142:, who was held responsible for the behaviour of all his "men"; his estate became, so to speak, a private frith-borh, consisting of dependents instead of the freemen of the public frith-borhs. These two systems, with many variations, existed side by side; but there was a general tendency for the freemen to get fewer and for the lords to grow more powerful.
159:
effect that they had no hand in the escape of the summoned man: they would otherwise be held responsible for the deeds of the fugitive and could be forced to pay any fines his actions had incurred. This examination of the members of the tything before the court is the origin of the phrase "view of frankpledge".
110:
The borh was a system of surety whereby individuals – a family member, a master for servants, a lord for dependents – became responsible for producing others in court in event of misdemeanors. At the same time, late Anglo-Saxon society increasingly shared responsibility in legal matters in groups of
158:
The tithing eventually became a territorial unit, part of the vill, while the eventual merger of borh and tithing underpinned the Norman frankpledge system. In its ultimate form, if an individual did not appear when summoned to court the remaining members of the tithing could swear an oath to the
182:
The bi-annual view of frankpledge which was carried out by the sheriff involved payment of a tithing penny to the sheriff, as well as other opportunities for profit including fines: for this reason exemption from the tourn, or the private takeover of view of frankpledge by lords or boroughs, were
132:
chosen from among them, with the responsibility of producing in the court of justice any man of their number who was summoned. The first tythings were entirely voluntary associations, being groups formed through the mutual consent of their free members. The aspect of the system which initially
195:
The frankpledge system began to decline in the 14th century. The extension of centralised royal administration on the one hand, and the increasing appropriation of view of frankpledge by private landlords of the other, both served to undermine the local system; as too did greater agrarian
90:(literally "peace-pledge") the clear anticipation of frankpledge; others consider the 12th-century commentators were reading back into earlier times the later concept, and that the borh system was much less rigid and comprehensive than frankpledge. On this view,
446:
Cf. Stubbs (1906:12–13). It is probable that the households of the men were also to be included, and the tything could thus be seen as a "thing of ten households". Cf. Pearson (1867:250–1). To aid in the effort of administration,
137:
the landless man was worthless as a member of a frith-borh, for the law had little hold over a man who had no land to forfeit and no fixed habitation. So the landless man was compelled by law to submit to a
98:
with respect to the French invaders, played an important role in systematically and universally making the tithing adopt compulsory frankpledge, so as to increase and consolidate the power of the
800:
770:
Pratt, David (2010). "Written Law and the
Communication of Authority in Tenth-Century England". In Rollason, David; Leyser, Conrad; Williams, Hannah (eds.).
133:
prevented its being made universally compulsory was that only landed individuals could be forced to pay any fines which might be put upon the group:
772:
64:
While women, clergy and the richer freemen were exempt, otherwise all men over 12 years of age were organised in the system for mutual surety.
57:-man, was then responsible for producing any man of that tithing suspected of a crime. If the man did not appear, the entire group could be
661:
167:
Frankpledge did not at first take place in Wales or eight
Northern and border counties, but elsewhere was common in the area under the
670:
805:
762:
Duggan, Kenneth F. (2020) "The Limits of Strong
Government: Attempts to Control Criminality in Thirteenth-Century England",
17:
231:
were, collectively, directly responsible for repaying any damages due to a riot within their area. Under the Act (and
781:
460:
303:
Kenneth F. Duggan "The Limits of Strong
Government: Attempts to Control Criminality in Thirteenth-Century England"
810:
129:
117:
219:
Ultimately, the principle behind frankpledge still remains in force, in
England and Wales, with regard to
200:. Nevertheless, the system survived in places into the 15th century, although increasingly superseded by
232:
99:
49:. The essential characteristic was the compulsory sharing of responsibility among persons connected in
254:
235:), the damages are indirectly levied on the local population via the police rate (now a component in
224:
773:
England and the
Continent in the Tenth Century: Studies in Honour of Wilhelm Levison (1876-1947)
91:
79:
655:
209:
484:
Stubbs (1906:12–13). Above the tythingman was the borhsman, with the next above being the
8:
279:
187:
sought explicitly to restrict what the sheriff could legitimately demand of frankpledge.
74:
714:
725:
703:
172:
683:
777:
745:
139:
42:
448:
408:
201:
122:
83:
46:
268:
147:
463:, a system of division which subsequently became common in the area under the
794:
650:
382: ; and so (in the Norman French) the compound word was converted into
665:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–35.
485:
228:
475:, while the tything remained common in the south and southwest of England.
196:
differentiation and mobility – a process exacerbated by the impact of the
284:
274:
236:
197:
184:
264:
259:
58:
472:
179:
654:
464:
456:
452:
168:
95:
54:
50:
38:
34:
72:
The first mention of frankpledge comes in 1114–1118, with the
468:
249:
176:
82:
were keen to link it to pre-Norman times, and to the laws of
676:
The
Catholic University of America - Columbus School of Law
220:
372: became, by a very natural blunder, corrupted into
53:. This unit, under a leader known as the chief-pledge or
737:
A History of
England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings, Vol. II
162:
705:
The
History of England: A Study in Political Evolution
342:
Smith (1857:230) notes: "The Anglo-Saxon term for the
152:
The History of England: A Study in Political Evolution
86:. Some historians have indeed seen in the Anglo-Saxon
675:
175:. By the time of Edward I, however, the sheriff's
695:History of England During the Middle Ages, Vol. I
801:History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom
792:
190:
459:(d. 1035) declared that men be organized into
716:The Parish: Its Powers and Obligations at Law
362: – literally 'peace-pledge'. The term
212:: their oversight represented the remains of
183:valued privileges; while conversely the 1217
128:The tything was under the leadership of a
102:and to establish a more stringent policy.
649:
239:) in the relevant local authority area.
701:
692:
530:The Government of England under Henry I
105:
14:
793:
734:
723:
681:
488:or head-borough. Cf. White (1895:200).
769:
743:
712:
556:Medieval Society and the Manor Court,
111:ten. The group was referred to as a
750:. London: Swan Sonneschein & Co.
582:Medieval Society and the Manor Court
318:Medieval Society and the Manor Court
163:Geography and profits of frankpledge
27:System of surety in medieval England
499:The Medieval Foundations of England
435:The Medieval Foundations of England
331:The Formation of English Common Law
24:
756:
730:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
25:
822:
727:Lectures on Early English History
78:; but 12th-century figures like
708:. London: Williams and Norgate.
693:Pearson, Charles Henry (1867).
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535:
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513:
504:
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13:
1:
806:Medieval English court system
642:
267:for a similar institution in
595:The Medieval English Sheriff
569:The Medieval English Sheriff
543:The Medieval English Sheriff
397:The Medieval English Sheriff
191:Later historical development
7:
702:Pollard, Albert F. (1912).
242:
10:
827:
545:(Manchester 1968) p. 203–4
67:
747:Outlines of Legal History
744:White, Archer M. (1895).
735:Thorpe, Benjamin (1845).
697:. London: Bell and Daldy.
682:Morgan, C. Lloyd (1885).
307:93:261 (2020) pp. 402–409
255:Collective responsibility
766:93:261, pp. 399–419
724:Stubbs, William (1906).
597:(Manchester 1968) p. 204
571:(Manchester 1968) p. 156
399:(Manchester 1968), p. 26
291:
125:(assembly) of ten men".
713:Smith, Toulmin (1857).
662:Encyclopædia Britannica
225:Riot (Damages) Act 1886
171:, and in the south and
739:. London: John Murray.
685:The Springs of Conduct
208:– operating under the
156:
94:, with the revival of
33:was a system of joint
811:Collective punishment
688:. London: Kegan Paul.
415:(London 1966), p. 314
413:William the Conqueror
210:justices of the peace
135:
92:William the Conqueror
80:William of Malmesbury
501:(London 1967) p. 188
437:(London 1967) p. 188
347:view of frank-pledge
233:its 2016 replacement
173:southwest of England
106:Anglo-Saxon sureties
764:Historical Research
719:. London: H. Sweet.
656:"Frankpledge"
305:Historical Research
280:Neighbourhood watch
214:view of frankpledge
75:Leges Henrici Primi
18:View of frankpledge
424:Thorpe (1845:334).
227:, members of each
634:The English Manor
608:The English Manor
519:Smith (1857:230).
510:Stubbs (1906:13).
333:(2014), pp. 63–64
148:Albert F. Pollard
43:Early Middle Ages
16:(Redirected from
818:
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84:Canute the Great
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667:
653:, ed. (1911).
651:Chisholm, Hugh
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593:W. A. Morris,
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567:W. A. Morris,
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541:W. A. Morris,
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497:G. O. Sayles,
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636:(2002) p. 184
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610:(2002) p. 181
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584:(1996) p. 408
583:
580:Z. Razi ed.,
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570:
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558:(1996) p. 408
557:
554:Z. Razi ed.,
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532:(1989) p. 111
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320:(1996) p. 408
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316:Z. Razi ed.,
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206:chief pledges
204:– the former
203:
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140:manorial lord
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623:(1993) p. 19
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486:borough-head
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384:Frank-pledge
383:
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229:civil parish
223:. Until the
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151:
136:
127:
116:
112:
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87:
73:
71:
63:
30:
29:
776:. Brepols.
671:Frankpledge
632:M. Bailey,
619:J. Simons,
606:M. Bailey,
352: is
329:J. Hudson,
285:Norman yoke
275:Hue and cry
237:council tax
198:Black Death
185:Magna Carta
31:Frankpledge
795:Categories
643:References
528:J. Green,
357:frith-borh
265:Gonin Gumi
260:Court leet
130:tythingman
121:, i.e. a "
88:frith-borh
37:common in
35:suretyship
473:Yorkshire
461:hundreds
269:Tokugawa
243:See also
145:—
113:teothung
51:tithings
467:, from
465:Danelaw
457:England
453:Denmark
169:Danelaw
118:tything
100:Normans
96:murdrum
68:Origins
55:tithing
39:England
780:
469:Essex
379:'
375:'
369:'
367:frith
365:'
359:'
355:'
349:'
345:'
292:Notes
271:Japan
250:Frith
221:riots
177:tourn
123:thing
59:fined
778:ISBN
455:and
377:free
45:and
673:",
471:to
115:or
797::
659:.
411:,
386:."
216:.
150:,
61:.
786:.
20:)
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