240:
27:
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The stonefish has control over whether to shoot its venom, and does so when provoked or frightened. The venom results in severe pain, paralysis and tissue death, and can be fatal if not treated. Despite its formidable defenses, stonefish have predators. Some bottom feeding rays and sharks with crushing teeth feed on them, as does the
120:
attacking them, or skillfully camouflaged and possibly buried in the sand. Apart from the value of improved self defense or capacity to kill prey, venom helps bottom dwelling fish by killing bacteria that could otherwise invade their skin. Few of these venoms have been studied. They are a yet-to-be tapped resource for
141:
that sits on the bottom waiting for prey to approach. Instead of swimming away if disturbed, it erects 13 venomous spines along its back. For defense it can shoot venom from each or all of these spines. Each spine is like a hypodermic needle, delivering the venom from two sacs attached to the spine.
115:
population. There are more venomous fish than venomous snakes and indeed more than the combined total of all other venomous vertebrates. Venomous fish are found in almost all habitats around the world, but mostly in tropical waters. Encounters with these species injure over 50,000 people every year.
204:
or stamping on the bottom, as the rays detect this and swim away. The stinger usually breaks off in the wound, and as it is barbed it can easily penetrate the skin but is difficult to remove once lodged into the victim. The stinger causes local trauma from the cut itself, pain and swelling from the
119:
Venomous fishes carry their venom in venom glands and use various delivery systems, such as spines or sharp fins, barbs, spikes and fangs. The most common venom delivery system is via dorsal spines. Venomous fish tend to be either very visible, using flamboyant colors to discourage predators from
104:
also produce a strong toxin, but they do not bite, sting, or stab to deliver the toxin, instead being poisonous to eat because the human digestive system does not destroy the toxin they contain in their bodies. Venomous fish do not necessarily cause poisoning if they are eaten, as the digestive
230:. Enkephalin and phospholipase both produce inflammatory responses and neuropeptide Y induces a severe drop in blood pressure to the effected area. Blennies inject their venom via hollow, mandibular fangs.
247:
Venomous fish are very often involved in human injury, usually by accident, but few studies have been done to investigate the constituents of fish venom. Even fewer studies have been done to create
984:
Monteiro-dos-Santos, Juliane; Conceição, Katia; Seibert, Carla Simone; Marques, Elineide Eugênio; Ismael Silva, Pedro; Soares, Anderson Brito; Lima, Carla; Lopes-Ferreira, Mônica (2011-09-01).
167:, possibly due to a hurricane washing captive specimens into natural waters. Lionfish can aggressively dart at scuba divers and attempt to puncture their facemask with their venomous spines.
488:
935:
Gomes, Helena L.; Menezes, Thiago N.; Carnielli, Juliana B. T.; Andrich, Filipe; Evangelista, Karla S.; Chávez-Olórtegui, Carlos; Vassallo, Dalton V.; Figueiredo, Suely G. (2011-06-01).
789:
855:
Losey GS. 1972. Predation protection in the poison-fang blenny, Meiacanthus atrodorsalis, and its mimics, Ecsenius bicolor and Runula laudandus (Blenniidae). Pac Sci 26(2): 129-139.
108:
There are at least 1200 species of venomous fish, with catfishes alone possibly contributing 250–625 species to that total. The former number accounts for two-thirds of the
176:
buries itself and can deliver electric shocks as well as venom. It is a delicacy in some cultures (cooking destroys the venom), and can be found for sale in some
159:. Unlike stonefish, a lionfish can release venom only if something strikes its spines. Although not native to the U.S. coast, lionfish have appeared around
1277:
917:
1112:
286:. Knowing how these peptides are structured could lead to the development of a neutralization technique that could effectively act as an antivenom.
329:
analysis, all tested piscine venoms showed structural similarity, which could lead to the advent of an overarching antivenom or other novel uses.
1292:
2261:
1458:
764:
2003:
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200:
frequently occurring when people wade in shallow water and tread on them. Such encounters can be avoided by shuffling through the
736:
937:"Stonefish antivenom neutralises the inflammatory and cardiovascular effects induced by scorpionfish Scorpaena plumieri venom"
1105:
254:
The only commercially available antivenom is for the Indo-Pacific stonefish, Synanceja trachynis
Stonefish Antivenom (SFAV).
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contractions, and other effects of the atria. Piscine venoms also produce neuromuscular activity effects-
1499:
461:"Venom Evolution Widespread in Fishes: A Phylogenetic Road Map for the Bioprospecting of Piscine Venoms"
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1978:
1948:
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1898:
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423:
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Church, Jarrod E.; Hodgson, Wayne C. (2002-08-01). "The pharmacological activity of fish venoms".
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601:
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1998:
1815:
1425:
836:
460:
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1795:
1251:
986:"Studies on pharmacological properties of mucus and sting venom of Potamotrygon cf. henlei"
566:
8:
2288:
2231:
2031:
1918:
1707:
1159:
557:
Sivan, Gisha (2009). "Fish venom: pharmacological features and biological significance".
26:
622:
570:
1870:
621:
Smith, W. Leo; Stern, Jennifer H.; Girard, Matthew G.; Davis, Matthew P. (2016-11-01).
534:
507:
290:
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activities. Two peptides were isolated from the stingray venom, orpotrin, which causes
271:
180:
with the electric organ removed. They have been called "the meanest things in creation"
1046:
96:) which they deliberately deliver by means of a bite, sting, or stab, resulting in an
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1983:
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For toxins used to stun fish in the fishing practices of certain cultures, see
918:"Beware the blenny's bite: scientists uncover the toxins in fang blenny venom"
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866:
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buries itself out of sight. It can deliver electric shocks as well as venom.
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1988:
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137:. It has a remarkable ability to camouflage itself amongst rocks. It is an
97:
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639:
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508:"Diversity, phylogenetic distribution, and origins of venomous catfishes"
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363:
275:
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venom, and possible later infection from bacteria. Occasionally severed
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867:"The Evolution of Fangs, Venom, and Mimicry Systems in Blenny Fishes"
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2008:
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Reef
Stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
393:
353:
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193:
160:
75:
243:
Striped poison fang blenny can deliver a quick and painful bite.
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1079:
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301:. These changes stimulate the release of nitric oxide from the
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206:
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Of all the piscine venoms studied, they all produce profound
109:
93:
89:
934:
42:
2336:
1923:
1476:
1467:
790:"Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years experience"
623:"Evolution of Venomous Cartilaginous and Ray-Finned Fishes"
201:
2375:
1943:
50:
uses venomous barbs around its body as a defence against
797:
Journal of the South
Pacific Underwater Medicine Society
258:
Biological and pharmacological importance of fish venoms
1436:
620:
455:
453:
262:
It has been found that the mucous and sting venom of
88:
are species of fish which produce strong mixtures of
489:
Venom Runs Thick in Fish
Families, Researchers Learn
445:
Poisonous vs. Venomous fish: What’s the difference?
450:
700:"The Stonefish – The Deadliest Fish in The World"
2579:
325:activity. In experimental models and in Western
321:cells. In addition, piscine venoms have strong
218:They have venom that contains the opioid-like
1452:
1106:
1032:
823:. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015
214:Another very well-known venomous fish is the
16:Fish that have the ability to produce toxins
1120:
691:
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1113:
1099:
2004:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
1001:
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805:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society
663:
638:
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523:
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238:
69:
57:
41:
25:
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447:Reef Biosearch. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
266:a species of stingray that is found in
2580:
915:
787:
505:
38:which waits camouflaged on the bottom.
1440:
1094:
697:
599:
556:
600:Britt, Robert Roy (22 August 2006).
472:
133:The most venomous known fish is the
30:The most venomous known fish is the
2560:
1831:Electroreception and electrogenesis
916:Wilcox, Christie (March 30, 2017).
627:Integrative and Comparative Biology
13:
698:Wells, Virginia (10 August 2015).
14:
2599:
1072:
124:to find drugs with medical uses.
105:system often destroys the venom.
46:The beautiful and highly visible
2559:
2548:
2547:
2530:
2529:
1555:
1421:
1420:
1078:
990:International Immunopharmacology
602:"Venomous Fish Outnumber Snakes"
579:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00309.x
163:and have spread up the coast to
1515:Environmental impact of fishing
1026:
977:
928:
909:
858:
849:
781:
753:
725:
710:
459:Smith WL and Wheeler WC (2006)
614:
593:
550:
499:
1:
1047:10.1016/S0041-0101(02)00126-5
954:10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.04.001
429:
270:, is toxic to mice that have
1600:intramembranous ossification
1003:10.1016/j.intimp.2011.03.019
788:Taylor, Geoff (March 2000).
282:, and porflan, which causes
234:
7:
865:Casewell, Nicholas (2017).
332:
127:
10:
2604:
1979:Fin and flipper locomotion
1949:Sequential hermaphroditism
1836:Jamming avoidance response
1553:
92:harmful to humans (called
18:
2543:
2467:
2400:
2307:
2269:
2260:
2199:
2130:
2017:
1969:
1879:
1804:
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884:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.067
841:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
722:. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
1466:
763:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
735:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
673:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
512:BMC Evolutionary Biology
424:List of venomous animals
264:Potamotrygon cf. henlei,
2495:Glossary of ichthyology
2057:Diel vertical migration
525:10.1186/1471-2148-9-282
1861:Surface wave detection
1826:Hydrodynamic reception
1500:Diseases and parasites
767:Uranoscopus sulphureus
506:Wright, J. J. (2009).
244:
82:
67:
55:
39:
1999:Undulatory locomotion
1816:Ampullae of Lorenzini
242:
73:
61:
45:
29:
2227:Genetically modified
1408:Seabather's eruption
1087:at Wikimedia Commons
777:. July 2009 version.
749:. July 2009 version.
687:. July 2009 version.
274:, edematogenic, and
209:or death can result.
2032:Aquatic respiration
1919:Life history theory
1212:Black widow spider
677:Synanceja verrucosa
571:2009AqFF...10..159S
464:Journal of Heredity
1871:Weberian apparatus
640:10.1093/icb/icw070
559:Fish and Fisheries
293:alterations, both
245:
216:fang-tooth blenny.
83:
68:
56:
40:
2575:
2574:
2485:Fish common names
2396:
2395:
2027:Aquatic predation
1851:Capacity for pain
1580:Age determination
1434:
1433:
1083:Media related to
720:Australian Museum
303:endothelial cells
100:. As a contrast,
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1490:Ethnoichthyology
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1091:
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1067:
1066:
1041:(8): 1083–1093.
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1024:
1023:
1005:
996:(9): 1368–1377.
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975:
974:
956:
932:
926:
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907:
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886:
877:(8): 1184–1191.
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739:Pterois volitans
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280:vasoconstriction
144:Stokes' seasnake
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2019:
2013:
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1909:Ichthyoplankton
1875:
1807:
1800:
1796:Digital Library
1791:Teleost leptins
1730:Shark cartilage
1654:pharyngeal slit
1649:pharyngeal arch
1585:Anguilliformity
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1220:Recluse spider
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871:Current Biology
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496:22 August 2006.
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419:Venomous mammal
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190:cause an injury
157:coral reef fish
139:ambush predator
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36:ambush predator
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2232:Hallucinogenic
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2107:Schooling fish
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2067:Filter feeders
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1073:External links
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947:(7): 992–999.
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761:Froese, Rainer
752:
733:Froese, Rainer
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671:Froese, Rainer
662:
633:(5): 950–961.
613:
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565:(2): 159–172.
549:
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493:New York Times
487:Grady, Denise
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426:
421:
416:
411:
409:Venomous snake
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
334:
331:
327:immunoblotting
311:depolarization
291:cardiovascular
259:
256:
236:
233:
232:
231:
228:neuropeptide Y
211:
210:
188:can sting and
182:
181:
169:
168:
155:is a venomous
148:
147:
135:reef stonefish
129:
126:
122:bioprospecting
102:poisonous fish
32:reef stonefish
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2600:
2589:
2588:Venomous fish
2586:
2585:
2583:
2568:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2535:more lists...
2528:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:Fish families
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:Aquarium life
2473:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2457:fleshy-finned
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:Cartilaginous
2423:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
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2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
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2315:
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2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
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2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Electric fish
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Mauthner cell
1691:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:Chromatophore
1610:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1388:Animal attack
1386:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Venomous fish
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1085:Venomous fish
1081:
1077:
1076:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
923:
919:
912:
904:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
852:
844:
838:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
784:
776:
775:
770:
768:
762:
756:
748:
747:
742:
740:
734:
728:
721:
718:
713:
705:
701:
694:
686:
685:
680:
678:
672:
666:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
617:
609:
608:
603:
596:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
545:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
502:
495:
494:
490:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
468:
465:
462:
456:
454:
446:
441:
439:
434:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
389:Gurnard perch
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:smooth muscle
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
255:
252:
250:
241:
229:
225:
224:phospholipase
221:
217:
213:
212:
208:
203:
199:
198:envenomations
195:
191:
187:
184:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
131:
125:
123:
117:
114:
111:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:Venomous fish
81:
77:
72:
65:
60:
53:
49:
44:
37:
33:
28:
22:
2564:
2552:
2452:spiny-finned
2401:Major groups
2122:Intelligence
2116:
2102:Scale eaters
2047:Cleaner fish
1929:Mouthbrooder
1881:Reproduction
1856:Schreckstoff
1841:Lateral line
1757:Swim bladder
1747:Spiral valve
1676:hyomandibula
1659:pseudobranch
1542:Hypoxia in -
1347:
1308:Domestic cat
1221:
1214:latrodectism
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1174:
1161:
1133:Invertebrate
1122:Animal bites
1038:
1034:
1028:
993:
989:
979:
944:
940:
930:
921:
911:
874:
870:
860:
851:
837:cite journal
825:. Retrieved
800:
796:
783:
772:
766:
755:
744:
738:
727:
712:
704:Petplace.com
703:
693:
682:
676:
665:
630:
626:
616:
605:
595:
562:
558:
552:
515:
511:
501:
491:
469:(3):206-217.
466:
463:
339:Scorpionfish
288:
284:inflammation
263:
261:
253:
246:
196:, with such
178:fish markets
118:
107:
98:envenomation
85:
84:
2566:WikiProject
2525:Prehistoric
2509:Threatened
2200:Other types
2097:Sardine run
2072:Forage fish
2052:Corallivory
1904:Development
1889:Bubble nest
1762:physoclisti
1752:Suckermouth
1725:Root effect
1547:Ichthyology
1257:Sea anemone
1237:Bristleworm
1222:loxoscelism
1206:arachnidism
1198:demodicosis
1190:scorpionism
894:1887/115463
607:LiveScience
414:Snake venom
384:Surgeonfish
276:proteolysis
272:nociceptive
192:with their
34:. It is an
21:Fish toxins
2181:Groundfish
2176:Freshwater
2171:Euryhaline
2156:Coral reef
2092:Salmon run
2082:Paedophagy
1984:Amphibious
1971:Locomotion
1779:pharyngeal
1767:physostome
1720:Photophore
1666:Glossohyal
1639:gill raker
1622:dorsal fin
1572:physiology
1271:Vertebrate
1262:Sea urchin
1242:Cephalopod
1196:Skin mite
430:References
379:Rabbitfish
220:enkephalin
113:vertebrate
2430:chimaeras
2317:Predatory
2294:Salmonids
2252:Whitefish
2242:Poisonous
2217:Diversity
2151:Coldwater
2087:Predatory
2077:Migratory
2037:Bait ball
2020:behaviour
1939:Pregnancy
1934:Polyandry
1708:papillare
1703:Operculum
1698:Meristics
1644:gill slit
1607:Cleithrum
1537:Fish kill
1527:Fear of -
1520:- as food
1510:Fisheries
1495:Evolution
1485:Diversity
1398:Man-eater
1393:Cnidocyte
1303:Crocodile
1278:Alligator
1252:Jellyfish
1230:Millipede
1188:Scorpion
1175:pulicosis
1162:cimicosis
1145:Centipede
1140:Arthropod
1055:0041-0101
1012:1567-5769
963:0041-0101
813:0813-1988
649:1540-7063
587:1467-2979
399:Stonefish
374:Stargazer
369:Scat fish
364:Carangoid
323:cytolytic
249:antivenom
235:Antivenom
186:Stingrays
174:stargazer
64:stargazer
52:predators
2582:Category
2554:Category
2505:Smallest
2418:lampreys
2381:flatfish
2371:Demersal
2327:mackerel
2322:billfish
2262:Commerce
2191:Tropical
2166:Demersal
2161:Deep-sea
2117:Venomous
2009:RoboTuna
1959:triggers
1954:Spawning
1914:Juvenile
1899:Egg case
1532:FishBase
1426:Category
1338:Stingray
1181:Mosquito
1160:Bed bug
1063:12165309
1020:21481330
971:21510970
922:Discover
903:28366739
821:16986801
774:FishBase
746:FishBase
684:FishBase
657:27375272
544:19961571
404:Waspfish
394:Lionfish
344:Toadfish
333:See also
299:in vitro
207:arteries
165:New York
153:lionfish
128:Examples
110:venomous
80:stingray
48:lionfish
2500:Largest
2413:hagfish
2408:Jawless
2386:pollock
2359:sardine
2354:herring
2349:anchovy
2299:Tilapia
2289:Octopus
2284:Catfish
2271:Farming
2186:Pelagic
2146:Coastal
2133:habitat
1989:Walking
1894:Clasper
1846:Otolith
1808:systems
1806:Sensory
1740:ganoine
1715:Papilla
1566:Anatomy
1505:Fishing
1318:Leopard
1204:Spider
1035:Toxicon
941:Toxicon
827:10 June
807:: 7–8.
567:Bibcode
535:2791775
518:: 282.
354:Catfish
295:in vivo
194:stinger
161:Florida
76:stinger
2518:sharks
2435:sharks
2364:sprats
2344:Forage
2332:salmon
2212:Coarse
1994:Flying
1866:Vision
1821:Barbel
1735:Scales
1595:dermal
1475:About
1353:Walrus
1323:Monkey
1298:Coyote
1293:Cougar
1288:Beaver
1150:Insect
1126:stings
1061:
1053:
1018:
1010:
969:
961:
901:
819:
811:
655:
647:
585:
542:
532:
359:Blenny
349:Weever
319:muscle
268:Brazil
226:, and
90:toxins
2480:Blind
2468:Lists
2247:Rough
2112:Sleep
2018:Other
1784:shark
1774:Teeth
1381:Other
1368:Dingo
1343:Tiger
1333:Snake
1328:Shark
1247:Coral
1173:Flea
803:(1).
793:(PDF)
315:nerve
94:venom
78:of a
2513:rays
2447:Bony
2440:rays
2337:tuna
2279:Carp
2237:Oily
2222:Game
2207:Bait
2141:Cave
1924:Milt
1629:Gill
1617:Fins
1590:Bone
1477:fish
1468:Fish
1358:Wolf
1313:Orca
1283:Bear
1124:and
1059:PMID
1051:ISSN
1016:PMID
1008:ISSN
967:PMID
959:ISSN
899:PMID
843:link
829:2015
817:OCLC
809:ISSN
653:PMID
645:ISSN
583:ISSN
540:PMID
317:and
297:and
202:sand
172:The
151:The
74:The
62:The
2376:cod
2131:By
1944:Roe
1671:Jaw
1569:and
1363:Dog
1168:Bee
1155:Ant
1043:doi
998:doi
949:doi
889:hdl
879:doi
635:doi
575:doi
530:PMC
520:doi
313:of
2584::
1057:.
1049:.
1039:40
1037:.
1014:.
1006:.
994:11
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988:.
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957:.
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875:27
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869:.
839:}}
835:{{
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651:.
643:.
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581:.
573:.
563:10
561:.
538:.
528:.
514:.
510:.
474:^
467:97
452:^
437:^
305:,
251:.
222:,
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1000::
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951::
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659:.
637::
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589:.
577::
569::
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522::
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
