169:
246:, and it continues to saw into the target's flesh and release venom for several minutes. This trait is of obvious disadvantage to the individual but protects the hive from attacks by large animals; aside from the effects of the venom, the remnant also marks the stung animal with honey bee alarm pheromone. The barbs of a honey bee's attack are only suicidal if the skin is elastic, as is characteristic of vertebrates such as birds and mammals; honey bees can sting other insects repeatedly without dying.
333:
31:
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271:(5-HT) in its venoms. The 5-HT in these venoms has been found to play at least two roles: one as a pain-producing agent and the other in the distribution and penetration of the paralyzing components to vulnerable sites in the offender. This helps in the rapid immobilization of the animal or of the body parts receiving the venom.
130:; acting independently, each toxin is rather mild, but when they combine through the sting, the combination has strong irritating properties. In a small number of cases, the second occasion of a bee or wasp sting causes a severe allergic reaction known as
137:
While the overwhelming majority of insects withdraw their stingers from their victims, a few insects leave them in the wounds. For example, of the 20,000 species of bees worldwide, only the half-dozen species of honeybees
106:
Stinging insects produce a painful swelling of the skin, the severity of the lesion varying according to the location of the sting, the identity of the insect and the sensitivity of the subject. Many species of
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The sting of nearly all other bees and other sting-bearing organisms is not barbed and can be used to sting repeatedly. The description of barbed or unbarbed is not precise: there are barbs on the stings of
95:, which in turn produces skin lesions that may vary from a small itching weal, or slightly elevated area of the skin, to large areas of inflamed skin covered by
144:) are reported to have a barbed stinger that cannot be withdrawn; of wasps, nearly all are reported to have smooth stingers with the exception of two species,
91:
as well as additional pathogens and diseases, are often confused with stings, and vice versa. Specific components of venom are believed to give rise to an
644:
Welsh, John H., and
Carolyn S. Batty. "5-Hydroxytryptamine Content of Some Arthropod Venoms and Venom-containing Parts." Toxic on 1.4 (1963): 165-70. Web.
654:
186:, a sting or stinger is a sharp organ, often connected with a venom gland and adapted to inflict a wound by piercing, as with the caudal sting of a
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463:
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Organs that perform similar functions in non-arthropods are often referred to as "stings". These organs include the modified
509:
Berkov, Amy; RodrĂguez, Nelson; Centeno, Pedro (15 Nov 2007). "Convergent evolution in the antennae of a cerambycid beetle,
212:) that can deliver a venomous sting from its antennae, whose terminal segments have evolved to resemble a scorpion's tail.
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282:
also possess a venomous bite rather than a sting, inflicted with a highly modified first pair of legs, called
620:"Sting Embedment and Avulsion in Yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): a Functional Equivalent to Autotomy"
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190:. Stings are usually located at the rear of the animal. Animals with stings include bees, wasps (including
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258:, but the barbs are so small that the wasp can sometimes withdraw its sting apparatus from victim's skin.
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upon use, tearing free from the honey bee's body, killing the bee within minutes. The sting has its own
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Riches, KJ; Gillis, D; James, RA (2002). "An autopsy approach to bee sting-related deaths".
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Secret
Weapons: Defences of Insects, Spiders, Scorpions, and other Many-legged Creatures
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Greene, Albert; Breisch, Nancy; Golden, David; Kelly, Denise; Douglass, Larry.
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655:"sting: definition of sting in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)"
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Spiders only bite, although some tarantulas have barbed bristles called
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workers' stings are strongly barbed and lodge in the flesh of
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is one recognized constituent, and the other secreting an
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This article is about the organ. For other uses, see
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Thomas Eisner; Maria Eisner; Melody
Siegler (2005).
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278:. Certain caterpillars also have urticating hairs.
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399:
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261:The stings of some wasps, such as those of the
115:have two poison glands, one gland secreting a
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83:sting is complicated by its introduction of
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156:. A few non-insect arthropods, such as
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558:"Some ultrastructure of the honeybee (
267:, contain relatively large amounts of
206:, as well as a single beetle species (
16:Sharp organ capable of injecting venom
556:Shing, H.; Erickson, E. H. (1982).
13:
626:. Entomological Society of America
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513:, and the sting of a scorpion".
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290:Stingrays, platypi and jellyfish
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306:on the hind legs of the male
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234:. Unlike most other stings,
177:scanning electron microscope
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175:sting in its sheath in the
10:
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72:, usually by piercing the
18:
527:10.1007/s00114-007-0316-1
414:10.1080/00313020220131327
37:stinger, with droplet of
456:Harvard University Press
372:Schmidt Sting Pain Index
230:the sting is a modified
21:Stinger (disambiguation)
68:) capable of injecting
659:oxforddictionaries.com
579:10.1051/apido:19820301
511:Onychocerus albitarsis
484:oxforddictionaries.com
377:Starr sting pain scale
223:
209:Onychocerus albitarsis
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41:
25:Sting (disambiguation)
480:"Oxford Dictionaries"
218:
171:
76:of another animal.
33:
687:at Wikimedia Commons
665:on January 7, 2013.
515:Naturwissenschaften
269:5-hydroxytryptamine
264:Polistes versicolor
256:Mexican honey wasp
224:
180:
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683:Media related to
465:978-0-674-01882-2
339:Arthropods portal
93:allergic reaction
56:found in various
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276:urticating hairs
226:In all stinging
153:Synoeca surinama
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701:Animal anatomy
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572:(3): 203–213.
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254:wasps and the
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252:yellowjacket
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173:Yellowjacket
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99:and crusted
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367:Insect bite
228:Hymenoptera
132:anaphylaxis
121:formic acid
60:(typically
604:2022-04-26
566:Apidologie
562:L.) sting"
494:21 January
388:References
357:Chelicerae
310:, and the
284:forcipules
280:Centipedes
232:ovipositor
184:arthropods
164:Arthropods
128:neurotoxin
66:arthropods
64:and other
402:Pathology
362:Forcipule
352:Cnidocyte
347:Bee sting
319:jellyfish
315:tentacles
312:cnidocyte
236:honey bee
204:scorpions
200:fire ants
158:scorpions
119:in which
74:epidermis
695:Category
685:Stingers
543:30226487
535:18004534
430:20615755
422:12109787
325:See also
308:platypus
300:stingray
244:ganglion
220:Scorpion
194:), some
188:scorpion
125:alkaline
97:vesicles
630:7 March
317:of the
298:of the
240:mammals
222:stinger
192:hornets
101:lesions
62:insects
58:animals
46:stinger
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533:
462:
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302:, the
202:, and
182:Among
89:saliva
81:insect
539:S2CID
426:S2CID
198:like
117:toxin
113:wasps
85:venom
70:venom
54:organ
50:sting
39:venom
632:2019
531:PMID
496:2015
460:ISBN
418:PMID
196:ants
150:and
141:Apis
111:and
109:bees
48:(or
35:Wasp
23:and
574:doi
523:doi
410:doi
79:An
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