Metformin - Knowledge

1494:, and this may make them less prone to insulin resistance in later life. The use of metformin for gestational diabetes resulted in smaller babies compared to treatment with insulin. However, despite initially lower birth weight, children exposed to metformin during pregnancy had accelerated growth after birth, and were heavier by mid-childhood than those exposed to insulin during pregnancy. This pattern of initial low birth weight followed by catch-up growth that surpasses comparative children has been associated with long-term cardiometabolic disease. 1003: 980: 1651:, a process that metformin inhibits. In healthy individuals, this slight excess is cleared by other mechanisms (including uptake by unimpaired kidneys), and no significant elevation in blood levels of lactate occurs. Given severely impaired kidney function, clearance of metformin and lactate is reduced, increasing levels of both, and possibly causing lactic acid buildup. Because metformin decreases liver uptake of lactate, any condition that may precipitate lactic acidosis is a contraindication. Common causes include 40: 2296:, which is related in structure to metformin, and had seen brief use as an antidiabetic before the synthalins were developed. Later, working at Laboratoires Aron in Paris, he was prompted by Garcia's report to reinvestigate the blood sugar-lowering activity of metformin and several biguanide analogs. Sterne was the first to try metformin on humans for the treatment of diabetes; he coined the name "Glucophage" (glucose eater) for the medication and published his results in 1957. 2361: 2171: 2066: 31: 14459: 8967: 8494: 2384:. Common brand names include Glucophage, Riomet, Fortamet, and Glumetza in the US. In other areas of the world, there is also Obimet, Gluformin, Dianben, Diabex, Diaformin, Metsol, Siofor, Metfogamma and Glifor. There are several formulations of metformin available on the market, and all but the liquid form have generic equivalents. 8988: 2685:

A 2017 review found that people with diabetes who were taking metformin had lower all-cause mortality. They also had reduced cancer and cardiovascular disease compared with those on other therapies. In people without diabetes, metformin does not appear to reduce the risk of cancer and cardiovascular

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It was withdrawn from the market in the UK and India in 2010, and in New Zealand and South Africa in 2011. From November 2011 until November 2013 the FDA did not allow rosiglitazone or metformin/rosiglitazone to be sold without a prescription; moreover, makers were required to notify patients of the

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AMPK probably also plays a role in increased peripheral insulin sensitivity, as metformin administration increases AMPK activity in skeletal muscle. AMPK is known to cause GLUT4 deployment to the plasma membrane, resulting in insulin-independent glucose uptake. Some metabolic actions of metformin do

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Metformin-associated lactate production may also take place in the large intestine, which could potentially contribute to lactic acidosis in those with risk factors. The clinical significance of this is unknown, though, and the risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis is most commonly attributed

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and randomized controlled trials found metformin to be as effective and safe as insulin for the management of gestational diabetes. Nonetheless, several concerns have been raised and evidence on the long-term safety of metformin for both mother and child is lacking. Compared with insulin, women with

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In those with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), tentative evidence shows that metformin use increases the rate of live births. This includes in those who have not been able to get pregnant with clomiphene. Metformin does not appear to change the risk of miscarriage. A number of other benefits have

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of the nonionized species is slight as shown by its low logP value (log(10) of the distribution coefficient of the nonionized form between octanol and water) of −1.43. These chemical parameters indicate low lipophilicity and, consequently, rapid passive diffusion of metformin through cell membranes

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Lactic acidosis almost never occurs with metformin exposure during routine medical care. Rates of metformin-associated lactic acidosis are about nine per 100,000 persons/year, which is similar to the background rate of lactic acidosis in the general population. A systematic review concluded no data

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Gastrointestinal upset can cause severe discomfort; it is most common when metformin is first administered, or when the dose is increased. The discomfort can often be avoided by beginning at a low dose (1.0 to 1.7 g/day) and increasing the dose gradually, but even with low doses, 5% of people

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are similar to sulfonylureas, as they bind to beta cells in the pancreas, but differ by the site of binding to the intended receptor and the drugs' affinities to the receptor. As a result, they have a shorter duration of action compared to sulfonylureas, and require higher blood glucose levels to

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Metformin may be quantified in blood, plasma, or serum to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or to assist in a forensic death investigation. Blood or plasma metformin concentrations are usually in a range of 1–4 mg/L in persons receiving therapeutic doses, 40–120 mg/L in

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A 2019 systematic review suggested that there is limited evidence if the combined used of metformin with sulfonylurea compared to the combination of metformin plus another glucose-lowering intervention, provides benefit or harm in mortality, severe adverse events, macrovascular and microvascular

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Jalali M, Rahimlou M, Mahmoodi M, Moosavian SP, Symonds ME, Jalali R, et al. (September 2020). "The effects of metformin administration on liver enzymes and body composition in non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and/or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: An up-to date

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In June 2020, the FDA posted its laboratory results showing NDMA amounts in metformin products it tested. It found NDMA in certain lots of ER metformin, and is recommending companies recall lots with levels of NDMA above the acceptable intake limit of 96 nanograms per day. The FDA is also

8984: 2702:, with evidence of protective impact (reducing risk of cancer) and improving survival rates among patients in whom cancer has already developed. Despite promising findings, evidence is still preliminary and there is no consensus on its preventive and therapeutic role. 2259:

in animals. That year, Filipino physician Eusebio Y. Garcia used metformin (he named it Fluamine) to treat influenza; he noted the medication "lowered the blood sugar to minimum physiological limit" and was not toxic. Garcia believed metformin to have

6333:"Medical management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes" 8873: 8839: 6741:

Calello DP, Liu KD, Wiegand TJ, Roberts DM, Lavergne V, Gosselin S, et al. (August 2015). "Extracorporeal Treatment for Metformin Poisoning: Systematic Review and Recommendations From the Extracorporeal Treatments in Poisoning Workgroup".

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but could come with a greater frequency of side effects. There was uncertainty as to metformin's impact on miscarriage. The evidence does not support general use during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes in obese women.

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Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, et al. (June 2016). "Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".

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Campbell IW, ed. (September 2007). "Metformin – life begins at 50: A symposium held on the occasion of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, September 2007".

10274: 1588:; this complication is rare, and seems to be related to impaired liver or kidney function. Metformin is not approved for use in those with severe kidney disease, but may still be used at lower doses in those with kidney problems. 1266:

Metformin was first described in scientific literature in 1922 by Emil Werner and James Bell. French physician Jean Sterne began the study in humans in the 1950s. It was introduced as a medication in France in 1957. It is on the

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Panikar V, Chandalia HB, Joshi SR, Fafadia A, Santvana C (November 2003). "Beneficial effects of triple drug combination of pioglitazone with glibenclamide and metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients on insulin therapy".

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Activation of AMPK was required for metformin's inhibitory effect on liver glucose production. AMPK is an enzyme that plays an important role in insulin signaling, whole-body energy balance, and the metabolism of glucose and

8479: 1878:, and thereby reducing fasting glucose levels. Metformin also induces a profound shift in the faecal microbial community profile in diabetic mice, and this may contribute to its mode of action possibly through an effect on 1763:. This impairment may lead to more metformin being absorbed than without the presence of an anticholinergic drug, thereby increasing the concentration of metformin in the plasma and increasing the risk for adverse effects. 2634:

beyond its antidiabetic effect. Much of this has been attributed to its action on AMPK, although other mechanisms have been proposed. Metformin has been studied for its effects on multiple other conditions, including:

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Metformin has received substantial interest as an agent that delays aging, possibly through similar mechanisms as its treatment of diabetes (insulin and carbohydrate regulation). It has been studied in animal models

1643:(FDA) recommends avoiding the use of metformin in more severe chronic kidney disease, below the eGFR cutoff of 30 mL/minute/1.73 m. Lactate uptake by the liver is diminished with metformin use because lactate is a 11637:

Campbell JM, Bellman SM, Stephenson MD, Lisy K (November 2017). "Metformin reduces all-cause mortality and diseases of ageing independent of its effect on diabetes control: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Collier CA, Bruce CR, Smith AC, Lopaschuk G, Dyck DJ (July 2006). "Metformin counters the insulin-induced suppression of fatty acid oxidation and stimulation of triacylglycerol storage in rodent skeletal muscle".

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Kitwitee P, Limwattananon S, Limwattananon C, Waleekachonlert O, Ratanachotpanich T, Phimphilai M, et al. (September 2015). "Metformin for the treatment of gestational diabetes: An updated meta-analysis".

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Butalia S, Gutierrez L, Lodha A, Aitken E, Zakariasen A, Donovan L (January 2017). "Short- and long-term outcomes of metformin compared with insulin alone in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Day EA, Ford RJ, Smith BK, Mohammadi-Shemirani P, Morrow MR, Gutgesell RM, et al. (December 2019). "Metformin-induced increases in GDF15 are important for suppressing appetite and promoting weight loss".

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actions. In a series of articles in 1954, Polish pharmacologist Janusz Supniewski was unable to confirm most of these effects, including lowered blood sugar. Instead he observed antiviral effects in humans.

1827:, which in part accounts for its insulin-sensitizing effect with multiple actions on tissues including the liver, skeletal muscle, endothelium, adipose tissue, and the ovaries. The average patient with type 1901:. Increased peripheral use of glucose may be due to improved insulin binding to insulin receptors. The increase in insulin binding after metformin treatment has also been demonstrated in patients with type 9011:"Bayshore Pharmaceuticals, LLC Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets USP, 500 mg and 750 mg Due to the Detection of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Impurity" 8861: 8827: 4191:"Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)" 12579:"HL156A, a novel pharmacological agent with potent adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator activity ameliorates renal fibrosis in a rat unilateral ureteral obstruction model" 2698:

The potential anticancer effects of metformin are believed to be mediated through multiple pathways, particularly involving AMPK activation and IGF-1R modulation. Research has focused particularly on

9010: 8985:"Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Issues Voluntarily Nationwide Recall of Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets, 500mg and 1000mg Due to the Detection of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Impurity" 8760:"Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Metformin Hydrochloride Extended Release Tablets, USP, 500 mg and 750 mg, Due to Detection of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Impurity" 5298:

Nicholson W, Bolen S, Witkop CT, Neale D, Wilson L, Bass E (January 2009). "Benefits and risks of oral diabetes agents compared with insulin in women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review".

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metformin products. The five companies were not named, but they were revealed to be Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Actavis Pharma, Apotex Corp, Lupin Pharma, and Marksans Pharma Limited in a letter sent to

1469:. The guidelines suggest clomiphene as the first medication option and emphasize lifestyle modification independently from medical treatment. Metformin treatment decreases the risk of developing type 8793: 8759: 10979: 12493:

Campbell JM, Stephenson MD, de Courten B, Chapman I, Bellman SM, Aromataris E (August 2017). "Metformin and Alzheimer's disease, dementia and cognitive impairment: a systematic review protocol".

8828:"Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. Initiates Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets USP 500 mg and 750 mg Due to Detection of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)" 1369:

than the sulfonylureas, although hypoglycemia has uncommonly occurred during intense exercise, calorie deficit, or when used with other agents to lower blood glucose. Metformin modestly reduces

2236:-dimethylguanidine. In 1929, Slotta and Tschesche discovered its sugar-lowering action in rabbits, finding it the most potent biguanide analog they studied. This result was ignored, as other 6497: 10526: 10492: 9631:"Determination of polar organic micropollutants in surface and pore water by high-resolution sampling-direct injection-ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry" 8737: 10458: 10262: 2306:

Broad interest in metformin was not rekindled until the withdrawal of the other biguanides in the 1970s. Metformin was approved in Canada in 1972, but did not receive approval by the U.S.

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Shu AD, Myers MG, Shoelson SE (2005). "Chapter 29: Pharmacology of the Endocrine Pancreas". In Golan ED, Tashjian AH, Armstrong EJ, Galanter JM, Armstrong AW, Arnaout RA, Rose HS (eds.).

10296: 9999: 8695: 8587: 6606: 558: 8468: 6092:"Effects of short-term treatment with metformin on serum concentrations of homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial" 2686:

disease. Whether metformin may be helpful in extending life, even in otherwise healthy people, remains controversial; a 2021 review of the literature found it is likely to improve

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Metformin hydrochloride (1,1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride) is freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, but almost insoluble in acetone, ether, or chloroform. The pK

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Jayasagar G, Krishna Kumar M, Chandrasekhar K, Madhusudan Rao C, Madhusudan Rao Y (2002). "Effect of cephalexin on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in healthy human volunteers".

1687:. Treatment of metformin overdose is generally supportive, as no specific antidote is known. Extracorporeal treatments are recommended in severe overdoses. Due to metformin's low 10334: 8862:"Marksans Pharma Limited Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets, USP 500mg, Due to the Detection of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)" 1909:

appear to occur by AMPK-independent mechanisms, however AMPK likely has a modest overall effect and its activity is not likely to directly decrease gluconeogenesis in the liver.

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The molecular mechanism of metformin is not completely understood. Multiple potential mechanisms of action have been proposed: inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (

1584:. Metformin is more commonly associated with gastrointestinal adverse effects than most other antidiabetic medications. The most serious potential adverse effect of metformin is 1490:

gestational diabetes treated with metformin gain less weight and are less likely to develop pre‐eclampsia during pregnancy. Babies born to women treated with metformin have less

12066:"Outpatient treatment of COVID-19 and incidence of post-COVID-19 condition over 10 months (COVID-OUT): a multicentre, randomised, quadruple-blind, parallel-group, phase 3 trial" 11047: 10854: 9977: 1365:, which are associated with weight gain. Some evidence shows that metformin is associated with weight loss in obesity in the absence of diabetes. Metformin has a lower risk of 2433:. The medication pair continued to be prescribed separately, and Avandamet was again available by the end of that year. A generic formulation of metformin/rosiglitazone from 4684:"Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus" 3110: 10820: 10790: 10694: 10631: 10568: 10378: 1404:

2 diabetes and very low-quality evidence was found that adding metformin to intensive diet or exercise did not show any advantage or disadvantage in reducing risk of type

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also been found both during pregnancy and in nonpregnant women with PCOS. In an updated Cochrane (2020) review on metformin versus placebo/no treatment before or during

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Robert F, Fendri S, Hary L, Lacroix C, Andréjak M, Lalau JD (June 2003). "Kinetics of plasma and erythrocyte metformin after acute administration in healthy subjects".

14209: 14189: 14134: 3070:"Glucophage (metformin hydrochloride) tablets, for oral use; Glucophage XR (metformin hydrochloride) extended-release tablets, for oral use Initial U.S. Approval:1995" 14184: 14179: 12831:

Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen KM, Mateusiak L, Mikiciuk-Olasik E, Sikora J (2017). "Is Metformin a Perfect Drug? Updates in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics".

8359:"The preparation of methylguanidine, and of ββ-dimethylguanidine by the interaction of dicyandiamide, and methylammonium and dimethylammonium chlorides respectively" 7802:

Nikolakis G, Kyrgidis A, Zouboulis CC (August 2019). "Is There a Role for Antiandrogen Therapy for Hidradenitis Suppurativa? A Systematic Review of Published Data".

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Sirtori CR, Franceschini G, Galli-Kienle M, Cighetti G, Galli G, Bondioli A, et al. (December 1978). "Disposition of metformin (N,N-dimethylbiguanide) in man".

10527:"FDA Drug Safety Communication: Updated FDA review concludes that use of type 2 diabetes medicine pioglitazone may be linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer" 3637:"Do Patients Die with or from Metformin-Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA)? Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of pH and Lactate as Predictors of Mortality in MALA" 8673: 8643: 5082: 4736:"Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility" 14174: 14169: 12042: 8794:"Apotex Corp. Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets 500mg Due to the Detection of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)" 4281:"Is metformin still the most efficacious first-line oral hypoglycaemic drug in treating type 2 diabetes? A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 2455:

In November 2013, the FDA lifted its earlier restrictions on rosiglitazone after reviewing the results of the 2009 RECORD clinical trial (a six-year, open-label

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Ibáñez L, Díaz R, López-Bermejo A, Marcos MV (March 2009). "Clinical spectrum of premature pubarche: links to metabolic syndrome and ovarian hyperandrogenism".

9289:"Pharmacology at the Jagiellonian University in Kracow, short review of contribution to global science and cardiovascular research through 400 years of history" 7400:

Zhang L, He H, Balschi JA (July 2007). "Metformin and phenformin activate AMP-activated protein kinase in the heart by increasing cytosolic AMP concentration".

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Liu A, Coleman SP (November 2009). "Determination of metformin in human plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry".

2005:. More lipophilic derivatives of metformin are presently under investigation with the aim of producing prodrugs with superior oral absorption than metformin. 11111: 10066: 9520: 5629:"Efficacy of adjunctive treatments added to olanzapine or clozapine for weight control in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 3077: 1446: 249: 11081: 9943: 1706:

The risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis is also increased by a massive overdose of metformin, although even quite large doses are often not fatal.

1400:. However, when comparing metformin to intensive diet or exercise, moderate-quality evidence was found that metformin did not reduce risk of developing type 14154: 13142: 12787:"HL156A, a novel AMP-activated protein kinase activator, is protective against peritoneal fibrosis in an in vivo and in vitro model of peritoneal fibrosis" 6219: 6168: 1635:

Metformin is generally safe in people with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease, with proportional reduction of metformin dose according to severity of

12530:"New metformin derivative HL156A prevents oral cancer progression by inhibiting the insulin-like growth factor/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways" 9913: 9288: 12738:"Inhibiting stemness and invasive properties of glioblastoma tumorsphere by combined treatment with temozolomide and a newly designed biguanide (HL156A)" 10972: 6605:

Davis SN (2006). "Chapter 60: Insulin, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents, and the Pharmacology of the Endocrine Pancreas". In Brunton L, Lazo J, Parker K (eds.).

8469:"Statement from Janet Woodcock, M.D., director of FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, on impurities found in diabetes drugs outside the U.S." 7181:"The Pituitary Gland is a Novel Major Site of Action of Metformin in Non-Human Primates: a Potential Path to Expand and Integrate Its Metabolic Actions" 10493:"FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA revises warnings regarding use of the diabetes medicine metformin in certain patients with reduced kidney function" 6498:"FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA revises warnings regarding use of the diabetes medicine metformin in certain patients with reduced kidney function" 3141:

Dunn CJ, Peters DH (May 1995). "Metformin. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus".

2920: 10348: 9044: 10297:"FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA requires removal of some prescribing and dispensing restrictions for rosiglitazone-containing diabetes medicines" 9450: 8910: 5529:"Neonatal, infant, and childhood growth following metformin versus insulin treatment for gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 3000: 11460:"Early metformin therapy (age 8-12 years) in girls with precocious pubarche to reduce hirsutism, androgen excess, and oligomenorrhea in adolescence" 1408:

2 diabetes when compared to intensive exercise and diet alone. The same review also found one suitable trial comparing the effects of metformin and

14514: 14504: 7847:"Combined oral contraceptives and/or antiandrogens versus insulin sensitizers for polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 3592:

Triggle CR, Ding H (January 2017). "Metformin is not just an antihyperglycaemic drug but also has protective effects on the vascular endothelium".

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While metformin may reduce body weight in persons with fragile X syndrome, whether it improves neurological or psychiatric symptoms is uncertain.

2576:(US: glyburide) (Glucovance). Generic formulations of metformin/glipizide and metformin/glibenclamide are available (the latter is more popular). 1437:

protocols metformin may reduce live birth rates with uncertainty on its effect on clinical pregnancy rate. Metformin may result in a reduction of

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Madsen KS, Kähler P, Kähler LK, Madsbad S, Gnesin F, Metzendorf MI, et al. (Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (April 2019).

2120:(FDA) announced that it learned that some metformin medicines manufactured outside the United States might contain a nitrosamine impurity called 11882:"Effect of Metformin and Lifestyle Interventions on Mortality in the Diabetes Prevention Program and Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study" 9936:"FDA Approves GlaxoSmithKline's Avandamet (rosiglitazone maleate and metformin HCl), The Latest Advancement in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes" 1859:

as an AMPK agonist. The mechanism by which biguanides increase the activity of AMPK remains uncertain: metformin increases the concentration of

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Preliminary studies have examined whether metformin can reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease, and whether there is a correlation between type

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protocols there was uncertainty in the evidence of improved live birth rates but there could be increases in clinical pregnancy rate. In short

1332: 10129: 6243:"Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial" 13866: 10006: 4007:

The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)

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Some evidence indicates that liver concentrations of metformin in humans may be two to three times higher than plasma concentrations, due to

2028:, with a much longer elimination half-life: 17.6 hours (reported as ranging from 18.5 to 31.5 hours in a single-dose study of nondiabetics). 135: 10248: 2448:

recommended that the medication be suspended from the European market because the benefits of rosiglitazone no longer outweighed the risks.

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announced a recall of Apotex immediate-release metformin, followed in March by recalls of Ranbaxy metformin and in March by Jamp metformin.

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medications, due to their effect on gastric motility. Anticholinergic drugs reduce gastric motility, prolonging the time drugs spend in the

1514:. Although modest reversal of clozapine-associated weight gain is found with metformin, primary prevention of weight gain is more valuable. 8575: 8400:

Shapiro SL, Parrino VA, Freedman L (1959). "Hypoglycemic Agents. I Chemical Properties of β-Phenethylbiguanide. A New Hypoglycemic Agent".

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Metformin use is typically associated with weight loss. It appears to be safe and effective in counteracting the weight gain caused by the

1098: 12638:"Metformin Derivative HL156A Reverses Multidrug Resistance by Inhibiting HOXC6/ERK1/2 Signaling in Multidrug-Resistant Human Cancer Cells" 11104:"Qternmet XR (dapagliflozin, saxagliptin, and metformin hydrochloride) extended-release tablets, for oral use Initial U.S. Approval: 2019" 10760: 10664: 8153:

Rosilio C, Ben-Sahra I, Bost F, Peyron JF (May 2014). "Metformin: a metabolic disruptor and anti-diabetic drug to target human leukemia".

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Fantus IG, Brosseau R (October 1986). "Mechanism of action of metformin: insulin receptor and postreceptor effects in vitro and in vivo".

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Madsen KS, Chi Y, Metzendorf MI, Richter B, Hemmingsen B, et al. (Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (December 2019).

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combined with metformin hydrochloride is sold under the brand name Jentadueto. As of August 2021, linagliptin/metformin is available as a

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Interest in metformin resumed at the end of the 1940s. In 1950, metformin, unlike some other similar compounds, was found not to decrease

2124:(NDMA), classified as a probable human carcinogen, at low levels. Health Canada announced that it was assessing NDMA levels in metformin. 10436: 7361:"Metformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis through AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent regulation of the orphan nuclear receptor SHP" 5064: 3988: 2346:

effluents and regularly detected in surface waters. Guanylurea concentrations above 200 μg/L have been measured in the German river

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to also increase metformin concentrations by a similar mechanism; theoretically, other cationic medications may produce the same effect.

10727: 10403: 10330: 3957: 3562:"Type 2 diabetes and metformin. First choice for monotherapy: weak evidence of efficacy but well-known and acceptable adverse effects". 12422: 10601: 5215:"Metformin: an old medication of new fashion: evolving new molecular mechanisms and clinical implications in polycystic ovary syndrome" 2588:

begin to secrete insulin. Both meglitinides, known as nateglinide and repanglinide, is sold in formulations combined with metformin. A

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which are highly toxic and sometimes also called Goat's rue.) Galega officinalis has been used in folk medicine for several centuries.

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Our updated review suggests that metformin alone may be beneficial over placebo for live birth, although the evidence quality was low.

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Gnesin F, Thuesen AC, Kähler LK, Madsbad S, Hemmingsen B, et al. (Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (June 2020).

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In 2005, the stock of Avandamet was removed from the market, after inspections showed the factory where it was produced was violating

12207: 11035: 10842: 9965: 5729:"Metformin co-commencement at time of antipsychotic initiation for attenuation of weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 4888:"Pharmacological and surgical treatment of nonreproductive outcomes in polycystic ovary syndrome: An overview of systematic reviews" 2228:

Metformin was first described in the scientific literature in 1922, by Emil Werner and James Bell, as a product in the synthesis of

13725: 8696:"FDA Alerts Patients and Health Care Professionals to Nitrosamine Impurity Findings in Certain Metformin Extended-Release Products" 2423:, or as a generic medication. Formulations are 500/1, 500/2, 500/4, 1000/2, and 1000 mg/4 mg of metformin/rosiglitazone. 12689:"Antioxidant modifications induced by the new metformin derivative HL156A regulate metabolic reprogramming in SAMP1/kl (-/-) mice" 10178:. Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, Dte.GHS, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Archived from 9475: 3099: 10032: 4240:"Oral pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians" 2209:, Italian fitch, Spanish sainfoin, Pestilenzkraut, or Professor-weed. (The plant should not be confused with plants in the genus 1659:

stores), heart failure, and respiratory disease (due to inadequate tissue oxygenation); the most common cause is kidney disease.

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when comparing metformin monotherapy to other glucose-lowering drugs, behavior change interventions, placebo or no intervention.

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Graham GG, Punt J, Arora M, Day RO, Doogue MP, Duong JK, et al. (February 2011). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin".

6409:"Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis" 4139:"Comparative effectiveness and safety of medications for type 2 diabetes: an update including new drugs and 2-drug combinations" 3219: 14322: 13069:

Zhou T, Xu X, Du M, Zhao T, Wang J (October 2018). "A preclinical overview of metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes".

10374: 3030: 1430: 11933:"A Critical Review of the Evidence That Metformin Is a Putative Anti-Aging Drug That Enhances Healthspan and Extends Lifespan" 2127:

In February 2020, the FDA found NDMA levels in some tested metformin samples that did not exceed the acceptable daily intake.

14262: 13352: 8452: 6620: 6543: 5058: 4657: 4641: 4570: 4038: 3982: 3951: 1981:) of 2.8 and 11.5, so it exists very largely as the hydrophilic cationic species at physiological pH values. The metformin pK 1268: 9574: 9545: 2843: 1985:

values make it a stronger base than most other basic medications with less than 0.01% nonionized in blood. Furthermore, the

1793: 11368:"Current guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review with comparative analysis" 9428:"Goat's rue - French lilac - Italian fitch - Spanish sainfoin: gallega officinalis and metformin: the Edinburgh connection" 9367:

Bulletin de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences, Classe 3: Mathématique, Astronomie, Physique, Chimie, Géologie et Géographie

2020:

and excreted unchanged in the urine; it is undetectable in blood plasma within 24 hours of a single oral dose. The average

2001:(−0.84) because two methyl substituents on metformin impart lesser lipophilicity than the larger phenylethyl side chain in 1962:) are reached within 1–3 hours of taking immediate-release metformin and 4–8 hours with extended-release formulations. The 1636: 4322:"ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD - summary" 14119: 12446:"Metformin Use Associated with Reduced Risk of Dementia in Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 8665: 8635: 5093: 2601: 8609: 5382:"Glibenclamide, metformin, and insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 5162:

Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Economou F, Palimeri S, Christakou C (September 2010). "Metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome".

2611:

and glibenclamide is available in India as Accuglim-MP, Adglim MP, and Alnamet-GP; and in the Philippines as Tri-Senza.

10175: 10161: 8338: 1074: 12034: 11222:"View on Metformin: Antidiabetic and Pleiotropic Effects, Pharmacokinetics, Side Effects, and Sex-Related Differences" 10925:"Metformin and second- or third-generation sulphonylurea combination therapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus" 2396:

2 diabetes, metformin is often prescribed in combination with other medications. Several medications are available as

14509: 14489: 5893: 3295:"2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD" 2639: 2377: 1935:

production by gut bacteria, but the relative importance of this mechanism compared to other mechanisms is uncertain.

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MacNeil LT, Schertzer JD, Steinberg GR (January 2020). "Bacteria transmit metformin-associated lifespan extension".

1885:

In addition to suppressing hepatic glucose production, metformin increases insulin sensitivity, enhances peripheral

1066: 14279: 13822: 13369: 11001: 8541: 3427:"Metformin in prevention and treatment of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2483: 2318:, Glucophage was the first branded formulation of metformin to be marketed in the U.S., beginning on 3 March 1995. 1831:

2 diabetes has three times the normal rate of gluconeogenesis; metformin treatment reduces this by over one-third.

1703:

victims of acute overdosage, and 80–200 mg/L in fatalities. Chromatographic techniques are commonly employed.

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Wise J (June 2023). "Covid-19: Metformin reduces the risk of developing long term symptoms by 40%, study finds".

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complications. Combined metformin and sulfonylurea therapy did appear to lead to higher risk of hypoglicaemia.

2434: 1785: 1639:(eGFR) and with periodic assessment of kidney function, (e.g., periodic plasma creatinine measurement). The US 1308: 10063:"Teva Pharm announces settlement of generic Avandia, Avandamet, and Avandaryl litigation with GlaxoSmithKline" 5430: 1928:, though, found that metformin was only slightly effective for decreasing androgen levels in women with PCOS. 780: 13264: 5488:"Metformin in reproductive health, pregnancy and gynaecological cancer: established and emerging indications" 4997:"Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes" 3880:"Metformin, phenformin, and galegine inhibit complex IV activity and reduce glycerol-derived gluconeogenesis" 3832:

Pappachan JM, Viswanath AK (January 2017). "Medical Management of Diabesity: Do We Have Realistic Targets?".

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risks associated with its use, and the drug had to be purchased by mail order through specified pharmacies.

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may be unable to tolerate metformin. Use of slow or extended-release preparations may improve tolerability.

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do not recommend metformin as a first-line treatment or do not recommend it at all, except for women with

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itself does not contain biguanide medications which are chemically synthesized compounds composed of two

1816: 1462: 959: 1416:

2 diabetes in prediabetic individuals, however this trial did not report any patient relevant outcomes.

1275:. In 2022, it was the second most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 86 14499: 14449: 14315: 13917: 13783: 13316: 8136: 6090:

Wulffelé MG, Kooy A, Lehert P, Bets D, Ogterop JC, Borger van der Burg B, et al. (November 2003).

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alone found good short-term safety for both the mother and baby, but unclear long-term safety. Several

1388:

comparing the effects of metformin with other interventions in the reduction of risk of developing type

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Bramante CT, Huling JD, Tignanelli CJ, Buse JB, Liebovitz DM, Nicklas JM, et al. (August 2022).

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However, following a meta-analysis in 2007, that linked the medication's use to an increased risk of

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Metformin exerts an anorexiant effect in most people, decreasing caloric intake. Metformin decreases

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is slowly added. The mixture begins to boil on its own, and after cooling, metformin hydrochloride

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It is unclear if there is a reduced risk of death using metformin to treat people with COVID-19.

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Metformin also has significant effects on the gut microbiome, such as its effect on increasing

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molecules and designed to be less toxic than the plant-derived parent compounds guanidine and

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2 diabetes found moderate-quality evidence that metformin reduced the risk of developing type

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in women with PCOS no conclusive evidence of improved live birth rates was found. In long

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Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences

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of metformin by the kidneys; both metformin and cimetidine are cleared from the body by

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designation. The European Medicines Agency granted orphan drug status to metformin.

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collaborating with international regulators to share testing results for metformin.

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2 diabetes in women with PCOS who exhibited impaired glucose tolerance at baseline.

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in plasma is 6.2 hours. Metformin is distributed to (and appears to accumulate in)

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did not find enough evidence of reduction of cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal

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received tentative approval from the FDA and reached the market in early 2012.

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French diabetologist Jean Sterne studied the antihyperglycemic properties of

2131: 2055: 2052: 2051:

of metformin, originally described in 1922, involves the one-pot reaction of

1986: 1715: 1684: 1605: 1503: 1244: 1194: 1186: 991: 808: 595: 12231:"Metformin in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 10179: 7863: 7846: 7222:"Mechanism by which metformin reduces glucose production in type 2 diabetes" 6465: 5965: 5504: 5487: 5136: 5119: 4426: 3904: 3879: 2187:

class of antidiabetic medications, which also includes the withdrawn agents

1741:) form of cimetidine, may compete for the same transport mechanism. A small 1615:. Higher doses and prolonged use are associated with increased incidence of 1143:

as HCl: InChI=1S/C4H11N5.ClH/c1-9(2)4(7)8-3(5)6;/h1-2H3,(H5,5,6,7,8);1H

14400: 14331: 13896: 13891: 13871: 13773: 13763: 13758: 13647: 13621: 13589: 13549: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13494: 13479: 13459: 13445: 13171: 13090: 13061: 13016: 12981: 12938: 12895: 12852: 12812: 12771: 12722: 12673: 12622: 12563: 12514: 12479: 12410: 12366: 12317: 12266: 12200:"COVID-OUT: Early Outpatient Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19)" 12185: 12136: 12101: 12019: 11968: 11917: 11866: 11817: 11768: 11716: 11659: 11620: 11569: 11520: 11485: 11444: 11417:

Ibáñez L, Ong K, Valls C, Marcos MV, Dunger DB, de Zegher F (August 2006).

11403: 11352: 11293: 11257: 11206: 11147: 10958: 10906: 10349:"FDA requires removal of certain restrictions on the diabetes drug Avandia" 10115: 9887: 9830: 9760: 9708: 9656: 9446: 9350: 9307: 9272: 9216: 9108: 8307: 8261: 8226: 8193:"Repurposing metformin: an old drug with new tricks in its binding pockets" 8174: 8107: 8058: 8001: 7958: 7923: 7872: 7823: 7785: 7733: 7684: 7573: 7537: 7494:

Miller RA, Chu Q, Xie J, Foretz M, Viollet B, Birnbaum MJ (February 2013).

7480: 7421: 7386: 7345: 7304: 7255: 7206: 7165: 7100: 7062: 7013: 6956: 6823:, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 939–940. 6806: 6763: 6724: 6675: 6583: 6483: 6434: 6393: 6358: 6317: 6276: 6215: 6164: 6117: 6068: 6030: 6012: 5973: 5864: 5823: 5764: 5713: 5664: 5613: 5564: 5513: 5464: 5415: 5363: 5319: 5276: 5240: 5191: 5145: 5030: 4981: 4923: 4872: 4813: 4769: 4717: 4618: 4532: 4475: 4466: 4449: 4434: 4396: 4347: 4306: 4265: 4224: 4172: 4123: 3923: 3853: 3807: 3771: 3738:"GDF15 mediates the effects of metformin on body weight and energy balance" 3719: 3670: 3613: 3575: 3548: 3513: 3462: 3403: 3320: 3268: 3197: 2608: 2592:/metformin combination is sold as Prandimet, or as its generic equivalent. 2550: 2347: 2319: 2269: 2206: 1997:

in order for it to enter cells. The logP of metformin is less than that of

1971: 1921: 1913: 1792:(PKA), complex IV–mediated inhibition of the GPD2 variant of mitochondrial 1696: 1680: 1601: 1491: 1409: 1374: 1366: 1362: 1221: 518: 505: 492: 479: 466: 453: 440: 427: 414: 401: 388: 375: 362: 349: 336: 323: 310: 297: 284: 271: 257: 12704: 12167: 11601: 11584: 11317:"Diabetes drugs for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review" 7643: 7635: 7608: 6921: 6860: 6292:"Risk factors of vitamin B(12) deficiency in patients receiving metformin" 5883: 5839:"The use of metformin in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review of efficacy" 5727:

Yu O, Lu M, Lai TK, Hahn M, Agarwal SM, O'Donoghue B, et al. (2024).

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Hundal RS, Inzucchi SE (2003). "Metformin: new understandings, new uses".

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Ibáñez L, López-Bermejo A, Díaz M, Marcos MV, de Zegher F (August 2011).

11435: 11418: 11187: 10783:"Jentadueto- linagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablet, film coated" 10206: 10106: 10089: 8374: 7320:"AMP-activated protein kinase in metabolic control and insulin signaling" 7178: 6612: 5120:"Consensus on infertility treatment related to polycystic ovary syndrome" 3686:"Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency" 2813: 2649: 2615: 2589: 2584: 2512: 2342:

Metformin and its major transformation product guanylurea are present in

2326: 2273: 2170: 2093: 2032: 1676: 1663:

to decreased hepatic uptake rather than increased intestinal production.

1458: 1454: 1381: 1316: 1292: 1202: 153: 11366:

Leoni S, Tovoli F, Napoli L, Serio I, Ferri S, Bolondi L (August 2018).

9869: 8415: 7519: 7147: 5455: 5231: 5214: 5044:

National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (2004).

4514: 4238:

Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Sweet DE, Starkey M, Shekelle P (February 2012).

4015: 3494: 1938:

Due to its effect on GLUT4 and AMPK, metformin has been described as an

1725:

causes an increase in the plasma concentration of metformin by reducing

1331:

Treatment guidelines for major professional associations, including the

800: 14365: 14360: 14350: 14058: 13945: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13672: 13657: 13626: 13431: 12654: 12637: 12461: 11728: 11726: 11238: 9647: 9630: 8208: 8040: 7435:

Ma T, Tian X, Zhang B, Li M, Wang Y, Yang C, et al. (March 2022).

7271:"Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action" 6883: 3605: 2895:"Metformin Sandoz metformin hydrochloride 850mg tablet bottle (148270)" 2791: 2711: 2381: 2303:

in 1958. It was sold in the UK by a small Aron subsidiary called Rona.

2256: 2188: 2159:

In August 2020, Bayshore Pharmaceuticals recalled two lots of tablets.

2153: 2002: 1998: 1749: 1746: 1722: 1652: 1581: 1507: 1178: 1042: 819: 237: 12545: 12128: 11898: 11881: 11272:

systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

10561:"Janumet- sitagliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablet, film coated" 9690: 9629:

Posselt M, Jaeger A, Schaper JL, Radke M, Benskin JP (December 2018).

8089: 7700:"AMPK: a nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis" 7377: 7360: 7197: 7180: 6536:

Principles of pharmacology: the pathophysiologic basis of drug therapy

6258: 5446: 5268: 5047:

Fertility: assessment and treatment for people with fertility problems

4904: 4887: 4297: 4280: 4206: 3827: 3825: 3701: 3424: 3259: 3242: 2137:

In May 2020, the FDA asked five companies to voluntarily recall their

2072:

According to the procedure described in the 1975 Aron patent, and the

2065: 2035:

absorption and first-pass uptake by the liver in oral administration.

1212:

Metformin is generally well tolerated. Common adverse effects include

14355: 14068: 13983: 13973: 13940: 13791: 13748: 13667: 13413: 12577:

Tsogbadrakh B, Ju KD, Lee J, Han M, Koh J, Yu Y, et al. (2018).

11541: 9090: 7286: 6888:"Reduction of metformin renal tubular secretion by cimetidine in man" 6538:. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. pp. 540–41. 5397: 4632:

DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Wells BG, Posey LM (2005).

3395: 2569: 2554: 2277: 2241: 2237: 2218: 2210: 2184: 1990:

is unlikely. As a result of its low lipid solubility it requires the

1797: 1623:, and some researchers recommend screening or prevention strategies. 1511: 1240: 738: 668: 139: 11723: 10687:"Kazano- alogliptin and metformin hydrochloride tablet, film coated" 9403: 9386: 9183:"Circulatory and respiratory reflexes caused by aromatic guanidines" 8358: 7715: 7437:"Low-dose metformin targets the lysosomal AMPK pathway through PEN2" 6699:"Fatal metformin overdose presenting with progressive hyperglycemia" 3635:

Blumenberg A, Benabbas R, Sinert R, Jeng A, Wiener SW (April 2020).

2710:

A study found a benefit using metformin to reduce the occurrence of

14410: 14345: 13968: 13963: 13421: 12492: 12443: 11830: 10033:"Questions and Answers about the Seizure of Paxil CR and Avandamet" 6407:

Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, Salpeter EE (November 2003).

5092:. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Archived from 4660:. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. 2009. Archived from 3822: 2746: 2558: 2491: 2289: 2285: 2222: 2192: 2142: 1932: 1875: 1874:. Metformin inhibits cyclic AMP production, blocking the action of 1839:. AMPK activation is required for an increase in the expression of 1695:, these techniques have the benefit of removing metformin from the 1672: 1577: 1461:

when other therapies fail to produce results. UK and international

1229: 1213: 892: 884: 791: 181: 11831:

Barzilai N, Crandall JP, Kritchevsky SB, Espeland MA (June 2016).

9235:. Philippines Department of Science and Technology. Archived from 7029:"Molecular mechanism of action of metformin: old or new insights?" 4734:

Morley LC, Tang T, Yasmin E, Norman RJ, Balen AH (November 2017).

1073: 1065: 13185: 13163: 11733:

Novelle MG, Ali A, Diéguez C, Bernier M, de Cabo R (March 2016).

11542:

Ben Sahra I, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Tanti JF, Bost F (May 2010).

10215: 8970:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

8497:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5778:

Siskind DJ, Leung J, Russell AW, Wysoczanski D, Kisely S (2016).

5486:

Sivalingam VN, Myers J, Nicholas S, Balen AH, Crosbie EJ (2014).

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conditions, and is absorbed slowly. Peak plasma concentrations (C

1955: 1860: 1671:

The most common symptoms following an overdose include vomiting,

1482: 1397: 1256: 1085: 7402:

American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology

6608:

Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

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Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series)

8429:"Procédé de préparation de chlorhydrate de diméthylbiguanide". 3784: 2772: 2720: 2660: 2364:

Generic metformin 500-mg tablets, as sold in the United Kingdom

2202: 2080:

amounts of dimethylamine and 2-cyanoguanidine are dissolved in

1734: 1351: 1287:

Metformin is used to lower the blood glucose in those with type

1217: 931: 12383:

Gantois I, Popic J, Khoutorsky A, Sonenberg N (January 2019).

8726:"Questions and Answers: NDMA impurities in metformin products" 6448:

Inzucchi SE, Lipska KJ, Mayo H, Bailey CJ, McGuire DK (2014).

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Long-term use of metformin has been associated with increased

13541: 12495:

JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports

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A total review of metformin use during pregnancy compared to

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American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism

6330: 5485: 5428: 3634: 1357:

The use of metformin reduces body weight in people with type

1311:

both recommend metformin as a first-line agent to treat type

964: 75: 30: 10973:"The Use of Medicines in the United States: Review of 2010" 10211: 9435:

The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh

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Ting RZ, Szeto CC, Chan MH, Ma KK, Chow KM (October 2006).

5836: 5253: 3877: 3380: 3292: 1893:

enhancer factor), decreases insulin-induced suppression of

1561: 1526:

1 diabetes, albeit with an increased risk of hypoglycemia.

875: 63: 11982:

Zhang J, Wen L, Zhou Q, He K, Teng L (16 September 2020).

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of metformin is negligible, as reflected by its very high

1632:

exists to definitively link metformin to lactic acidosis.

13782: 11583:

Malek M, Aghili R, Emami Z, Khamseh ME (September 2013).

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Ghazeeri GS, Nassar AH, Younes Z, Awwad JT (June 2012).

3735: 3529:

Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets

3240: 2426:

In 2009, it was the most popular metformin combination.

1866:(AMP) (as opposed to a change in total AMP or total AMP/ 12902: 12279: 11582: 8285: 7752:"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Metformin Action" 5526: 4995:

Dodd JM, Grivell RM, Deussen AR, Hague WM (July 2018).

4994: 4590: 2568:

Metformin is available combined with the sulfonylureas

1576:

of metformin is gastrointestinal irritation, including

1291:

2 diabetes. It is also used as a second-line agent for

1269:

World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines

1132:

InChI=1S/C4H11N5/c1-9(2)4(7)8-3(5)6/h1-2H3,(H5,5,6,7,8)

12988: 12859: 11931:

Mohammed I, Hollenberg MD, Ding H, Triggle CR (2021).

11683:"Metformin as Anti-Aging Therapy: Is It for Everyone?" 11365: 10122: 9156:

The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease

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Teale KF, Devine A, Stewart H, Harper NJ (July 1998).

6089: 5678:

Praharaj SK, Jana AK, Goyal N, Sinha VK (March 2011).

5677: 4733: 4631: 3970: 3288: 3286: 1855:. Metformin is frequently used in research along with 1263:

secretion, which reduces appetite and caloric intake.

14447: 11781: 11585:"Risk of cancer in diabetes: the effect of metformin" 11168: 11136:

The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India

8928: 8025:"Exercise in a Pill: The Latest on Exercise-Mimetics" 3358:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2725:

There has been extensive research into the potential

2387: 2244:, took over and were themselves soon overshadowed by 1447:

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

1319:

and more effective than all other oral drugs for type

1220:, and abdominal pain. It has a small risk of causing 94: 84: 72: 11464:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

11423:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

11416: 10194: 7624:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

6984:

Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism

5527:

Tarry-Adkins JL, Aiken CE, Ozanne SE (August 2019).

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Jia Y, Lao Y, Zhu H, Li N, Leung SW (January 2019).

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Metformin may reduce the insulin requirement in type

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Metformin has acid dissociation constant values (pK

1897:, and decreases the absorption of glucose from the 1396:2 diabetes when compared to diet and exercise or a 779: 78: 69: 60: 13024:Zhou J, Massey S, Story D, Li L (September 2018). 12860:McCreight LJ, Bailey CJ, Pearson ER (March 2016). 12687:Kim SA, Lam TG, Yook JI, Ahn SG (September 2018). 9575:"Metformin Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals" 9546:"Metformin Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals" 9233:"Search for DOST-NRCP Dr. Eusebio Y. Garcia Award" 9045:"Control of Nitrosamine Impurities in Human Drugs" 8437: 8239: 7888:"Interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome" 7493: 4554: 3873: 3871: 3831: 2921:"Blooms Metformin XR (Medreich Australia Pty Ltd)" 2828: 2604:is available in the United States as Qternmet XR. 2403: 13115:"Nitrosamine impurities in medications: Guidance" 13023: 12945: 12636:Jeong YS, Lam TG, Jeong S, Ahn SG (August 2020). 12229:Li Y, Yang X, Yan P, Sun T, Zeng Z, Li S (2021). 10359:(Press release). 25 November 2013. 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St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. p. 217. 3868: 3731: 3729: 3684:Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE (June 2011). 3587: 3585: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 2419:was released in 2002, and sold as Avandamet by 2152:In July 2020, Lupin Pharmaceuticals pulled all 1449:recommended in 2004 that women with PCOS and a 1335:, the European Society for Cardiology, and the 726: 718: 13026:"Metformin: An Old Drug with New Applications" 12735: 12527: 11981: 11782:Kulkarni AS, Gubbi S, Barzilai N (July 2020). 11501:Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders 9635:Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 8628: 7886:Weersma RK, Zhernakova A, Fu J (August 2020). 7621: 7399: 7358: 6971: 6696: 5884:"Metformin: medicine to treat type 2 diabetes" 5090:Scientific Advisory Committee Opinion Paper 13 4625: 4088:Lord JM, Flight IH, Norman RJ (October 2003). 3175: 3100:"Metformin and metformin-containing medicines" 1560:(from uncontrolled diabetes), with or without 1419: 1333:European Association for the Study of Diabetes 14530:World Health Organization essential medicines 14316: 13143: 12778: 12729: 12686: 12629: 12570: 12521: 11535: 10081: 9622: 9419: 9329: 9279: 9261:Journal of the Philippine Medical Association 9174: 8602: 8504: 8190: 7838: 7749: 7434: 7428: 6141:"Metformin-associated vitamin B12 deficiency" 6046: 5037: 4792:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2946: 2944: 2942: 2527:There are combinations of metformin with the 1699:, preventing further lactate overproduction. 13184: 13068: 12991:"Metformin: clinical use in type 2 diabetes" 12228: 11314: 10087: 9672: 9468: 9357: 9335:See Chemical Abstracts, v. 52, 22272 (1958) 9286: 8987:(Press release). 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A 1580:, cramps, nausea, vomiting, and increased 1001: 978: 835: 827: 38: 29: 13051: 13041: 13006: 12971: 12928: 12885: 12802: 12761: 12712: 12663: 12653: 12612: 12602: 12553: 12469: 12400: 12356: 12307: 12297: 12256: 12246: 12175: 12091: 12081: 12009: 11999: 11958: 11948: 11907: 11897: 11856: 11807: 11758: 11706: 11610: 11600: 11559: 11475: 11434: 11393: 11383: 11342: 11332: 11247: 11237: 11196: 11186: 10948: 10896: 10105: 9877: 9808: 9750: 9698: 9646: 9402: 9384: 9206: 9180: 9148: 9146: 9098: 8894: 8216: 8097: 8048: 7913: 7903: 7862: 7775: 7723: 7674: 7527: 7470: 7460: 7376: 7335: 7294: 7245: 7196: 7155: 7069: 7052: 7003: 6911: 6850: 6714: 6703:The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 6657: 6635: 6629: 6473: 6424: 6348: 6307: 6266: 6107: 6020: 5854: 5813: 5803: 5754: 5744: 5703: 5654: 5644: 5603: 5554: 5544: 5503: 5454: 5405: 5388:(Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis). 5291: 5230: 5135: 5020: 4971: 4913: 4903: 4862: 4852: 4834: 4803: 4759: 4707: 4608: 4522: 4465: 4441: 4386: 4337: 4296: 4255: 4214: 4162: 4113: 4014: 3913: 3903: 3761: 3709: 3660: 3503: 3493: 3452: 3442: 3310: 3258: 2968: 2074:Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia 1476: 1295:in those with polycystic ovary syndrome. 863: 855: 504:Metformin, linagliptin and empagliflozin 478:Metformin, saxagliptin, and dapagliflozin 12373: 11627: 9152: 9063: 8181: 7804:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 7544: 7078: 6892:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 6529: 6527: 6400: 6189: 6183: 6083: 5684:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 5620: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4552: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4412: 4326:Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research 3555: 3327: 2359: 2195:, originates from the plant Goat's rue ( 2169: 1546:(eGFR) below 30 mL/min/1.73 m) 14515:Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action 14505:Drugs developed by Boehringer Ingelheim 12948:"The mechanisms of action of metformin" 12909:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 11681:Soukas AA, Hao H, Wu L (October 2019). 10918: 10916: 10164:from the original on 24 September 2010. 10140:from the original on 24 September 2015. 9851: 9482:(FDA). 30 December 1994. 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It is sold under several 2179:is a natural source of galegine. 2047:of metformin is 12.4. The usual 1974:is usually reached in 1–2 days. 1497: 1453:above 25 be given metformin for 1032: 1026: 56: 12070:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 11036:"Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs" 10069:from the original on 3 May 2021 9966:"Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs" 9608:European Medicines Agency (EMA) 8135:(April): 231–33. Archived from 7982:Digestive Diseases and Sciences 6928: 6882:Somogyi A, Stockley C, Keal J, 6875: 6813: 6778: 6598: 6441: 6324: 6283: 6234: 5988: 5945: 5720: 5571: 5520: 5422: 5334: 5247: 5074: 4988: 4879: 4828: 4779: 4650: 4482: 4313: 4272: 4053: 4023: 3964: 3778: 3628: 3570:(154): 269–272. 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It works by decreasing 1185:, and is sometimes used as an 1020: 565: 1: 12833:Current Pharmaceutical Design 12349:10.1016/S2666-7568(20)30033-7 12337:The Lancet. Healthy Longevity 12083:10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00299-2 11561:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-1186 11548:Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 10885:Workplace Health & Safety 10237:Harris G (19 February 2010). 9743:10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.05.005 9673:Christofides EA (July 2019). 8300:10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70037-x 7939:Nature Reviews. 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It has also been shown to 1165:, among others, is the main 1161:, sold under the brand name 517:Metformin and teneligliptin 491:Metformin and lobeglitazone 465:Metformin and ertugliflozin 439:Metformin and empagliflozin 400:Metformin and canagliflozin 387:Metformin and dapagliflozin 283:Metformin and rosiglitazone 270:Metformin and sulfonylureas 7: 13918:Aldose reductase inhibitors 12804:10.1152/ajprenal.00204.2015 12117:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 11751:10.1101/cshperspect.a025932 9073:Witters LA (October 2001). 8512:"Recalls and safety alerts" 7601:10.1056/NEJM199602293340906 7414:10.1152/ajpheart.00002.2007 7238:10.2337/diabetes.49.12.2063 6611:(11th ed.). New York: 6564:Annals of Internal Medicine 6194:. Editor's Correspondence. 6143:. Editor's Correspondence. 4658:"Glucophage package insert" 4597:Annals of Internal Medicine 4450:"Metformin and body weight" 4244:Annals of Internal Medicine 4143:Annals of Internal Medicine 3384:Annals of Internal Medicine 2705: 2621: 1817:adrenocorticotropic hormone 1666: 1420:Polycystic ovarian syndrome 1326: 322:Metformin and vildagliptin 296:Metformin and pioglitazone 10: 14546: 13784:GLP1 poly-agonist peptides 12286:Frontiers in Endocrinology 11937:Frontiers in Endocrinology 11849:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.011 11800:10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.001 11286:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104799 10136:(EMA). 23 September 2010. 9426:Hadden DR (October 2005). 7994:10.1007/s10620-020-06390-4 7905:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320204 7816:10.1007/s40257-019-00442-w 7676:10.2337/diabetes.51.7.2074 7566:10.1152/ajpendo.00272.2005 7462:10.1038/s41586-022-04431-8 7093:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305370 6208:10.1001/archinte.162.4.484 5596:10.1007/s13679-019-00335-3 4019:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02. 3653:10.1007/s13181-019-00755-6 2731:neurodegenerative diseases 2494:and blood glucose levels. 2471:metformin and pioglitazone 2374:United States Adopted Name 2344:wastewater treatment plant 2301:British National Formulary 2165: 2109: 1679:, drowsiness, and rarely, 1544:glomerular filtration rate 1361:2 diabetes in contrast to 1010:Chemical and physical data 426:Metformin and gemigliptin 374:Metformin and repaglinide 348:Metformin and linagliptin 335:Metformin and saxagliptin 309:Metformin and sitagliptin 14424: 14371:Gonadotropin preparations 14338: 14230:Sitagliptin/ertugliflozin 14225:Sitagliptin/dapagliflozin 14145:Glimepiride/rosiglitazone 14125:Empagliflozin/linagliptin 14115:Dapagliflozin/saxagliptin 14090: 14081: 14051: 13982: 13954: 13916: 13909: 13821: 13724: 13691: 13643:Glibenclamide (glyburide) 13588: 13576: 13567: 13536: 13503: 13440: 13412: 13403: 13399: 13388: 13326: 13289: 13246: 13228: 13200: 13196: 13179: 13008:10.1007/s00125-017-4336-x 12964:10.1007/s00125-017-4342-z 12878:10.1007/s00125-015-3844-9 12754:10.18632/oncotarget.11595 12389:Annual Review of Medicine 12299:10.3389/fendo.2021.587801 11950:10.3389/fendo.2021.718942 11699:10.1016/j.tem.2019.07.015 11652:10.1016/j.arr.2017.08.003 11513:10.1007/s11154-008-9096-y 11334:10.1186/s13643-019-1200-8 10755:European Medicines Agency 10722:European Medicines Agency 10659:European Medicines Agency 10596:European Medicines Agency 10431:European Medicines Agency 10398:European Medicines Agency 10202:"Diabetes drug withdrawn" 10134:European Medicines Agency 9385:Bailey CJ, Day C (2004). 8357:Werner E, Bell J (1922). 8331:10.1002/0471266949.bmc198 8288:Diabetes & Metabolism 8242:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 7951:10.1038/s41574-019-0278-3 7851:Human Reproduction Update 7045:10.1007/s00125-013-2991-0 6949:10.1515/dmdi.2002.19.1.41 6350:10.1007/s00125-008-1157-y 6061:10.1007/s11892-017-0829-8 5923:"METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE" 5856:10.1007/s00125-009-1636-9 5746:10.1177/20451253241255476 5633:TheScientificWorldJournal 5492:Human Reproduction Update 5300:Obstetrics and Gynecology 5081:Balen A (December 2008). 4636:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 4507:10.1002/14651858.CD012436 4003:World Health Organization 3846:10.1007/s11892-017-0828-9 3800:10.1038/s42255-019-0146-4 3754:10.1038/s41586-019-1911-y 3444:10.1186/s12888-016-1049-5 3356:"Metformin Hydrochloride" 3105:European Medicines Agency 2993:"Metformin Hydrochloride" 2951:Lucis OJ (January 1983). 2693: 2501:combination (Janumet), a 2446:European Medicines Agency 2116:In December 2019, the US 1841:small heterodimer partner 1183:polycystic ovary syndrome 1120: 1094: 1084: 1054: 1041: 1014: 1009: 990: 958: 930: 902: 874: 846: 818: 790: 770: 737: 709: 682: 677: 667: 654: 644: 634: 624: 616: 542: 537: 452:Metformin and evogliptin 361:Metformin and alogliptin 248: 236: 222: 196: 166: 152: 134: 119: 106: 51: 46: 37: 28: 14510:Drugs developed by Merck 14490:Anti-inflammatory agents 14210:Pioglitazone/sitagliptin 14200:Pioglitazone/glimepiride 14190:Phenformin/sulfonylureas 14135:Gemigliptin/rosuvastatin 14105:Cagrilintide/semaglutide 12248:10.3389/fmed.2021.704666 11385:10.3748/wjg.v24.i30.3361 11274:Pharmacological Research 10898:10.1177/2165079916644263 9852:Sheehan MT (July 2003). 9137:10.1002/cber.19290620605 8999:– via PR Newswire. 6996:10.1177/2042018816638050 6886:, Bochner F (May 1987). 6668:10.1177/0960327108090589 6386:10.2337/diacare.22.6.925 6049:Current Diabetes Reports 4854:10.4103/0974-1208.101012 4448:Golay A (January 2008). 4339:10.1177/1479164114525548 4106:10.1136/bmj.327.7421.951 3834:Current Diabetes Reports 3312:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486 2682:) for effects on aging. 2667:Aging and life extension 2457:randomized control trial 2225:(isoamylene guanidine). 14240:Sitagliptin/simvastatin 14215:Rosiglitazone/metformin 14195:Pioglitazone/alogliptin 14185:Metformin/teneligliptin 14180:Metformin/sulfonylureas 14160:Metformin/ertugliflozin 14130:Empagliflozin/metformin 14110:Dapagliflozin/metformin 14100:Canagliflozin/metformin 13726:GLP-1 receptor agonists 11640:Ageing Research Reviews 11220:Froldi G (April 2024). 10176:"Drugs banned in India" 8197:The Biochemical Journal 6466:10.1001/jama.2014.15298 5966:10.1136/hrt.2009.173773 5889:National Health Service 5584:Current Obesity Reports 4427:10.2337/diacare.22.1.33 3905:10.1073/pnas.2122287119 3564:Prescrire International 2657:in people with diabetes 2398:fixed-dose combinations 2084:with cooling to make a 1912:Metformin has indirect 1880:glucagon-like peptide-1 1864:adenosine monophosphate 1371:low density lipoprotein 1279:million prescriptions. 1271:. It is available as a 413:Metformin and acarbose 14245:Vildagliptin/metformin 14205:Pioglitazone/metformin 10035:(Press release). U.S. 9478:(Press release). U.S. 8698:(Press release). U.S. 7768:10.1210/endrev/bnaa023 6744:Critical Care Medicine 6013:10.3747/pdi.2013.00344 4892:Clinical Endocrinology 4467:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803695 3299:European Heart Journal 3253:(Suppl 1): S125–S143. 2753:, with mixed results. 2655:Cardiovascular disease 2488:dipeptidyl peptidase-4 2365: 2180: 2122:N-nitrosodimethylamine 2069: 1964:plasma protein binding 1950:Metformin has an oral 1916:effects in women with 1899:gastrointestinal tract 1868:adenosine triphosphate 1761:gastrointestinal tract 1693:plasma protein binding 1477:Diabetes and pregnancy 1189:to lessen the risk of 14485:Anti-aging substances 14235:Sitagliptin/metformin 14220:Saxagliptin/metformin 14175:Metformin/repaglinide 14170:Metformin/gemigliptin 14150:Linagliptin/metformin 12705:10.18632/aging.101549 12235:Frontiers in Medicine 12168:10.1056/NEJMoa2201662 10759:. 17 September 2018. 10726:. 17 September 2018. 10663:. 17 September 2018. 10600:. 17 September 2018. 10435:. 17 September 2018. 10402:. 17 September 2018. 10160:. 23 September 2010. 9231:Carteciano J (2005). 7864:10.1093/humupd/dmx039 7636:10.1210/jcem-63-4-898 5739:: 20451253241255476. 5505:10.1093/humupd/dmu037 5137:10.1093/humrep/dem426 4915:10536/DRO/DU:30151483 4031:"The Top 300 of 2022" 2842:. 10 September 2019. 2806:10.1002/cpt1978246683 2737:and other dementias, 2630:drug, with extensive 2503:saxagliptin/metformin 2499:sitagliptin/metformin 2370:British Approved Name 2363: 2173: 2068: 2022:elimination half-life 1853:glucose 6-phosphatase 1655:(due to depletion of 1558:diabetic ketoacidosis 1487:observational studies 1445:The United Kingdom's 1348:myocardial infarction 1169:for the treatment of 1167:first-line medication 266:) Combinations: 14165:Metformin/evogliptin 14095:Alogliptin/metformin 13043:10.3390/ijms19102863 12001:10.2147/CMAR.S264032 11477:10.1210/jc.2011-0555 11436:10.1210/jc.2006-0336 11188:10.2147/DDDT.S409373 10107:10.1056/NEJMoa072761 9486:on 29 September 2007 9302:(Suppl 1): 119–136. 8702:(FDA). 28 May 2020. 8642:. 26 February 2020. 8375:10.1039/CT9222101790 8363:J. Chem. Soc., Trans 7324:Circulation Research 6508:. 14 November 2017. 5995:Heaf J (June 2014). 5892:. 25 February 2019. 2743:Huntington's disease 2507:alogliptin/metformin 2338:Environmental impact 2316:Bristol-Myers Squibb 2240:analogs such as the 1895:fatty acid oxidation 1823:, and expression of 1720:-receptor antagonist 1380:In individuals with 1199:inhibit inflammation 14480:Anti-diabetic drugs 14391:Luteinizing hormone 13405:Insulin sensitizers 13160:diabetes medication 12748:(40): 65643–65659. 12595:2018PLoSO..1301692T 11602:10.1155/2013/636927 11175:Drug Des Devel Ther 11080:. 27 January 2020. 10630:. 24 October 2019. 10469:. 11 January 2017. 10182:on 21 February 2015 9942:. 12 October 2002. 9870:10.3121/cmr.1.3.189 8586:. 4 February 2020. 8552:. 3 February 2020. 8518:. 5 December 2019. 8478:. 5 December 2019. 8416:10.1021/ja01518a052 8142:on 23 October 2007. 8133:Veterinary Medicine 7520:10.1038/nature11808 7512:2013Natur.494..256M 7453:2022Natur.603..159M 7148:10.1038/nature13270 7140:2014Natur.510..542M 6650:2008HETox..27..575F 5796:2016PLoSO..1156208S 5646:10.1155/2015/970730 5232:10.1530/EJE-09-0733 5176:2010NYASA1205..192D 5099:on 18 December 2009 3896:2022PNAS..11922287L 3890:(10): e2122287119. 3495:10.2147/JIR.S436147 3109:. 13 October 2016. 3029:. 25 October 2022. 2927:. 13 September 2024 2745:, certain types of 2739:Parkinson's disease 2735:Alzheimer's disease 2632:off-target activity 2600:The combination of 2469:The combination of 2333:Society and culture 1857:AICA ribonucleotide 1825:proopiomelanocortin 1772:Mechanism of action 1467:glucose intolerance 1193:in people who take 585:(Prescription only) 561:(Prescription only) 25: 14381:Interferon beta-1a 14284:Never to phase III 14155:Metformin/acarbose 13505:Dual PPAR agonists 13374:Never to phase III 13281:Ultralente insulin 12655:10.3390/ph13090218 12462:10.3233/jad-180263 12204:ClinicalTrials.gov 11589:ISRN Endocrinology 11321:Systematic Reviews 11239:10.3390/ph17040478 10567:. 12 August 2019. 10244:The New York Times 10218:on 13 October 2013 10043:on 14 October 2007 9648:10.1039/C8EM00390D 9610:. 12 December 2016 9317:on 24 October 2009 9239:on 24 October 2009 9051:. 24 February 2021 9021:. 19 August 2020. 8433:(in French). 1975. 8209:10.1042/bj20150497 8124:Heller JB (2007). 8041:10.3233/BPL-160043 5124:Human Reproduction 3940:Fischer J (2010). 3606:10.1111/apha.12644 2751:fragile X syndrome 2596:Triple combination 2392:When used for type 2366: 2198:Galega officinalis 2181: 2176:Galega officinalis 2130:In February 2020, 2070: 1918:insulin resistance 1675:, abdominal pain, 1554:metabolic acidosis 1273:generic medication 1249:glucose production 1191:metabolic syndrome 243:Antidiabetic agent 130:-dimethylbiguanide 21: 14500:Exercise mimetics 14445: 14444: 14298: 14297: 14294: 14293: 14257: 14256: 14253: 14252: 14077: 14076: 13905: 13904: 13817: 13816: 13720: 13719: 13563: 13562: 13384: 13383: 13347: 13346: 13291:ultra-long-acting 13215:Insulin glulisine 12839:(17): 2532–2550. 12546:10.1111/cas.13482 12129:10.1136/bmj.p1306 12076:(10): 1119–1129. 11899:10.2337/dc21-1046 11892:(12): 2775–2782. 11378:(30): 3361–3373. 10750:"Jentadueto EPAR" 10654:"Komboglyze EPAR" 10537:. 4 August 2011. 10132:(Press release). 9938:(Press release). 9912:. 30 April 2003. 9731:Urologic Oncology 9691:10.2337/cd18-0063 9679:Clinical Diabetes 9641:(12): 1716–1727. 8672:. 10 March 2020. 8454:978-0-8155-1526-5 8431:Patent FR 2322860 8325:. pp. 1–38. 8090:10.2337/dc10-2207 7756:Endocrine Reviews 7447:(7899): 159–165. 7378:10.2337/db07-0381 7198:10.1159/000493448 6622:978-0-07-142280-2 6545:978-0-7817-4678-6 6259:10.1136/bmj.c2181 5447:10.1111/dme.13523 5435:Diabetic Medicine 5269:10.1111/dme.13150 5257:Diabetic Medicine 5060:978-1-900364-97-3 4905:10.1111/cen.13753 4643:978-0-07-141613-9 4572:978-0-07-162444-2 4298:10.1111/obr.12753 4207:10.2337/dc12-0413 3984:978-0-323-02964-3 3953:978-3-527-63212-1 3794:(12): 1202–1208. 3788:Nature Metabolism 3748:(7795): 444–448. 3702:10.2337/dc10-2361 3594:Acta Physiologica 3260:10.2337/dc22-s009 2645:Premature puberty 2529:SGLT-2 inhibitors 2523:SGLT-2 inhibitors 2368:Metformin is the 2139:sustained-release 2090:hydrogen chloride 2018:tubular secretion 2016:from the body by 2008:Metformin is not 1780:), activation of 1731:tubular secretion 1552:Acute or chronic 1530:Contraindications 1386:systematic review 1344:systematic review 1255:, increasing the 1187:off-label adjunct 1156: 1155: 1106:CN(C)C(=N)N=C(N)N 1090:1.3±0.1 g/cm 1075:Interactive image 1067:Interactive image 960:CompTox Dashboard 608: 593: 580: 568: 556: 212: 179: 14537: 14462: 14461: 14460: 14453: 14325: 14318: 14311: 14302: 14301: 14088: 14087: 13984:SGLT2 inhibitors 13914: 13913: 13823:DPP-4 inhibitors 13804:(GLP-1/GIP/GCGR) 13780: 13779: 13586: 13585: 13574: 13573: 13410: 13409: 13401: 13400: 13390: 13389: 13299:Insulin degludec 13261:Insulin glargine 13198: 13197: 13181: 13180: 13152: 13145: 13138: 13129: 13128: 13124: 13102: 13065: 13055: 13045: 13020: 13010: 13001:(9): 1586–1593. 12985: 12975: 12958:(9): 1577–1585. 12942: 12932: 12899: 12889: 12856: 12817: 12816: 12806: 12782: 12776: 12775: 12765: 12733: 12727: 12726: 12716: 12699:(9): 2338–2355. 12684: 12678: 12677: 12667: 12657: 12633: 12627: 12626: 12616: 12606: 12574: 12568: 12567: 12557: 12525: 12519: 12518: 12501:(8): 2055–2059. 12490: 12484: 12483: 12473: 12456:(4): 1225–1236. 12441: 12435: 12434: 12432: 12430: 12404: 12380: 12371: 12370: 12360: 12328: 12322: 12321: 12311: 12301: 12277: 12271: 12270: 12260: 12250: 12226: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12215: 12196: 12190: 12189: 12179: 12147: 12141: 12140: 12112: 12106: 12105: 12095: 12085: 12061: 12055: 12054: 12052: 12050: 12030: 12024: 12023: 12013: 12003: 11979: 11973: 11972: 11962: 11952: 11928: 11922: 11921: 11911: 11901: 11877: 11871: 11870: 11860: 11843:(6): 1060–1065. 11828: 11822: 11821: 11811: 11779: 11773: 11772: 11762: 11730: 11721: 11720: 11710: 11678: 11672: 11671: 11634: 11625: 11624: 11614: 11604: 11580: 11574: 11573: 11563: 11539: 11533: 11532: 11496: 11490: 11489: 11479: 11455: 11449: 11448: 11438: 11414: 11408: 11407: 11397: 11387: 11363: 11357: 11356: 11346: 11336: 11312: 11306: 11305: 11268: 11262: 11261: 11251: 11241: 11217: 11211: 11210: 11200: 11190: 11166: 11160: 11159: 11130: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11119: 11100: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11089: 11066: 11060: 11059: 11057: 11055: 11032: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11021: 10998: 10992: 10990: 10986: 10984: 10977: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10952: 10920: 10911: 10910: 10900: 10876: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10789:. 18 July 2019. 10779: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10768: 10746: 10740: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10713: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10702: 10693:. 14 June 2019. 10683: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10650: 10644: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10620: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10609: 10587: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10576: 10557: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10546: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10503:. 3 April 2013. 10489: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10455: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10426:"Competact EPAR" 10422: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10389: 10383: 10382: 10371: 10365: 10364: 10345: 10339: 10338: 10327: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10307:. 21 June 2019. 10293: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10259: 10253: 10252: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10198: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10109: 10085: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10050: 10048: 10029: 10023: 10017: 10013: 10012:on 14 July 2011. 10011: 10005:. Archived from 10004: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9985: 9962: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9898: 9892: 9891: 9881: 9849: 9843: 9842: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9776: 9765: 9764: 9754: 9722: 9713: 9712: 9702: 9670: 9661: 9660: 9650: 9626: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9542: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9525: 9510: 9502: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9472: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9455: 9432: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9406: 9382: 9371: 9370: 9361: 9355: 9354: 9333: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9316: 9310:. Archived from 9293: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9227: 9221: 9220: 9210: 9178: 9172: 9171: 9150: 9141: 9140: 9131:(6): 1398–1405. 9119: 9113: 9112: 9102: 9091:10.1172/JCI14178 9070: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9007: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8968: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8937: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8915: 8904: 8892: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8632: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8606: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8508: 8502: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8397: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8354: 8345: 8344: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8283: 8274: 8273: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8220: 8188: 8179: 8178: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8130: 8121: 8112: 8111: 8101: 8084:(7): 1469–1474. 8069: 8063: 8062: 8052: 8029:Brain Plasticity 8020: 8014: 8013: 7988:(5): 1409–1414. 7977: 7971: 7970: 7934: 7928: 7927: 7917: 7907: 7898:(8): 1510–1519. 7883: 7877: 7876: 7866: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7799: 7790: 7789: 7779: 7747: 7738: 7737: 7727: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7678: 7669:(7): 2074–2081. 7654: 7648: 7647: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7531: 7506:(7436): 256–60. 7491: 7485: 7484: 7474: 7464: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7397: 7391: 7390: 7380: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7339: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7298: 7287:10.1172/JCI13505 7266: 7260: 7259: 7249: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7200: 7191:(4): 1444–1459. 7176: 7170: 7169: 7159: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7076: 7067: 7066: 7056: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7007: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6915: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6854: 6830: 6824: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6793:(29): 3695–700. 6782: 6776: 6775: 6738: 6729: 6728: 6718: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6661: 6659:10.1.1.1031.9486 6633: 6627: 6626: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6531: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6477: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6428: 6419:(21): 2594–602. 6404: 6398: 6397: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6352: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6311: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6270: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6111: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6044: 6035: 6034: 6024: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5919: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5880: 5869: 5868: 5858: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5817: 5807: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5758: 5748: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5707: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5658: 5648: 5627:Choi YJ (2015). 5624: 5618: 5617: 5607: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5558: 5548: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5507: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5458: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5409: 5398:10.1136/bmj.h102 5377: 5368: 5367: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5234: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5139: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5098: 5087: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5052: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5024: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4975: 4958:(12): CD006105. 4943: 4928: 4927: 4917: 4907: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4866: 4856: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4807: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4763: 4731: 4722: 4721: 4711: 4694:(12): CD008558. 4679: 4666: 4665: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4612: 4588: 4577: 4576: 4560: 4550: 4537: 4536: 4526: 4501:(11): CD012436. 4486: 4480: 4479: 4469: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4410: 4401: 4400: 4390: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4341: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4300: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4259: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4218: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4166: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4117: 4085: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3937: 3928: 3927: 3917: 3907: 3875: 3866: 3865: 3829: 3820: 3819: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3765: 3733: 3724: 3723: 3713: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3664: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3507: 3497: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3456: 3446: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3396:10.7326/M15-2650 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3352: 3325: 3324: 3314: 3290: 3281: 3280: 3262: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3138: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3066: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2972: 2948: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2870:nctr-crs.fda.gov 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2789: 2759: 2517:generic medicine 2490:and thus reduce 2479:DPP-4 inhibitors 2395: 2376:(USAN), and the 2313: 2201:) also known as 2060:2-cyanoguanidine 1987:lipid solubility 1954:of 50–60% under 1946:Pharmacokinetics 1940:exercise mimetic 1904: 1830: 1790:protein kinase A 1689:molecular weight 1592:Gastrointestinal 1572:The most common 1538:in people with: 1525: 1518:Use with insulin 1472: 1415: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1391: 1360: 1322: 1314: 1290: 1278: 1174: 1077: 1069: 1049: 1034: 1028: 1022: 1005: 994: 983: 982: 968: 966: 951: 943: 923: 915: 895: 887: 867: 859: 839: 831: 811: 803: 783: 763: 755: 745: 744: 730: 722: 659: 606: 603: 598: 591: 588: 578: 575: 567: 564: 554: 551: 526: 513: 500: 487: 474: 461: 448: 435: 422: 409: 396: 383: 370: 357: 344: 331: 318: 305: 292: 279: 265: 210: 207: 189: 178: 175: 162: 148: 98: 91: 90: 87: 86: 83: 80: 77: 74: 71: 68: 65: 62: 42: 33: 26: 24: 20: 14545: 14544: 14540: 14539: 14538: 14536: 14535: 14534: 14470: 14469: 14468: 14458: 14456: 14448: 14446: 14441: 14420: 14334: 14329: 14299: 14290: 14289: 14274:Clinical trials 14249: 14073: 14047: 13978: 13950: 13901: 13813: 13778: 13716: 13687: 13581: 13559: 13532: 13499: 13444:/"glitazones" ( 13436: 13395: 13380: 13379: 13364:Clinical trials 13343: 13322: 13303:+insulin aspart 13285: 13256:Insulin detemir 13242: 13238:Regular insulin 13224: 13192: 13190:insulin analogs 13175: 13168:insulin analogs 13156: 13123:. 4 April 2022. 13113: 13110: 13105: 12826: 12824:Further reading 12821: 12820: 12783: 12779: 12734: 12730: 12685: 12681: 12642:Pharmaceuticals 12634: 12630: 12589:(8): e0201692. 12575: 12571: 12526: 12522: 12491: 12487: 12442: 12438: 12428: 12426: 12381: 12374: 12329: 12325: 12278: 12274: 12227: 12223: 12213: 12211: 12206:. 13 May 2024. 12198: 12197: 12193: 12148: 12144: 12113: 12109: 12062: 12058: 12048: 12046: 12031: 12027: 11980: 11976: 11929: 11925: 11878: 11874: 11837:Cell Metabolism 11829: 11825: 11788:Cell Metabolism 11780: 11776: 11731: 11724: 11693:(10): 745–755. 11679: 11675: 11635: 11628: 11581: 11577: 11540: 11536: 11497: 11493: 11456: 11452: 11415: 11411: 11364: 11360: 11313: 11309: 11269: 11265: 11226:Pharmaceuticals 11218: 11214: 11167: 11163: 11131: 11127: 11117: 11115: 11102: 11101: 11097: 11087: 11085: 11068: 11067: 11063: 11053: 11051: 11034: 11033: 11029: 11019: 11017: 11000: 10999: 10995: 10988: 10982: 10975: 10971: 10970: 10966: 10935:(4): CD012368. 10921: 10914: 10877: 10870: 10860: 10858: 10841: 10840: 10836: 10826: 10824: 10811: 10810: 10806: 10796: 10794: 10781: 10780: 10776: 10766: 10764: 10748: 10747: 10743: 10733: 10731: 10717:"Vipdomet EPAR" 10715: 10714: 10710: 10700: 10698: 10685: 10684: 10680: 10670: 10668: 10652: 10651: 10647: 10637: 10635: 10622: 10621: 10617: 10607: 10605: 10589: 10588: 10584: 10574: 10572: 10559: 10558: 10554: 10544: 10542: 10525: 10524: 10520: 10510: 10508: 10491: 10490: 10486: 10476: 10474: 10457: 10456: 10452: 10442: 10440: 10424: 10423: 10419: 10409: 10407: 10393:"Glubrava EPAR" 10391: 10390: 10386: 10373: 10372: 10368: 10347: 10346: 10342: 10329: 10328: 10324: 10314: 10312: 10295: 10294: 10290: 10280: 10278: 10273:. 1 July 2021. 10261: 10260: 10256: 10235: 10231: 10221: 10219: 10200: 10199: 10195: 10185: 10183: 10174: 10173: 10169: 10157:BBC News Online 10150: 10149: 10145: 10128: 10127: 10123: 10100:(24): 2457–71. 10086: 10082: 10072: 10070: 10061: 10060: 10056: 10046: 10044: 10031: 10030: 10026: 10015: 10009: 10002: 9998: 9997: 9993: 9983: 9981: 9964: 9963: 9959: 9949: 9947: 9940:GlaxoSmithKline 9934: 9933: 9929: 9919: 9917: 9900: 9899: 9895: 9850: 9846: 9807: 9803: 9793: 9791: 9778: 9777: 9768: 9723: 9716: 9671: 9664: 9627: 9623: 9613: 9611: 9602: 9601: 9597: 9587: 9585: 9573: 9572: 9568: 9558: 9556: 9544: 9543: 9539: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9508: 9504: 9503: 9499: 9489: 9487: 9474: 9473: 9469: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9430: 9424: 9420: 9404:10.1002/pdi.606 9383: 9374: 9362: 9358: 9334: 9330: 9320: 9318: 9314: 9291: 9284: 9280: 9256: 9252: 9242: 9240: 9228: 9224: 9179: 9175: 9151: 9144: 9120: 9116: 9071: 9064: 9054: 9052: 9043: 9042: 9038: 9028: 9026: 9009: 9008: 9004: 8994: 8992: 8983: 8982: 8978: 8966: 8958: 8956: 8951:. 5 June 2020. 8939: 8938: 8929: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8902: 8898:(28 May 2020). 8893: 8889: 8879: 8877: 8872:. 2 June 2020. 8860: 8859: 8855: 8845: 8843: 8838:. 2 June 2020. 8826: 8825: 8821: 8811: 8809: 8804:. 27 May 2020. 8792: 8791: 8787: 8777: 8775: 8770:. 29 May 2020. 8758: 8757: 8753: 8743: 8741: 8736:. 28 May 2020. 8724: 8723: 8719: 8709: 8707: 8694: 8693: 8689: 8679: 8677: 8664: 8663: 8659: 8649: 8647: 8634: 8633: 8629: 8619: 8617: 8608: 8607: 8603: 8593: 8591: 8574: 8573: 8569: 8559: 8557: 8540: 8539: 8535: 8525: 8523: 8510: 8509: 8505: 8493: 8485: 8483: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8428: 8427: 8423: 8398: 8394: 8384: 8382: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8319: 8315: 8284: 8277: 8238: 8234: 8189: 8182: 8151: 8147: 8139: 8128: 8122: 8115: 8070: 8066: 8021: 8017: 7978: 7974: 7935: 7931: 7884: 7880: 7843: 7839: 7800: 7793: 7748: 7741: 7716:10.1038/nrm3311 7696: 7692: 7655: 7651: 7620: 7616: 7585: 7581: 7549: 7545: 7492: 7488: 7433: 7429: 7398: 7394: 7357: 7353: 7316: 7312: 7267: 7263: 7218: 7214: 7177: 7173: 7134:(7506): 542–6. 7120: 7116: 7077: 7070: 7039:(9): 1898–906. 7025: 7021: 6976: 6972: 6933: 6929: 6880: 6876: 6831: 6827: 6818: 6814: 6783: 6779: 6739: 6732: 6695: 6691: 6634: 6630: 6623: 6603: 6599: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6532: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6460:(24): 2668–75. 6446: 6442: 6405: 6401: 6370: 6366: 6329: 6325: 6288: 6284: 6239: 6235: 6225: 6223: 6188: 6184: 6174: 6172: 6137: 6133: 6088: 6084: 6045: 6038: 5993: 5989: 5950: 5946: 5936: 5934: 5921: 5920: 5909: 5899: 5897: 5882: 5881: 5872: 5835: 5831: 5790:(6): e0156208. 5776: 5772: 5725: 5721: 5676: 5672: 5625: 5621: 5576: 5572: 5539:(8): e1002848. 5525: 5521: 5484: 5480: 5427: 5423: 5378: 5371: 5339: 5335: 5296: 5292: 5252: 5248: 5211: 5207: 5160: 5153: 5116: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5085: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5061: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5007:(7): CD010564. 4993: 4989: 4944: 4931: 4884: 4880: 4833: 4829: 4784: 4780: 4746:(2): CD003053. 4732: 4725: 4680: 4669: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4630: 4626: 4589: 4580: 4573: 4551: 4540: 4487: 4483: 4446: 4442: 4411: 4404: 4373:(6): CD012906. 4359: 4355: 4318: 4314: 4285:Obesity Reviews 4277: 4273: 4236: 4232: 4187: 4180: 4135: 4131: 4100:(7421): 951–3. 4086: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4000: 3996: 3985: 3969: 3965: 3954: 3938: 3931: 3876: 3869: 3830: 3823: 3783: 3779: 3734: 3727: 3682: 3678: 3633: 3629: 3590: 3583: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3525: 3521: 3474: 3470: 3423: 3419: 3390:(11): 740–751. 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3328: 3291: 3284: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3216:www.chemsrc.com 3210: 3209: 3205: 3184:(18): 1879–94. 3174: 3170: 3139: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3068: 3067: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2949: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2727:neuroprotective 2723: 2708: 2696: 2669: 2626:Metformin is a 2624: 2598: 2582: 2572:(Metaglip) and 2548: 2525: 2481: 2467: 2421:GlaxoSmithKline 2413: 2406: 2393: 2390: 2358: 2340: 2335: 2311: 2168: 2114: 2108: 2046: 2041: 2026:red blood cells 1984: 1980: 1961: 1952:bioavailability 1948: 1926:Cochrane review 1902: 1828: 1809:pituitary gland 1805:gluconeogenesis 1774: 1769: 1757:anticholinergic 1719: 1712: 1669: 1649:gluconeogenesis 1629: 1627:Lactic acidosis 1620: 1613: 1594: 1586:lactic acidosis 1570: 1568:Adverse effects 1536:contraindicated 1532: 1523: 1520: 1500: 1479: 1470: 1451:body mass index 1435:GnRH-antagonist 1422: 1413: 1405: 1401: 1393: 1389: 1358: 1329: 1320: 1312: 1301: 1299:Type 2 diabetes 1288: 1285: 1276: 1239:Metformin is a 1234:kidney problems 1222:low blood sugar 1205:. Metformin is 1172: 1152: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1080: 1047: 1037: 1031: 1025: 986: 962: 954: 926: 898: 870: 842: 814: 786: 766: 741: 733: 705: 702: 690: 689: 657: 636:Protein binding 626:Bioavailability 618:Pharmacokinetic 612: 596: 533: 530: 225: 218: 199: 192: 96: 59: 55: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14543: 14533: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14467: 14466: 14443: 14442: 14440: 14439: 14434: 14428: 14426: 14422: 14421: 14419: 14418: 14416:Tegafur/uracil 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14342: 14340: 14336: 14335: 14328: 14327: 14320: 14313: 14305: 14296: 14295: 14292: 14291: 14288: 14287: 14286: 14285: 14282: 14271: 14265: 14259: 14258: 14255: 14254: 14251: 14250: 14248: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14091: 14085: 14079: 14078: 14075: 14074: 14072: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14055: 14053: 14049: 14048: 14046: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14018:Luseogliflozin 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13989: 13987: 13980: 13979: 13977: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13960: 13958: 13952: 13951: 13949: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13922: 13920: 13911: 13907: 13906: 13903: 13902: 13900: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13828: 13826: 13819: 13818: 13815: 13814: 13812: 13811: 13805: 13799: 13788: 13786: 13777: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13730: 13728: 13722: 13721: 13718: 13717: 13715: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13698: 13696: 13689: 13688: 13686: 13685: 13683:Glyclopyramide 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13639:2nd generation 13635: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13612:Chlorpropamide 13609: 13604: 13598:1st generation 13594: 13592: 13583: 13579: 13571: 13565: 13564: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13557: 13552: 13546: 13544: 13534: 13533: 13531: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13509: 13507: 13501: 13500: 13498: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13451: 13449: 13438: 13437: 13435: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13418: 13416: 13407: 13397: 13396: 13386: 13385: 13382: 13381: 13378: 13377: 13376: 13375: 13372: 13361: 13355: 13349: 13348: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13341: 13338: 13334: 13332: 13324: 13323: 13321: 13320: 13313:Insulin icodec 13310: 13295: 13293: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13258: 13252: 13250: 13244: 13243: 13241: 13240: 13234: 13232: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13222: 13220:Insulin lispro 13217: 13212: 13210:Insulin aspart 13206: 13204: 13194: 13193: 13177: 13176: 13155: 13154: 13147: 13140: 13132: 13126: 13125: 13109: 13108:External links 13106: 13104: 13103: 13066: 13021: 12986: 12943: 12915:(4): 565–574. 12900: 12857: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12819: 12818: 12797:(5): F342-50. 12777: 12728: 12679: 12628: 12569: 12540:(3): 699–709. 12534:Cancer Science 12520: 12485: 12436: 12372: 12343:(1): e34–e41. 12323: 12272: 12221: 12191: 12162:(7): 599–610. 12142: 12107: 12056: 12025: 11974: 11923: 11872: 11823: 11774: 11745:(3): a025932. 11722: 11673: 11626: 11575: 11534: 11491: 11470:(8): E1262-7. 11450: 11429:(8): 2888–91. 11409: 11358: 11307: 11263: 11212: 11161: 11125: 11095: 11061: 11027: 10993: 10989:(1.79 MB) 10964: 10912: 10868: 10834: 10804: 10774: 10741: 10708: 10678: 10645: 10615: 10591:"Janumet EPAR" 10582: 10552: 10518: 10484: 10450: 10417: 10384: 10366: 10363:on 4 May 2015. 10340: 10322: 10288: 10254: 10229: 10193: 10167: 10143: 10121: 10080: 10054: 10024: 10016:(96.5 KB) 9991: 9957: 9927: 9893: 9864:(3): 189–200. 9844: 9801: 9766: 9737:(1): 43.e1–7. 9714: 9685:(3): 234–241. 9662: 9621: 9595: 9566: 9537: 9497: 9467: 9418: 9372: 9356: 9328: 9278: 9250: 9222: 9173: 9142: 9114: 9062: 9036: 9002: 8976: 8927: 8887: 8853: 8819: 8785: 8751: 8717: 8687: 8657: 8627: 8601: 8567: 8533: 8503: 8460: 8453: 8436: 8421: 8410:(9): 2220–25. 8392: 8346: 8340:978-0471266945 8339: 8313: 8275: 8232: 8180: 8155:Cancer Letters 8145: 8113: 8064: 8035:(2): 153–169. 8015: 7972: 7929: 7878: 7857:(2): 225–241. 7837: 7810:(4): 503–513. 7791: 7739: 7710:(4): 251–262. 7690: 7649: 7630:(4): 898–905. 7614: 7579: 7543: 7486: 7427: 7408:(1): H457-66. 7392: 7351: 7310: 7281:(8): 1167–74. 7261: 7232:(12): 2063–9. 7212: 7171: 7114: 7068: 7019: 6970: 6927: 6874: 6845:(7): 698–701. 6825: 6812: 6777: 6750:(8): 1716–30. 6730: 6689: 6628: 6621: 6597: 6551: 6544: 6523: 6489: 6440: 6399: 6364: 6323: 6302:(18): 1975–9. 6282: 6233: 6182: 6151:(19): 2251–2. 6131: 6082: 6036: 5987: 5944: 5907: 5870: 5829: 5770: 5719: 5670: 5619: 5590:(2): 156–164. 5570: 5519: 5478: 5441:(2): 160–172. 5421: 5369: 5333: 5306:(1): 193–205. 5290: 5246: 5225:(2): 193–212. 5205: 5151: 5110: 5073: 5059: 5036: 4987: 4929: 4898:(5): 535–553. 4878: 4827: 4778: 4723: 4667: 4649: 4642: 4624: 4578: 4571: 4538: 4481: 4440: 4402: 4353: 4312: 4271: 4230: 4201:(6): 1364–79. 4178: 4129: 4077: 4052: 4022: 3994: 3983: 3963: 3952: 3929: 3867: 3821: 3777: 3725: 3676: 3647:(2): 222–229. 3627: 3600:(1): 138–151. 3581: 3554: 3535:(3): 196–205. 3519: 3468: 3431:BMC Psychiatry 3417: 3373: 3326: 3305:(2): 255–323. 3282: 3233: 3203: 3168: 3124: 3091: 3044: 3014: 2984: 2938: 2912: 2886: 2857: 2827: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2768: 2765: 2722: 2719: 2707: 2704: 2700:stomach cancer 2695: 2692: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2623: 2620: 2597: 2594: 2581: 2578: 2547: 2544: 2524: 2521: 2480: 2477: 2466: 2463: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2389: 2386: 2357: 2354: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2310:(FDA) for type 2294:G. officinalis 2292:isolated from 2262:bacteriostatic 2253:blood pressure 2215:G. officinalis 2167: 2164: 2107: 2104: 2044: 2040: 2037: 1982: 1978: 1959: 1947: 1944: 1914:antiandrogenic 1887:glucose uptake 1813:growth hormone 1798:gut microbiota 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1668: 1665: 1628: 1625: 1618: 1611: 1593: 1590: 1574:adverse effect 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1550: 1547: 1531: 1528: 1519: 1516: 1499: 1496: 1478: 1475: 1421: 1418: 1328: 1325: 1300: 1297: 1284: 1281: 1195:antipsychotics 1154: 1153: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1070: 1062: 1060: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1029: 1023: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1006: 996: 988: 987: 985: 984: 971: 969: 956: 955: 953: 952: 944: 936: 934: 928: 927: 925: 924: 916: 908: 906: 900: 899: 897: 896: 888: 880: 878: 872: 871: 869: 868: 860: 852: 850: 844: 843: 841: 840: 832: 824: 822: 816: 815: 813: 812: 804: 796: 794: 788: 787: 785: 784: 776: 774: 768: 767: 765: 764: 756: 748: 746: 735: 734: 732: 731: 723: 715: 713: 707: 706: 704: 703: 693: 685: 684: 683: 680: 679: 675: 674: 671: 665: 664: 661: 652: 651: 648: 642: 641: 638: 632: 631: 628: 622: 621: 614: 613: 611: 610: 601: 586: 573: 562: 548: 546: 540: 539: 535: 534: 532: 531: 529: 528: 515: 502: 489: 476: 463: 450: 437: 424: 411: 398: 385: 372: 359: 346: 333: 320: 307: 294: 281: 267: 254: 252: 246: 245: 240: 234: 233: 228: 226:administration 220: 219: 217: 216: 214: 204: 202: 194: 193: 191: 190: 172: 170: 164: 163: 156: 150: 149: 142: 132: 131: 121: 117: 116: 110: 104: 103: 53: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14542: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14477: 14475: 14465: 14455: 14454: 14451: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14429: 14427: 14423: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14386:Levothyroxine 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14343: 14341: 14337: 14333: 14326: 14321: 14319: 14314: 14312: 14307: 14306: 14303: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14260: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14092: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14080: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14064:Bromocriptine 14062: 14060: 14057: 14056: 14054: 14050: 14044: 14043:Velagliflozin 14041: 14039: 14038:Tofogliflozin 14036: 14034: 14033:Sotagliflozin 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14023:Remogliflozin 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14013:Ipragliflozin 14011: 14009: 14008:Ertugliflozin 14006: 14004: 14003:Empagliflozin 14001: 13999: 13998:Dapagliflozin 13996: 13994: 13993:Canagliflozin 13991: 13990: 13988: 13986:/"gliflozins" 13985: 13981: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13961: 13959: 13957: 13953: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13923: 13921: 13919: 13915: 13912: 13908: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13887:Teneligliptin 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13820: 13809: 13806: 13803: 13800: 13797: 13793: 13790: 13789: 13787: 13785: 13781: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13731: 13729: 13727: 13723: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13690: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13640: 13637: 13636: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13602:Acetohexamide 13599: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13591: 13590:Sulfonylureas 13587: 13584: 13582: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13569:Secretagogues 13566: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13547: 13545: 13543: 13539: 13535: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13510: 13508: 13506: 13502: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13490:Rosiglitazone 13488: 13486: 13485:Rivoglitazone 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13475:Netoglitazone 13473: 13471: 13470:Lobeglitazone 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13443: 13439: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13415: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13402: 13398: 13391: 13387: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13350: 13339: 13336: 13335: 13333: 13331: 13330: 13325: 13318: 13314: 13311: 13308: 13304: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13292: 13288: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13276:Lente insulin 13274: 13272: 13269: 13266: 13265:+lixisenatide 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13253: 13251: 13249: 13245: 13239: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13231: 13227: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13205: 13203: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13187: 13182: 13178: 13173: 13169: 13165: 13161: 13153: 13148: 13146: 13141: 13139: 13134: 13133: 13130: 13122: 13121: 13120:Health Canada 13116: 13112: 13111: 13100: 13096: 13092: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13077:: 1227–1235. 13076: 13072: 13067: 13063: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13035: 13031: 13027: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13009: 13004: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12965: 12961: 12957: 12953: 12949: 12944: 12940: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12910: 12906: 12901: 12897: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12872:(3): 426–35. 12871: 12867: 12863: 12858: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12834: 12829: 12828: 12814: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12781: 12773: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12755: 12751: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12732: 12724: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12690: 12683: 12675: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12647: 12643: 12639: 12632: 12624: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12596: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12573: 12565: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12547: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12531: 12524: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12489: 12481: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12440: 12424: 12420: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12379: 12377: 12368: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12334: 12327: 12319: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12291: 12287: 12283: 12276: 12268: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12225: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12195: 12187: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12146: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12111: 12103: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12075: 12071: 12067: 12060: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12029: 12021: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11994:: 8545–8554. 11993: 11989: 11985: 11978: 11970: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11927: 11919: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11886:Diabetes Care 11883: 11876: 11868: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11827: 11819: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11778: 11770: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11729: 11727: 11718: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11700: 11696: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11677: 11669: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11633: 11631: 11622: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11579: 11571: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11554:(5): 1092–9. 11553: 11549: 11545: 11538: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11495: 11487: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11454: 11446: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11413: 11405: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11362: 11354: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11311: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11267: 11259: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11223: 11216: 11208: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11181:: 1907–1932. 11180: 11176: 11172: 11165: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11129: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11099: 11083: 11079: 11077: 11071: 11065: 11049: 11045: 11043: 11037: 11031: 11015: 11011: 11009: 11003: 10997: 10981: 10974: 10968: 10960: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10919: 10917: 10908: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10875: 10873: 10856: 10852: 10850: 10844: 10838: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10808: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10778: 10762: 10758: 10756: 10751: 10745: 10729: 10725: 10723: 10718: 10712: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10682: 10666: 10662: 10660: 10655: 10649: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10619: 10603: 10599: 10597: 10592: 10586: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10556: 10540: 10536: 10534: 10528: 10522: 10506: 10502: 10500: 10494: 10488: 10472: 10468: 10466: 10460: 10454: 10438: 10434: 10432: 10427: 10421: 10405: 10401: 10399: 10394: 10388: 10380: 10376: 10370: 10362: 10358: 10356: 10350: 10344: 10336: 10333:. Bloomberg. 10332: 10326: 10310: 10306: 10304: 10298: 10292: 10276: 10272: 10270: 10264: 10258: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10233: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10208: 10203: 10197: 10181: 10177: 10171: 10163: 10159: 10158: 10153: 10147: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10125: 10117: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10084: 10068: 10064: 10058: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10028: 10021: 10008: 10001: 9995: 9979: 9975: 9973: 9967: 9961: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9931: 9915: 9911: 9909: 9903: 9897: 9889: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9848: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9817:(6): 527–33. 9816: 9812: 9805: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9762: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9721: 9719: 9710: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9669: 9667: 9658: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9625: 9609: 9605: 9599: 9584: 9582: 9576: 9570: 9555: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9522: 9518: 9516: 9507: 9501: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9471: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9441:(3): 258–60. 9440: 9436: 9429: 9422: 9414: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9397:(3): 115–17. 9396: 9392: 9388: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9368: 9360: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9341:(in Polish). 9340: 9332: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9290: 9282: 9274: 9270: 9267:(7): 287–93. 9266: 9262: 9254: 9238: 9234: 9226: 9218: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9177: 9169: 9165: 9162:(5): 247–52. 9161: 9157: 9149: 9147: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9118: 9110: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9085:(8): 1105–7. 9084: 9080: 9076: 9069: 9067: 9050: 9046: 9040: 9024: 9020: 9018: 9012: 9006: 8990: 8986: 8980: 8973: 8972:public domain 8954: 8950: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8912: 8908: 8901: 8897: 8891: 8875: 8871: 8869: 8863: 8857: 8841: 8837: 8835: 8829: 8823: 8807: 8803: 8801: 8795: 8789: 8773: 8769: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8739: 8735: 8733: 8727: 8721: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8691: 8675: 8671: 8670:Health Canada 8667: 8661: 8645: 8641: 8640:Health Canada 8637: 8631: 8615: 8611: 8605: 8589: 8585: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8555: 8551: 8549: 8543: 8537: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8507: 8500: 8499:public domain 8481: 8477: 8475: 8470: 8464: 8456: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8432: 8425: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8404: 8403:J Am Chem Soc 8396: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8353: 8351: 8342: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8317: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8294:(3): 279–83. 8293: 8289: 8282: 8280: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8228: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8203:(3): 307–22. 8202: 8198: 8194: 8187: 8185: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8161:(2): 188–96. 8160: 8156: 8149: 8138: 8134: 8127: 8120: 8118: 8109: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8078:Diabetes Care 8075: 8068: 8060: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8019: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7976: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7933: 7925: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7882: 7874: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7841: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7796: 7787: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7746: 7744: 7735: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7653: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7618: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7560:(1): E182-9. 7559: 7555: 7547: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7371:(2): 306–14. 7370: 7366: 7362: 7355: 7347: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7330:(3): 328–41. 7329: 7325: 7321: 7314: 7306: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7265: 7257: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7075: 7073: 7064: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7023: 7015: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6898:(5): 545–51. 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6829: 6822: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6781: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6735: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6644:(7): 575–83. 6643: 6639: 6632: 6624: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6556: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6530: 6528: 6511: 6507: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6374:Diabetes Care 6368: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6102:(5): 455–63. 6101: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6041: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5991: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5960:(2): 99–102. 5959: 5955: 5948: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5849:(5): 809–20. 5848: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5690:(3): 377–82. 5689: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5533:PLOS Medicine 5530: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5498:(6): 853–68. 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5374: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5350:(3): 521–32. 5349: 5345: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5156: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5130:(3): 462–77. 5129: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5049: 5048: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4798:(6): 658–78. 4797: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4603:(6): 386–99. 4602: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4558: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4415:Diabetes Care 4409: 4407: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4332:(3): 133–73. 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4250:(3): 218–31. 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4195:Diabetes Care 4192: 4185: 4183: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4149:(9): 602–13. 4148: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4082: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3936: 3934: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3872: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3730: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3696:(6): 1431–7. 3695: 3691: 3690:Diabetes Care 3687: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3488:: 5545–5564. 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3287: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3247:Diabetes Care 3244: 3237: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3149:(5): 721–49. 3148: 3144: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3101: 3095: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3002: 2998: 2997:Health Canada 2994: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2901:. 27 May 2022 2900: 2896: 2890: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2800:(6): 683–93. 2799: 2795: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2774: 2771:A derivative 2764: 2761: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2586: 2577: 2575: 2574:glibenclamide 2571: 2566: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2551:Sulfonylureas 2546:Sulfonylureas 2543: 2541: 2540:canagliflozin 2537: 2536:empagliflozin 2533: 2532:dapagliflozin 2530: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2417:rosiglitazone 2411:Rosiglitazone 2408: 2401: 2399: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2362: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2132:Health Canada 2128: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2056:hydrochloride 2054: 2053:dimethylamine 2050: 2036: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1988: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685:hyperglycemia 1682: 1678: 1674: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1624: 1622: 1614: 1607: 1606:malabsorption 1603: 1598: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1534:Metformin is 1527: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504:antipsychotic 1498:Weight change 1495: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1474: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1417: 1411: 1399: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363:sulfonylureas 1355: 1353: 1350:or non-fatal 1349: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1324: 1318: 1310: 1306: 1296: 1294: 1280: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245:hyperglycemic 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1146: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1119: 1109: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1076: 1072:as HCl: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1053: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1004: 1000: 997: 995: 993:ECHA InfoCard 989: 981: 977: 976:DTXSID2023270 973: 972: 970: 961: 957: 950: 946:as HCl: 945: 942: 938: 937: 935: 933: 929: 922: 918:as HCl: 917: 914: 910: 909: 907: 905: 901: 894: 890:as HCl: 889: 886: 882: 881: 879: 877: 873: 866: 862:as HCl: 861: 858: 854: 853: 851: 849: 845: 838: 834:as HCl: 833: 830: 826: 825: 823: 821: 817: 810: 806:as HCl: 805: 802: 798: 797: 795: 793: 789: 782: 778: 777: 775: 773: 769: 762: 758:as HCl: 757: 754: 750: 749: 747: 740: 736: 729: 725:as HCl: 724: 721: 717: 716: 714: 712: 708: 700: 696: 692: 691: 688: 681: 676: 672: 670: 666: 662: 660: 653: 649: 647: 643: 639: 637: 633: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 609: Rx-only 602: 599: 587: 584: 574: 572: 563: 560: 550: 549: 547: 545: 541: 536: 525: 520: 516: 512: 507: 503: 499: 494: 490: 486: 481: 477: 473: 468: 464: 460: 455: 451: 447: 442: 438: 434: 429: 425: 421: 416: 412: 408: 403: 399: 395: 390: 386: 382: 377: 373: 369: 364: 360: 356: 351: 347: 343: 338: 334: 330: 325: 321: 317: 312: 308: 304: 299: 295: 291: 286: 282: 278: 273: 269: 268: 264: 259: 256: 255: 253: 251: 247: 244: 241: 239: 235: 232: 229: 227: 221: 215: 206: 205: 203: 201: 195: 188: 183: 174: 173: 171: 169: 165: 161: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 122: 118: 115: 111: 109: 105: 101: 100: 89: 54: 52:Pronunciation 50: 47:Clinical data 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 19: 14525:Orphan drugs 14401:Mitoxantrone 14395: 14332:Merck Serono 14083:Combinations 14028:Sergliflozin 13897:Vildagliptin 13892:Trelagliptin 13872:Omarigliptin 13847:Garvagliptin 13774:Taspoglutide 13764:Orforglipron 13759:Lixisenatide 13693:Meglitinides 13648:Glibornuride 13638: 13622:Metahexamide 13617:Glycyclamide 13597: 13550:Cagrilintide 13540:analogs and 13528:Tesaglitazar 13523:Saroglitazar 13518:Muraglitazar 13495:Troglitazone 13480:Pioglitazone 13460:Darglitazone 13426: 13394:Non-insulins 13327: 13317:+semaglutide 13307:+liraglutide 13290: 13247: 13230:short-acting 13229: 13201: 13118: 13074: 13070: 13036:(10): 2863. 13033: 13029: 12998: 12995:Diabetologia 12994: 12955: 12952:Diabetologia 12951: 12912: 12908: 12869: 12866:Diabetologia 12865: 12836: 12832: 12794: 12790: 12780: 12745: 12741: 12731: 12696: 12692: 12682: 12645: 12641: 12631: 12586: 12582: 12572: 12537: 12533: 12523: 12498: 12494: 12488: 12453: 12449: 12439: 12427:. 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Retrieved 8366: 8362: 8322: 8316: 8291: 8287: 8248:(2): 81–98. 8245: 8241: 8235: 8200: 8196: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8137:the original 8132: 8081: 8077: 8067: 8032: 8028: 8018: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7895: 7891: 7881: 7854: 7850: 7840: 7807: 7803: 7762:(1): 77–96. 7759: 7755: 7707: 7703: 7693: 7666: 7662: 7652: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7595:(9): 574–9. 7592: 7588: 7582: 7557: 7553: 7546: 7503: 7499: 7489: 7444: 7440: 7430: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7368: 7364: 7354: 7327: 7323: 7313: 7278: 7274: 7264: 7229: 7225: 7215: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7131: 7127: 7117: 7087:(5): 706–7. 7084: 7080: 7036: 7033:Diabetologia 7032: 7022: 6990:(2): 69–83. 6987: 6983: 6973: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6895: 6891: 6877: 6842: 6838: 6828: 6820: 6815: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6747: 6743: 6709:(3): 160–4. 6706: 6702: 6692: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6607: 6600: 6570:(1): 25–33. 6567: 6563: 6535: 6514:. 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Retrieved 2839: 2830: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2770: 2762: 2755: 2733:, including 2724: 2716: 2709: 2697: 2684: 2673: 2670: 2625: 2613: 2609:pioglitazone 2606: 2599: 2585:Meglitinides 2583: 2567: 2563: 2549: 2526: 2511: 2496: 2482: 2475: 2468: 2465:Pioglitazone 2461: 2454: 2450: 2442:heart attack 2439: 2428: 2425: 2414: 2407: 2391: 2367: 2356:Formulations 2352: 2341: 2324: 2305: 2298: 2293: 2283: 2270:antimalarial 2250: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2214: 2207:French lilac 2196: 2182: 2174: 2161: 2158: 2151: 2147: 2136: 2129: 2126: 2115: 2102: 2094:precipitates 2086:concentrated 2073: 2071: 2042: 2030: 2007: 1976: 1972:Steady state 1949: 1937: 1930: 1922:testosterone 1911: 1907: 1905:2 diabetes. 1884: 1833: 1802: 1775: 1767:Pharmacology 1754: 1743:double-blind 1737:(positively 1713: 1710:Interactions 1705: 1701: 1697:blood plasma 1691:and lack of 1681:hypoglycemia 1670: 1661: 1647:for hepatic 1634: 1630: 1602:homocysteine 1599: 1595: 1571: 1556:, including 1533: 1521: 1506:medications 1501: 1492:visceral fat 1480: 1444: 1431:GnRH-agonist 1423: 1410:sulfonylurea 1379: 1375:triglyceride 1367:hypoglycemia 1356: 1330: 1323:2 diabetes. 1302: 1286: 1283:Medical uses 1265: 1238: 1211: 1207:taken orally 1162: 1158: 1157: 809:DBSALT000114 698: 694: 656:Elimination 650:Not by liver 544:Legal status 538:Legal status 168:License data 127: 123: 112:Glucophage, 18: 14432:Merck Group 14270:from market 13882:Sitagliptin 13877:Saxagliptin 13867:Melogliptin 13862:Linagliptin 13857:Gosogliptin 13852:Gemigliptin 13825:/"gliptins" 13810:(GLP-1/GIP) 13808:Tirzepatide 13802:Retatrutide 13769:Semaglutide 13754:Liraglutide 13744:Dulaglutide 13739:Danuglipron 13734:Albiglutide 13712:Repaglinide 13707:Nateglinide 13702:Mitiglinide 13695:/"glinides" 13678:Glisoxepide 13663:Glimepiride 13653:Glicaramide 13632:Tolbutamide 13607:Carbutamide 13555:Pramlintide 13513:Aleglitazar 13465:Englitazone 13455:Ciglitazone 13360:from market 13271:NPH insulin 13248:long-acting 13202:fast-acting 12395:: 167–181. 10207:Stuff.co.nz 10073:17 February 10047:27 December 10020:Drug Topics 9950:27 December 9780:"Metformin" 9460:21 December 9321:22 December 9055:6 September 8896:Cavazzoni P 8385:4 September 8369:: 1790–95. 7945:(1): 9–10. 6943:(1): 41–8. 6839:Anaesthesia 6819:R. Baselt, 6613:McGraw-Hill 6516:21 December 5103:13 December 4421:(1): 33–7. 4291:(1): 1–12. 3212:"Metformin" 2963:(1): 24–6. 2767:Derivatives 2628:pleiotropic 2616:lipoic acid 2590:repaglinide 2580:Meglitinide 2519:in the US. 2513:Linagliptin 2382:brand names 2372:(BAN), the 2327:orphan drug 2274:antipyretic 2096:with a 96% 2062:over heat. 2033:portal vein 2010:metabolized 1992:transporter 1882:secretion. 1677:tachycardia 1604:levels and 1459:infertility 1455:anovulation 1382:prediabetes 1317:repaglinide 1293:infertility 1203:weight gain 1050: g·mol 999:100.010.472 678:Identifiers 673:Urine (90%) 663:4–8.7 hours 154:MedlinePlus 120:Other names 108:Trade names 14520:Guanidines 14495:Biguanides 14474:Categories 14366:Efalizumab 14361:Cladribine 14351:Bisoprolol 14059:Benfluorex 13946:Zenarestat 13936:Ranirestat 13931:Fidarestat 13926:Epalrestat 13842:Evogliptin 13837:Anagliptin 13832:Alogliptin 13673:Gliquidone 13658:Gliclazide 13627:Tolazamide 13432:Phenformin 13414:Biguanides 12742:Oncotarget 12648:(9): 218. 12292:: 587801. 12241:: 704666. 12049:3 November 11943:: 718942. 11595:: 636927. 11327:(1): 295. 11280:: 104799. 11232:(4): 478. 11142:: 1061–4. 10222:5 November 9243:5 December 8594:4 February 8560:4 February 8526:4 February 8486:4 February 6226:22 January 6175:22 January 5937:15 October 5900:15 October 5639:: 970730. 3437:(1): 341. 2879:22 October 2850:4 February 2779:References 2712:long COVID 2688:healthspan 2675:C. elegans 2555:beta cells 2257:heart rate 2242:synthalins 2189:phenformin 2110:See also: 2106:Impurities 2003:phenformin 1999:phenformin 1845:expression 1750:cephalexin 1747:antibiotic 1723:cimetidine 1653:alcoholism 1621:deficiency 1582:flatulence 1508:olanzapine 1179:overweight 1175:2 diabetes 1163:Glucophage 1055:3D model ( 1043:Molar mass 949:ChEMBL1703 941:ChEMBL1431 921:CHEBI:6802 913:CHEBI:6801 865:786Z46389E 857:9100L32L2N 820:ChemSpider 772:IUPHAR/BPS 711:CAS Number 687:IUPAC name 646:Metabolism 238:Drug class 14396:Metformin 14356:Cetuximab 14280:Phase III 14268:Withdrawn 14069:Imeglimin 13974:Voglibose 13941:Tolrestat 13792:Mazdutide 13749:Exenatide 13668:Glipizide 13427:Metformin 13370:Phase III 13358:Withdrawn 13329:inhalable 12429:9 October 11646:: 31–44. 11302:215741792 10827:4 October 9784:Drugs.com 9530:8 January 9490:6 January 9413:208203689 9029:25 August 8010:219607625 7967:204836737 7832:149443722 6654:CiteSeerX 6253:: c2181. 4070:30 August 4045:30 August 3816:213199603 3366:2 January 3277:245538347 2840:Drugs.com 2570:glipizide 2278:analgesic 2266:antiviral 2238:guanidine 2219:guanidine 2211:Tephrosia 2185:biguanide 2078:equimolar 2049:synthesis 2039:Chemistry 1861:cytosolic 1778:complex I 1727:clearance 1645:substrate 1617:vitamin B 1610:vitamin B 1512:clozapine 1384:, a 2019 1241:biguanide 1159:Metformin 728:1115-70-4 669:Excretion 658:half-life 224:Routes of 198:Pregnancy 187:Metformin 146:Monograph 140:Drugs.com 23:Metformin 14464:Medicine 14411:Serostim 14346:Avelumab 14339:Products 13969:Miglitol 13964:Acarbose 13422:Buformin 13186:Insulins 13164:insulins 13099:52031602 13091:30119191 13062:30241400 13017:28770321 12982:28776086 12939:30126667 12896:26780750 12853:27908266 12813:26661649 12772:27582539 12723:30222592 12674:32872293 12623:30161162 12583:PLOS ONE 12564:29285837 12515:28800055 12480:30149446 12423:Archived 12419:53093694 12411:30365357 12367:33521772 12318:34367059 12267:34490296 12208:Archived 12186:36070710 12137:37290779 12123:: 1306. 12102:37302406 12093:11259948 12043:Archived 12020:32982447 11969:34421827 11918:34697033 11867:27304507 11818:32333835 11769:26931809 11717:31405774 11668:20334490 11660:28802803 11621:24224094 11570:20442309 11521:18726694 11486:21632811 11445:16684823 11404:30122876 11353:31783920 11294:32278041 11258:38675438 11249:11054066 11207:37397787 11198:10312383 11156:22085315 11148:15260389 11112:Archived 11108:DailyMed 11082:Archived 11048:Archived 11014:Archived 10980:Archived 10959:30998259 10907:27621259 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1086:Density 1048:129.167 1016:Formula 801:DB00331 739:PubChem 640:Minimal 600:Rx-only 597:WARNING 569:: 521: ( 519:A10BD28 508: ( 506:A10BD27 495: ( 493:A10BD26 482: ( 480:A10BD25 469: ( 467:A10BD23 456: ( 454:A10BD22 443: ( 441:A10BD20 430: ( 428:A10BD18 417: ( 415:A10BD17 404: ( 402:A10BD16 391: ( 389:A10BD15 378: ( 376:A10BD14 365: ( 363:A10BD13 352: ( 350:A10BD11 339: ( 337:A10BD10 326: ( 324:A10BD08 313: ( 311:A10BD07 300: ( 298:A10BD05 287: ( 285:A10BD03 274: ( 272:A10BD02 260: ( 258:A10BA02 213: C 184:: 160:a696005 14450:Portal 14437:Serono 14406:Saizen 14263:WHO-EM 13542:DACRAs 13538:Amylin 13353:WHO-EM 13097: 13089: 13060: 13050: 13015: 12980: 12970: 12937: 12927: 12894: 12884: 12851: 12811: 12770: 12760: 12721: 12711: 12672: 12662: 12621: 12611: 12562: 12552: 12513: 12478: 12468: 12417: 12409: 12365: 12355: 12316: 12306: 12265: 12255: 12214:9 June 12184: 12174: 12135: 12100: 12090: 12018: 12008: 11967: 11957: 11916: 11906: 11865: 11855: 11816: 11806: 11767: 11757: 11715: 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557: 180: 114:others 102: 14052:Other 13910:Other 13158:Oral 13095:S2CID 12693:Aging 12415:S2CID 11664:S2CID 11525:S2CID 11298:S2CID 11152:S2CID 11078:(FDA) 11074:U.S. 11044:(FDA) 11040:U.S. 11010:(FDA) 11006:U.S. 10983:(PDF) 10976:(PDF) 10851:(FDA) 10847:U.S. 10757:(EMA) 10724:(EMA) 10661:(EMA) 10598:(EMA) 10535:(FDA) 10531:U.S. 10501:(FDA) 10497:U.S. 10467:(FDA) 10463:U.S. 10433:(EMA) 10400:(EMA) 10357:(FDA) 10353:U.S. 10305:(FDA) 10301:U.S. 10271:(FDA) 10267:U.S. 10010:(PDF) 10003:(PDF) 9974:(FDA) 9970:U.S. 9910:(FDA) 9906:U.S. 9835:S2CID 9583:(FDA) 9579:U.S. 9554:(FDA) 9550:U.S. 9524:(PDF) 9517:(FDA) 9513:U.S. 9509:(PDF) 9454:(PDF) 9431:(PDF) 9409:S2CID 9315:(PDF) 9292:(PDF) 9019:(FDA) 9015:U.S. 8949:(FDA) 8945:U.S. 8914:(PDF) 8903:(PDF) 8870:(FDA) 8866:U.S. 8836:(FDA) 8832:U.S. 8802:(FDA) 8798:U.S. 8768:(FDA) 8764:U.S. 8734:(FDA) 8730:U.S. 8584:(FDA) 8580:U.S. 8550:(FDA) 8546:U.S. 8476:(FDA) 8472:U.S. 8266:S2CID 8140:(PDF) 8129:(PDF) 8006:S2CID 7963:S2CID 7828:S2CID 7105:S2CID 6961:S2CID 6865:S2CID 6768:S2CID 6680:S2CID 6588:S2CID 6506:(FDA) 6502:U.S. 6122:S2CID 6073:S2CID 5978:S2CID 5954:Heart 5469:S2CID 5324:S2CID 5281:S2CID 5196:S2CID 5097:(PDF) 5086:(PDF) 5068:(PDF) 5051:(PDF) 4818:S2CID 3858:S2CID 3812:S2CID 3618:S2CID 3408:S2CID 3273:S2CID 3178:Drugs 3143:Drugs 3107:(EMA) 3027:(emc) 2818:S2CID 2661:Aging 2288:, an 2098:yield 1891:GLUT4 1872:PEN-2 1261:GDF15 1253:liver 1243:anti- 1125:InChI 1057:JSmol 904:ChEBI 837:13583 761:14219 13796:GCGR 13446:PPAR 13442:TZDs 13166:and 13087:PMID 13058:PMID 13013:PMID 12978:PMID 12935:PMID 12892:PMID 12849:PMID 12809:PMID 12768:PMID 12719:PMID 12670:PMID 12619:PMID 12560:PMID 12511:PMID 12476:PMID 12431:2022 12407:PMID 12363:PMID 12314:PMID 12263:PMID 12216:2024 12182:PMID 12133:PMID 12098:PMID 12051:2023 12016:PMID 11965:PMID 11914:PMID 11863:PMID 11814:PMID 11765:PMID 11713:PMID 11656:PMID 11617:PMID 11593:2013 11566:PMID 11517:PMID 11482:PMID 11441:PMID 11400:PMID 11349:PMID 11290:PMID 11254:PMID 11203:PMID 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3159:PMID 3119:2024 3086:2023 3039:2023 3009:2023 2975:PMID 2933:2024 2907:2023 2881:2023 2852:2020 2810:PMID 2678:and 2435:Teva 2348:Erpe 2255:and 2191:and 2183:The 2154:lots 2058:and 1851:and 1837:fats 1714:The 1657:NAD+ 1562:coma 1510:and 1457:and 1439:OHSS 1373:and 1303:The 1171:Type 876:KEGG 848:UNII 829:3949 781:4779 753:4091 620:data 136:AHFS 99:-min 95:met- 13580:ATP 13172:A10 13079:doi 13075:106 13048:PMC 13038:doi 13003:doi 12968:PMC 12960:doi 12925:PMC 12917:doi 12882:PMC 12874:doi 12841:doi 12799:doi 12795:310 12758:PMC 12750:doi 12709:PMC 12701:doi 12660:PMC 12650:doi 12609:PMC 12599:doi 12550:PMC 12542:doi 12538:109 12503:doi 12466:PMC 12458:doi 12397:doi 12353:PMC 12345:doi 12304:PMC 12294:doi 12253:PMC 12243:doi 12172:PMC 12164:doi 12160:387 12125:doi 12121:381 12088:PMC 12078:doi 12006:PMC 11996:doi 11955:PMC 11945:doi 11904:PMC 11894:doi 11853:PMC 11845:doi 11804:PMC 11796:doi 11755:PMC 11747:doi 11703:PMC 11695:doi 11648:doi 11607:PMC 11597:doi 11556:doi 11509:doi 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