Norman Conquest - Knowledge

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towns and increase in nucleated settlements in the countryside, rather than scattered farms, was probably accelerated by the coming of the Normans to England. The lifestyle of the peasantry probably did not greatly change in the decades after 1066. Although earlier historians argued that women became less free and lost rights with the conquest, current scholarship has mostly rejected this view. Little is known about women other than those in the landholding class, so no conclusions can be drawn about peasant women's status after 1066. Noblewomen appear to have continued to influence political life mainly through their kinship relationships. Both before and after 1066 aristocratic women could own land, and some women continued to have the ability to dispose of their property as they wished.

1123: 493:'s consent for the invasion, signified by a papal banner, along with diplomatic support from other European rulers. Although Alexander did give papal approval to the conquest after it succeeded, no other source claims papal support before the invasion. William's army assembled during the summer while an invasion fleet in Normandy was constructed. Although the army and fleet were ready by early August, adverse winds kept the ships in Normandy until late September. There were probably other reasons for William's delay, including intelligence reports from England revealing that Harold's forces were deployed along the coast. William would have preferred to delay the invasion until he could make an unopposed landing. 1304: 529:

he was travelling south. Harold stopped in London for about a week before reaching Hastings, so it is likely that he took a second week to march south, averaging about 27 miles (43 kilometres) per day, for the nearly 200 miles (320 kilometres) to London. Although Harold attempted to surprise the Normans, William's scouts reported the English arrival to the duke. The exact events preceding the battle remain obscure, with contradictory accounts in the sources, but all agree that William led his army from his castle and advanced towards the enemy. Harold had taken up a defensive position at the top of Senlac Hill (present-day

1366:, have seen the conquest as a critical turning point in history. Southern stated that "no country in Europe, between the rise of the barbarian kingdoms and the 20th century, has undergone so radical a change in so short a time as England experienced after 1066". Other historians, such as H. G. Richardson and G. O. Sayles, believe that the transformation was less radical. In more general terms, Singman has called the conquest "the last echo of the national migrations that characterized the early Middle Ages". The debate over the impact of the conquest depends on how change after 1066 is measured. If 915: 1025:, had finally arrived in England with a fleet of 200 ships, but he was too late as Norwich had already surrendered. The Danes then raided along the coast before returning home. William did not return to England until later in 1075, to deal with the Danish threat and the aftermath of the rebellion, celebrating Christmas at Winchester. Roger and Waltheof were kept in prison, where Waltheof was executed in May 1076. By that time William had returned to the continent, where Ralph was continuing the rebellion from Brittany. 7744: 1034: 580: 7768: 745:, the newly appointed Earl of Northumbria, led a rising in Northumbria, which had not yet been occupied by the Normans. These rebellions rapidly collapsed as William moved against them, building castles and installing garrisons as he had already done in the south. Edwin and Morcar again submitted, while Gospatric fled to Scotland, as did Edgar the Ætheling and his family, who may have been involved in these revolts. Meanwhile, Harold's sons, who had taken refuge in Ireland, raided 943:, where he and Hereward were joined by exiled rebels who had sailed from Scotland. William arrived with an army and a fleet to finish off this last pocket of resistance. After some costly failures, the Normans managed to construct a pontoon to reach the Isle of Ely, defeated the rebels at the bridgehead and stormed the island, marking the effective end of English resistance. Morcar was imprisoned for the rest of his life; Hereward was pardoned and had his lands returned to him. 42: 6398: 1170: 6388: 453:. King Harold probably learned of the Norwegian invasion in mid-September and rushed north, gathering forces as he went. The royal forces probably took nine days to cover the distance from London to York, averaging almost 25 miles (40 kilometres) per day. At dawn on 25 September Harold's forces reached York, where he learned the location of the Norwegians. The English then marched on the invaders and took them by surprise, defeating them in the 768: 1374:, castles or other changes in society, then the conquest, while important, did not represent radical reform. But the change was dramatic if measured by the elimination of the English nobility or the loss of Old English as a literary language. Nationalistic arguments have been made on both sides of the debate, with the Normans cast as either the persecutors of the English or the rescuers of the country from a decadent Anglo-Saxon nobility. 479:

150,000 men. Modern historians have offered a range of estimates for the size of William's forces: 7000–8000 men, 1000–2000 of them cavalry; 10,000–12,000 men; 10,000 men, 3000 of them cavalry; or 7500 men. The army would have consisted of a mix of cavalry, infantry, and archers or crossbowmen, with about equal numbers of cavalry and archers and the foot soldiers equal in number to the other two types combined. Although later lists of

502: 1206: 7756: 6408: 7796: 348:, who spent many years in exile in Normandy, succeeded to the English throne in 1042. This led to the establishment of a powerful Norman interest in English politics, as Edward drew heavily on his former hosts for support, bringing in Norman courtiers, soldiers, and clerics and appointing them to positions of power, particularly in the Church. Childless and embroiled in conflict with the formidable 1291:

marriages are attested between Norman men and English women during the years before 1100, but such marriages were uncommon. Most Normans continued to contract marriages with other Normans or other continental families rather than with the English. Within a century of the invasion, intermarriage between the native English and the Norman immigrants had become common. By the early 1160s,

297:. In exchange for the land, the Norsemen under Rollo were expected to provide protection along the coast against further Viking invaders. Their settlement proved successful and the Vikings in the region became known as the "Northmen" which "Normandy" and "Normans" are derived from. The Normans quickly adopted the indigenous culture as they became assimilated by the French, renouncing 255: 434:. Deserted by most of his followers, Tostig withdrew to Scotland, where he spent the summer recruiting fresh forces. King Harold spent the summer on the south coast with a large army and fleet waiting for William to invade, but the bulk of his forces were militia who needed to harvest their crops, so on 8 September Harold dismissed them. 597:, tempting the English into pursuit, and allowing the Norman cavalry to attack them repeatedly. The available sources are more confused about events in the afternoon, but it appears that the decisive event was the death of Harold, about which different stories are told. William of Jumieges claimed that Harold was killed by the duke. The 993:. Another earl, Waltheof, despite being one of William's favourites, was also involved, and some Breton lords were ready to offer support. Ralph also requested Danish aid. William remained in Normandy while his men in England subdued the revolt. Roger was unable to leave his stronghold in Herefordshire because of efforts by 1355:, when discussing the death of William the Conqueror, denounced him and the conquest in verse, but the king's obituary notice from William of Poitiers, a Frenchman, was full of praise. Historians since then have argued over the facts of the matter and how to interpret them, with little agreement. The theory or myth of the " 1359:" arose in the 17th century, the idea that Anglo-Saxon society had been freer and more equal than the society that emerged after the conquest. This theory owes more to the period in which it was developed than to historical facts, but it continues to be used to the present day in both political and popular thought. 457:. Harald of Norway and Tostig were killed, and the Norwegians suffered such horrific losses that only 24 of the original 300 ships were required to carry away the survivors. The English victory was costly, however, as Harold's army was left in a battered and weakened state, and far from the English Channel. 1445:. After his family's eventual return to England and his father's death in 1057, Edgar had by far the strongest hereditary claim to the throne, but he was only about thirteen or fourteen at the time of Edward the Confessor's death, and with little family to support him, his claim was passed over by the 1061:

To find the lands to compensate his Norman followers, William initially confiscated the estates of all the English lords who had fought and died with Harold and redistributed part of their lands. These confiscations led to revolts, which resulted in more confiscations, a cycle that continued for five

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and other rebels who had taken refuge in Scotland. The castellan of York, Robert fitzRichard, was defeated and killed, and the rebels besieged the Norman castle at York. William hurried north with an army, defeated the rebels outside York and pursued them into the city, massacring the inhabitants and

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An estimated 8000 Normans and other continentals settled in England as a result of the conquest, although exact figures cannot be established. Some of these new residents intermarried with the native English, but the extent of this practice in the years immediately after Hastings is unclear. Several

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Natives were also removed from high governmental and ecclesiastical offices. After 1075 all earldoms were held by Normans, and Englishmen were only occasionally appointed as sheriffs. Likewise in the Church, senior English office-holders were either expelled from their positions or kept in place for

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Harold, after defeating his brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada in the north, left much of his force there, including Morcar and Edwin, and marched the rest of his army south to deal with the threatened Norman invasion. It is unclear when Harold learned of William's landing, but it was probably while

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and was ready to cross the Channel by about 12 August. The exact numbers and composition of William's force are unknown. A contemporary document claims that William had 726 ships, but this may be an inflated figure. Figures given by contemporary writers are highly exaggerated, varying from 14,000 to

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before William's conquest. One major reason for the strength of the English monarchy was the wealth of the kingdom, built on the English system of taxation that included a land tax, or the geld. English coinage was also superior to most of the other currencies in use in northwestern Europe, and the

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pattern. Historian Robert Liddiard remarks that "to glance at the urban landscape of Norwich, Durham or Lincoln is to be forcibly reminded of the impact of the Norman invasion". William and his barons also exercised tighter control over inheritance of property by widows and daughters, often forcing

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Once England had been conquered, the Normans faced many challenges in maintaining control. They were few in number compared to the native English population; including those from other parts of France, historians estimate the number of Norman landholders at around 8000. William's followers expected

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along the ridge, and were at first so effective that William's army was thrown back with heavy casualties. Some of William's Breton troops panicked and fled, and some of the English troops appear to have pursued the fleeing Bretons. Norman cavalry then attacked and killed the pursuing troops. While

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of Normandy in 1204, William and his successors were largely absentee rulers. For example, after 1072, William spent more than 75 per cent of his time in France rather than England. While he needed to be personally present in Normandy to defend the realm from foreign invasion and put down internal

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arrived off the coast of England, sparking a new wave of rebellions across the country. After abortive raids in the south, the Danes joined forces with a new Northumbrian uprising, which was also joined by Edgar, Gospatric and the other exiles from Scotland as well as Waltheof. The combined Danish

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has been claimed to show Harold's death by an arrow to the eye, but this may be a later reworking of the tapestry to conform to 12th-century stories that Harold had died from an arrow wound to the head. Other sources stated that no one knew how Harold died because the press of battle was so tight

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The battle began at about 9 am on 14 October 1066 and lasted all day, but while a broad outline is known, the exact events are obscured by contradictory accounts in the sources. Although the numbers on each side were probably about equal, William had both cavalry and infantry, including many

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Contemporary sources do not give reliable data on the size and composition of Harold's army, although two Norman sources give figures of 1.2 million or 400,000 men. Recent historians have suggested figures of between 5000 and 13,000 for Harold's army at Hastings, but most agree on a range of

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Hardrada invaded northern England in early September, leading a fleet of more than 300 ships carrying perhaps 15,000 men. Harald's army was further augmented by the forces of Tostig, who threw his support behind the Norwegian king's bid for the throne. Advancing on York, the Norwegians defeated a

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Many of the free peasants of Anglo-Saxon society appear to have lost status and become indistinguishable from the non-free serfs. Whether this change was due entirely to the conquest is unclear, but the invasion and its after-effects probably accelerated a process already underway. The spread of

1278:. It is not known precisely how much English the Norman invaders learned, nor how much the knowledge of Norman French spread among the lower classes, but the demands of trade and basic communication probably meant that at least some of the Normans and native English were bilingual. Nevertheless, 965:

in which Malcolm expelled Edgar the Ætheling from Scotland and agreed to some degree of subordination to William. The exact status of this subordination was unclear – the treaty merely stated that Malcolm became William's man. Whether this meant only for Cumbria and Lothian or for the whole

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from William, and returned home. After the departure of the Danes the Fenland rebels remained at large, protected by the marshes, and early in 1071 there was a final outbreak of rebel activity in the area. Edwin and Morcar again turned against William, and although Edwin was quickly betrayed and

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This sophisticated medieval form of government was handed over to the Normans and was the foundation of further developments. They kept the framework of government but made changes in the personnel, although at first the new king attempted to keep some natives in office. By the end of William's

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Following the conquest, many Anglo-Saxons, including groups of nobles, fled the country for Scotland, Ireland, or Scandinavia. Members of King Harold Godwinson's family sought refuge in Ireland and used their bases in that country for unsuccessful invasions of England. The largest single exodus

618:, Harold's mother, offered the victorious duke the weight of her son's body in gold for its custody, but her offer was refused. William ordered that Harold's body be thrown into the sea, but whether that took place is unclear. Another story relates that Harold was buried at the top of a cliff. 1326:

in 1086, fewer than had been enumerated for 1066. In some places, such as Essex, the decline in slaves was 20 per cent for the 20 years. The main reasons for the decline in slaveholding appear to have been the disapproval of the Church and the cost of supporting slaves who, unlike

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In early 1070, having secured the submission of Waltheof and Gospatric, and driven Edgar and his remaining supporters back to Scotland, William returned to Mercia, where he based himself at Chester and crushed all remaining resistance in the area before returning to the south.

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bringing the revolt to an end. He built a second castle at York, strengthened Norman forces in Northumbria and then returned south. A subsequent local uprising was crushed by the garrison of York. Harold's sons launched a second raid from Ireland and were defeated at the

664:, before advancing towards London from the north-west, fighting further engagements against forces from the city. Having failed to muster an effective military response, Edgar's leading supporters lost their nerve, and the English leaders surrendered to William at 900:, one of William's chaplains, was installed at York. Some other bishoprics and abbeys also received new bishops and abbots and William confiscated some of the wealth of the English monasteries, which had served as repositories for the assets of the native nobles. 446:, the two earls may have distrusted Harold and feared that the king would replace Morcar with Tostig. The result was that their forces were devastated and unable to participate in the rest of the campaigns of 1066, although the two earls survived the battle. 879:

arrived and at Easter re-crowned William, which would have symbolically reasserted his right to the kingdom. William also oversaw a purge of prelates from the Church, most notably Stigand, who was deposed from Canterbury. The papal legates also imposed

525:, from which they raided the surrounding area. This ensured supplies for the army, and as Harold and his family held many of the lands in the area, it weakened William's opponent and made him more likely to attack to put an end to the raiding. 380:. Harold was immediately challenged by two powerful neighbouring rulers. Duke William claimed that he had been promised the throne by King Edward and that Harold had sworn agreement to this; King Harald III of Norway, commonly known as 1230:. The Domesday survey was an administrative catalogue of the landholdings of the kingdom, and was unique to medieval Europe. It was divided into sections based on the shires, and listed all the landholdings of each 867:. The Danes fled at his approach, and he occupied York. He bought off the Danes, who agreed to leave England in the spring, and during the winter of 1069–70 his forces systematically devastated Northumbria in the 1181:, with subdivisions; the royal court was the centre of government, and a justice system based on local and regional tribunals existed to secure the rights of free men. Shires were run by officials known as shire 859:. When the Danes attempted to return to Lincolnshire, the Norman forces there again drove them back across the Humber. William advanced into Northumbria, defeating an attempt to block his crossing of the swollen 1424:

in 1016 to claim the English throne and marry Æthelred's widow, Emma. After Harthacnut's death in 1042, Magnus began preparations for an invasion of England, which was only stopped by his own death in 1047.

246:, which may or may not have been linked to the invasion. There was little alteration in the structure of government, as the new Norman administrators took over many of the forms of Anglo-Saxon government. 1569:

The coronation was marred when the Norman troops stationed outside the abbey heard the sounds of those inside acclaiming the king and began burning nearby houses, thinking the noises were signs of a riot.

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When King Edward died at the beginning of 1066, the lack of a clear heir led to a disputed succession in which several contenders laid claim to the throne of England. Edward's immediate successor was the

831:. In the southwest, rebels from Devon and Cornwall attacked the Norman garrison at Exeter but were repulsed by the defenders and scattered by a Norman relief force under Count Brian. Other rebels from 622:, which had been founded by Harold, later claimed that his body had been buried there secretly. Later legends claimed that Harold did not die at Hastings, but escaped and became a hermit at Chester. 230:

were confiscated; some of the elite fled into exile. To control his new kingdom, William granted lands to his followers and built castles commanding military strong points throughout the land. The

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was left in English hands. Even this tiny residue was further diminished in the decades that followed, the elimination of native landholding being most complete in southern parts of the country.

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and English forces defeated the Norman garrison at York, seized the castles and took control of Northumbria, although a raid into Lincolnshire led by Edgar was defeated by the Norman garrison of

557:. The English army does not appear to have had many archers, although some were present. The identities of few of the Englishmen at Hastings are known; the most important were Harold's brothers 7244: 741:

was crowned queen at Westminster, an important symbol of William's growing international stature. Later in the year Edwin and Morcar raised a revolt in Mercia with Welsh assistance, while

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and Emma of Normandy, and thus was the half-brother of Edward the Confessor. He reigned from 1040 to 1042, and died without children. Harthacnut's father Cnut had defeated Æthelred's son

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The Normans crossed to England a few days after Harold's victory over the Norwegians at Stamford Bridge on 25 September, following the dispersal of Harold's naval force. They landed at

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In the 20th and 21st centuries, historians have focused less on the rightness or wrongness of the conquest itself, instead concentrating on the effects of the invasion. Some, such as

1153:. The empire became a popular destination for many English nobles and soldiers, as the Byzantines were in need of mercenaries. The English became the predominant element in the elite 1177:

Before the Normans arrived, Anglo-Saxon governmental systems were more sophisticated than their counterparts in Normandy. All of England was divided into administrative units called

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years after the Battle of Hastings. To put down and prevent further rebellions the Normans constructed castles and fortifications in unprecedented numbers, initially mostly on the

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Although William's main rivals were gone, he still faced rebellions over the following years and was not secure on the English throne until after 1072. The lands of the resisting

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The day after the battle, Harold's body was identified, either by his armour or marks on his body. The bodies of the English dead, who included some of Harold's brothers and his

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in southern England. Harold marched south to oppose him, leaving a significant portion of his army in the north. Harold's army confronted William's invaders on 14 October at the

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lands to be held directly from the king. More gradual changes affected the agricultural classes and village life: the main change appears to have been the formal elimination of

1189:. Most medieval governments were always on the move, holding court wherever the weather and food or other matters were best at the moment; England had a permanent treasury at 392:, whereby if either died without an heir, the other would inherit both England and Norway. William and Harald at once set about assembling troops and ships to invade England. 317:. They intermarried with the local population and used the territory granted to them as a base to extend the frontiers of the duchy westward, annexing territory including the 1050:

and received lands and titles in return for their service in the invasion, but William claimed ultimate possession of the land in England over which his armies had given him

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Hardrada moved on to York, which surrendered to him. After taking hostages from the leading men of the city, on 24 September the Norwegians moved east to the tiny village of

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Of these named persons, eight died in the battle – Harold, Gyrth, Leofwine, Godric the sheriff, Thurkill of Berkshire, Breme, and someone known only as "son of Helloc".

1612:"the Wake" has been claimed to be derived from "the wakeful one", the first use of the epithet is from the mid-13th century, and is thus unlikely to have been contemporary. 1096:

of 1086 meticulously documents the impact of this colossal programme of expropriation, revealing that by that time only about 5 per cent of land in England south of the

684:. William remained in England until March 1067, when he returned to Normandy with English prisoners, including Stigand, Morcar, Edwin, Edgar the Ætheling, and Waltheof. 5278: 1157:, until then a largely Scandinavian unit, from which the emperor's bodyguard was drawn. Some of the English migrants were settled in Byzantine frontier regions on the 442:. The two earls had rushed to engage the Norwegian forces before Harold could arrive from the south. Although Harold Godwinson had married Edwin and Morcar's sister 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6861: 6856: 6851: 1058:

in return for military service. A Norman lord typically had properties scattered piecemeal throughout England and Normandy, and not in a single geographic block.

5283: 1202:. Writs were either instructions to an official or group of officials, or notifications of royal actions such as appointments to office or a grant of some sort. 823:

At the same time resistance flared up again in western Mercia, where the forces of Eadric the Wild, together with his Welsh allies and further rebel forces from

5851: 6217: 70: 851:. Meanwhile, William attacked the Danes, who had moored for the winter south of the Humber in Lincolnshire, and drove them back to the north bank. Leaving 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6353: 1582:"the Wild" is relatively common, so despite suggestions that it arose from Eadric's participation in the northern uprisings of 1069, this is not certain. 4637: 697:

Despite the submission of the English nobles, resistance continued for several years. William left control of England in the hands of his half-brother

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and government, the introduction of a dialect of French as the language of the elites, and changes in the composition of the upper classes, as William

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Of those 35, 5 are known to have died in the battle – Robert of Vitot, Engenulf of Laigle, Robert fitzErneis, Roger son of Turold, and Taillefer.

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the Bretons were fleeing, rumours swept the Norman forces that the duke had been killed, but William rallied his troops. Twice more the Normans made

234:, a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales, was completed by 1086. Other effects of the conquest included the 4521: 871:, subduing all resistance. As a symbol of his renewed authority over the north, William ceremonially wore his crown at York on Christmas Day 1069. 1441:. He was the son of Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside, and was born in Hungary, where his father had fled after the conquest of England by 5866: 922:

In 1070 Sweyn II of Denmark arrived to take personal command of his fleet and renounced the earlier agreement to withdraw, sending troops into

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A direct consequence of the invasion was the almost total elimination of the old English aristocracy and the loss of English control over the

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William faced difficulties in his continental possessions in 1071, but in 1072 he returned to England and marched north to confront King

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reign, most of the officials of government and the royal household were Normans. The language of official documents also changed, from

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are extant, most are padded with extra names; only about 35 individuals can be reliably claimed to have been with William at Hastings.

17: 737:, including Harold's mother Gytha, and after suffering heavy losses managed to negotiate the town's surrender. In May, William's wife 602:

around the king that the soldiers could not see who struck the fatal blow. William of Poitiers gives no details about Harold's death.

4263: 794:, and several hundred soldiers accompanying him were massacred at Durham. The Northumbrian rebellion was joined by Edgar, Gospatric, 549:, or nobleman's personal troops, who usually also fought on foot. The main difference between the two types was in their armour; the 450: 63: 565:. About 18 other named individuals can reasonably be assumed to have fought with Harold at Hastings, including two other relatives. 7861: 7846: 5014: 1318:

The impact of the conquest on the lower levels of English society is difficult to assess. The major change was the elimination of

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in England. William systematically dispossessed English landowners and conferred their property on his continental followers. The

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William assembled a large invasion fleet and an army gathered from Normandy and all over France, including large contingents from

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on 25 September. Three days later on 28 September, William's invasion force of thousands of men and hundreds of ships landed at

5062: 1018: 989:. The exact reason for the rebellion is unclear, but it was launched at the wedding of Ralph to a relative of Roger's, held at 884:

on William and those of his supporters who had taken part in Hastings and the subsequent campaigns. As well as Canterbury, the

227: 192:, who may have encouraged William's hopes for the throne. Edward died in January 1066 and was succeeded by his brother-in-law 7856: 6518: 5821: 5437: 4206: 4146: 4124: 4074: 4055: 4036: 4014: 3992: 3938: 3919: 3897: 3878: 3859: 3833: 3807: 3788: 3769: 3750: 3731: 3712: 3693: 3651: 3613: 3591: 3572: 3553: 3531: 3509: 3487: 3468: 3446: 1282:

never developed a working knowledge of English and for centuries afterwards English was not well understood by the nobility.

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in 1095, no bishopric was held by any Englishman, and English abbots became uncommon, especially in the larger monasteries.

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control, and asserted the right to dispose of it as he saw fit. Henceforth, all land was "held" directly from the king in

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After his victory at Hastings, William expected to receive the submission of the surviving English leaders, but instead

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words entered the English language, and a further sign of the shift was the usage of names common in France instead of

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had become vacant following the death of Ealdred in September 1069. Both sees were filled by men loyal to William:

124: 31: 1139: 7802: 6772: 6513: 5871: 5273: 5057: 4821: 893: 7866: 6819: 6474: 6237: 6177: 6149: 5908: 5638: 5123: 4896: 1465:'s attacks in early 1066 may have been the beginning of a bid for the throne, but after defeat at the hands of 742: 294: 1525:

may possibly depict a papal banner carried by William's forces, but this is not named as such in the tapestry.

7628: 6323: 6154: 5087: 4981: 4785: 4393: 4388: 4256: 4086: 1308: 1038: 677: 360:, Harold Godwinson, the richest and most powerful of the English aristocrats. Harold was elected king by the 352:, and his sons, Edward may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandy's ambitions for the English throne. 808: 384:, also contested the succession. His claim to the throne was based on an agreement between his predecessor, 7487: 6804: 6621: 5679: 5593: 5082: 5007: 4891: 4536: 4454: 1319: 634: 365: 341: 1250:

with limited Nordic influences, as the language of the ruling classes in England, displacing Old English.

7683: 7643: 7608: 7530: 6760: 6643: 6469: 6430: 6333: 5738: 5693: 5554: 5072: 5067: 5047: 4646: 4579: 4511: 3497: 1487: 1021:. Norwich was besieged and surrendered, and Ralph went into exile. Meanwhile, the Danish king's brother, 1322:, which had disappeared by the middle of the 12th century. There were about 28,000 slaves listed in the 1226:

to Latin. The forest laws were introduced, leading to the setting aside of large sections of England as

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Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries

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ability to mint coins was a royal monopoly. The English kings had also developed the system of issuing

660:, Berkshire; while there he received the submission of Stigand. He then travelled north-east along the 676:. The new king attempted to conciliate the remaining English nobility by confirming Morcar, Edwin and 7497: 6755: 6051: 5814: 5544: 5396: 4906: 4816: 4780: 4546: 4322: 1075:

revolts, he set up royal administrative structures that enabled him to rule England from a distance.

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Thomas, Hugh M. (April 2003). "The Significance and Fate of the Native English Landowners of 1086".

1303: 7831: 7826: 7618: 7603: 7502: 6794: 6777: 6676: 6302: 5633: 5539: 5509: 5454: 5406: 4926: 4901: 4795: 4770: 4403: 4249: 4194: 4156: 4134: 3601: 1393: 1331:, had to be maintained entirely by their owners. The practice of slavery was not outlawed, and the 657: 377: 588:

archers, while Harold had only foot soldiers and few archers. The English soldiers formed up as a

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soon became common; female names changed more slowly. The Norman invasion had little impact on

1117: 784: 734: 706: 475: 349: 114: 223:. William's force defeated Harold, who was killed in the engagement, and William became king. 7655: 7633: 7623: 6809: 6750: 6577: 6182: 6074: 6031: 5711: 5706: 5650: 5459: 4951: 4931: 4861: 4755: 4740: 4725: 4720: 4695: 4526: 4516: 4373: 4286: 1466: 1383: 1351: 1279: 1243: 1190: 868: 780: 762: 705:. In 1067 rebels in Kent launched an unsuccessful attack on Dover Castle in combination with 619: 431: 427: 267: 174: 119: 6666: 681: 626: 7479: 6681: 6636: 6496: 6401: 6343: 6139: 6046: 6016: 6001: 5807: 5667: 5621: 5524: 5449: 5376: 5359: 5335: 4961: 4956: 4866: 4851: 4715: 4675: 4434: 4332: 1596: 1149:

occurred in the 1070s, when a group of Anglo-Saxons in a fleet of 235 ships sailed for the

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in late 1065. After King Edward sided with the rebels, Tostig went into exile in Flanders.

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in charge of Lincolnshire, he turned west and defeated the Mercian rebels in battle at

733:. These events forced William to return to England at the end of 1067. In 1068 William 702: 574: 562: 322: 278: 220: 104: 1173:

English counties in 1086 – most of these have a modern equivalent in the 21st century.

914: 7565: 6671: 6570: 6523: 6387: 6129: 6099: 6089: 6079: 5996: 5986: 5971: 5838: 5586: 5319: 5314: 5214: 5166: 4946: 4775: 4685: 4368: 4317: 4227: 4202: 4142: 4120: 4070: 4051: 4032: 4010: 3988: 3934: 3915: 3893: 3874: 3855: 3829: 3803: 3784: 3765: 3746: 3727: 3708: 3689: 3669: 3647: 3628: 3609: 3587: 3568: 3549: 3541: 3527: 3519: 3505: 3483: 3464: 3442: 927: 852: 804: 800: 791: 673: 490: 439: 290: 204: 94: 4750: 4449: 4069:. Critical Issues in History. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1551:, was brought to the battlefield to identify his body from marks that only she knew. 1473:

and the desertion of most of his followers he threw his lot in with Harald Hardrada.

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was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot, with the support of Earls Edwin and Morcar,

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between 7000 and 8000 English troops. These men would have comprised a mix of the

30:

This article is about the Norman invasion of England in 1066. For other uses, see

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A 12th-century tradition stated that Harold's face could not be recognised and

1458: 1442: 1437:, Edward the Confessor's great nephew who was a patrilineal descendant of King 1417: 1259: 1010: 614:, were left on the battlefield, although some were removed by relatives later. 357: 197: 181: 162: 4615: 4172: 4099: 3949: 1104:

their lifetimes and replaced by foreigners when they died. After the death of

1070:

A measure of William's success in taking control is that, from 1072 until the

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The Medieval Fortress: Castles, Forts, and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages

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to their officials, in addition to the normal medieval practice of issuing

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from the reign of King Henry I continue to mention slaveholding as legal.

207:

on 20 September, but Godwinson's army defeated and killed Hardrada at the

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One of the most obvious effects of the conquest was the introduction of

1161:

coast and established towns with names such as New London and New York.

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Western Travellers to Constantinople: the West and Byzantium, 962–1204

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invaded northern England in September 1066 and was victorious at the

1595:, whom William had appointed in 1067. Copsi was murdered in 1068 by 1295:

was writing that intermarriage was common in all levels of society.

533:), about 6 miles (10 kilometres) from William's castle at Hastings. 438:

northern English army under Edwin and Morcar on 20 September at the

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was already evolving before the invasion, with the introduction of

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The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284

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of the king as well as who had held the land before the conquest.

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by the combined efforts of Odo of Bayeux, Geoffrey of Coutances,

881: 718: 630: 418:. Threatened by Harold's fleet, Tostig moved north and raided in 369: 282: 166: 154: 150: 5534: 3890:

Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500

1591:

Gospatric had bought the office from William after the death of

4378: 1470: 1263: 990: 832: 726: 653: 518: 415: 410:, raided southeastern England with a fleet he had recruited in 318: 216: 1045:, originally built by William the Conqueror to control London. 790:

Early in 1069 the newly installed Norman Earl of Northumbria,

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language of their new home and added features from their own

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he sought to reach the capital by a more circuitous route.

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Likely depiction of Harold's death from the Bayeux Tapestry

539: 45:

Location of major events during the Norman Conquest in 1066

184:

derived from his familial relationship with the childless

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1066: The Battles of York, Stamford Bridge & Hastings

1461:, but he did not make his bid for the throne until 1069. 1349:

Debate over the conquest started almost immediately. The

1130:, which had many English recruits, from the 12th-century 839:

but were defeated by a Norman army gathered from London,

4067:

The Norman Conquest: England after William the Conqueror

27:

11th-century invasion and conquest of England by Normans

4031:(Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3644:

From Norman Conquest to Magna Carta: England, 1066–1215

1433:

Other contenders later came to the fore. The first was

1307:

Modern-day reconstruction of an Anglo-Saxon village at

5279:

Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

3623:

Crystal, David (2002). "The Story of Middle English".

426:, but he was driven back to his ships by the brothers 7732: 3850:; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). 3824:; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). 3666:

William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England

3562: 3680: 3641: 811:. In August or September 1069 a large fleet sent by 5284:

Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

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The English Language: A Guided Tour of the Language

1453:, who had a claim to the throne as the grandson of 543:(militia mainly composed of foot soldiers) and the 496: 3933:. Battleground Britain. Barnsley, UK: Leo Cooper. 3540: 3518: 149:) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of 4001: 3778: 3759: 3660: 465: 7813: 4522:Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda 3887: 3496: 3477: 1285: 1274:, which had changed significantly after earlier 680:, in their lands as well as giving some land to 670:acclaimed King of England and crowned by Ealdred 4645: 4083: 4045: 3912:The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England, 500–1087 3272: 3270: 553:used better protecting armour than that of the 521:on 28 September and erected a wooden castle at 4023: 3852:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 3826:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 3703:Hallam, Elizabeth M.; Everard, Judith (2001). 3688:. Campaign. Vol. 13. Oxford, UK: Osprey. 3622: 3581: 3198:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 2764: 2762: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2578: 2576: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2175: 2173: 1804:Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England 1770: 1503:, is said to have been Tostig's sworn brother. 509:, depicting ships grounding and horses landing 6438: 5815: 5008: 4631: 4607: 4257: 4193: 4155: 4139:Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King 4133: 3928: 3868: 3842: 3816: 3600: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3288: 3286: 3111: 3109: 3040: 3038: 3036: 2892: 2890: 2876: 2874: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2651: 2649: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2488: 2486: 1917: 1915: 1137: 641:to London. He defeated an English force that 64: 4064: 3947: 3798:Kaufman, J. E. & Kaufman, H. W. (2001). 3740: 3668:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3455: 3433: 3384: 3325: 3312: 3267: 3241: 3216: 3203: 3177: 3151: 3127: 3125: 3093: 2845: 2433: 2431: 2295: 2293: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2089: 2087: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 1998: 1996: 1728: 4577: 4233:Normans – a background to the Conquest 4114: 3914:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 3906: 3854:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 229–230. 3482:. Essential Histories. Oxford, UK: Osprey. 3397: 3164: 3138: 3056: 3054: 2929: 2832: 2759: 2721: 2695: 2675: 2589: 2573: 2512: 2410: 2358: 2345: 2332: 2319: 2225: 2199: 2170: 1860: 934:. Sweyn soon accepted a further payment of 835:, Somerset and neighbouring areas besieged 6445: 6431: 5822: 5808: 5015: 5001: 4638: 4624: 4264: 4250: 3828:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 99–100. 3721: 3410: 3338: 3283: 3254: 3106: 3033: 2981: 2968: 2916: 2903: 2887: 2871: 2858: 2801: 2788: 2775: 2746: 2733: 2662: 2646: 2633: 2620: 2607: 2530: 2483: 2470: 2038: 2027: 2025: 1912: 1873: 1847: 1821: 1808: 1796: 1746: 1744: 926:to join forces with English rebels led by 71: 57: 3371: 3299: 3122: 3080: 2942: 2819: 2708: 2560: 2548: 2499: 2457: 2444: 2428: 2397: 2384: 2371: 2306: 2290: 2277: 2264: 2238: 2152: 2139: 2126: 2084: 2071: 2051: 1993: 1954: 1941: 1928: 1757: 396:Tostig's raids and the Norwegian invasion 5829: 3686:Hastings 1066: The Fall of Saxon England 3358: 3051: 2251: 2212: 2186: 2113: 2100: 2009: 1980: 1967: 1899: 1886: 1834: 1783: 1702: 1650: 1302: 1204: 1168: 1121: 1032: 913: 766: 605: 578: 500: 474:and Flanders. He mustered his forces at 406:In early 1066, Harold's exiled brother, 253: 40: 4165:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4050:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3954:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3762:The Norman Conquest: A New Introduction 2729:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2556:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2022: 1741: 1164: 827:and Shropshire, attacked the castle at 717:, in alliance with the Welsh rulers of 14: 7814: 6452: 3892:. Macclesfield, UK: Windgather Press. 3707:(Second ed.). New York: Longman. 3627:(Second ed.). New York: Penguin. 1715: 1689: 1676: 1663: 1621:Malcolm, in 1069 or 1070, had married 803:in Devon by Norman forces under Count 6426: 5803: 4996: 4619: 4606: 4245: 3606:The Normans: The History of a Dynasty 3190: 1637: 1599:, his rival for power in Northumbria. 1486:, was expelled from that office by a 1111: 1028: 966:Scottish kingdom was left ambiguous. 687: 52: 7785: 5022: 1083: 985:, conspired to overthrow him in the 633:, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and 6407: 5852:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 4736:Second War of Scottish Independence 4419:Companions of William the Conqueror 4271: 4199:The English and the Norman Conquest 4119:. Gloucestershire, UK: Wrens Park. 3062:From Norman Conquest to Magna Carta 969:In 1075, during William's absence, 892:, abbot of William's foundation at 701:and one of his closest supporters, 692: 481:companions of William the Conqueror 414:, later joined by other ships from 313:language, transforming it into the 153:by an army made up of thousands of 78: 24: 5944:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 4731:First War of Scottish Independence 4141:. London: Hambledon & London. 3608:. London: Hambledon & London. 3235:Crystal "Story of Middle English" 946: 903: 756: 729:, fighting Norman forces based in 505:Arrival in England scene from the 489:states that William obtained Pope 460: 25: 7878: 6374:Historiography in the Middle Ages 4217: 4161:"Eadric the Wild (fl. 1067–1072)" 3820:(2001). "Charters and Writs". In 3584:England and its Rulers: 1066–1307 3546:The Debate on the Norman Conquest 3117:Governance of Anglo-Saxon England 1399:Norman conquest of southern Italy 1344: 783:in York, on the west bank of the 678:Waltheof, the Earl of Northumbria 7794: 7766: 7754: 7742: 6406: 6397: 6396: 6386: 4117:Harold the Last Anglo-Saxon King 3802:. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. 3743:The Death of Anglo-Saxon England 3480:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 3229: 3067: 3020: 3007: 2994: 2955: 2716:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 2465:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 2108:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 2079:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 1389:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland 910:Danish attacks on Norman England 497:Landing and Harold's march south 388:, and the earlier English king, 32:Norman conquest (disambiguation) 7862:Succession to the British crown 7847:England in the High Middle Ages 6514:England in the late Middle Ages 5872:Christianity in the Middle Ages 5867:Decline of Hellenistic religion 3526:. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. 2754:English and the Norman Conquest 2690:English and the Norman Conquest 2670:English and the Norman Conquest 2657:English and the Norman Conquest 2641:English and the Norman Conquest 2628:English and the Norman Conquest 1625:, sister of Edgar the Ætheling. 1615: 1602: 1585: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1537: 1528: 1515: 1506: 1493: 1476: 1427: 1416:Harthacnut was the son of King 1410: 1078: 6150:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 4201:. Ipswich, UK: Boydell Press. 3567:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. 3563:Ciggaar, Krijna Nelly (1996). 3524:Anglo-Norman England 1066–1166 466:Norman preparations and forces 364:of England and crowned by the 295:Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte 13: 1: 6324:Disability in the Middle Ages 5997:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 5929:Rise of the Venetian Republic 4982:War of the Spanish Succession 4937:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) 4912:Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) 4786:Stafford and Lovell rebellion 4087:The English Historical Review 3985:Daily Life in Medieval Europe 3724:Byzantine Armies AD 1118–1461 3642:Daniell, Christopher (2003). 3426: 1309:West Stow Anglo-Saxon Village 1286:Immigration and intermarriage 1140:Biblioteca Nacional de España 725:, raised a revolt in western 668:, Hertfordshire. William was 656:valley to cross the river at 7857:Military history of Normandy 4917:Anglo-French War (1627–1629) 4187:UK public library membership 3983:Singman, Jeffrey L. (1999). 3976:UK public library membership 3871:The Battle of Hastings: 1066 3196:Keynes "Charters and Writs" 1791:Death of Anglo-Saxon England 1752:Death of Anglo-Saxon England 1631: 930:, at that time based on the 896:, received Canterbury while 645:, but being unable to storm 342:Richard II, Duke of Normandy 7: 7852:Military history of England 5555:English language in England 5550:Innovations and discoveries 5274:Postwar Britain (1945–1979) 4746:Invasion of Scotland (1400) 4647:Military history of England 4580:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio 4512:Northumbrian Revolt of 1065 4167:. Oxford University Press. 4048:The English and the Normans 3956:. Oxford University Press. 3783:. London: Pearson/Longman. 2554:Williams "Eadric the Wild" 1377: 1237: 918:Coin of Sweyn II of Denmark 568: 432:Morcar, Earl of Northumbria 366:Archbishop of York, Ealdred 10: 7883: 7822:Norman conquest of England 6519:Economy in the Middle Ages 6125:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 4922:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 3950:"Hereward (fl. 1070–1071)" 3779:Huscroft, Richard (2005). 3760:Huscroft, Richard (2009). 1298: 1115: 1009:. Ralph was bottled up in 950: 907: 809:Eudes, Count of Penthièvre 760: 572: 399: 262:(top) and his descendants 258:13th-century depiction of 249: 29: 18:Norman conquest of England 7642: 7594: 7551: 7521: 7478: 7424: 6715: 6652: 6460: 6382: 6311: 6170: 6065: 6052:Mongol invasion of Europe 5957: 5837: 5768: 5692: 5607: 5485: 5481: 5472: 5428: 5419: 5367: 5358: 5328: 5292: 5266: 5233: 5175: 5144: 5096: 5040: 5031: 4907:Second Anglo-Powhatan War 4892:Nine Years' War (Ireland) 4804: 4653: 4613: 4608:Links to related articles 4560: 4504: 4473: 4427: 4346: 4323:Battle of Stamford Bridge 4310: 4279: 4224:Essential Norman Conquest 4009:. London: Edward Arnold. 3888:Liddiard, Robert (2005). 3846:(2001). "Harthacnut". In 3478:Bennett, Matthew (2001). 3015:English Historical Review 1138: 735:besieged rebels in Exeter 643:attacked him at Southwark 455:Battle of Stamford Bridge 402:Battle of Stamford Bridge 209:Battle of Stamford Bridge 90: 5634:The Football Association 4927:Third Anglo-Powhatan War 4902:First Anglo-Powhatan War 4822:Second Cornish rebellion 4046:Thomas, Hugh M. (2003). 3781:Ruling England 1042–1217 3705:Capetian France 987–1328 2853:Unification and Conquest 1881:Unification and Conquest 1736:Unification and Conquest 1449:. Another contender was 1404: 1394:Norman invasion of Wales 1246:, a northern dialect of 672:on 25 December 1066, in 378:Archbishop of Canterbury 7837:11th century in England 6583:Commonwealth of England 6007:Investiture Controversy 5977:Second Bulgarian Empire 5119:History of Anglo-Saxons 4832:Silken Thomas rebellion 4817:First Cornish rebellion 4552:Trial of Penenden Heath 4460:Malcolm III of Scotland 4100:10.1093/ehr/118.476.303 3582:Clanchy, M. T. (2006). 959:Malcolm III of Scotland 939:killed, Morcar reached 777:motte-and-bailey castle 180:William's claim to the 169:troops, all led by the 6364:Post-classical history 6120:Fall of Constantinople 6027:Capet–Plantagenet feud 5894:First Bulgarian Empire 5445:Elizabethan government 5310:Kingdom of East Anglia 5305:Kingdom of Northumbria 4942:Second Anglo-Dutch War 4872:Siege of Calais (1558) 4862:Third Cornish uprising 4781:Buckingham's rebellion 4706:Welsh uprising of 1211 4578: 4338:Siege of Exeter (1068) 3962:10.1093/ref:odnb/13074 3929:Marren, Peter (2004). 3873:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. 3869:Lawson, M. K. (2002). 3745:. Stroud, UK: Sutton. 3463:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. 3405:England and its Rulers 3353:England and its Rulers 3294:England and its Rulers 3013:Thomas "Significance" 1499:The King of Scotland, 1488:Northumbrian rebellion 1315: 1276:Scandinavian invasions 1218: 1174: 1145: 1118:New England (medieval) 1067:marriages to Normans. 1046: 919: 787: 707:Eustace II of Boulogne 584: 510: 476:Saint-Valery-sur-Somme 350:Godwin, Earl of Wessex 332:In 1002, English king 270: 46: 7867:William the Conqueror 5651:Rugby Football League 5134:Settlement of Britain 4952:Third Anglo-Dutch War 4932:First Anglo-Dutch War 4842:Amicable Grant Revolt 4771:Jack Cade's Rebellion 4726:Welsh Uprising (1282) 4537:Council of Winchester 4527:Harrying of the North 4517:Council of Lillebonne 4287:William the Conqueror 4173:10.1093/ref:odnb/8512 4065:Thomas, Hugh (2007). 3948:Roffe, David (2004). 3764:. New York: Longman. 3741:Higham, Nick (2000). 3646:. London: Routledge. 3504:. New York: Penguin. 3461:William the Conqueror 2842:p. 216 and footnote 4 2840:William the Conqueror 2827:William the Conqueror 2814:William the Conqueror 2796:William the Conqueror 2783:William the Conqueror 2741:William the Conqueror 2615:William the Conqueror 2543:William the Conqueror 2494:William the Conqueror 2478:William the Conqueror 2046:William the Conqueror 2033:William the Conqueror 1894:William the Conqueror 1778:William the Conqueror 1482:Tostig, who had been 1384:Ermenfrid Penitential 1352:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1306: 1280:William the Conqueror 1258:. Male names such as 1208: 1172: 1125: 1036: 917: 908:Further information: 869:Harrying of the North 849:Geoffrey of Coutances 781:William the Conqueror 770: 763:Harrying of the North 652:William moved up the 606:Aftermath of Hastings 582: 504: 428:Edwin, Earl of Mercia 268:Richard I of Normandy 257: 175:William the Conqueror 120:Harrying of the North 44: 7434:Anglo-Saxon military 6622:Overseas possessions 6344:Medieval reenactment 6140:Renaissance Humanism 6047:Medieval Warm Period 6017:Republic of Florence 5831:European Middle Ages 5668:Rugby Football Union 5336:House of Plantagenet 4435:Edward the Confessor 4333:Burning of Southwark 4115:Walker, Ian (2000). 3682:Gravett, Christopher 3439:Normandy Before 1066 2989:Struggle for Mastery 2976:Struggle for Mastery 2948:Kaufman and Kaufman 2937:Anglo-Norman England 2924:Struggle for Mastery 2911:Struggle for Mastery 2898:Struggle for Mastery 2882:Struggle for Mastery 2866:Struggle for Mastery 2340:Struggle for Mastery 2207:Struggle for Mastery 1802:Keynes "Harthacnut" 1710:Æthelred the Unready 1684:Normandy Before 1066 1671:Normandy Before 1066 1645:Normandy Before 1066 1165:Governmental systems 346:Edward the Confessor 334:Æthelred the Unready 190:Edward the Confessor 7749:Anglo-Saxon England 6848:Acts of Parliament: 6615:Union with Scotland 6610:Glorious Revolution 6556:Union of the Crowns 6546:English Renaissance 6534:English Reformation 6475:Anglo-Saxon England 6057:Kingdom of Portugal 5924:Old Church Slavonic 5909:Anglo-Saxon England 5220:Union with Scotland 5200:English Reformation 5195:English Renaissance 5124:Anglo-Saxon England 4877:Rising of the North 4847:Pilgrimage of Grace 4837:Anglo-Scottish Wars 4796:Yorkshire rebellion 4661:Battle of Aylesford 4592:William of Poitiers 4542:Revolt of the Earls 4486:Battle, East Sussex 4465:Matilda of Flanders 4394:Eustace of Boulogne 4302:Sweyn II of Denmark 4029:Anglo-Saxon England 3722:Heath, Ian (1995). 3441:. London: Longman. 3028:English and Normans 3002:English and Normans 1923:Anglo-Saxon England 1829:Anglo-Saxon England 1695:Hallam and Everard 1484:Earl of Northumbria 1451:Sweyn II of Denmark 1368:Anglo-Saxon England 1334:Leges Henrici Primi 1015:Richard fitzGilbert 999:Bishop of Worcester 987:Revolt of the Earls 963:Treaty of Abernethy 953:Revolt of the Earls 813:Sweyn II of Denmark 595:feigned withdrawals 531:Battle, East Sussex 487:William of Poitiers 305:. They adopted the 285:under their leader 281:allowed a group of 264:William I Longsword 130:Revolt of the Earls 6805:Secretary of State 6487:Kingdom of England 6454:Kingdom of England 6238:In popular culture 6203:Crusading movement 6075:Hundred Years' War 5934:Civitas Schinesghe 5919:Carolingian Empire 5904:Kingdom of Croatia 5857:Barbarian kingdoms 5749:Saint George's Day 5341:House of Lancaster 5152:Kingdom of England 5053:History of England 4967:Monmouth Rebellion 4962:Virginia rebellion 4741:Hundred Years' War 4721:Second Barons' War 4711:Battle of Bouvines 4671:Battle of Ellendun 4364:Leofwine Godwinson 4328:Battle of Hastings 3726:. London: Osprey. 3542:Chibnall, Marjorie 3520:Chibnall, Marjorie 3403:Quoted in Clanchy 3046:Western Travellers 2963:Castles in Context 2285:Battle of Hastings 2272:Battle of Hastings 2246:Battle of Hastings 2095:Battle of Hastings 1320:slavery in England 1316: 1293:Ailred of Rievaulx 1219: 1175: 1146: 1112:English emigration 1047: 1029:Control of England 1019:William de Warenne 920: 788: 703:William fitzOsbern 688:English resistance 682:Edgar the Ætheling 627:Edgar the Ætheling 585: 575:Battle of Hastings 511: 323:Cotentin Peninsula 301:and converting to 279:Charles the Simple 275:Carolingian French 271: 221:Battle of Hastings 47: 7842:Duchy of Normandy 7730: 7729: 7724: 7723: 7566:Church of England 6524:Wars of the Roses 6420: 6419: 6329:Basic topics list 6130:Swiss mercenaries 6080:Wars of the Roses 5987:Kingdom of Poland 5972:Holy Roman Empire 5839:Early Middle Ages 5797: 5796: 5764: 5763: 5688: 5687: 5594:Science education 5587:Church of England 5468: 5467: 5415: 5414: 5354: 5353: 5320:Kingdom of Sussex 5315:Kingdom of Mercia 5167:Wars of the Roses 4990: 4989: 4957:King Philip's War 4947:War of Devolution 4897:Eighty Years' War 4887:Anglo-Spanish War 4867:Wyatt's rebellion 4852:Bigod's rebellion 4827:Warbeck rebellion 4776:Wars of the Roses 4716:First Barons' War 4696:Revolt of 1173–74 4686:Rebellion of 1088 4600: 4599: 4547:Council of London 4428:Associated people 4414:Roger de Breteuil 4404:Robert of Mortain 4369:Hereward the Wake 4318:Battle of Fulford 4228:Osprey Publishing 4208:978-0-85115-708-5 4185:(subscription or 4148:978-1-85285-382-2 4126:978-0-905778-46-4 4076:978-0-7425-3840-5 4057:978-0-19-925123-0 4038:978-0-19-280139-5 4016:978-0-7131-6532-6 4003:Stafford, Pauline 3994:978-0-313-30273-2 3974:(subscription or 3940:978-0-85052-953-1 3921:978-0-8047-1217-0 3899:978-0-9545575-2-2 3880:978-0-7524-1998-5 3861:978-0-631-22492-1 3835:978-0-631-22492-1 3809:978-0-306-81358-0 3790:978-0-582-84882-5 3771:978-1-4058-1155-2 3752:978-0-7509-2469-6 3733:978-1-85532-347-6 3714:978-0-582-40428-1 3695:978-1-84176-133-6 3662:Douglas, David C. 3653:978-0-415-22216-7 3615:978-1-85285-595-6 3593:978-1-4051-0650-4 3574:978-90-04-10637-6 3555:978-0-7190-4913-2 3533:978-0-631-15439-6 3511:978-0-14-014824-4 3489:978-1-84176-228-9 3470:978-0-7524-1980-0 3448:978-0-582-48492-4 2950:Medieval Fortress 2727:Roffe "Hereward" 1256:Anglo-Saxon names 1126:Depiction of the 1084:Elite replacement 1072:Capetian conquest 979:Roger de Breteuil 928:Hereward the Wake 853:Robert of Mortain 801:Battle of Northam 792:Robert de Comines 674:Westminster Abbey 440:Battle of Fulford 205:Battle of Fulford 138: 137: 16:(Redirected from 7874: 7807: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7787: 7771: 7770: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7738: 7684:Royal supporters 7531:English language 6778:Council of State 6768:King's Secretary 6761:House of Commons 6746:Magnum Concilium 6644:Maritime history 6605:Exclusion Crisis 6588:The Protectorate 6447: 6440: 6433: 6424: 6423: 6410: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6390: 6349:Medieval studies 6193:Church and State 6067:Late Middle Ages 5959:High Middle Ages 5877:Christianization 5847:Migration Period 5824: 5817: 5810: 5801: 5800: 5777: 5739:Royal supporters 5540:Landscape garden 5510:Country clothing 5483: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5426: 5425: 5365: 5364: 5300:Kingdom of Essex 5063:Local government 5038: 5037: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4977:Jacobite risings 4857:Kett's Rebellion 4791:Simnel rebellion 4766:Oldcastle Revolt 4761:Scrope rebellion 4676:Viking invasions 4640: 4633: 4626: 4617: 4616: 4604: 4603: 4583: 4292:Harold Godwinson 4266: 4259: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4212: 4190: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4152: 4130: 4111: 4094:(476): 303–333. 4080: 4061: 4042: 4020: 3998: 3979: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3944: 3925: 3903: 3884: 3865: 3848:Lapidge, Michael 3839: 3822:Lapidge, Michael 3813: 3794: 3775: 3756: 3737: 3718: 3699: 3677: 3657: 3638: 3619: 3597: 3578: 3559: 3537: 3515: 3498:Carpenter, David 3493: 3474: 3452: 3421: 3414: 3408: 3401: 3395: 3388: 3382: 3375: 3369: 3362: 3356: 3349: 3336: 3329: 3323: 3316: 3310: 3303: 3297: 3290: 3281: 3274: 3265: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3239: 3237:English Language 3233: 3227: 3220: 3214: 3207: 3201: 3194: 3188: 3181: 3175: 3168: 3162: 3155: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3129: 3120: 3113: 3104: 3097: 3091: 3084: 3078: 3075:Byzantine Armies 3071: 3065: 3058: 3049: 3042: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3011: 3005: 2998: 2992: 2985: 2979: 2972: 2966: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2927: 2920: 2914: 2907: 2901: 2894: 2885: 2878: 2869: 2862: 2856: 2849: 2843: 2836: 2830: 2823: 2817: 2810: 2799: 2792: 2786: 2779: 2773: 2766: 2757: 2750: 2744: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2712: 2706: 2699: 2693: 2686: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2653: 2644: 2637: 2631: 2624: 2618: 2611: 2605: 2598: 2587: 2580: 2571: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2539: 2528: 2521: 2510: 2503: 2497: 2490: 2481: 2474: 2468: 2461: 2455: 2448: 2442: 2435: 2426: 2419: 2408: 2401: 2395: 2388: 2382: 2375: 2369: 2362: 2356: 2349: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2323: 2317: 2310: 2304: 2297: 2288: 2281: 2275: 2268: 2262: 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of 338:Emma of Normandy 194:Harold Godwinson 171:Duke of Normandy 85: 83: 73: 66: 59: 50: 49: 21: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7832:1060s conflicts 7827:1066 in England 7812: 7811: 7810: 7800: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7786:sister projects 7783:at Knowledge's 7781:Norman Conquest 7777: 7765: 7755: 7753: 7743: 7741: 7733: 7731: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7714:St George's Day 7689:Royal standards 7672:College of Arms 7638: 7590: 7547: 7517: 7474: 7420: 6729: 6711: 6648: 6595:The Restoration 6539:Elizabethan era 6492:Norman Conquest 6456: 6451: 6421: 6416: 6378: 6359:Neo-medievalism 6307: 6243:Itinerant court 6166: 6061: 5982:Georgian Empire 5967:Norman Conquest 5953: 5899:Frankish Empire 5833: 5828: 5798: 5793: 5780: 5773: 5760: 5734:Royal standards 5684: 5603: 5464: 5411: 5350: 5324: 5288: 5262: 5229: 5205:Elizabethan era 5171: 5157:Norman Conquest 5140: 5092: 5078:English society 5027: 5021: 4991: 4986: 4972:Nine Years' War 4800: 4756:Percy rebellion 4681:Norman Conquest 4666:Battle of Badon 4649: 4644: 4609: 4601: 4596: 4568:Bayeux Tapestry 4556: 4500: 4496:Tower of London 4469: 4423: 4399:Eadric the Wild 4354:Gyrth Godwinson 4342: 4306: 4297:Harald Hardrada 4275: 4273:Norman Conquest 4270: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4184: 4177: 4175: 4149: 4127: 4077: 4058: 4039: 4017: 3995: 3973: 3966: 3964: 3941: 3922: 3900: 3881: 3862: 3836: 3810: 3791: 3772: 3753: 3734: 3715: 3696: 3654: 3635: 3616: 3594: 3575: 3556: 3534: 3512: 3490: 3471: 3449: 3429: 3424: 3415: 3411: 3402: 3398: 3392:Norman Conquest 3389: 3385: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3359: 3350: 3339: 3333:Norman Conquest 3330: 3326: 3320:Norman Conquest 3317: 3313: 3304: 3300: 3291: 3284: 3278:Norman Conquest 3275: 3268: 3262:Norman Conquest 3259: 3255: 3249:Norman Conquest 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3224:Norman Conquest 3221: 3217: 3211:Norman Conquest 3208: 3204: 3195: 3191: 3185:Norman Conquest 3182: 3178: 3172:Norman Conquest 3169: 3165: 3159:Norman Conquest 3156: 3152: 3146:Norman Conquest 3143: 3139: 3133:Norman Conquest 3130: 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1232:tenant-in-chief 1167: 1155:Varangian Guard 1128:Varangian Guard 1120: 1114: 1090:Catholic Church 1086: 1081: 1043:Tower of London 1031: 975:Earl of Norfolk 955: 949: 947:Last resistance 912: 906: 904:Danish troubles 771:The remains of 765: 759: 757:Revolts of 1069 715:Eadric the Wild 695: 690: 608: 599:Bayeux Tapestry 577: 571: 507:Bayeux Tapestry 499: 468: 463: 461:Norman invasion 451:Stamford Bridge 404: 398: 386:Magnus the Good 382:Harald Hardrada 315:Norman language 293:as part of the 252: 201:Harald Hardrada 173:, later styled 143:Norman Conquest 139: 134: 100:Stamford Bridge 86: 82:Norman Conquest 81: 79: 77: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7880: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7809: 7808: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7763: 7751: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7664: 7659: 7648: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7609:English Gothic 7606: 7600: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7557: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7536:English people 7533: 7527: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7484: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7451:New Model Army 7443: 7442: 7441: 7430: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6783:Lord Protector 6780: 6770: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6756:House of Lords 6748: 6743: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6658: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6561:Gunpowder Plot 6558: 6548: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6509:Angevin Empire 6506: 6505: 6504: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6472: 6466: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6450: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6427: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6404: 6394: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6354:Misconceptions 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6162:Little Ice Age 6159: 6158: 6157: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6115:Western Schism 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5963: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5869: 5864: 5862:Late antiquity 5859: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5827: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5804: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5786: 5779: 5778: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5613: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5567: 5562: 5560:Middle England 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5293:Prior Kingdoms 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5162:Angevin Empire 5159: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5088:United Kingdom 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5044: 5042: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: articles 5020: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4751:Glyndŵr Rising 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4575: 4570: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4532:Danish attacks 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4450:Edgar Ætheling 4447: 4445:Edith the Fair 4442: 4437: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4269: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4230: 4219: 4218:External links 4216: 4214: 4213: 4207: 4191: 4153: 4147: 4131: 4125: 4112: 4081: 4075: 4062: 4056: 4043: 4037: 4025:Stenton, F. M. 4021: 4015: 3999: 3993: 3980: 3945: 3939: 3926: 3920: 3904: 3898: 3885: 3879: 3866: 3860: 3840: 3834: 3814: 3808: 3795: 3789: 3776: 3770: 3757: 3751: 3738: 3732: 3719: 3713: 3700: 3694: 3678: 3658: 3652: 3639: 3633: 3620: 3614: 3598: 3592: 3579: 3573: 3560: 3554: 3538: 3532: 3516: 3510: 3494: 3488: 3475: 3469: 3453: 3447: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3409: 3396: 3383: 3370: 3357: 3337: 3324: 3311: 3307:Ruling England 3298: 3282: 3266: 3253: 3240: 3228: 3215: 3202: 3189: 3176: 3163: 3150: 3137: 3121: 3105: 3092: 3079: 3066: 3050: 3032: 3019: 3006: 2993: 2980: 2967: 2954: 2941: 2928: 2915: 2902: 2886: 2870: 2857: 2844: 2831: 2818: 2800: 2787: 2774: 2758: 2745: 2732: 2720: 2707: 2694: 2674: 2661: 2645: 2632: 2619: 2606: 2588: 2572: 2559: 2547: 2529: 2511: 2498: 2482: 2469: 2456: 2443: 2427: 2409: 2396: 2383: 2370: 2357: 2344: 2331: 2318: 2305: 2289: 2276: 2263: 2250: 2237: 2224: 2211: 2198: 2185: 2169: 2151: 2138: 2125: 2112: 2099: 2083: 2070: 2050: 2037: 2021: 2008: 1992: 1979: 1966: 1953: 1940: 1927: 1911: 1898: 1885: 1872: 1859: 1846: 1842:Ruling England 1833: 1820: 1807: 1795: 1782: 1769: 1756: 1740: 1727: 1723:Ruling England 1714: 1701: 1688: 1675: 1662: 1649: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1614: 1601: 1584: 1571: 1562: 1553: 1545:Edith the Fair 1536: 1527: 1514: 1505: 1492: 1475: 1457:and nephew of 1435:Edgar Ætheling 1426: 1418:Cnut the Great 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1379: 1376: 1346: 1345:Historiography 1343: 1300: 1297: 1287: 1284: 1239: 1236: 1166: 1163: 1113: 1110: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1030: 1027: 1011:Norwich Castle 951:Main article: 948: 945: 905: 902: 761:Main article: 758: 755: 753:from the sea. 694: 691: 689: 686: 607: 604: 573:Main article: 570: 567: 498: 495: 467: 464: 462: 459: 400:Main article: 397: 394: 358:Earl of Wessex 251: 248: 198:Norwegian king 182:English throne 136: 135: 133: 132: 127: 125:Danish attacks 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 91: 88: 87: 76: 75: 68: 61: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7879: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7805: 7804: 7792: 7791: 7788: 7782: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7762: 7752: 7750: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7652:National flag 7650: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7587: 7586:Country dance 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6868:Temp. incert. 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6795:Privy Council 6793: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6708: 6707:Orange-Nassau 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6551:Stuart period 6549: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6497:Anglo-Normans 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6436: 6434: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6413: 6405: 6403: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6022:Scholasticism 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5884:Rise of Islam 5882: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5820: 5818: 5813: 5811: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5717:national flag 5715: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5673:national team 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5656:national team 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5639:national team 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5622:national team 5620: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5490:Afternoon tea 5488: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5346:House of York 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5253:Edwardian era 5251: 5249: 5248:Victorian era 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5190:Stuart period 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5109:Roman Britain 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5083:British Isles 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5018: 5013: 5011: 5006: 5004: 4999: 4998: 4995: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4701:Third Crusade 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4574: 4573:Domesday Book 4571: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561:Miscellaneous 4559: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4409:Ralph de Gael 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4359:Odo of Bayeux 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4210: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4195:Williams, Ann 4192: 4188: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4157:Williams, Ann 4154: 4150: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4135:Williams, Ann 4132: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3844:Keynes, Simon 3841: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3818:Keynes, Simon 3815: 3811: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3634:0-14-100396-0 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3602:Crouch, David 3599: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3419: 3413: 3406: 3400: 3393: 3387: 3380: 3374: 3367: 3361: 3354: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3334: 3328: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3273: 3271: 3263: 3257: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3225: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3199: 3193: 3186: 3180: 3173: 3167: 3160: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3102: 3096: 3089: 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R. 3394:pp. 318–319 3335:pp. 281–283 3264:pp. 107–109 3251:pp. 321–322 3226:pp. 323–324 3213:pp. 200–201 3187:pp. 198–199 3161:pp. 194–195 3048:pp. 140–141 3030:pp. 202–208 3017:pp. 303–333 3004:pp. 105–137 2855:pp. 102–105 2829:pp. 181–182 2816:pp. 231–233 2785:pp. 225–226 2772:pp. 146–147 2743:pp. 221–222 2705:pp. 145–146 2617:pp. 214–215 2604:pp. 142–144 2586:pp. 140–141 2570:pp. 186–190 2527:pp. 138–139 2496:pp. 205–206 2480:pp. 204–205 2355:pp. 127–128 2287:pp. 130–133 2248:pp. 180–182 2183:pp. 120–123 2167:pp. 107–108 2149:pp. 108–109 2097:pp. 163–164 2006:pp. 158–165 1964:pp. 154–158 1951:pp. 144–150 1938:pp. 144–145 1925:pp. 578–580 1896:pp. 103–104 1870:pp. 132–133 1831:pp. 423–424 1793:pp. 188–190 1767:pp. 136–138 1754:pp. 167–181 1547:, Harold's 1501:Malcolm III 1447:Witenagemot 1357:Norman yoke 1224:Old English 1039:White Tower 932:Isle of Ely 886:see of York 807:, a son of 796:Siward Barn 666:Berkhamsted 658:Wallingford 590:shield wall 420:East Anglia 362:Witenagemot 186:Anglo-Saxon 7816:Categories 7699:Tudor rose 7629:Queen Anne 7458:Royal Navy 6810:Governance 6800:Ministries 6751:Parliament 6334:Land terms 6288:Technology 6268:Philosophy 6248:Literature 6213:Demography 5914:Viking Age 5756:Tudor rose 5460:Parliament 4347:Combatants 3427:References 3418:Daily Life 2987:Carpenter 2974:Carpenter 2922:Carpenter 2909:Carpenter 2896:Carpenter 2880:Carpenter 2864:Carpenter 2338:Carpenter 2261:pp. 99–100 2205:Carpenter 1272:placenames 1248:Old French 1191:Winchester 1116:See also: 865:Pontefract 861:River Aire 841:Winchester 829:Shrewsbury 785:River Ouse 773:Baile Hill 713:landowner 711:Shropshire 612:housecarls 551:housecarls 546:housecarls 390:Harthacnut 307:Old French 7709:St George 7480:Geography 7245:1642–1660 6894:1422–1460 6889:1413–1421 6884:1399–1411 6879:1377–1397 6874:1327–1376 6862:1308–1325 6857:1275–1307 6852:1225–1267 6687:Lancaster 6667:Knýtlinga 6571:Civil War 6480:Heptarchy 6319:Dark Ages 6228:Household 6223:Hastilude 5992:Feudalism 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213:Pevensey 105:Hastings 7761:England 7735:Portals 7644:Symbols 7571:Cuisine 7553:Culture 7513:Palaces 7508:Castles 7493:Islands 7468:History 7439:Warfare 6790:Peerage 6677:Angevin 6462:History 6312:Related 6298:Warfare 6293:Theatre 6283:Slavery 6278:Science 6233:Hunting 6198:Cuisine 6171:Culture 6110:Castile 6105:England 5775:Outline 5694:Symbols 5617:Cricket 5565:Museums 5515:Cuisine 5505:Castles 5474:Culture 5433:Economy 5402:Regions 5387:Islands 5382:Gardens 5329:Related 5114:Lloegyr 5097:Ancient 5033:History 5024:England 4455:Ealdred 4440:Stigand 4311:Battles 4280:Leaders 4108:3490123 3260:Thomas 3131:Thomas 3086:Thomas 3026:Thomas 3000:Thomas 2566:Walker 2450:Marren 2377:Marren 2312:Marren 2283:Lawson 2270:Lawson 2257:Marren 2244:Lawson 2218:Marren 2192:Marren 2163:Marren 2145:Marren 2119:Marren 2093:Lawson 2015:Marren 2002:Walker 1986:Marren 1973:Marren 1960:Walker 1947:Walker 1934:Walker 1905:Thomas 1789:Higham 1763:Walker 1750:Higham 1658:Normans 1656:Crouch 1610:epithet 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