169:. Although it is not an official document, it was written by someone apparently associated with the royal administration. It lists and explains the laws, and includes explanations of how to conduct legal proceedings. Although its title implies that these laws were issued by King Henry, it lists laws issued by earlier monarchs that were still in force in Henry's reign; the only law of Henry that is included is the coronation charter he issued at the start of his reign. It covers a diverse range of subjects, including ecclesiastical cases, treason, murder, theft, feuds, assessment of
389:. Some discussions of juridical matters then follow, then a long treatment of ecclesiastical issues. The rest of the treatise is concerned with non-ecclesiastical subjects, including cases of injury, theft, murder, and feuds. Procedural topics include how court summonses should be formed, what notices need to be made before judicial procedures, how adjournments should be handled, and other such concerns. There is no strong organizational framework to the entirety of the
580: β Sc, K and one that he does not name but has subsequently been designated as Sp. It appears to have belonged to the London grouping, and may have been Gi rather than a separate manuscript, although Spelman's description and usage is unclear as to which possibility is most likely. The other possible manuscript was one that Wilkins referred to as "quod iudetur fuisse Archiepiscopi aut Monachorum Cantuar", but it has not been found in searches of
483:
Four other extant manuscripts belong to the "London" tradition, and three other now-lost manuscripts are also known to have belonged to this grouping. The surviving manuscripts are known as K, Co, Or, and Rs. The three lost manuscripts have been assigned the names of Gi, Sl, and Tw. K is a manuscript
412:
and salvage from wrecks were also matters of interest to the crown. Other royal cases involved counterfeiters or false judgement, or violent acts against the king himself or his household and servants. The king also reserved the right to hear appeals from other courts conducted by local authorities
467:
The work comes down to the present day in two manuscript traditions, neither one of which contains many manuscripts. There are six surviving manuscripts between the two traditions β that of the manuscript Sc and its copies, and the "London group". The Sc group is composed of the Sc manuscript
420:
The work assumes that the royal legal system would still address some issues that later would have been dealt with by ecclesiastical courts. Clergy are not only to take part in the shire court, but could be summoned to answer charges in the court. It also sets out the established courts and their
176:
The work survives in six manuscripts that range in date from about 1200 to around 1330, belonging to two different manuscript traditions. Besides the six surviving manuscripts, three others were known to scholars in the 17th and 18th centuries, but have not survived to the present day. Two other
408:. It also set out a list of legal proceedings that could only be tried before the king or his officials, the cases of which were known as "royal pleas" or "pleas of the crown"; they included serious crimes such as treason, murder, rape, robbery, arson, and some types of theft.
360:. It gained that name from the inscription "De libertate ecclesie et totius Anglie obseruanda leges Henrici primi" which occurs on five of the six extant manuscripts. The sixth manuscript adds "filii conquestoris" at the end of the inscription. The historian
307:, the two works being part of a planned work in four volumes to cover not only the laws of the writer's own time but previous laws of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs, as well as how to handle legal cases. As part of both works, the author has included the
380:
The work is not a law code issued by King Henry but a compilation of already extant legislation that was still current during his reign. It is not a comprehensive listing of all laws in force during the early 11th century. It begins with Henry's
259:, whether in their original English language or rendered into Latin, cannot be found in any extant legal code and may be another example of preserving now-lost legal codes or provisions. It also draws upon non-English sources, including
205:
about 1115. It records the legal customs of medieval
England. It was part of a small group of similar writings devoted to legal procedures that were written for royal administrators. Besides the
1324:
444:
as the penalty for committing murder. The author of the work criticised the royal justices, calling them greedy. It sets out elaborate procedures for the conduct of murder cases, or
1614:
459:
which became cliches, such as "who unknowingly offends will knowingly amend" and "witness is not needed as to what did not occur, but as to what an accused claims did occur".
677:
572:
689:
706:
537:
547:
730:
The work is an important historical source for the study of the Middle Ages. An edition was published along with other 12th-century legal treatises, in the
455:
also devoted some effort to the theory of the law and attempted to make generalisations about legal procedures and practices. It also contains a number of
229:
181:
is the first legal treatise in
English history and has been credited with having a greater effect on the views of English law before the reign of King
662:
361:
235:
650:
1298:
748:
595:
from the 17th century, catalogued as
Cambridge O.10,20, and the last in the British Library as Harley MS 785, also dating from the 17th century.
177:
separate copies may also have existed. The complete work itself was first printed in 1644, but an earlier partial edition appeared in 1628. The
1332:
570:
Possibly two other manuscripts existed, but little is known about them. One is often designated Sp, and was used by
Spelman for his 1625
255:
and various Anglo-Saxon codes. Some of the Anglo-Saxon codes used may have been subsequently lost. Also, certain legal terms used in the
239:
was also written during this time period. It is the longest of the legal tracts from its time and made some effort to be comprehensive.
1519:
Turner, Ralph V. (Fall 1990). "Exercise of the King's Will in
Inheritance of Baronies: The Example of King John and William Briwerre".
488:
before becoming part of the
British Museum, then the British Library. Given the catalogue name of Cotton Claudius D II, it is the only
684:, but did provide a couple of extracts along with a discussion of the sources of the work and a description of the work. In 1840, the
587:
Besides the medieval manuscripts, there are three early modern transcriptions of the work β one from the 16th century now at the
421:
jurisdiction. It takes for granted that the Anglo-Saxon laws of
England are still in effect. It also addresses the administration of
299:, although some historians, including H. G. Richardson and G. O. Sayles, argue that the two works were by different authors. The
1446:
520:. It dates from around 1330 and is catalogued as Oriel College 46. The last extant manuscript is Rs, which is currently in the
501:
473:
201:
is not merely a compilation of laws but an integrated legal treatise, the first such in the history of
England, written in the
1634:
468:
itself, which probably dates from about 1225, and its copy, Hg, which was written about 1250. Sc is currently part of the
295:
was written between 1114 and 1118 by an unknown Norman, who is very likely to be the author of another legal work, the
1500:
1478:
1435:
1416:
1394:
637:
497:
718:. A modern translation, with the original Latin text on pages facing the translation, was published in 1972 by the
1609:
742:
that it "has had more effect on views of
English law before Henry II than any other". It was cited in the 2022
417:, ruling that the local bishop and earl, as well as the sheriff and local barons, among others, should attend.
563:. The last securely known lost manuscript is the Tw manuscript, and was used by Twysden in his edition of the
1624:
588:
317:
coronation charter promising not to follow the administrative and legal policies of his predecessor, King
1629:
743:
532:
330:
1619:
1552:
592:
469:
385:, which he issued after his coronation, and this is the only actual legal document reproduced in the
393:, which leads the author to repeat subjects as well as treating some subjects less than adequately.
1521:
1382:
527:
The three known but now-lost manuscripts included Gi, which was known in 1721 and was owned by the
165:, written in about 1115, that records the legal customs of medieval England in the reign of King
508:
death. This manuscript dates to around 1320 and is catalogued as Corpus
Christi College 70. The
440:, at a rate of one shilling per hide. It also covers judicial fines, setting forth a fine of 46
581:
489:
1604:
513:
480:
and is catalogued as Hargrave MS 313. It consists of folios 5 through 14a of the manuscript.
318:
521:
338:
329:. There is evidence that the author of the two works had been a member of the household of
309:
8:
1404:
217:
182:
722:
and edited by L. J. Downer, and includes updated commentary and manuscript information.
1577:
1569:
1538:
342:
314:
260:
166:
48:
734:, and more recently, it has been studied by the historian L. J. Downer. The historian
422:
1581:
1496:
1474:
1431:
1412:
1390:
1370:
1353:
685:
405:
401:
1561:
1550:
Turner, Ralph V. (Autumn 1975). "Roman Law in England Before the Time of Bracton".
1530:
701:
620:
612:
528:
517:
1488:
735:
719:
693:
477:
334:
264:
223:
646:
524:
in Manchester. It was written about 1201 and is catalogued as Rylands lat.155.
505:
485:
409:
211:
202:
162:
512:
occupies folios 108 through 170. The manuscript Or was originally part of the
66:
1598:
556:
542:
641:
in 1628. Another edition appeared in 1721, with Wilkins' publication of the
1466:
753:
555:
in the 17th century, but it is unclear when it was created. It was used by
441:
1374:
1357:
372:
is generally used to help differentiate which Henry is being referred to.
632:
552:
414:
1299:"How Sam Alito snuck medieval state Christianity into the Dobbs opinion"
1542:
346:
1573:
627:, but were unable to follow through on the project. A portion of the
280:
268:
1534:
1565:
437:
170:
504:
in the 16th century before being bequeathed to Corpus Christi on
397:
272:
661:, and in 1789 another reproduction of Wilkins' text appeared in
413:
or by his nobles. The tract also set out who should attend the
396:
The law code recognised the difference between the laws of the
1348:
Downer, L. J. (1972). "Introduction". In Downer, L. J. (ed.).
772:
It is the Sc manuscript that appends the "filii conquestoris".
1493:
The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century
623:
and Spelman, had intended to produce printed editions of the
456:
276:
432:
Another area covered by the work is royal finance, with the
252:
619:
was edited by Twysden. Prior to this, two other scholars,
209:, other works of this type produced at this time were the
714:
being one of the legal treatises being reproduced in the
688:
published an edition of the text that had been edited by
672:
What is considered the first scholarly discussion of the
1615:
Latin historical texts from Norman and Angevin England
1471:
The Governance of Norman and Angevin England 1086β1272
484:
currently in the British Library and was part of the
1473:. The Governance of England. London: Edward Arnold.
1403:
607:
was in 1644, as an appendix to a new edition of the
283:
codes, although the debt to those sources is small.
1184:British Library "Full Description of Hargrave 313"
81:6 extant manuscripts plus 3 known lost manuscripts
1425:
496:and dates to around 1310. Co is currently in the
1596:
1549:
1487:
1381:
680:, who did not reproduce the entire text in his
345:under Henry I. The work was likely composed at
188:
1352:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. pp. 1β79.
267:, as well as legal codes such as Frankish and
1465:
1389:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1364:
1347:
810:
808:
806:
804:
576:, for which he used three manuscripts of the
303:was probably part of a project including the
839:
837:
790:
788:
749:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
1322:
1277:
850:
429:is law covering the roadways and highways.
1444:
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1239:
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1024:
1022:
949:
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894:
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801:
603:The first complete printed edition of the
425:under Henry I. Another new concern in the
1208:
995:
993:
991:
834:
785:
1411:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
1126:
1113:
1074:
1035:
962:
659:Traites sur les coutumes anglo-normandes
584:or the various Canterbury repositories.
1495:. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
1387:The Government of England Under Henry I
1236:
1220:
1214:Parker Library "Description of CCC 70"
1190:
1178:
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1100:
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352:Usually the work has been known as the
321:. About a third of the material in the
286:
1597:
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863:
591:as manuscript Dd.VI 38, the second at
106:Corpus Christi College 70 c. 1320 (Co)
91:Red Book of the Exchequer c. 1225 (Sc)
1329:British Library Manuscripts Catalogue
1296:
1264:
1186:British Library Manuscripts Catalogue
598:
567:, and was perhaps owned by him also.
173:, and the amounts of judicial fines.
682:Englische Reichsund Rechtsgeschichte
1407:(2001). Frost, Amanda Clark (ed.).
1252:
696:. The next major production of the
545:to correct manuscripts used in the
101:Cotton MS Claudius D.II c. 1310 (K)
13:
1511:
1325:"Full Description of Hargrave 313"
14:
1646:
1331:. British Library. Archived from
638:Institutes of the Laws of England
498:Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
185:than any other work of its kind.
143:English laws and legal procedures
16:12th-century Latin legal treatise
1297:Boyle, David (13 October 2022).
710:between 1903 and 1916, with the
649:between 1645 and 1652. In 1776,
551:. The Sl manuscript belonged to
247:The provisions set forth in the
1369:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
1290:
766:
653:reprinted Wilkins' text of the
516:Library but is now part of the
341:and William II before becoming
704:who produced three volumes of
462:
1:
1315:
645:, which built on the work of
111:Oriel College 46 c. 1330 (Or)
779:
732:Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen
589:Cambridge University Library
500:Library and was part of the
271:. Other sources include the
189:Background and similar works
96:Hargrave MS 313 c. 1255 (Hg)
86:Rylands lat.155 c. 1201 (Rs)
7:
1635:Works of unknown authorship
1430:. London: Pearson/Longman.
1365:Downer, L. J., ed. (1972).
744:United States Supreme Court
375:
10:
1651:
1553:Journal of British Studies
1426:Huscroft, Richard (2005).
593:Trinity College, Cambridge
573:Glossarium Archaiollogicum
368:, but the fuller title of
242:
1451:Parker Library on the Web
1216:Parker Library on the Web
615:. The actual text of the
535:to compile his 1721 work
470:Red Book of the Exchequer
251:can be traced to laws of
139:
131:
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110:
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100:
95:
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35:
28:
23:
1428:Ruling England 1042β1217
759:
707:Gesetze der Angelsachsen
667:Barbarorum Legs Antiquae
631:had earlier appeared in
436:setting out the rate of
1447:"Description of CCC 70"
404:, and the lands of the
358:Laws of Henry the First
116:Principal manuscript(s)
1610:12th-century documents
1270:Downer "Introduction"
1245:Downer "Introduction"
1229:Downer "Introduction"
1201:Downer "Introduction"
1171:Downer "Introduction"
1012:Downer "Introduction"
999:Downer "Introduction"
981:Downer "Introduction"
911:Downer "Introduction"
882:Downer "Introduction"
869:Downer "Introduction"
582:Lambeth Palace Library
559:in his edition of the
490:illuminated manuscript
1285:Making of English Law
1160:Making of English Law
1147:Making of English Law
1121:Government of England
1108:Government of England
1095:Making of English Law
1082:Government of England
1069:Government of England
1056:Government of England
1043:Government of England
1030:Government of England
970:Government of England
957:Making of English Law
931:Government of England
900:Government of England
845:Making of English Law
643:Leges Anglo-Saxonicae
538:Leges Anglo-Saxonicae
514:Oriel College, Oxford
474:The National Archives
233:. It is possible the
124:First printed edition
1625:Medieval English law
1405:Hollister, C. Warren
726:Legacy and influence
676:appeared in 1827 by
522:John Rylands Library
476:. Hg is held by the
383:Charter of Liberties
310:Charter of Liberties
287:Authorship and title
1367:Leges Henrici Primi
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561:Leges Henrici Primi
548:Epistola Eleutherii
370:Leges Henrici Primi
354:Leges Henrici Primi
218:Leges Edwardi Regis
195:Leges Henrici Primi
152:Leges Henrici Primi
24:Leges Henrici Primi
1630:Henry I of England
1335:on 20 October 2012
599:Publishing history
343:Archbishop of York
261:Isidore of Seville
167:Henry I of England
49:Henry I of England
1620:Legal manuscripts
1323:British Library.
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333:, who had been
325:is also in the
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265:Ivo of Chartres
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236:Leges Willhelmi
224:Instituta Cnuti
215:, parts of the
199:Laws of Henry I
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44:Dedicated to
18:
1560:(1): 1β25.
1457:10 November
1339:10 November
1084:pp. 126β127
818:pp. 113β114
752:by Justice
633:Edward Coke
609:Arcaionomia
553:John Selden
541:as well by
463:Manuscripts
415:shire court
70: 1115
1599:Categories
1316:References
1134:Governance
1071:pp. 99β100
856:Hollister
829:Governance
423:forest law
400:, the old
347:Winchester
335:chancellor
319:William II
227:, and the
135:Legal text
1582:159948800
1304:8 October
1249:pp. 73β77
1233:pp. 50β51
1205:pp. 48β50
1175:pp. 46β47
1136:pp. 60β61
1032:pp. 80β81
985:pp. 44β45
942:Huscroft
933:pp. 95β97
915:pp. 27β28
886:pp. 31β34
873:pp. 28β30
814:Huscroft
794:Huscroft
780:Citations
339:William I
281:Roman law
269:canon law
36:Author(s)
1491:(1999).
1469:(1987).
1385:(1986).
1283:Wormald
1274:pp. 1β79
1158:Wormald
1145:Wormald
1093:Wormald
955:Wormald
843:Wormald
506:Parker's
472:held by
438:Danegeld
376:Contents
183:Henry II
171:danegeld
55:Language
1543:4051178
1409:Henry I
1132:Warren
1016:pp. 2β5
1003:pp. 7β8
858:Henry I
827:Warren
716:Gesetze
657:in the
492:of the
398:Danelaw
315:Henry's
273:Vulgate
243:Sources
140:Subject
39:unknown
1580:
1574:175236
1572:
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1522:Albion
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1375:389304
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1358:389304
1356:
1287:p. 411
1162:p. 412
1149:p. 467
1123:p. 117
1119:Green
1106:Green
1097:p. 466
1080:Green
1067:Green
1054:Green
1045:p. 102
1041:Green
1028:Green
972:p. 162
968:Green
959:p. 465
929:Green
902:p. 106
898:Green
860:p. 112
847:p. 413
446:murdum
331:Gerard
221:, the
1578:S2CID
1570:JSTOR
1539:JSTOR
1110:p. 74
946:p. 68
831:p. 72
798:p. 38
760:Notes
746:case
740:Leges
712:Leges
698:Leges
674:Leges
655:Leges
629:Leges
625:Leges
617:Leges
605:Leges
578:Leges
565:Leges
510:Leges
494:Leges
457:dicta
453:Leges
442:marks
434:Leges
427:Leges
391:Leges
387:Leges
356:, or
323:Leges
301:Leges
293:Leges
277:Bible
257:Leges
249:Leges
207:Leges
179:Leges
161:is a
132:Genre
119:K, Rs
47:King
1497:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1459:2010
1432:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1371:OCLC
1354:OCLC
1341:2010
1306:2023
1058:p. 9
700:was
692:and
451:The
291:The
279:and
263:and
253:Cnut
193:The
149:The
127:1644
63:Date
1562:doi
1531:doi
665:'s
635:'s
197:or
155:or
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