312:(ICMA) are bound by a rather rigid and strongly enforced code of ethics that was originally established in 1924. Since that time the code had been up-dated/revised on seven occasions, the latest taking place in 1998. The updates have taken into account the evolving duties, responsibilities, and expectations of the profession; however the core dictate of the body of the code--"to integrity; public service; seek no favor; exemplary conduct in both personal and professional matters; respect the role and contributions of elected officials; exercise the independence to do what is right; political neutrality; serve the public equitably and governing body members equally; keep the community informed about local government matters; and support and lead our employ-ees"—have not changed since the first edition.
190:
321:
344:
form, was created in part to remove city government from the power of the political parties, and place management of the city into the hands of an outside expert who was usually a business manager or engineer, with the expectation that the city manager would remain neutral to city politics. By 1930,
304:
The responsibilities may vary depending upon charter provisions and other local or state laws, rules, and regulations. In addition, many states, such as the states of New
Hampshire and Missouri, have codified in law the minimum functions a local "manager" must perform. The City Manager position
360:, and responded with the innovation of a paid, non-political city manager, hired by the commissioners to run the bureaucracy; civil engineers were especially preferred. Other small or middle-sized American cities, especially in the west, adopted the idea.
438:
The average tenure of a manager is now 7–8 years, and has risen gradually over the years. Tenures tend to be less in smaller communities and higher in larger ones, and they tend to vary as well, depending on the region of the country.
435:(MPA), and at least several years' experience as a department head in local government, or as an assistant city manager. As of 2005, more than 60% of those in the profession had a MPA, MBA, or other related higher-level degree.
430:
In the early years of the profession, most managers came from the ranks of the engineering professions. Today, the typical and preferred background and education for the beginning municipal manager is a master's degree in
340:(1914); Dayton was featured in the national media, and became a national standard. The first "City Manager's Association" meeting of eight city managers was in December 1914. The city manager, operating under the
270:
As the top appointed official in the city, the city manager is typically responsible for most if not all of the day-to-day administrative operations of the municipality, in addition to other expectations.
284:
Preparation, monitoring, and execution of the city budget, which includes submitting each year to the council a proposed budget package with options and recommendations for its consideration and possible
262:
In a technical sense, the term "city manager," in contrast to "chief administrative officer" (CAO), implies more discretion and independent authority that is set forth in a charter or some other body of
827:
1244:, ICMA is the professional and educational organization for chief appointed managers, administrators, and assistants in cities, towns, counties, and regional entities throughout the world.
897:
MacDonald, Lynn. "The Impact Of
Government Structure On Local Public Expenditures." Public Choice 136.3/4 (2008): 457-473. Political Science Complete. Web. 25 Sept. 2015.
305:
focuses on efficiency and providing a certain level of service for the lowest possible cost. The competence of a city manager can be assessed using composite indicators.
942:
1247:
291:
Public relations, such as meeting with citizens, citizen groups, businesses, and other stakeholders (the presence of a mayor may alter this function somewhat);
1074:
Stefan
Couperus, "The managerial revolution in local government: municipal management and the city manager in the USA and the Netherlands 1900–1940."
794:
309:
218:
842:
Nelson, Kimberly L.; Svara, James H. (2015-01-01). "The Roles of Local
Government Managers in Theory and Practice: A Centennial Perspective".
777:
879:
31:
1120:
946:
1189:
1174:
706:
17:
968:
907:
Marozzi, Marco; Bolzan, Mario (2015). "Skills and training requirements of municipal directors: A statistical assessment".
211:
1131:
Ammons, David M and
Matthew J. Bosse. (2005). "Tenure of City Managers: Examining the Dual Meanings of 'Average Tenure'."
1283:
30:
This article is about city managers in the United States. For county and city managers in the
Republic of Ireland, see
1159:
1059:
294:
Operating the city with a professional understanding of how all city functions operate together to their best effect;
374:
By 1940, there were small
American cities with city managers that would grow enormously by the end of the century:
1268:
1263:
442:
Educational Level of Local
Government Managers (MYB = Municipal Yearbook; SOP = State of the Profession survey):
204:
243:
87:
251:
68:
801:
752:
746:
Svara, James H. and
Kimberly L. Nelson. (2008, August). Taking Stock of the Council-Manager Form at 100.
236:
711:
341:
113:
1278:
383:
1022:
735:
247:
278:
Supervision of day-to-day operations of all city departments and staff through department heads;
267:, as opposed to duties being assigned on a varying basis by a single superior, such as a mayor.
246:
form of city government. Local officials serving in this position are often referred to as the
333:
148:
1051:
Making Sense of the City: Local
Government, Civic Culture, and Community Life in Urban America
1049:
432:
886:
63:
1047:
876:
8:
407:
1004:
996:
924:
357:
329:
1202:
Weinstein, James. "Organized business and the city commission and manager movements."
177:
Executive leader and executive committees elected by the council from among themselves
1288:
1185:
1170:
1155:
1055:
1008:
988:
928:
859:
771:
332:
in 1908. Some of the other cities that were among the first to employ a manager were
45:
980:
916:
851:
701:
411:
128:
108:
53:
35:
1273:
883:
274:
Some of the basic roles, responsibilities, and powers of a city manager include:
194:
1167:
Model Government Charters: A City, County, Regional, State, and Federal Handbook
387:
320:
920:
1257:
992:
863:
375:
399:
349:
337:
264:
133:
79:
1182:
Forms of Local Government: A Handbook on City, County and Regional Options
368:
288:
Main technical advisor to the council on overall governmental operations;
1106:
The Rise of the City Manager: A Public Professional in Local Government.
189:
1220:
1207:
1197:
The rise of the city manager: A public professional in local government
1152:
Managing America's Cities: A Handbook for Local Government Productivity
1136:
1048:
Robert Bruce Fairbanks; Patricia Mooney-Melvin; Zane L. Miller (2001).
1000:
855:
716:
419:
239:
281:
Oversight of all recruitment, dismissal, disciplining and suspensions;
1184:, McFarland and Co., Jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng., UK, 2007 (
1169:, McFarland and Co., Jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng., UK, 2003 (
415:
984:
345:
two hundred American cities used a city manager form of government.
1154:, McFarland and Co., Jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng., UK 1998(
1248:
Staunton, Virginia: Birthplace Of City Manager Form Of Government
297:
Attends all council meetings, but does not have any voting rights
152:
969:"The City Manager Plan, the Latest in American City Government"
391:
364:
395:
379:
161:
Executive leader elected by the council from among themselves
75:
756:
403:
353:
1241:
795:"Council Manager Form of Government, ICMA publication"
1250:, a history on the city manager system of government.
300:
Additional duties that may be assigned by the council
1255:
1242:International City/County Management Association
310:International City/County Management Association
34:. For County managers in the United States, see
837:
835:
906:
328:Most sources trace the first city manager to
212:
1108:Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
1054:. Ohio State University Press. p. 85.
841:
832:
138:Citizens vote on policy, officers, and laws
78:elected by the people, elected legislative
823:
821:
219:
205:
118:Elected commission enacts laws and governs
27:Administrative manager of an American city
1116:
1114:
1199:. (University of New Mexico Press, 1974)
1098:
789:
787:
319:
32:Chief executive (Irish local government)
1093:City Manager Government in Seven Cities
1076:Management & Organizational History
818:
14:
1256:
1111:
1089:City Manager Government in Nine Cities
776:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
371:were specially attracted by the plan.
966:
784:
707:Local government in the United States
661:
169:Executive mayor elected by the people
1091:(1940); Frederick C. Mosher et al.,
1133:State & Local Government Review
257:
24:
1219:Woodruff, Clinton Rogers (1928). "
1144:
25:
1300:
1235:
1135:, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 61-71. at:
1023:"City managing, a new profession"
973:American Political Science Review
97:hired by the elected City Council
235:is an official appointed as the
188:
1125:
1081:
1068:
1041:
1015:
960:
935:
900:
891:
870:
740:
729:
254:(CAO) in some municipalities.
13:
1:
1225:American Journal of Sociology
1104:Stillman, Richard J. (1974).
722:
324:Municipal government diagram.
844:Public Administration Review
252:chief administrative officer
7:
1204:Journal of Southern History
695:
10:
1305:
1195:Stillman, Richard Joseph.
943:"ICMA Code of Ethics page"
717:Clerk (municipal official)
712:Council-manager government
425:
342:council-manager government
315:
107:Executive and legislature
62:Executive and legislature
29:
1284:Heads of local government
967:James, Herman G. (1914).
921:10.1007/s11135-015-0192-2
629:
166:Elected mayor and cabinet
1087:Harold A. Stone et al.,
505:Some college, no degree
367:, smaller cities in the
1078:(2014) 9#4 pp: 336-352.
828:Sample Ordinance, ICMA.
750:Magazine, pp 6-14, at:
308:Manager members of the
248:chief executive officer
129:Direct democratic forms
1269:Management occupations
1264:Government occupations
1221:The City-Manager Plan"
592:Other graduate degree
334:Sumter, South Carolina
325:
149:Executive arrangements
433:Public Administration
348:In 1913, the city of
323:
18:Village administrator
909:Quality and Quantity
476:High school or less
195:Politics portal
1212:White, Leonard D.
882:2013-07-28 at the
856:10.1111/puar.12296
736:City of Naperville
534:Bachelor's degree
330:Staunton, Virginia
326:
157:Leader and cabinet
1206:(1962): 166–182.
1190:978-0-7864-3100-7
1175:978-0-7864-3154-0
748:Public Management
693:
692:
242:of a city in the
229:
228:
88:Council - Manager
16:(Redirected from
1296:
1279:Local government
1214:The city manager
1138:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1085:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1019:
1013:
1012:
964:
958:
957:
955:
954:
945:. Archived from
939:
933:
932:
915:(3): 1093–1115.
904:
898:
895:
889:
874:
868:
867:
839:
830:
825:
816:
815:
813:
812:
806:
800:. Archived from
799:
791:
782:
781:
775:
767:
765:
764:
755:. Archived from
744:
738:
733:
702:Local government
642:2012 SOP Survey
639:2006 SOP survey
445:
444:
258:Responsibilities
221:
214:
207:
193:
192:
178:
174:Committee system
170:
162:
139:
119:
98:
82:
54:local government
52:Common forms of
41:
40:
36:County executive
21:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1254:
1253:
1238:
1150:Kemp, Roger L.
1147:
1145:Further reading
1142:
1141:
1130:
1126:
1121:ICMA statistics
1119:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1086:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1027:The Independent
1021:
1020:
1016:
985:10.2307/1945258
965:
961:
952:
950:
941:
940:
936:
905:
901:
896:
892:
884:Wayback Machine
875:
871:
840:
833:
826:
819:
810:
808:
804:
797:
793:
792:
785:
769:
768:
762:
760:
753:"Archived copy"
751:
745:
741:
734:
730:
725:
698:
428:
318:
260:
244:council–manager
225:
187:
182:
181:
180:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
158:
155:
141:
140:
137:
136:
131:
121:
120:
117:
116:
114:City Commission
111:
100:
99:
92:
90:
85:
83:
73:
71:
69:Mayor - Council
66:
46:Politics series
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1302:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1236:External links
1234:
1233:
1232:
1217:
1210:
1200:
1193:
1178:
1163:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1124:
1110:
1097:
1080:
1067:
1060:
1040:
1029:. Dec 14, 1914
1014:
979:(4): 602–613.
959:
934:
899:
890:
869:
831:
817:
783:
739:
727:
726:
724:
721:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
697:
694:
691:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
644:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
618:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
560:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
502:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
473:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
427:
424:
388:North Carolina
317:
314:
302:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
282:
279:
259:
256:
237:administrative
227:
226:
224:
223:
216:
209:
201:
198:
197:
184:
183:
156:
147:
146:
143:
142:
132:
127:
126:
123:
122:
112:
106:
105:
102:
101:
67:
61:
60:
57:
56:
49:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1301:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1231:(4): 599–613.
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:0-7864-0408-6
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1063:
1061:9780814208816
1057:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
949:on 2007-11-06
948:
944:
938:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
903:
894:
888:
885:
881:
878:
873:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
836:
829:
824:
822:
807:on 2012-03-13
803:
796:
790:
788:
779:
773:
759:on 2008-08-31
758:
754:
749:
743:
737:
732:
728:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
665:not reported
664:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
645:
641:
638:
635:
632:
626:
623:
620:
619:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
561:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
532:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
503:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
474:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
447:
446:
443:
440:
436:
434:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
346:
343:
339:
335:
331:
322:
313:
311:
306:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
283:
280:
277:
276:
275:
272:
268:
266:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:
234:
222:
217:
215:
210:
208:
203:
202:
200:
199:
196:
191:
186:
185:
179:
171:
163:
154:
150:
145:
144:
135:
130:
125:
124:
115:
110:
104:
103:
96:
91:
89:
84:
81:
77:
70:
65:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
1228:
1224:
1213:
1203:
1196:
1181:
1166:
1151:
1132:
1127:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1050:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1026:
1017:
976:
972:
962:
951:. Retrieved
947:the original
937:
912:
908:
902:
893:
872:
850:(1): 49–61.
847:
843:
809:. Retrieved
802:the original
761:. Retrieved
757:the original
747:
742:
731:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
647:Sample size
441:
437:
429:
373:
362:
347:
338:Dayton, Ohio
327:
307:
303:
273:
269:
265:codified law
261:
233:city manager
232:
230:
173:
165:
159:
134:Town meeting
95:city manager
94:
86:
80:City council
72:
44:Part of the
563:MPA degree
369:Netherlands
358:great flood
356:suffered a
336:(1912) and
1258:Categories
953:2009-12-07
811:2009-12-12
763:2009-12-19
723:References
420:California
93:Executive
74:Executive
1180:_______,
1165:_______,
1009:145433051
993:0003-0554
929:121952677
864:1540-6210
636:2001 MYB
633:1996 MYB
630:1990 MYB
627:1965 MYB
624:1940 MYB
416:San Diego
408:Rochester
384:Charlotte
285:approval;
250:(CEO) or
1289:Managers
1208:in JSTOR
1033:July 24,
880:Archived
772:cite web
696:See also
689:= 1,816
683:= 2,752
677:= 3,175
659:= 1,582
412:New York
64:separate
1001:1945258
621:Source
426:Profile
316:History
240:manager
153:England
1274:Titles
1216:(1927)
1188:
1173:
1158:
1095:(1940)
1058:
1007:
999:
991:
927:
887:NH RSA
862:
671:=2 65
653:= 449
414:; and
400:Dayton
392:Dallas
376:Austin
365:Europe
350:Dayton
1005:S2CID
997:JSTOR
925:S2CID
805:(PDF)
798:(PDF)
471:2012
468:2006
465:2000
462:1995
459:1984
456:1974
453:1964
450:1935
396:Texas
380:Texas
109:fused
76:mayor
1186:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1035:2012
989:ISSN
860:ISSN
778:link
616:27%
613:21%
610:63%
607:28%
604:58%
601:38%
587:43%
584:37%
578:44%
569:18%
558:23%
555:27%
552:26%
549:24%
546:30%
543:38%
540:41%
537:35%
526:11%
517:10%
514:18%
511:22%
508:21%
482:14%
479:42%
404:Ohio
354:Ohio
981:doi
917:doi
877:MRS
852:doi
598:5%
595:2%
529:6%
523:9%
500:1%
497:4%
494:2%
491:4%
488:2%
485:6%
363:In
151:in
1260::
1229:33
1227:.
1223:.
1192:).
1162:).
1113:^
1025:.
1003:.
995:.
987:.
975:.
971:.
923:.
913:50
911:.
858:.
848:75
846:.
834:^
820:^
786:^
774:}}
770:{{
581:—
575:—
572:—
566:—
520:—
422:.
418:,
410:,
406:;
402:,
398:;
394:,
390:;
386:,
382:;
378:,
352:,
231:A
1177:)
1064:.
1037:.
1011:.
983::
977:8
956:.
931:.
919::
866:.
854::
814:.
780:)
766:.
687:n
681:n
675:n
669:n
663:n
657:n
651:n
220:e
213:t
206:v
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
