4425: 4376: 4341: 4292: 4235: 4200: 4190: 4146:. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH. March 2007. 4121: 4056: 4051: 4034: 4012: 3963: 3958: 3941: 3908: 3859: 3810: 3761: 3712: 3655: 3611: 3562: 3518: 3471: 3430: 3381: 3363: 3324: 3260: 3172: 3137: 3067: 3044: 3032: 2970: 2966: 2935: 2925: 2895: 2846: 2789: 2749: 2739: 2712: 2667: 2655: 2608: 2589: 2558: 2548: 2496: 2486: 2463: 2409: 2343: 2339: 2305: 2243: 2159: 2129: 1952: 1884: 1867: 1813: 1722: 1643: 1435: 1412: 1244: 1088: 935: 896:

and others with slight insulin resistance and primarily a lack of insulin secretion.

867: 682: 563: 446: 365: 282: 241: 222: 208: 106: 8487: 7363: 7259: 6797: 6747: 6397: 6296: 6279: 6094: 5955: 5746: 5520: 4388: 4247: 4068: 3975: 3667: 3272: 2982: 2832: 2355: 2255: 1136:, two hours after the oral dose a plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) 9873: 9498: 9193: 9185: 9146: 9110: 9094: 9029: 9021: 8908: 8867: 8849: 8808: 8790: 8749: 8731: 8638: 8611: 8591: 8548: 8513: 8465: 8424: 8414: 8375: 8339: 8331: 8290: 8249: 8241: 8200: 8190: 8142: 8134: 8098: 8093: 8081: 8052: 8044: 8003: 7995: 7954: 7913: 7900:

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Diabetes is one of the first diseases described with an Egyptian manuscript from

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and stroke; a 20-fold increase in lower limb amputations, and increased rates of

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is often present. Smoking appears to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

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for diabetes in people without risk factors or symptoms is not recommended.

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results in an improvement in blood sugar levels for people with diabetes.

10097: 9825: 9663: 9342: 8838:"Maternal low protein diet and fetal programming of lean type 2 diabetes" 8795: 6962:"Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus" 6143: 5504: 4714: 3491:"Human gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin sensitivity" 1746: 1706:

as the first-line treatment in patients who have or are at high risk for

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It is recommended that all people with type 2 diabetes get regular

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in which there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to destruction of

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Type 2 diabetes is due to insufficient insulin production from

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

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commenting that he had only seen two cases during his career.

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is more common in women than men in many parts of Africa. The

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interventions on disease progression are not established. A

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testing may be useful to confirm type 1 diabetes and

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The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

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fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL)

735:

is estimated at 72%. More than 36 genes and 80

566:. Other complications include hyperpigmentation of skin ( 479:

The classic symptoms of diabetes are frequent urination (

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Insulin resistance, which is the inability of 449:often improves diabetes in those who are obese. 8946: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8121:Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Ayis S (September 2017). 4696:Reed J, Bain S, Kanamarlapudi V (August 2021). 4646: 4644: 4180: 3579: 3127: 2915: 2814: 2547:(9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 1536:less than nine years who will not benefit, are 779:regulation may have a role in type 2 diabetes. 619:have been connected with type 2 diabetes. 7321: 6796:Magkos F, Hjorth MF, Astrup A (October 2020). 5057:Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 5006:American Diabetes Association (January 2012). 4895:American Diabetes Association (January 2010). 4028: 4026: 2545:Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology 2542: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 1932:. The disease was rare during the time of the 1696:European Association for the Study of Diabetes 839:is also associated with type 2 diabetes. 39:noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) 9601: 9386: 8499: 8497: 7550: 6959: 6763:The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4176: 4174: 4084:"The genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes" 3778: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2427: 2425: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 697:appears to play a role in increasing risk. A 8929: 8707:(14 ed.). 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Screening can be repeated every 3 years. 9608: 9594: 9393: 9379: 9235:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 8888: 8666:International Diabetes Federation (2021). 8494: 8031:Brunström M, Carlberg B (September 2019). 7189:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 5142: 4834: 4654:Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology 4358: 4171: 4039:European Journal of Clinical Investigation 3284: 3282: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2911: 2909: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2480: 2422: 2098:Pasquel FJ, Umpierrez GE (November 2014). 2049: 2004: 1756: 1419:, when compared to diet and exercise or a 9558:Other pancreatic disorders and conditions 9197: 9114: 9033: 8912: 8871: 8853: 8812: 8794: 8753: 8735: 8642: 8469: 8428: 8418: 8343: 8294: 8253: 8204: 8194: 8146: 8097: 8056: 8007: 7982:Brunström M, Carlberg B (February 2016). 7958: 7917: 7876: 7799: 7747: 7698: 7641: 7576: 7486: 7476: 7435: 7402: 7298: 7241: 7200: 7159: 7067: 7026: 6985: 6928: 6873: 6729: 6680: 6631: 6621: 6572: 6523: 6474: 6433: 6344: 6295: 6254: 6151: 6102: 6053: 5999: 5937: 5896: 5886: 5837: 5788: 5689: 5679: 5603: 5559: 5467: 5347: 5298: 5200: 5175: 5083:Diabetes mellitus a guide to patient care 5031: 4982: 4937: 4920: 4871: 4723: 4713: 4619:Diabetes mellitus a guide to patient care 4592: 4551: 4419: 4335: 4312:"Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report" 4286: 4115: 4050: 4006: 3957: 3902: 3853: 3804: 3755: 3706: 3649: 3622: 3605: 3465: 3424: 3405:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 3375: 3318: 2889: 2840: 2706: 2507: 2457: 2321: 2319: 2299: 2289: 2267: 2265: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2145: 2143: 2123: 2093: 2091: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1148:) of ≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥ 6.5 8452:Frachetti KJ, Goldfine AB (April 2009). 8127:Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research 6404: 5448:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology 5324:"Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus" 3982: 3939: 3586:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology 3154: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 2362: 1839:Prevalence of total diabetes by age and 1834: 1768:angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors 1661: 1357:or socioeconomic effects are not clear. 860: 661:. Among those who are not obese, a high 470: 9062:Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health 8538: 7516:The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 7383:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6754: 6706:"Exercise for type 2 diabetes mellitus" 6367: 6034:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5805: 5655: 5605:10.7326/0003-4819-159-8-201310150-00007 4794:10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-01003 4740: 4447:(Systematic review and meta-analysis). 3674: 3547:Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 3279: 3090:Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health 3029:10.7326/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-01003 2989: 2906: 2760: 2066:"Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes" 1592:Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension 951:WHO diabetes diagnostic criteria 10147: 8987: 8168: 8166: 6023: 6021: 6019: 4808: 4650: 3448:Christian P, Stewart CP (March 2010). 2729: 2569: 2316: 2262: 2213: 2140: 2088: 1981: 1708:atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease 1670: 1650:is under way to assess the effects of 1630:may be useful in those with diabetes. 1626:can help reducing the effects of T2D. 10165:Medical conditions related to obesity 9589: 9374: 9178:BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 9087:BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 8994:. 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Those who have previously had 530: 521:decreased level of consciousness 517:hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state 433:Treatment involves exercise and 351:hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state 148:Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state 65: 44: 8957:Principles of diabetes mellitus 6361: 6312: 6297:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3147 6271: 6230: 6168: 6119: 6095:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.6040 6070: 5913: 5854: 5756: 5706: 5620: 5527: 5484: 5435: 5401: 5105: 5073: 4999: 4888: 4773: 4689: 4609: 4568: 4436: 4303: 4254: 4211: 4161: 4150:from the original on 2008-07-04 4132: 4075: 4033:Herder C, Roden M (June 2011). 3933: 3821: 3772: 3723: 3573: 3537: 3482: 3441: 3392: 3335: 3236: 3225:from the original on 2024-03-19 3207: 3183: 3148: 3078: 3051: 2946: 2922:Exercise and disease management 2916:Leutholtz BC, Ripoll I (2011). 2857: 2833:10.1590/s0004-27302009000200008 2808: 2723: 2674: 2619: 2485:. Academic Press. p. 575. 2481:MacKay I, Rose N, eds. 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August 2011. Archived from 1974: 1911: 1772:angiotensin receptor blockers 1692:American Diabetes Association 1681:There are several classes of 1666:Metformin 500 mg tablets 1492: 1395:Prevention of type 2 diabetes 1388: 1308:American Diabetes Association 1154:American Diabetes Association 707:Persistent organic pollutants 511:. Other symptoms may include 454: 9821:Homeostatic model assessment 9615: 9026:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.08.035 8471:10.1097/MED.0b013e32832912e7 8407:Health Technology Assessment 8196:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001971 7960:10.1016/j.gheart.2019.07.009 7906:Health Technology Assessment 7478:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001204 7328:Nature Reviews Endocrinology 6802:Nature Reviews Endocrinology 6382:10.1097/HCO.0b013e328347b139 6190:10.1016/j.numecd.2021.10.005 5888:10.1371/journal.pone.0093471 4788:(5): ITC31-15, quiz ITC316. 4667:10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.002 4279:10.1097/HCO.0b013e3283470359 3946:Journal of Internal Medicine 3023:(5): ITC31–15, quiz ITC316. 2955:Postgraduate Medical Journal 1604:monitored carbohydrate diets 1440:alpha-glucosidase inhibitors 1314:) with another risk factor: 1263: 945: 907:, resistance to and lack of 622: 313:. Symptoms may also include 7: 9806:Noninvasive glucose monitor 8049:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026686 7614:Annals of Internal Medicine 7105:10.11124/JBISRIR-D-19-00397 7062:(Supplement_1): S120–S143. 6923:(Supplement_1): S100–S110. 6463:Annals of Internal Medicine 5592:Annals of Internal Medicine 5287:Annals of Internal Medicine 4815:World Health Organization. 4782:Annals of Internal Medicine 4373:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.12.022 4263:"Are statins diabetogenic?" 3058:Rathee M, Prachi J (2019). 3017:Annals of Internal Medicine 2228:Annals of Internal Medicine 2072:. June 2014. Archived from 2010:"Diabetes Fact sheet N°312" 1965: 1862:Some ethnic groups such as 1563: 1466:, no intervention improved 1454:(HbA1c). It was found that 712: 405:oral glucose tolerance test 221:Maintaining normal weight, 10: 10181: 10038:Diabetic cheiroarthropathy 9867:Ambulatory glucose profile 9674:Impaired glucose tolerance 9549:Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome 9542:Congenital hyperinsulinism 9190:10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000962 9099:10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000962 5641:10.1016/j.mcna.2011.06.007 5387:10.3310/nihrevidence_52026 4501:10.1152/ajpendo.00421.2006 3299:Progress in Lipid Research 3215:"WHAT IS TYPE 2 DIABETES?" 1903: 1899: 1828: 1808: 1674: 1576: 1496: 1409:impaired glucose tolerance 1392: 1247:cells in the pancreas and 1227:and complications such as 1064:Impaired glucose tolerance 1039:Impaired fasting glycaemia 771:Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome 716: 626: 607:. The intestinal bacteria 534: 443:continuous glucose monitor 372:more at risk than others. 297:. Common symptoms include 10155:Aging-associated diseases 10106: 10063: 9939: 9844: 9786:Postprandial glucose test 9756: 9623: 9557: 9521: 9482: 9413: 9333: 9248: 8914:10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047 8842:World Journal of Diabetes 8336:10.1136/bmjqs-2019-010581 7395:10.1002/14651858.CD014881 7028:10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.011 6814:10.1038/s41574-020-0381-5 6673:10.1007/s00125-016-4079-0 6435:10.1007/s00125-014-3460-0 5830:10.1007/s10654-017-0246-y 5228:(Supplement_1): S20–S42. 4757:World Health Organization 4457:10.1007/s11892-017-0949-1 4232:10.1517/14740338.4.6.1097 3895:10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1 3157:Diabetes & Metabolism 3130:American Family Physician 3066:. StatPearls Publishing. 2014:World Health Organization 1894:World Health Organization 1803:electronic health records 1683:anti-diabetic medications 1628:Viscous fiber supplements 1336:polycystic ovary syndrome 1301:polycystic ovary syndrome 1116:World Health Organization 1014: 969: 966: 963: 685:increasing the risk, and 643:lack of physical activity 585: 537:Complications of diabetes 317:, having a sensation of 285:that is characterized by 260: 247: 229: 217: 207: 193: 185: 177: 141: 117: 105: 57: 52: 43: 35:Diabetes mellitus type 2; 31: 26: 16:Form of diabetes mellitus 10124:Epidemiology of diabetes 9862:Blood glucose monitoring 9738:Type 3c (pancreatogenic) 9669:Impaired fasting glucose 8553:10.3810/pgm.2011.01.2242 8324:BMJ Quality & Safety 8139:10.1177/1479164117715854 7683:10.1177/2042018820980225 4445:Current Diabetes Reports 4421:10.1177/0145721708323100 3454:The Journal of Nutrition 3293:, Hu FB (January 2009). 1841:Global Burden of Disease 1831:Epidemiology of diabetes 1782: 1677:Anti-diabetic medication 1553:scaling and root planing 1476:congestive heart failure 1442:in people with impaired 847:increasing the risk and 705:is another risk factor. 9981:Neuropathic arthropathy 9225:IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021 8991:A Hand Book On Diabetes 8988:Sajida S (2021-01-26). 8955:. In Poretsky L (ed.). 7826:Chinese Medical Journal 6256:10.1001/jama.2014.18574 5493:Evidence-Based Medicine 5177:10.1001/jama.2021.12531 4907:(Supplement_1): S62-9. 4594:10.1111/1753-0407.13525 2699:10.7555/JBR.29.20140127 2483:The Autoimmune Diseases 2291:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i6.504 1757:Blood pressure lowering 1572: 1452:glycated hemoglobin A1c 1438:assessed the effect of 1342:. People with previous 837:Testosterone deficiency 801:atypical antipsychotics 595:is also a risk factor. 293:, and relative lack of 9929:Gastric bypass surgery 9811:Insulin tolerance test 9781:Glucose tolerance test 9686:Ketosis-prone diabetes 9657:Diabetes and pregnancy 8855:10.4239/wjd.v13.i3.185 8086:JAMA Internal Medicine 7740:10.1001/jama.2018.3024 7571:(Suppl 1): S125–S143. 7437:10.1001/jama.2016.9400 7340:10.1038/nrendo.2017.64 7093:JBI Evidence Synthesis 6083:JAMA Internal Medicine 3651:10.3949/ccjm.78a.10165 1844: 1700:GLP-1 receptor agonist 1667: 1328:cardiovascular disease 1134:glucose tolerance test 929:central nervous system 872: 709:may also play a role. 675:sugar-sweetened drinks 544:ischemic heart disease 476: 401:fasting plasma glucose 349:. The sudden onset of 337:, which can result in 8541:Postgraduate Medicine 8430:10536/DRO/DU:30064294 8296:10.1210/jc.2017-01024 4408:The Diabetes Educator 3467:10.3945/jn.109.116327 3417:10.2471/BLT.12.113415 3221:. December 29, 2021. 2599:(Retracted, see 1904:Further information: 1838: 1829:Further information: 1665: 1608:low carbohydrate diet 1577:Further information: 1497:Further information: 1480:myocardial infarction 1448:fasting blood glucose 1316:first-degree relative 864: 757:forms of diabetes or 641:of greater than 25), 576:diabetic ketoacidosis 552:cognitive dysfunction 501:peripheral neuropathy 487:), increased hunger ( 483:), increased thirst ( 474: 277:), formerly known as 152:diabetic ketoacidosis 37:adult-onset diabetes; 10119:Glossary of diabetes 10078:Open Insulin Project 9914:Embryonic stem cells 9651:Gestational diabetes 8796:10.3390/ijms24010658 7677:: 2042018820980225. 7202:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa435 6144:10.1210/jc.2014-2136 5505:10.1136/ebm.13.6.173 4759:. 2006. p. 21. 4715:10.2147/DMSO.S319895 3348:Oman Medical Journal 2444:(10053): 1545–1602. 2191:"Causes of Diabetes" 1930:Apollonius Memphites 1843:super-region in 2021 1344:gestational diabetes 1297:gestational diabetes 1249:gestational diabetes 809:gestational diabetes 647:psychological stress 616:Bacteroides vulgatus 568:acanthosis nigricans 381:gestational diabetes 353:may occur; however, 335:diabetic retinopathy 279:adult-onset diabetes 200:, lack of exercise, 164:diabetic retinopathy 10129:History of diabetes 10114:Outline of diabetes 10043:Diabetic foot ulcer 10028:Diabetic dermopathy 9987:Organs in diabetes 9919:Artificial pancreas 9879:Diabetes medication 9776:Glycated hemoglobin 9151:10.3310/alert_40652 8737:10.7759/cureus.7614 8518:10.4158/EP09170.RAR 8380:10.3310/alert_42103 6861:. 30 September 2020 5879:2014PLoSO...993471X 5421:10.3310/alert_48878 5018:(Suppl 1): S64-71. 4581:Journal of Diabetes 4108:10.1038/nature18642 4100:2016Natur.536...41F 4008:10.1017/thg.2015.83 3515:10.1038/nature18646 3507:2016Natur.535..376P 3360:10.5001/omj.2012.68 3163:(Suppl 3): S100-5. 1906:History of diabetes 1814:Weight loss surgery 1671:Blood sugar control 1584:Calorie restriction 1499:Diabetes management 1468:all-cause mortality 1332:physical inactivity 1206:140–199 mg/dL 1195:100–125 mg/dL 1161: 1142:glycated hemoglobin 957: 868:Disposition metrics 703:Sedentary lifestyle 691:monounsaturated fat 560:Alzheimer's disease 409:glycated hemoglobin 181:Middle or older age 10093:World Diabetes Day 9681:Insulin resistance 9532:Insulin resistance 9407:glucose metabolism 9334:External resources 8669:IDF Diabetes Atlas 8506:Endocrine Practice 5932:(10170): 434–445. 5116:. In Lee M (ed.). 4975:10.2337/dci15-0012 3257:10.1002/lary.24354 1845: 1723:thiazolidinediones 1698:recommend using a 1668: 1596:Mediterranean diet 1167:Diabetes mellitus 1159: 950: 881:insulin resistance 879:in the setting of 873: 817:Cushing's syndrome 783:Medical conditions 572:sexual dysfunction 525:low blood pressure 505:vaginal infections 477: 467:Signs and symptoms 368:. Some people are 303:frequent urination 291:insulin resistance 264:392 million (2015) 128:frequent urination 10160:Types of diabetes 10142: 10141: 9836:Disposition index 9766:Blood sugar level 9636:Type 1 diabetes ( 9583: 9582: 9472:Template:Diabetes 9368: 9367: 8966:978-0-387-09840-1 8682:978-2-930229-98-0 8644:10.2337/dc16-0236 8590:(9833): 2300–11. 8330:(12): 1019–1032. 8246:10.2337/dc10-0555 7734:(15): 1580–1591. 7620:(10): 1392–1400. 7578:10.2337/dc22-S009 7243:10.2337/dc18-1126 7152:10.2337/dc12-9002 7069:10.2337/dc14-S120 6930:10.2337/dc21-S008 6775:10.1002/msj.20118 6667:(12): 2527–2545. 6516:10.2337/dc12-2480 6337:10.1136/bmj.d4169 6290:(17): 1296–1303. 6089:(12): 1808–1817. 5781:10.1136/bmj.c4229 5681:10.1136/bmj.i3857 5234:10.2337/dc24-S002 5127:978-1-58528-345-3 5098:978-1-58255-732-8 5066:978-0-7216-0187-8 5024:10.2337/dc12-s064 4913:10.2337/dc10-S062 4864:10.2337/dc09-9033 4766:978-92-4-159493-6 4634:978-1-58255-732-8 4544:10.1111/dom.13005 4328:10.2337/dc10-0666 4196:978-1-58829-794-5 3797:10.1136/bmj.e1454 3748:10.2337/dc10-1079 2931:978-1-4398-2759-8 2882:10.2337/dc12-0669 2786:10.1038/nm0106-75 2745:978-1-4496-4660-8 2554:978-0-07-162243-1 2492:978-0-12-384929-8 2415:978-1-4377-0324-5 2116:10.2337/dc14-0984 2045:on 5 August 2007. 2020:on 26 August 2013 1953:Frederick Banting 1868:Pacific Islanders 1644:stress management 1638:Stress management 1444:glucose tolerance 1436:systematic review 1413:systematic review 1370:African-Caribbean 1287:over 25) or have 1221: 1220: 1112: 1111: 1089:Diabetes mellitus 956: 936:disposition index 761:). These include 683:trans fatty acids 659:Pacific Islanders 564:vascular dementia 447:Bariatric surgery 283:diabetes mellitus 268: 267: 242:bariatric surgery 209:Diagnostic method 21:Medical condition 10172: 9874:Diet in diabetes 9610: 9603: 9596: 9587: 9586: 9499:Oxyhyperglycemia 9395: 9388: 9381: 9372: 9371: 9246: 9245: 9212: 9211: 9201: 9169: 9163: 9162: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9118: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9054: 9048: 9047: 9037: 9005: 8996: 8995: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8948: 8927: 8926: 8916: 8892: 8886: 8885: 8875: 8857: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8816: 8798: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8757: 8739: 8715: 8709: 8708: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8674: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8646: 8622: 8616: 8615: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8501: 8492: 8491: 8473: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8432: 8422: 8420:10.3310/hta13410 8398: 8392: 8391: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8347: 8315: 8309: 8308: 8298: 8289:(9): 3097–3110. 8274: 8268: 8267: 8257: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8208: 8198: 8170: 8161: 8160: 8150: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8101: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8060: 8028: 8022: 8021: 8011: 8000:10.1136/bmj.i717 7979: 7973: 7972: 7962: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7921: 7919:10.3310/hta14360 7897: 7891: 7890: 7880: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7803: 7777: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7751: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7702: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7645: 7626:10.7326/M21-2941 7605: 7599: 7598: 7580: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7507: 7501: 7500: 7490: 7480: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7439: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7389:(12): CD014881. 7374: 7368: 7367: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7302: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7245: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7204: 7195:(6): 1515–1530. 7180: 7174: 7173: 7163: 7146:(8): 1798–1808. 7131: 7125: 7124: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7071: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7030: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6989: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6932: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6892:. September 2023 6880: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6733: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6684: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6635: 6625: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6576: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6527: 6510:(5): 1384–1395. 6495: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6476:10.7326/M17-0939 6454: 6448: 6447: 6437: 6413: 6402: 6401: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6348: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6299: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6258: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6155: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6106: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6057: 6040:(12): CD005061. 6025: 6014: 6013: 6003: 5986:(12): CD008558. 5971: 5960: 5959: 5941: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5900: 5890: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5841: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5792: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5693: 5683: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5607: 5583: 5574: 5573: 5563: 5546:(12): CD003054. 5531: 5525: 5524: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5471: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5371: 5362: 5361: 5351: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5302: 5300:10.7326/M14-2221 5278: 5272: 5271: 5265: 5257: 5248: 10725812. 5213: 5198: 5197: 5179: 5155: 5140: 5139: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5086: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5035: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4986: 4969:(9): 1777–1803. 4954: 4935: 4934: 4924: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4875: 4843: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4819:. Archived from 4812: 4806: 4805: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4754: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4727: 4717: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4648: 4639: 4638: 4622: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4596: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4555: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4423: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4339: 4322:(7): 1674–1685. 4307: 4301: 4300: 4290: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4226:(6): 1097–1109. 4215: 4209: 4208: 4178: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4119: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4054: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4010: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3961: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3924: 3916: 3906: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3857: 3840:(9838): 219–29. 3825: 3819: 3818: 3808: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3759: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3710: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3653: 3629: 3620: 3619: 3609: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3501:(7612): 376–81. 3486: 3480: 3479: 3469: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3428: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3379: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3322: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3245:The Laryngoscope 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3125: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3096: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3012: 2987: 2986: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2913: 2904: 2903: 2893: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2844: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2769: 2758: 2757: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2710: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2597: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2540: 2505: 2504: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2461: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2401: 2360: 2359: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2303: 2293: 2269: 2260: 2259: 2240:10.7326/M15-2650 2222: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2187: 2168: 2167: 2147: 2138: 2137: 2127: 2095: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2062: 2047: 2046: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2006: 1916: 1913: 1876:Native Americans 1857:developing world 1545:eye examinations 1514:microalbuminuria 1510:high cholesterol 1229:retinal problems 1214:≥200 mg/dL 1203:≥200 mg/dL 1192:≥126 mg/dL 1189:Fasting glucose 1162: 1158: 967:Fasting glucose 958: 952: 949: 849:anorexia nervosa 841:Eating disorders 825:pheochromocytoma 767:Donohue syndrome 699:lack of exercise 610:Prevotella copri 548:hospitalizations 459: 456: 319:pins and needles 315:increased hunger 309:and unexplained 299:increased thirst 287:high blood sugar 253:10 year shorter 136:increased hunger 124:Increased thirst 97: 96: 93: 92: 89: 86: 83: 80: 77: 74: 71: 48: 24: 23: 10180: 10179: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10170: 10169: 10145: 10144: 10143: 10138: 10102: 10073:T1International 10065: 10064:Advocacy & 10059: 9935: 9884:Insulin therapy 9840: 9752: 9619: 9614: 9584: 9579: 9553: 9537:Hyperinsulinism 9517: 9511:Whipple's triad 9478: 9409: 9401:Disease of the 9399: 9369: 9364: 9363: 9329: 9328: 9257: 9221: 9216: 9215: 9170: 9166: 9137: 9136: 9132: 9079: 9075: 9066: 9064: 9056: 9055: 9051: 9006: 8999: 8986: 8982: 8967: 8949: 8930: 8893: 8889: 8834: 8830: 8775: 8771: 8716: 8712: 8701: 8697: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8672: 8664: 8660: 8623: 8619: 8580: 8576: 8537: 8533: 8502: 8495: 8450: 8446: 8399: 8395: 8366: 8365: 8361: 8316: 8312: 8275: 8271: 8240:(6): 1395–402. 8226: 8222: 8189:(3): e1001971. 8171: 8164: 8119: 8115: 8078: 8074: 8029: 8025: 7980: 7976: 7939: 7935: 7898: 7894: 7863:(7): CD006383. 7849: 7845: 7821: 7817: 7786:(3): CD006063. 7775: 7769: 7765: 7720: 7716: 7663: 7659: 7606: 7602: 7555: 7551: 7508: 7504: 7471:(4): e1001204. 7457: 7453: 7416: 7412: 7375: 7371: 7320: 7316: 7285:(9): CD006424. 7271: 7267: 7222: 7218: 7181: 7177: 7132: 7128: 7099:(5): 966–1002. 7089: 7085: 7048: 7044: 7007: 7003: 6972:(1): CD006296. 6958: 6954: 6909: 6905: 6895: 6893: 6882: 6881: 6874: 6864: 6862: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6808:(10): 545–555. 6794: 6790: 6759: 6755: 6716:(3): CD002968. 6702: 6698: 6653: 6649: 6608:(4): CD004714. 6594: 6590: 6545: 6541: 6496: 6492: 6455: 6451: 6414: 6405: 6366: 6362: 6317: 6313: 6276: 6272: 6235: 6231: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6173: 6169: 6138:(10): 3551–60. 6124: 6120: 6075: 6071: 6026: 6017: 5972: 5963: 5918: 5914: 5859: 5855: 5810: 5806: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5717:(3): CD005102. 5711: 5707: 5660: 5656: 5625: 5621: 5584: 5577: 5532: 5528: 5489: 5485: 5440: 5436: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5373: 5372: 5365: 5334:(6): CD005266. 5320: 5316: 5279: 5275: 5259: 5258: 5214: 5201: 5156: 5143: 5128: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5053: 5049: 5004: 5000: 4955: 4938: 4893: 4889: 4844: 4835: 4826: 4824: 4813: 4809: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4694: 4690: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4573: 4569: 4520: 4516: 4484: 4480: 4441: 4437: 4400: 4396: 4357: 4353: 4308: 4304: 4259: 4255: 4216: 4212: 4197: 4179: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4153: 4151: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4094:(7614): 41–47. 4080: 4076: 4031: 4024: 3987: 3983: 3938: 3934: 3918: 3917: 3875: 3871: 3826: 3822: 3777: 3773: 3742:(11): 2477–83. 3728: 3724: 3693:(11): 1356–64. 3679: 3675: 3630: 3623: 3578: 3574: 3542: 3538: 3487: 3483: 3446: 3442: 3411:(9): 671–682D. 3397: 3393: 3340: 3336: 3287: 3280: 3241: 3237: 3228: 3226: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3197: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3153: 3149: 3126: 3103: 3094: 3092: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3056: 3052: 3013: 2990: 2951: 2947: 2932: 2914: 2907: 2876:(12): 2515–20. 2862: 2858: 2813: 2809: 2774:Nature Medicine 2770: 2761: 2746: 2728: 2724: 2679: 2675: 2624: 2620: 2598: 2580:(3): CD002966. 2574: 2570: 2555: 2541: 2508: 2493: 2479: 2475: 2430: 2423: 2416: 2402: 2363: 2324: 2317: 2270: 2263: 2223: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2189: 2188: 2171: 2148: 2141: 2110:(11): 3124–31. 2096: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2076:on 6 March 2016 2064: 2063: 2050: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2023: 2021: 2008: 2007: 1982: 1977: 1968: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1833: 1827: 1819:body mass index 1811: 1785: 1759: 1704:SGLT2 inhibitor 1679: 1673: 1660: 1648:Cochrane review 1640: 1581: 1575: 1566: 1561: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1501: 1495: 1478:, or non-fatal 1397: 1391: 1356: 1312:Asian Americans 1266: 1241:type 1 diabetes 1234: 1226: 1178: 1147: 973: 964:2-hour glucose 948: 857: 855:Pathophysiology 851:decreasing it. 845:bulimia nervosa 821:hyperthyroidism 789:glucocorticoids 785: 725: 717:Main articles: 715: 687:polyunsaturated 663:waist–hip ratio 639:body mass index 631: 625: 605:DNA methylation 588: 539: 533: 469: 457: 435:dietary changes 377:type 1 diabetes 281:, is a form of 271:Type 2 diabetes 255:life expectancy 234:Dietary changes 101: 68: 64: 38: 36: 27:Type 2 diabetes 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10178: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10069: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10046: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10033:Diabetic bulla 10030: 10020: 10019: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9985: 9984: 9983: 9978: 9968: 9967: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9949:Diabetic comas 9945: 9943: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9933: 9932: 9931: 9923: 9922: 9921: 9916: 9908: 9906:Diabetic shoes 9903: 9902: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9864: 9856: 9850: 9848: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9762: 9760: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9728: 9718: 9717: 9716: 9689: 9683: 9678: 9677: 9676: 9671: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9647: 9641: 9634: 9633:(SAID cluster) 9627: 9625: 9621: 9620: 9613: 9612: 9605: 9598: 9590: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9561: 9559: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9551: 9546: 9545: 9544: 9534: 9528: 9526: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9515: 9514: 9513: 9503: 9502: 9501: 9490: 9488: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9476: 9475: 9474: 9463: 9462: 9461: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9419: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9398: 9397: 9390: 9383: 9375: 9366: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9359:article/117853 9350: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9331: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9315: 9304: 9293: 9274: 9258: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9249:Classification 9243: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9220: 9219:External links 9217: 9214: 9213: 9184:(1): e000962. 9164: 9130: 9093:(1): e000962. 9073: 9049: 9020:(3): 290–296. 8997: 8980: 8965: 8928: 8907:(5): 1047–53. 8887: 8848:(3): 185–202. 8828: 8769: 8710: 8695: 8681: 8658: 8617: 8574: 8531: 8493: 8444: 8393: 8359: 8310: 8269: 8220: 8162: 8133:(5): 400–406. 8113: 8092:(5): 773–785. 8072: 8043:(9): e026686. 8023: 7974: 7953:(3): 215–240. 7933: 7892: 7843: 7832:(23): 4301–6. 7815: 7763: 7714: 7657: 7600: 7549: 7502: 7451: 7410: 7369: 7334:(9): 547–560. 7314: 7265: 7236:(5): 755–766. 7216: 7175: 7126: 7083: 7042: 7001: 6952: 6903: 6872: 6846: 6788: 6769:(3): 257–268. 6753: 6696: 6647: 6588: 6559:(2): 180–195. 6539: 6490: 6469:(8): 569–576. 6449: 6403: 6360: 6311: 6270: 6249:(6): 603–615. 6229: 6211: 6184:(2): 330–336. 6167: 6118: 6069: 6015: 5961: 5912: 5853: 5824:(5): 363–375. 5804: 5755: 5705: 5654: 5635:(5): 953–969. 5619: 5598:(8): 543–551. 5575: 5526: 5483: 5454:(7): 419–426. 5434: 5400: 5363: 5314: 5293:(11): 765–76. 5273: 5199: 5170:(8): 736–743. 5141: 5126: 5104: 5097: 5072: 5065: 5047: 4998: 4936: 4887: 4858:(7): 1327–34. 4833: 4807: 4772: 4765: 4739: 4688: 4640: 4633: 4608: 4567: 4514: 4478: 4435: 4414:(5): 799–806. 4394: 4367:(1–2): 40–43. 4351: 4302: 4273:(4): 342–347. 4253: 4210: 4195: 4170: 4160: 4131: 4074: 4045:(6): 679–692. 4022: 4001:(6): 762–771. 3981: 3932: 3889:(9): 811–829. 3869: 3820: 3771: 3722: 3673: 3621: 3592:(12): 958–67. 3572: 3536: 3481: 3440: 3391: 3354:(4): 269–273. 3334: 3278: 3251:(3): 767–776. 3235: 3219:Diabetes Daily 3206: 3182: 3147: 3101: 3077: 3050: 2988: 2961:(1084): 63–9. 2945: 2930: 2905: 2856: 2807: 2759: 2744: 2722: 2673: 2618: 2568: 2553: 2506: 2491: 2473: 2421: 2414: 2361: 2334:(3): 385–411. 2315: 2261: 2234:(11): 740–51. 2212: 2169: 2139: 2087: 2048: 2030: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1901: 1898: 1826: 1823: 1810: 1807: 1801:Sharing their 1784: 1781: 1758: 1755: 1672: 1669: 1659: 1656: 1639: 1636: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1494: 1491: 1407:In those with 1393:Main article: 1390: 1387: 1354: 1320:blood pressure 1293:family history 1265: 1262: 1232: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1217:Not available 1215: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1145: 1138: 1137: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 975: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 947: 944: 856: 853: 827:, and certain 784: 781: 714: 711: 637:(defined by a 627:Main article: 624: 621: 587: 584: 535:Main article: 532: 529: 493:blurred vision 468: 465: 428:saturated fats 343:kidney failure 266: 265: 262: 258: 257: 251: 245: 244: 231: 227: 226: 225:, healthy diet 219: 215: 214: 211: 205: 204: 195: 191: 190: 187: 183: 182: 179: 175: 174: 168:kidney failure 145: 139: 138: 130:, unexplained 121: 115: 114: 109: 103: 102: 100: 99: 61: 59: 55: 54: 50: 49: 41: 40: 33: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10177: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10105: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10066:Organizations 10062: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10050:Hyperglycemia 10048: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10021: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9991:Blood vessels 9989: 9988: 9986: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9971:Diabetic foot 9969: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9942: 9941:Complications 9938: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9843: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9719: 9715: 9712: 9709: 9706: 9703: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9648: 9645: 9642: 9639: 9635: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9611: 9606: 9604: 9599: 9597: 9592: 9591: 9588: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9547: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9520: 9512: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9504: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9494:Hyperglycemia 9492: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9485:blood glucose 9481: 9473: 9469: 9468: 9467: 9466:Complications 9464: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9451: 9448: 9445: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9396: 9391: 9389: 9384: 9382: 9377: 9376: 9373: 9360: 9356: 9355: 9351: 9349: 9345: 9344: 9340: 9339: 9336: 9332: 9325: 9321: 9320: 9316: 9314: 9310: 9309: 9305: 9303: 9299: 9298: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9273: 9269: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9259: 9256: 9251: 9247: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9222: 9209: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9168: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9143:NIHR Evidence 9140: 9134: 9126: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9077: 9063: 9059: 9053: 9045: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9004: 9002: 8993: 8992: 8984: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8924: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8901:Diabetes Care 8898: 8891: 8883: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8832: 8824: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8773: 8765: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8714: 8706: 8699: 8684: 8678: 8671: 8670: 8662: 8654: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8637:(6): 861–77. 8636: 8632: 8631:Diabetes Care 8628: 8621: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8578: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8535: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8512:(6): 624–31. 8511: 8507: 8500: 8498: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8464:(2): 119–24. 8463: 8459: 8455: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8372:NIHR Evidence 8369: 8363: 8355: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8314: 8306: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8234:Diabetes Care 8231: 8224: 8216: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8183:PLOS Medicine 8180: 8176: 8169: 8167: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8117: 8109: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8027: 8019: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7978: 7970: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7937: 7929: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7912:(36): 1–248. 7911: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7847: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7819: 7811: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7759: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7565: 7564:Diabetes Care 7560: 7553: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7506: 7498: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7465:PLOS Medicine 7462: 7455: 7447: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7430:(3): 313–24. 7429: 7425: 7421: 7414: 7405: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7318: 7310: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7269: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7230:Diabetes Care 7227: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7179: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7140:Diabetes Care 7137: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7056:Diabetes Care 7053: 7046: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7005: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6917:Diabetes Care 6914: 6907: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6879: 6877: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6757: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6584: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6504:Diabetes Care 6501: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6428:(3): 429–42. 6427: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6376:(4): 288–93. 6375: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5873:(3): e93471. 5872: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5849: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5580: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5413:NIHR Evidence 5410: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5379:NIHR Evidence 5376: 5370: 5368: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5269: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5222:Diabetes Care 5219: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5076: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5012:Diabetes Care 5009: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4963:Diabetes Care 4960: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4901:Diabetes Care 4898: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4852:Diabetes Care 4849: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4823:on 2007-05-29 4822: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4750: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4708:: 3567–3602. 4707: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4647: 4645: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4620: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4495:(1): E1–E15. 4494: 4490: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4316:Diabetes Care 4313: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4175: 4164: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4027: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3952:(6): 537–53. 3951: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3928: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3736:Diabetes Care 3733: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3644:(8): 549–58. 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3626: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3553:(3): 309–19. 3552: 3548: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3460:(3): 437–45. 3459: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870:Diabetes Care 2867: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2827:(2): 165–74. 2826: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2693:(2): 105–11. 2692: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2426: 2417: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2320: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2266: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2200: 2197:. June 2014. 2196: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2165: 2161: 2158:(2): 99–105. 2157: 2153: 2146: 2144: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104:Diabetes Care 2101: 2094: 2092: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2044: 2040: 2034: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1980: 1972: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1806: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1747:(NPH) insulin 1744: 1740: 1734: 1732: 1731:Rosiglitazone 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719:sulfonylureas 1715: 1713: 1712:heart failure 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1664: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1579:Diabetic diet 1570: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1534: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1500: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1426:sulphonylurea 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1402:dietary fiber 1396: 1386: 1385:populations. 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1366:Black African 1363: 1358: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1326:, history of 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1230: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1143: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1117: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 976: 960: 959: 955: 943: 939: 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 897: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 869: 863: 859: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797:beta blockers 794: 790: 780: 778: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 749: 745: 742: 738: 734: 730: 724: 720: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679:saturated fat 676: 671: 668: 667:Lack of sleep 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 645:, poor diet, 644: 640: 636: 630: 620: 618: 617: 612: 611: 606: 602: 598: 594: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 538: 531:Complications 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 513:loss of taste 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 473: 464: 462: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 358: 357:is uncommon. 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 327:heart disease 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 263: 259: 256: 252: 250: 246: 243: 239: 235: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 210: 206: 203: 199: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 173: 170:, lower-limb 169: 165: 161: 157: 156:heart disease 153: 149: 146: 144: 143:Complications 140: 137: 133: 129: 125: 122: 120: 116: 113: 112:Endocrinology 110: 108: 104: 95: 63: 62: 60: 58:Pronunciation 56: 51: 47: 42: 34: 30: 25: 19: 10055:Hypoglycemia 9959:Ketoacidosis 9954:Hypoglycemia 9894:conventional 9796:Glucose test 9791:Fructosamine 9643: 9506:Hypoglycemia 9430: 9352: 9341: 9317: 9306: 9295: 9276: 9261: 9181: 9177: 9167: 9142: 9133: 9090: 9086: 9076: 9065:. 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Retrieved 6858: 6849: 6841: 6805: 6801: 6791: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6664: 6661:Diabetologia 6660: 6650: 6605: 6601: 6591: 6556: 6552: 6542: 6507: 6503: 6493: 6466: 6462: 6452: 6425: 6422:Diabetologia 6421: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6328: 6324: 6314: 6287: 6283: 6273: 6246: 6242: 6232: 6222:. May 2009. 6214: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6135: 6131: 6121: 6086: 6082: 6072: 6037: 6033: 5983: 5979: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5870: 5866: 5856: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5772: 5768: 5758: 5714: 5708: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5595: 5591: 5543: 5539: 5529: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5412: 5403: 5378: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5290: 5286: 5276: 5262:cite journal 5225: 5221: 5167: 5163: 5117: 5107: 5082: 5075: 5056: 5050: 5015: 5011: 5001: 4966: 4962: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4855: 4851: 4825:. 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Retrieved 2018:the original 2013: 1969: 1961: 1957:Charles Best 1942: 1934:Roman empire 1925: 1921: 1909: 1881: 1864:South Asians 1861: 1846: 1825:Epidemiology 1812: 1800: 1794: 1786: 1764: 1760: 1735: 1716: 1680: 1641: 1632: 1600:low-fat diet 1589: 1582: 1567: 1542: 1538:over-treated 1533:hypoglycemia 1518: 1506:hypertension 1502: 1484: 1430: 1406: 1398: 1359: 1352: 1348:pancreatitis 1324:hypertension 1305: 1274: 1267: 1238: 1222: 1170:Prediabetes 1139: 1113: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 940: 933: 898: 874: 858: 833:glucagonomas 786: 775: 752: 726: 672: 655:Pima Indians 651:urbanization 632: 614: 608: 589: 580:hearing loss 540: 503:, recurrent 478: 451: 432: 413: 374: 364:and lack of 359: 355:ketoacidosis 278: 274: 270: 269: 18: 10098:Diabetes UK 9826:SPINA-GBeta 9758:Blood tests 9664:Prediabetes 9436:gestational 9343:MedlinePlus 7021:(1): 1–13. 6896:29 November 6865:29 November 6553:Circulation 5752:(Retracted) 5731:10149/92337 4522:Hannon TS, 4451:(12): 138. 3687:Circulation 3289:Risérus U, 3195:Mayo Clinic 2205:10 February 2080:10 February 1926:honey urine 1915: 1500 1787:The use of 1774:(ARBs), or 1685:available. 1658:Medications 1652:mindfulness 1549:gum disease 1450:, elevated 1446:, impaired 1383:Bangladeshi 1374:South Asian 1360:In the UK, 1340:prediabetes 1200:2h glucose 1009:DCCT % 750:functions. 601:nutritional 458: 1500 422:and low in 370:genetically 347:amputations 311:weight loss 240:, insulin, 178:Usual onset 172:amputations 132:weight loss 32:Other names 10149:Categories 9854:Prevention 9846:Management 9771:Biomarkers 9570:Insulinoma 9319:DiseasesDB 9067:2024-03-20 9016:(Review). 8789:(1): 658. 6623:2164/20480 5499:(6): 173. 4827:2007-05-29 4755:. Geneva: 4168:PMC6463748 4154:2008-08-04 3291:Willett WC 3229:2024-03-20 3200:2024-03-20 3095:2024-03-20 3064:StatPearls 2918:"Diabetes" 2652:1871/48558 2024:2012-01-09 1975:References 1675:See also: 1606:such as a 1493:Management 1389:Prevention 1281:overweight 1268:Universal 961:Condition 877:beta cells 813:acromegaly 777:Epigenetic 695:white rice 635:overweight 489:polyphagia 485:polydipsia 420:vegetables 393:beta cells 389:autoimmune 223:exercising 218:Prevention 213:Blood test 9899:pulsatile 9889:intensive 9801:C-peptide 9731:Permanent 9726:Transient 9691:Type 3a ( 9575:Insulitis 9525:disorders 9483:Abnormal 9354:eMedicine 9159:242997909 9107:2052-4897 8975:663097550 8864:1948-9358 8805:1422-0067 8746:2168-8184 8569:207551737 8388:242149388 7691:2042-0188 7634:1539-3704 7595:245538347 7544:226280186 7348:1759-5029 7121:226250006 7015:Nutrition 6947:228087486 6838:220651657 6822:1759-5037 6331:: d4169. 6206:244580173 5775:: c4229. 5674:: i3857. 5429:247390548 5395:251299176 5242:0149-5992 5186:0098-7484 5136:859778842 4683:209341381 4661:: 76–82. 4205:261324723 3791:: e1454. 3368:1999-768X 3060:"Ageusia" 3045:207535925 2940:725919496 2754:758391750 2668:205176936 2563:613429053 2501:965646175 1922:madhumeha 1853:developed 1796:Vitamin D 1776:aliskiren 1687:Metformin 1620:hazelnuts 1559:Lifestyle 1487:vitamin D 1460:metformin 1417:metformin 1411:, a 2019 1270:screening 1264:Screening 1258:C-peptide 1184:5.7–6.4% 1033:< 6.0 946:Diagnosis 905:fat cells 793:thiazides 755:monogenic 748:beta cell 733:inherited 623:Lifestyle 497:itchiness 439:metformin 339:blindness 261:Frequency 249:Prognosis 238:metformin 230:Treatment 189:Long term 107:Specialty 9831:SPINA-GR 9721:Neonatal 9649:Type 4 ( 9640:cluster) 9617:Diabetes 9415:Diabetes 9403:pancreas 9208:32385076 9125:32385076 9044:31520618 8923:15111519 8882:35432755 8823:36614099 8764:32399348 8688:18 March 8653:27222544 8604:22683132 8561:21293081 8526:19625245 8488:31797748 8480:19276974 8439:19726018 8354:32532814 8305:28957454 8264:20508233 8215:26954482 8175:Davis BR 8157:28844155 8108:24687000 8067:31575567 8037:BMJ Open 8018:26920333 7994:: i717. 7969:31451236 7928:20646668 7887:21735405 7838:23217404 7810:17636824 7758:29677303 7709:33489086 7652:36191315 7643:10155215 7587:34964831 7536:33159841 7497:22509138 7446:27434443 7364:34925223 7356:28664919 7309:25188210 7300:10680058 7260:58665219 7252:30617143 7211:33693499 7170:22778165 7113:33141798 7078:24357208 7037:25287761 6996:19160276 6939:33298419 6889:UpToDate 6830:32690918 6783:19421969 6748:25505640 6740:16855995 6691:27747395 6642:35420698 6583:28069712 6534:23589542 6485:29507945 6444:25583541 6398:20819316 6390:21577100 6355:21791495 6306:22868819 6265:25668264 6224:Archived 6198:34893413 6162:25062463 6113:29114778 6064:30592787 6010:31794067 5956:58632705 5948:30638909 5907:24682091 5867:PLOS ONE 5848:28397016 5799:20724400 5747:23039006 5739:18646120 5700:27510511 5649:21855702 5614:24126648 5570:29205264 5521:26714233 5513:19043031 5478:33989535 5358:32470201 5309:25867111 5254:38078589 5194:34427594 5042:22187472 4993:26246459 4931:20042775 4882:19502545 4802:20194231 4734:34413662 4675:31831356 4603:38169110 4562:28493515 4509:17341552 4465:29168047 4430:18832284 4389:22222112 4381:19444934 4346:20587728 4297:21499090 4248:21532595 4240:16255667 4148:Archived 4126:27398621 4069:43548816 4061:21198561 4017:26678054 3976:41018361 3968:22372998 3913:29589226 3864:22818936 3815:22422870 3766:20693348 3717:20308626 3668:45708828 3660:21807927 3616:26388413 3567:20493574 3523:27409811 3476:20071652 3435:24101783 3386:23071876 3329:19032965 3273:25569962 3265:23945844 3223:Archived 3177:21211730 3142:19145963 3072:31747182 3037:20194231 2983:28169759 2975:26621825 2900:23173134 2851:19466209 2794:16397575 2717:25859264 2660:22258959 2613:26421423 2594:16034881 2468:27733282 2356:29670619 2348:15669880 2310:26090370 2256:32016657 2248:27088241 2199:Archived 2164:18939392 2134:25342831 1966:Research 1945:Sushruta 1890:epidemic 1855:and the 1751:pregnant 1739:glargine 1594:(DASH), 1564:Exercise 1456:acarbose 1433:Cochrane 1254:antibody 1083:6.0–6.4 1077:< 126 1074:< 7.0 1058:6.0–6.4 1046:< 140 1043:< 7.8 1027:< 110 1024:< 6.1 1021:< 140 1018:< 7.8 1004:mmol/mol 913:glucagon 909:incretin 831:such as 765:(MODY), 713:Genetics 556:dementia 481:polyuria 397:pancreas 366:exercise 202:genetics 186:Duration 119:Symptoms 9523:Insulin 9313:D003924 9199:7228474 9116:7228474 9035:7054139 8873:8984567 8814:9820420 8755:7213678 8612:5198462 8345:7785164 8255:2875463 8206:4783064 8148:5600262 8058:6773352 8009:4770818 7878:6486036 7801:7389529 7749:5933330 7700:7809522 7488:3323508 7404:8701561 7161:3402256 6987:6486008 6731:8989410 6682:6207340 6633:9009294 6574:5502688 6525:3631867 6346:3144314 6153:4483466 6104:5820728 6055:6517235 6001:6889926 5898:3969361 5875:Bibcode 5839:5506108 5790:2924474 5691:4979358 5561:6486271 5469:8208895 5349:7259754 5033:3632174 4984:4876675 4922:2797383 4873:2699715 4725:8369920 4553:6095472 4524:Kahn SE 4473:3688434 4337:2890380 4288:3341610 4117:5034897 4096:Bibcode 3904:6133005 3855:3645500 3806:3307808 3757:2963518 3708:2862465 3607:4656094 3531:4459808 3503:Bibcode 3426:3790213 3377:3464757 3320:2654180 2891:3507562 2842:2846552 2802:1042625 2708:4389109 2459:5055577 2301:4468896 2125:4207202 1949:Charaka 1900:History 1892:by the 1885:obesity 1872:Latinos 1809:Surgery 1789:aspirin 1743:detemir 1616:almonds 1612:walnuts 1464:placebo 1421:placebo 1378:Chinese 1289:obesity 1132:with a 1052:110–125 1049:6.1–7.0 1030:< 42 925:kidneys 923:by the 911:, high 903:within 893:glucose 829:cancers 805:statins 597:Obesity 509:fatigue 411:(A1C). 395:in the 385:insulin 362:obesity 307:fatigue 295:insulin 198:Obesity 10011:Retina 10006:Nerves 10001:Kidney 9996:Muscle 9925:Other 9743:Type 3 9699:Type 1 9644:Type 2 9631:Type 1 9487:levels 9431:type 2 9426:type 1 9422:Types 9348:000313 9302:125853 9291:250.02 9287:250.00 9206: 9196: 9157: 9123: 9113: 9105: 9042: 9032: 8973: 8963: 8921: 8880: 8870: 8862: 8821: 8811: 8803: 8762: 8752: 8744: 8724:Cureus 8679: 8651: 8610: 8602: 8584:Lancet 8567: 8559: 8524: 8486: 8478: 8437: 8386: 8352: 8342: 8303: 8262: 8252: 8213: 8203: 8155: 8145: 8106: 8065: 8055: 8016: 8006: 7967: 7926: 7885: 7875: 7836: 7808: 7798: 7756: 7746: 7707: 7697: 7689: 7650: 7640: 7632: 7593: 7585: 7542: 7534: 7495: 7485: 7444: 7401: 7362: 7354: 7346: 7307: 7297: 7258: 7250: 7209: 7168: 7158: 7119: 7111: 7076: 7035: 6994: 6984: 6945: 6937: 6836: 6828: 6820: 6781: 6746: 6738: 6728: 6689: 6679: 6640: 6630: 6581: 6571: 6532: 6522: 6483: 6442: 6396: 6388: 6353: 6343: 6304: 6263: 6204: 6196: 6160: 6150: 6111: 6101: 6062: 6052: 6008: 5998: 5954: 5946: 5926:Lancet 5905: 5895: 5846: 5836: 5797: 5787: 5745: 5737: 5698: 5688: 5647: 5612: 5568: 5558: 5519: 5511: 5476: 5466: 5427: 5393: 5356: 5346: 5307: 5252: 5240: 5192: 5184: 5134: 5124: 5095: 5063: 5040: 5030: 4991: 4981: 4929: 4919: 4880: 4870: 4800: 4763: 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