1974:
930:
661:
1818:
2003:
905:
947:
1840:
1716:
1746:
1618:, attack and sting prey items that they use as food for their larvae; while Vespidae usually macerate their prey and feed the resulting bits directly to their brood, most predatory wasps paralyze their prey and lay eggs directly upon the bodies, and the wasp larvae consume them. Apart from collecting prey items to provision their young, many wasps are also opportunistic feeders, and will suck the body fluids of their prey. Although vespid mandibles are adapted for chewing and they appear to be feeding on the organism, they are often merely macerating it into submission. The impact of the predation of wasps on economic
1083:
1862:
1143:
112:
2151:
1771:
2053:
139:
540:
1797:
1210:
1167:, joining the first and second segments of the abdomen. The two pairs of membranous wings are held together by small hooks and the forewings are larger than the hind ones; in some species, the females have no wings. In females there is usually a rigid ovipositor which may be modified for injecting venom, piercing or sawing. It either extends freely or can be retracted, and may be developed into a stinger for both defence and for paralysing prey.
745:
2232:
980:
1262:
7013:
7823:
1342:(n) number of chromosomes and develop from an unfertilized egg. Wasps store sperm inside their body and control its release for each individual egg as it is laid; if a female wishes to produce a male egg, she simply lays the egg without fertilizing it. Therefore, under most conditions in most species, wasps have complete voluntary control over the sex of their offspring. Experimental infection of
1545:), are kleptoparasites, laying their eggs in the nests of other wasp species to exploit their parental care. Most such species attack hosts that provide provisions for their immature stages (such as paralyzed prey items), and they either consume the provisions intended for the host larva, or wait for the host to develop and then consume it before it reaches adulthood. An example of a true
1201:, and are adapted for life in a protected environment; this may be the body of a host organism or a cell in a nest, where the larva either eats the provisions left for it or, in social species, is fed by the adults. Such larvae have soft bodies with no limbs, and have a blind gut (presumably so that they do not foul their cell).
1094:(except for such actions as stealing other wasps' prey or laying in other wasp's nests). There are some species of solitary wasp that build communal nests, each insect having its own cell and providing food for its own offspring, but these wasps do not adopt the division of labour and the complex behavioural patterns adopted by
2359:) until zero is reached; and extrapolating geographically from the species distribution of well-studied taxa to the group of interest (say, the Braconidae). Dolphin et al found a correlation between the predicted numbers of undescribed species by these two methods, doubling or tripling the number of species in the group.
1377:. In experimental comparisons, the probability that a female will mate with an unrelated male was about twice as high as the chance of her mating with brothers. Female wasps appear to recognize siblings on the basis of a chemical signature carried or emitted by males. Sibling-mating avoidance reduces
1120:
wasp species normally subdue their prey by stinging it, and then either lay their eggs on it, leaving it in place, or carry it back to their nest where an egg may be laid on the prey item and the nest sealed, or several smaller prey items may be deposited to feed a single developing larva. Apart from
1229:
Adult solitary wasps mainly feed on nectar, but the majority of their time is taken up by foraging for food for their carnivorous young, mostly insects or spiders. Apart from providing food for their larval offspring, no maternal care is given. Some wasp species provide food for the young repeatedly
1093:
The vast majority of wasp species are solitary insects. Having mated, the adult female forages alone and if it builds a nest, does so for the benefit of its own offspring. Some solitary wasps nest in small groups alongside others of their species, but each is involved in caring for its own offspring
2221:
I own that I cannot see as plainly as others do, and as I should wish to do, evidence of design and beneficence on all sides of us. There seems to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade myself that a beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly created the
Ichneumonidae with the
1874:
Social wasps are considered pests when they become excessively common, or nest close to buildings. People are most often stung in late summer and early autumn, when wasp colonies stop breeding new workers; the existing workers search for sugary foods and are more likely to come into contact with
2145:
into it before he ventured to go near. When he came to measure the thing, he found it was twenty-seven and a half inches across its open wings, and its sting was three inches long. ... The day after, a cyclist riding, feet up, down the hill between
Sevenoaks and Tonbridge, very narrowly missed
785:, which protect the developing larvae from predators, but not necessarily from other parasitic wasps. In some species, the larvae are predatory themselves; the wasp eggs are deposited in clusters of eggs laid by other insects, and these are then consumed by the developing wasp larvae.
1973:
1016:), and secretions from the wasps themselves; multiple fibrous brood cells are constructed, arranged in a honeycombed pattern, and often surrounded by a larger protective envelope. Wood fibres are gathered from weathered wood, softened by chewing and mixing with
1469:), sometimes paralysing their prey by injecting it with venom through their ovipositor. They then insert one or more eggs into the host or deposit them upon the outside of the host. The host remains alive until the parasitoid larvae pupate or emerge as adults.
904:
1398:
While the vast majority of wasps play no role in pollination, a few species can effectively transport pollen and pollinate several plant species. Since wasps generally do not have a fur-like covering of soft hairs and a special body part for pollen storage
2201:
has adopted her kickboxing ringname, "The Wasp", as her hacker handle and has a wasp tattoo on her neck, indicating her high status among hackers, unlike her real world situation, and that like a small but painfully stinging wasp, she could be dangerous.
1011:
of other distasteful insects including bees and other wasps. All species of social wasps construct their nests using some form of plant fiber (mostly wood pulp) as the primary material, though this can be supplemented with mud, plant secretions (e.g.,
929:
1567:
often save time and energy by parasitising the nests of other females of their own species, either kleptoparasitically stealing prey, or as brood parasites, removing the other female's egg from the prey and laying their own in its place. According to
1875:
humans. Wasp nests made in or near houses, such as in roof spaces, can present a danger as the wasps may sting if people come close to them. Stings are usually painful rather than dangerous, but in rare cases, people may suffer life-threatening
1403:) as some bees do, pollen does not stick to them well. However it has been shown that even without hairs, several wasp species are able to effectively transport pollen, therefore contributing for potential pollination of several plant species.
1745:
1101:
Adult solitary wasps spend most of their time in preparing their nests and foraging for food for their young, mostly insects or spiders. Their nesting habits are more diverse than those of social wasps. Many species dig burrows in the ground.
2028:
team originally based in London but now playing in
Coventry; the name dates from 1867 at a time when names of insects were fashionable for clubs. The club's first kit is black with yellow stripes. The club has an amateur side called
780:
on which the larvae then feed. Some larvae start off as parasitoids, but convert at a later stage to consuming the plant tissues that their host is feeding on. In other species, the eggs are laid directly into plant tissues and form
2140:
It flew, he is convinced, within a yard of him, struck the ground, rose again, came down again perhaps thirty yards away, and rolled over with its body wriggling and its sting stabbing out and back in its last agony. He emptied
397:
in
Hymenoptera, as it makes sisters exceptionally closely related to each other. However, the majority of wasp species are solitary, with each adult female living and breeding independently. Females typically have an
946:
1770:
2855:
Sarrazin, Michael; Vigneron, Jean Pol; Welch, Victoria; Rassart, Marie (5 November 2008). "Nanomorphology of the blue iridescent wings of a giant tropical wasp
Megascolia procer javanensis (Hymenoptera)".
891:
continue their life cycle inside the parasitoid. Parasitoids maintain their extreme diversity through narrow specialism. In Peru, 18 wasp species were found living on 14 fly species in only two species of
473:. They are a successful and diverse group of insects with tens of thousands of described species; wasps have spread to all parts of the world except for the polar regions. The largest social wasp is the
1715:
1060:
like to nest in cavities that include holes in the ground, spaces under homes, wall cavities or in lofts. While most species of wasps have nests with multiple combs, some species, such as
2522:
495:, including the world's smallest known insect, with a body length of only 0.139 mm (0.0055 in), and the smallest known flying insect, only 0.15 mm (0.0059 in) long.
2002:
1244:), repeatedly build nests which they stock with a supply of immobilised prey such as one large caterpillar, laying a single egg in or on its body, and then sealing up the entrance (
796:
are of a similar size and can overpower a spider many times its own weight, and move it to its burrow, with a sting that is excruciatingly painful to humans. The solitary giant
362:, a complete natural group with a single ancestor, as bees and ants are deeply nested within the wasps, having evolved from wasp ancestors. Wasps that are members of the clade
3053:
3021:"A new genus and species of fairyfly, Tinkerbella nana (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae), with comments on its sister genus Kikiki, and discussion on small size limits in arthropods"
1839:
1254:
and parasitoidal wasps subdue their prey by stinging it. They hunt a wide variety of prey, mainly other insects (including other
Hymenoptera), both larvae and adults. The
2250:
With its powerful sting and familiar appearance, the wasp has given its name to many ships, aircraft and military vehicles. Nine ships and one shore establishment of the
3930:
Sühs; Somavilla; Putzke; Köhler (2009). "Pollen vector wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) of
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil".
4102:
Lachaud, Jean-Paul; Pérez-Lachaud, Gabriela (2009). "Impact of natural parasitism by two eucharitid wasps on a potential biocontrol agent ant in southeastern Mexico".
4985:
4717:
1523:, most species hosted by one genus of ant. Eucharitids are among the few parasitoids that have been able to overcome ants' effective defences against parasitoids.
1817:
5326:
3312:
2561:
4234:
Dapporto, L.; Cervo, R.; Sledge, M. F.; Turillazzi, S. (2004). "Rank integration in dominance hierarchies of host colonies by the paper wasp social parasite
6180:
1284:
Some social wasps are omnivorous, feeding on fallen fruit, nectar, and carrion such as dead insects. Adult male wasps sometimes visit flowers to obtain
6225:
4618:
2098:
female silhouettes with sharply cinched waistlines emphasizing the wearer's hips and bust arose repeatedly in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
1691:
from a perch to catch them, and removing the venom from the stinger by repeatedly brushing the prey firmly against a hard object, such as a twig. The
6135:
5955:
5898:
1480:. For this purpose, they have exceptionally long ovipositors; they detect their hosts by smell and vibration. Some of the largest species, including
6190:
4928:
1695:
attacks the nests of social hymenopterans, eating wasp larvae; it is the only known predator of the dangerous Asian giant hornet or "yak-killer" (
6085:
2389:
1796:
6253:
6215:
6130:
5975:
2530:
6475:
6235:
6200:
6090:
2132:
522:
2633:"New genus and species of broad-nosed weevils from Baltic amber and notes on fossils of the subfamily Entiminae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)"
1496:, large sawflies whose adult females also have impressively long ovipositors. Some parasitic species have a mutualistic relationship with a
7267:
6713:
4958:
4374:
6258:
5174:
2691:"Estimating the global species richness of an incompletely described taxon: an example using parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)"
1435:, and thus are crucial to the survival of their host plants. Since the wasps are equally dependent on their fig trees for survival, the
7851:
1294:, commonly return to locations where they previously found prey to forage. In many social species, the larvae exude copious amounts of
2417:
660:
2586:
Brues in Baltic Amber (Hymenoptera, Stephanidae): designation of a neotype, revised classification, and a key to amber
Stephanidae"
2321:
719:
526:, featuring giant wasps with three-inch-long stings. The name 'Wasp' has been used for many warships and other military equipment.
2213:'s doubts about the nature and existence of a well-meaning and all-powerful Creator. In an 1860 letter to the American naturalist
1663:, where the mimic is also distasteful, and the mimicry can be considered mutual. Batesian mimics of wasps include many species of
1306:, and may provide essential protein-building nutrients that are otherwise unavailable to the adults (who cannot digest proteins).
2985:
1576:, especially among insects, tend to parasitise species or genera to which they are closely related. For example, the social wasp
7846:
7551:
4670:
3716:
6904:
5436:
5364:
5310:
5245:
5218:
5133:
5106:
4829:
4576:
4521:
4496:
4433:
4154:
4063:
3699:
3474:
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3295:
3255:
2968:
2804:
2773:
2742:
2506:
4743:
4994:
2194:
761:
around the world, and a great many more as yet undescribed. For example, almost every one of some 1000 species of tropical
4721:
1163:, the mesosoma (including the thorax and the first segment of the abdomen) and the metasoma. There is a narrow waist, the
4945:
Crown rose diamond and emerald wasp brooch set in silver and gold. By
Fontana French, ca. 1875. Width: 3 inches. $ 46,500
4332:"Phylogenetic Relationships among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)"
3422:
Krenn, H. W.; Mauss, V.; Plant, J. (2002). "Evolution of the suctorial proboscis in pollen wasps (Masarinae, Vespidae)".
389:, living together in a nest with an egg-laying queen and non-reproducing workers. Eusociality is favoured by the unusual
5125:
The
Psychology of the Girl with the Dragon Tattoo: Understanding Lisbeth Salander and Stieg Larsson's Millennium Trilogy
5401:
5072:
4080:
3950:
5330:
4297:
3491:
3110:
2284:
to remark "Who said a Wasp couldn't sting twice?" In the Second World War, a German self-propelled howitzer was named
1410:
gather nectar and pollen in a crop inside their bodies, rather than on body hairs like bees, and pollinate flowers of
1114:
similarly build vase-like nests from mud, often with multiple cells, attached to the twigs of trees or against walls.
940:, a parasitoid. The body of a female is 50 mm (2.0 in) long, with a c. 100 mm (3.9 in) ovipositor
5285:
2355:
Methods to estimate species diversity include extrapolating the rate of species descriptions by subfamily (as in the
7260:
4449:
477:, at up to 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in length; among the largest solitary wasps is a group of species known as
7276:
7214:
4845:
2222:
express intention of their feeding within the living bodies of caterpillars, or that a cat should play with mice.
5380:
7666:
2435:
Johnson, Brian R.; Borowiec, Marek L.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Lee, Ernest K.; Atallah, Joel; Ward, Philip S. (2013).
2393:
4343:
3774:"Does kin recognition and sib-mating avoidance limit the risk of genetic incompatibility in a parasitic wasp?"
7749:
7342:
4537:
2189:
442:. Unlike true parasites, the wasp larvae eventually kill their hosts. Solitary wasps parasitize almost every
1457:
Most solitary wasps are parasitoids. As adults, those that do feed typically only take nectar from flowers.
7861:
4032:
4422:
Fisher, T.W.; Bellows, Thomas S.; Caltagirone, L.E.; Dahlsten, D.L.; Huffaker, Carl B.; Gordh, G. (1999).
3203:
Sôichi Yamane; Sidnei Mateus; Satoshi Hozumi; Kazuyuki Kudô; Ronaldo Zucchi (2009). "How does a colony of
358:(Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps, but are in a separate suborder. The wasps do not constitute a
7856:
7799:
7253:
6980:
2159:
1573:
1183:
666:
4932:
4774:
2300:
was a military helicopter developed in England in 1958 and used by the Royal Navy and other navies. The
7779:
7759:
7132:
6960:
3974:"Critical Review of Host Specificity and Its Coevolutionary Implications in the Fig-fig-wasp Mutualism"
3534:
3338:
1505:
844:
1476:
are specialized parasitoids, often of Lepidoptera larvae deeply buried in plant tissues, which may be
6897:
5429:
3316:
3016:
2989:
1578:
1028:
873:, is a specialist parasitoid of spiders. Some wasps are even parasitoids of parasitoids; the eggs of
869:. These are almost exclusively parasitoids, mostly using other insects as hosts. Another family, the
138:
4644:
2436:
7744:
7739:
6927:
5019:
3908:
3247:
3080:
2331:
2142:
1584:
1327:
1231:
1164:
1040:
923:. This specimen's length is 77 mm (3.0 in) and its wingspan is 115 mm (4.5 in).
394:
3875:
1633:) hunt bees, including honeybees, to provision their nests; the adults feed on nectar and pollen.
7646:
7623:
7536:
7190:
6985:
5209:
3111:"Lethal interactions between parasites and prey increase niche diversity in a tropical community"
2814:, which has a body length of up to 5.7cm (2 1/4 in) and a maximum wingspan of 11.4 cm (4 1/2 in).
2309:
1910:
1888:
1590:
451:
4962:
4397:
4311:
Emery, C. (1909). "Über den Ursprung der dulotischen, parasitischen und myrmekophilen Ameisen".
3628:
1082:
7711:
5044:
4488:
3165:
3109:
Condon, M. A.; Scheffer, S. J.; Lewis, M. L.; Wharton, R.; Adams, D. C.; Forbes, A. A. (2014).
2765:
2301:
2276:, the first a merchant schooner acquired by the Continental Navy in 1775. The eighth of these,
1344:
5390:
5182:
4423:
3689:
3363:
3081:"More to biological diversity than meets the eye: Specialization by insect species is the key"
2954:
2790:
2759:
2496:
7866:
7804:
7696:
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7481:
7332:
5235:
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3342:
1952:
1378:
1121:
providing food for their offspring, no further maternal care is given. Members of the family
17:
5396:
1861:
434:, meaning they lay eggs on or in other insects (any life stage from egg to adult) and often
7651:
7445:
7432:
6890:
5422:
4247:
4111:
3985:
3785:
3735:
3431:
3122:
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2640:
2593:
2451:
2421:
5385:
3972:
Machado, Carlos A.; Robbins, Nancy; Gilbert, M. Thomas; Herre, Edward Allen (April 2005).
1660:
1322:
system, which means that females are unusually closely related to their sisters, enabling
1008:
8:
7809:
7754:
7636:
7521:
7506:
7390:
7230:
6940:
5098:
3562:
3556:
Field, Jeremy (1989). "Intraspecific parasitism and nesting success in the solitary wasp
2796:
2526:
2326:
2037:
2036:
Among the other clubs bearing the name are a basketball club in Wantirna, Australia, and
1736:
1488:
1440:
1034:
936:
826:
758:
4251:
4115:
3989:
3789:
3739:
3435:
3126:
2879:
2830:
2644:
2597:
2455:
7327:
5178:
5088:
4481:
4421:
4355:
4008:
3973:
3856:
3808:
3773:
3751:
3579:
3224:
3146:
3088:
2899:
2865:
2707:
2690:
2663:
2632:
2477:
2266:
2180:
2162:, 1485, with a wasp's nest on right, probably a symbol of the Vespucci family (Italian
1985:
1876:
1782:
1482:
1461:
are extremely diverse in habits, many laying their eggs in inert stages of their host (
1049:
1000:
834:
which is used for boring into wood and inserting eggs. The smallest wasps are solitary
789:
474:
133:
7203:
3443:
2993:
2434:
2150:
7531:
7501:
7450:
7440:
7415:
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5214:
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4572:
4517:
4492:
4429:
4331:
4263:
4219:
4202:
4150:
4123:
4059:
4013:
3848:
3813:
3747:
3695:
3667:
3650:
Richter, M. Raveret (2000). "Social Wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Foraging Behavior".
3470:
3447:
3402:
3291:
3251:
3220:
3202:
3138:
2964:
2919:
2891:
2800:
2769:
2738:
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2552:
2502:
2469:
2293:
2289:
2281:
1906:
1808:
1557:
1551:
1290:
1277:
1245:
1074:, for example, has a much longer (up to 3 months longer) cycle in temperate regions.
1062:
1055:
911:
802:
483:
435:
254:
125:
5210:
Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy
4359:
4171:
3755:
3228:
3150:
2903:
1687:(in the bird family Meropidae) specialise in eating stinging insects, making aerial
705:
of the Crato Formation in Brazil, some 65 million years before the first fig trees.
7701:
7583:
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7471:
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6571:
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1980:
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1004:
820:
732:
702:
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5405:
4137:
Williams, David F. (1994). "Biology and importance of two eucharitid parasites of
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111:
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4425:
Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications of Biological Control
3798:
3396:
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2732:
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2235:
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1847:
1671:. Many species of wasp are involved in Müllerian mimicry, as are many species of
1619:
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1458:
1452:
1417:
1374:
513:
431:
407:
284:
279:
269:
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Charlesworth, D.; Willis, J.H. (2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression".
3597:
Elgar, Mark A.; Jebb, Matthew (1999). "Nest Provisioning In The Mud-Dauber Wasp
1786:, are known as cuckoo or jewel wasps for their parasitic behaviour and metallic
7871:
7827:
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7491:
7375:
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7074:
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5204:
2956:
Venoms of the Hymenoptera: Biochemical, Pharmacological and Behavioural Aspects
2887:
2437:"Phylogenomics Resolves Evolutionary Relationships among Ants, Bees, and Wasps"
2210:
1752:
1706:
1546:
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858:
793:
686:
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590:
grouping of hundreds of thousands of species, consisting of the narrow-waisted
478:
439:
427:
239:
229:
2464:
1927:. It entered commercial use in the 1920s in Europe, was overtaken by chemical
1655:, social wasps are the models for many species of mimic. Two common cases are
1382:
854:
with a body length of only 158 micrometres, the smallest known flying insect.
7840:
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68:
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Natural History Museum – Wasps: If you can't love them, at least admire them
5149:
4695:
3998:
3614:
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3134:
2052:
1020:. The placement of nests varies from group to group; yellow jackets such as
1007:
by non-stinging insects, and are themselves involved in mutually beneficial
776:
Many wasp species are parasitoids; the females deposit eggs on or in a host
422:, whether to feed themselves or to provision their nests. Many, notably the
7706:
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7100:
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6155:
6051:
6023:
6003:
5985:
5823:
5666:
5658:
5616:
5489:
4267:
4187:
4017:
3852:
3817:
3671:
3451:
3142:
2895:
2672:
2473:
2171:
2146:
running over a second of these giants that was crawling across the roadway.
2107:
1757:
1630:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1497:
1319:
1148:
770:
727:
675:
625:
587:
575:
544:
503:
447:
390:
374:
259:
249:
224:
200:
4906:
1186:
adapted for biting and cutting, like those of many other insects, such as
430:, laying eggs in the nests of other wasps. Many of the solitary wasps are
7769:
7600:
7571:
7496:
7466:
7420:
7370:
7106:
7042:
7027:
6995:
6913:
6718:
6700:
6605:
6584:
6558:
6470:
6457:
6389:
6381:
6371:
6363:
6205:
6195:
6175:
6125:
6115:
6075:
6018:
5995:
5970:
5960:
5926:
5875:
5637:
5560:
5446:
5092:
2606:
2581:
2523:"World's oldest fig wasp fossil proves that if it works, don't change it"
2127:
2025:
1993:
1914:
1894:
1823:
1787:
1777:
1761:
1732:
1668:
1652:
1646:
1607:
1542:
1536:
1436:
1265:
1222:
1187:
1156:
1122:
1111:
1107:
1095:
1086:
1022:
960:
880:
875:
850:
830:
is 12.5 centimetres (5 in) long including its very long but slender
710:
571:
563:
539:
517:
443:
423:
386:
343:
264:
190:
120:
43:
3037:
3020:
7546:
7541:
7398:
7313:
7161:
7126:
7092:
7086:
7047:
6975:
6840:
6824:
6816:
6805:
6797:
6776:
6723:
6600:
6592:
6550:
6524:
6452:
6332:
6298:
6210:
6170:
6160:
6145:
6008:
5890:
5865:
5789:
5753:
5629:
5552:
3583:
2356:
2251:
2243:
2155:
2095:
2064:
2056:
1956:
1936:
1898:
1702:
1615:
1335:
1303:
1273:
1269:
1255:
1103:
996:
884:
870:
862:
835:
831:
815:
694:
649:
488:
470:
419:
402:
for laying eggs in or near a food source for the larvae, though in the
399:
319:
312:
301:
274:
234:
88:
53:
4849:
3207:(Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Epiponini) maintain a constant temperature?".
3163:
2616:
1555:, which lays its eggs in the nests of other paper wasps (specifically
1541:
Many species of wasp, including especially the cuckoo or jewel wasps (
1298:
secretions that are avidly consumed by the adults. These include both
1209:
1066:, only have one comb. The length of the reproductive cycle depends on
7764:
7380:
7119:
7114:
7052:
6990:
6793:
6789:
6743:
6708:
6634:
6626:
6613:
6563:
6537:
6495:
6465:
6345:
6340:
6313:
6278:
6263:
6165:
6140:
6095:
6067:
6013:
5965:
5921:
5916:
5903:
5708:
5700:
5679:
5477:
5465:
5122:
Rosenberg, Robin S.; O'Neill, Shannon; McDonald-Smith, Lynne (2013).
4351:
4147:
Exotic ants : biology, impact, and control of introduced species
2556:
2206:
2205:
Parasitoidal wasps played an indirect role in the nineteenth-century
2120:
2071:
2021:
1948:
1928:
1902:
1684:
1611:
1424:
1412:
1407:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1251:
1241:
1213:
1191:
1117:
956:
920:
839:
797:
777:
757:
Wasps are a diverse group, estimated at well over a hundred thousand
744:
698:
508:
492:
170:
150:
93:
4885:
4671:"What's That Buzz? Fall may bring more aggressive hornets and wasps"
3844:
2124:, first put on in 422 BC. The "wasps" are the chorus of old jurors.
7661:
7566:
7408:
7403:
7222:
7064:
7057:
6738:
6511:
6421:
6240:
6080:
5729:
5687:
5645:
5595:
5589:
5568:
5500:
5483:
4987:
Binding Femininity: The Effects of Tightlacing on the Female Pelvis
2960:
2270:
2255:
2214:
2041:
2030:
1989:
1944:
1924:
1722:
1688:
1664:
1603:
1493:
1428:
1261:
1067:
992:
988:
979:
766:
749:
730:
in Europe. Also found in Baltic amber are crown wasps of the genus
723:
693:, and had diversified into many of the extant superfamilies by the
690:
682:
621:
617:
605:. The Hymenoptera also contain the somewhat wasplike but unwaisted
594:
579:
567:
551:
466:
455:
415:
403:
382:
363:
355:
339:
291:
210:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
7012:
5121:
2870:
2231:
1561:), and whose larvae are then fed directly by the host. Sand wasps
1003:, often in black and yellow, social wasps are frequent models for
7656:
7612:
7578:
7556:
7511:
7140:
7079:
7069:
6668:
6514:(paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets)
5536:
2079:
2075:
2060:
1642:
1626:
1339:
1331:
1178:, which are typically arranged in a triangle just forward of the
894:
807:
630:
411:
367:
98:
73:
4203:"Coevolution of daily activity timing in a host-parasite system"
2557:"Fossil Trigonalidae and Vespidae (Hymenoptera) in Baltic amber"
7590:
7291:
7280:
7037:
6784:
6100:
5471:
5459:
3784:(10). Bernstein, C.; Hoffmeister, T.S.; Desouhant, E.: e13505.
2761:
Steve Backshall's venom: poisonous animals in the natural world
2111:
2091:
2083:
1940:
1659:, where the mimic is harmless and is essentially bluffing, and
1338:
and develop from fertilized eggs. Males, called drones, have a
1295:
1285:
1217:
1198:
1175:
1089:
building mud nest, France. The latest ring of mud is still wet.
1017:
715:
641:
606:
459:
378:
335:
180:
160:
7822:
6882:
792:, at up to 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in length. The various
7561:
5943:
4233:
3464:
3371:
2285:
2262:
1960:
1959:. Several species of parasitic wasp are natural predators of
1893:
Some species of parasitic wasp, especially in groups such as
1432:
1299:
1013:
762:
591:
548:
359:
4172:"A New Chalcid-Fly Parasitic on the Australian Bull-Dog Ant"
2854:
1361:
and an inability to produce fertile, viable male offspring.
1234:). Others, such as potter wasps (Eumeninae) and sand wasps (
1038:
attaches its nests on the underside of leaves and branches;
7605:
6676:
4817:
4619:"Close encounters with stinging insects common in the fall"
3886:
Raddi (Anacardiaceae), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil].
3172:[Biology and behavior of Polistes erythrocephalus]
2087:
2008:
Tomato leaf covered with nymphs of whitefly parasitised by
1756:
planidia (arrows, magnified) attached to an ant larva; the
1477:
1466:
1160:
1129:
and lay their eggs in the nests of unrelated host species.
916:
811:
782:
469:, and diversified into many surviving superfamilies by the
3971:
3108:
1931:
in the 1940s, and again received interest from the 1970s.
7032:
6760:
6655:
6647:
5263:
Panzer Tracts No. 23: Panzer Production From 1933 to 1945
4818:
Adams, C.R.; K.M. Bamford; M.P. Early (22 October 2013).
4344:
10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3507[1:PRAYAT]2.0.CO;2
4330:
Carpenter, James M.; Perera, Estelle P. (16 March 2006).
3929:
3874:
Sühs, R.B.; Somavilla, A.; Köhler, A; Putzke, J. (2009).
3873:
3601:(F. Smith): Body Mass And Taxa Specific Prey Selection".
1672:
1462:
1315:
1258:
specialize in catching spiders to provision their nests.
1190:, but their other mouthparts are formed into a suctorial
964:
to her burrow; it has the most painful sting of any wasp.
602:
598:
559:
555:
351:
347:
5115:
4081:"Giant Ichneumon Wasp (Megarhyssa macrurus) Ovipositing"
4033:"Parasitoid wasps may be the most diverse animal group"
3876:"Vespídeos (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) vetores de pólen de
987:
Of the dozens of extant wasp families, only the family
4483:
Defence in Animals: A Survey of Anti-Predator Defences
2562:
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington
2420:. National Geographic. 9 November 2010. Archived from
2280:, gained two Second World War battle stars, prompting
2183:; it is generally considered Russell's best novel. In
991:
contains social species, primarily in the subfamilies
701:
with modern anatomical features first appeared in the
689:. Apocrita, wasps in the broad sense, appeared in the
4512:
Forshaw, J.; Kemp, A. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.).
3880:
Raddi (Anacardiaceae), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil"
2986:"Pigeon Tremex Horntail and the Giant Ichneumon Wasp"
1431:) are the only pollinators of nearly 1000 species of
1225:) feeding on a fly after paralysing it with its sting
883:
larvae and the wasp larvae feed temporarily on their
806:, with a wingspan of 11.5 cm, has subspecies in
4101:
3882:[Pollen vector wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) of
3467:
Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed
1602:
Many wasp lineages, including those in the families
562:, which are not usually considered to be wasps. The
7275:
4993:. University of Vermont (MA Thesis). Archived from
4645:"Yellow Jacket Alert: Taking the Sting Out of Fall"
3714:
2689:Dolphin, Konrad; Quicke, Donald L. J. (July 2001).
616:is sometimes used more narrowly for members of the
4480:
3830:
2579:
1683:While wasp stings deter many potential predators,
410:used for defense or prey capture. Wasps play many
5233:
4571:. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 113–114.
4149:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 104–120.
3164:Carlos A. Martin P.; Anthony C. Bellotti (1986).
2630:
887:, but if a parasitoid emerges from the host, the
773:) that has co-evolved with it and pollinates it.
697:; they appear to have evolved from the Symphyta.
465:Wasps first appeared in the fossil record in the
7838:
5444:
4811:
3465:Hoell, H.V.; Doyen, J.T.; Purcell, A.H. (1998).
2734:Parasitoids: Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology
1159:which protects their three main body parts, the
406:the ovipositor is often modified instead into a
4329:
3421:
2412:
2410:
1582:parasitises other members of its genus such as
842:, including the world's smallest known insect,
5261:Jentz, Thomas L.; Doyle, Hilary Louis (2011).
5203:
4176:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
3290:. Cornell University Press. pp. 1–4, 69.
3051:
2782:
7261:
6898:
5430:
5213:(Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing.
4929:"Diamond and emerald wasp brooch by Fontanna"
4200:
3469:. Oxford University Press. pp. 570–579.
3394:
2917:
2737:. Princeton University Press. pp. 3–24.
2688:
2133:The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth
1373:can avoid mating with their brothers through
999:. With their powerful stings and conspicuous
857:There are estimated to be 100,000 species of
685:) first appeared in the fossil record in the
523:The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth
481:, along with the giant scoliid of Indonesia (
5227:
4283:Solitary Wasps: Behavior and Natural History
3824:
3715:Gottlieb, Yuval; Zchori-Fein, Einat (2001).
3313:"Slender mud-dauber wasps: genus Sceliphron"
3287:Solitary Wasps: Behavior and Natural History
2407:
2074:since at least the nineteenth century, when
1963:and can help to control them. For instance,
714:, seven species of which are known from the
5278:The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II
5020:"Ancient Greece – Aristophanes – The Wasps"
4562:
4511:
4280:
4130:
4058:. Springer. pp. Chapter 8 and passim.
3492:"The evolution of progressive provisioning"
3401:. Cambridge University Press. p. 408.
3395:Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S. (2005).
3390:
3388:
3283:
2918:Betrem, J. G.; Bradley, J. Chester (1964).
2850:
2848:
2824:
2822:
1967:is used to control the peach-potato aphid.
1856:
1651:With their powerful stings and conspicuous
7268:
7254:
6905:
6891:
5437:
5423:
5260:
5150:"Letter 2814 — Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa"
4983:
3767:
3765:
3717:"Irreversible thelytokous reproduction in
3678:
3014:
2788:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2624:
2488:
1917:. One of the first species to be used was
1174:, wasps have several simple eyes known as
110:
5059:
4218:
4207:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
4007:
3997:
3807:
3797:
3694:. Harvard University Press. p. 344.
3596:
3517:
3507:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3036:
2869:
2757:
2706:
2695:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2684:
2682:
2662:
2652:
2615:
2605:
2463:
2209:debate. The Ichneumonidae contributed to
1984:, a parasitoid, is sold commercially for
1381:that is largely due to the expression of
1110:construct mud cells in sheltered places.
529:
304:included but traditionally excluded taxa
5038:
5036:
4984:Klingerman, Katherine Marie (May 2006).
4585:
4295:
4285:. Cornell University Press. p. 129.
4227:
4194:
4136:
3643:
3385:
3336:
3157:
3078:
2983:
2977:
2946:
2845:
2819:
2631:Yunakov, N.N.; Kirejtshuk, A.G. (2011).
2573:
2322:Characteristics of common wasps and bees
2230:
2149:
2051:
1996:of tomato and other horticultural crops.
1923:, a parasitoid of a range of species of
1909:, are exploited commercially to provide
1860:
1851:specialise in feeding on bees and wasps.
1369:Females of the solitary wasp parasitoid
1260:
1208:
1141:
1081:
978:
743:
659:
538:
534:
502:, as the eponymous chorus of old men in
5087:
5067:. Thames and Hudson. pp. 165–168.
4909:. Scottish Professional Football League
4478:
4460:. University of Regensburg. 5 June 2007
4095:
3903:
3901:
3771:
3762:
3728:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
3649:
3310:
2730:
2715:
2580:Engel, M.S.; Ortega-Blanco, J. (2008).
2494:
1636:
1364:
1044:chooses sites close to a water source.
708:The Vespidae include the extinct genus
498:Wasps have appeared in literature from
373:The most commonly known wasps, such as
7839:
7552:List of crop plants pollinated by bees
5275:
5169:
5167:
5142:
4642:
4556:
4415:
4372:
4053:
3684:
3264:
3235:
2679:
2551:
2265:launched in 1749. Eleven ships of the
2166:, wasp) who commissioned the painting.
1760:are among the few parasitoids able to
1194:, which enables them to drink nectar.
983:Social wasps constructing a paper nest
7249:
6886:
5418:
5300:
5042:
5033:
4931:. A La Vieille Russie. Archived from
4668:
4616:
4538:"Hornet attacks kill dozens in China"
4516:. Merehurst Press. pp. 144–145.
4310:
4169:
4078:
4030:
3555:
3489:
3424:Arthropod Structure & Development
3052:Ward, D.F.; Schnitzler, F.R. (2013).
2387:
2130:made use of giant wasps in his novel
681:Hymenoptera in the form of Symphyta (
5354:
5280:. Sterling Publishing. p. 272.
5240:. Turner Publishing. pp. 8–11.
5081:
3948:
3898:
3532:
3458:
3241:
3196:
2952:
2828:
2226:
1762:overcome the strong defences of ants
1309:
1155:Like all insects, wasps have a hard
1032:prefer to nest in trees and shrubs;
5164:
4643:Boyles, Margaret (18 August 2021).
4505:
3364:"Hymenoptera: ants, bees and wasps"
2495:Gillott, Cedric (6 December 2012).
2063:, a French actress famous for this
1314:In wasps, as in other Hymenoptera,
566:also contain the somewhat wasplike
487:). The smallest wasps are solitary
13:
5381:Differences between Bees and Wasps
5327:"US Air Force Wasp III Fact Sheet"
5234:USS Wasp Veterans (15 June 1999).
4956:
4772:
4698:. British Pest Control Association
4450:"Biology of the European beewolf (
2708:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01363.x
2368:Specimen measured from photograph.
2288:, while the British developed the
1882:
824:. The female giant ichneumon wasp
354:; this excludes the broad-waisted
14:
7883:
7852:Extant Jurassic first appearances
5374:
4744:"New wasp parasite being studied"
3079:Westlake, Casey (13 March 2014).
1446:
1393:
1385:deleterious recessive mutations.
1077:
7821:
7011:
5065:Sandro Botticelli: Life and Work
4886:"Wantirna Wasps Basketball Club"
4846:"History 1867–1930 London Wasps"
4748:The Royal Society of New Zealand
4718:"Allergy to Wasp and Bee Stings"
4617:Gross, Bob (19 September 2017).
4220:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01139.x
4201:Ortolani, I.; Cervo, R. (2009).
4124:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.09.006
3932:Brazilian Journal of Biosciences
3888:Brazilian Journal of Biosciences
3748:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00874.x
3221:10.1111/j.1479-8298.2009.00328.x
2101:
2001:
1972:
1838:
1816:
1795:
1769:
1744:
1714:
945:
928:
915:, a giant solitary species from
903:
648:), and members of the subfamily
137:
41:
7215:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
6912:
6616:(sapygid, or club-horned wasps)
5319:
5294:
5269:
5254:
5197:
5053:
5012:
4977:
4950:
4921:
4899:
4878:
4856:
4838:
4789:
4766:
4750:. 20 April 2000. Archived from
4736:
4710:
4688:
4662:
4636:
4610:
4530:
4514:Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds
4472:
4442:
4428:. Academic Press. p. 455.
4366:
4323:
4304:
4289:
4274:
4163:
4072:
4047:
4024:
3965:
3942:
3923:
3867:
3708:
3691:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
3621:
3590:
3549:
3526:
3483:
3415:
3356:
3330:
3311:Houston, Terry (October 2013).
3304:
3102:
3072:
3045:
3025:Journal of Hymenoptera Research
3008:
2911:
2751:
2362:
2349:
1705:are the only real predators of
1597:
1526:
1328:evolution of eusocial behaviour
974:
788:The largest social wasp is the
338:of the narrow-waisted suborder
7667:Home-stored product entomology
5128:. BenBella Books. p. 34.
4907:"Alloa Athletic Football Club"
4669:Hayes, Kim (11 October 2017).
4260:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2003.11.012
4031:Sekar, Sandhya (22 May 2015).
3938:(2): 138–143 – via ABEC.
3537:. University of Florida / IFAS
3337:Grissell, E. E. (April 2007).
3166:"Biologia y comportamiento de
2984:Cranshaw, W. (5 August 2014).
2908:Measurement scale on Figure 1.
2545:
2529:. 15 June 2010. Archived from
2515:
2501:. Springer. pp. 302–318.
2428:
2381:
2269:have similarly borne the name
1406:Pollen wasps in the subfamily
1:
7847:Biological pest control wasps
7750:Decline in insect populations
7343:List of insect-inspired songs
6835:(mason bees, leafcutter bees)
4848:. Wasps.co.uk. Archived from
4799:. Royal Horticultural Society
4300:. Nature Education Knowledge.
4079:Sezen, Uzay (24 March 2015).
3664:10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.121
3444:10.1016/s1467-8039(02)00025-7
3054:"Ichneumonidae: Eucerotinae:
2388:Broad, Gavin (25 June 2014).
2375:
2337:Fear of wasps (spheksophobia)
2190:The Girl Who Played with Fire
2106:The Ancient Greek playwright
2047:
1939:to control whitefly pests of
1272:) dragging a jumping spider (
1197:The larvae of wasps resemble
586:The wasps are a cosmopolitan
570:, the sawflies. The familiar
5303:Westland Aircraft since 1915
4824:. Elsevier. pp. 71–72.
4720:. Allergy UK. Archived from
4454:, Hymenoptera, Crabronidae)"
4240:Journal of Insect Physiology
3799:10.1371/journal.pone.0013505
2390:"What's the point of wasps?"
2070:Wasps have been modelled in
1951:(eggplant), flowers such as
1947:, and to a lesser extent of
1334:, meaning that they have 2n
969:
739:
7:
6981:Sexual selection in insects
5391:N.I.H. Medline Encyclopedia
5357:The Social Biology of Wasps
4298:"Social Parasitism in Ants"
3652:Annual Review of Entomology
3244:The Social Biology of Wasps
2920:"Annotations on the genera
2584:Electrostephanus petiolatus
2315:
2179:book by the English writer
2059:, c. 1900, demonstrated by
2024:is an English professional
2016:
1869:
1731:: the trees and wasps have
1625:The roughly 140 species of
1622:is difficult to establish.
1416:and the water leaf family,
1182:of the head. Wasps possess
1170:In addition to their large
848:(139 micrometres long) and
667:Electrostephanus petiolatus
446:, making wasps valuable in
10:
7890:
7780:Pesticide toxicity to bees
7760:List of endangered insects
7133:Austroplatypus incompertus
6961:Identity in social insects
5348:
4821:Principles of Horticulture
4396:(1): 65–67. Archived from
4296:Deslippe, Richard (2010).
4281:O'Neill, Kevin M. (2001).
4238:(Hymenoptera, Vespidae)".
4083:. Nature Documentaries.org
3284:O'Neill, Kevin M. (2001).
2888:10.1103/PhysRevE.78.051902
1886:
1865:Paper wasp nest on a house
1678:
1640:
1530:
1450:
1388:
1230:during their development (
1137:
1132:
845:Dicopomorpha echmepterygis
655:
578:belong to one family, the
15:
7818:
7790:
7732:
7684:
7635:
7520:
7459:
7431:
7389:
7358:
7301:
7287:
7170:
7149:
7020:
7009:
6920:
6866:
6759:
6667:
6646:
6625:
6583:
6549:
6523:
6494:
6443:
6420:
6398:
6380:
6362:
6331:
6050:
6032:
5994:
5935:
5889:
5841:
5832:
5809:
5780:
5751:
5728:
5699:
5678:
5657:
5628:
5602:
5588:
5527:
5523:
5498:
5454:
5393:– Insect bites and stings
5355:Ross, Kenneth G. (1991).
4479:Edmunds, Malcolm (1974).
4336:American Museum Novitates
4313:Biologisches Centralblatt
3535:"Potter Wasps of Florida"
3339:"Potter wasps of Florida"
3317:Western Australian Museum
3242:Ross, Kenneth G. (1991).
2992:Extension. Archived from
2990:Colorado State University
2932:(Hymenoptera, Scoliidae)"
2789:Carwardine, Mark (2008).
2758:Backshall, Steve (2007).
2465:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050
2246:warships to bear the name
1579:Dolichovespula adulterina
620:, which includes several
436:provision their own nests
308:
300:
221:
216:
134:Scientific classification
132:
118:
109:
32:
7745:Colony collapse disorder
7740:Bees and toxic chemicals
6928:Evolution of eusociality
5301:James, Derek N. (1991).
5099:Gollancz Science Fiction
4649:The Old Farmer's Almanac
4383:(Hymenoptera: Vespidae)"
4377:Dolichovespula norwegica
3884:Schinus terebinthifolius
3878:Schinus terebinthifolius
3398:Evolution of the Insects
3368:Insects and their allies
3248:Cornell University Press
3168:Polistes erythrocephalus
2936:Zoologische Mededelingen
2731:Godfray, H.C.J. (1994).
2654:10.3897/zookeys.160.2108
2342:
2332:Schmidt sting pain index
2094:settings. A fashion for
1857:Relationship with humans
1811:her nest with a honeybee
1500:that weakens the host's
1359:thelytokous reproduction
1232:progressive provisioning
1125:, the cuckoo wasps, are
1072:Polistes erythrocephalus
1041:Polistes erythrocephalus
7647:Insect bites and stings
7624:Drosophila melanogaster
7537:Biological pest control
7191:Charles Duncan Michener
5619:(web-spinning sawflies)
5305:. Putnam. p. 365.
5207:; Warlow, Ben (2006) .
4959:"Fashion and Fetishism"
4054:Quicke, D.L.J. (1997).
3999:10.1073/pnas.0501840102
3615:10.1163/156853999501252
3576:10.1163/156853989X00367
3135:10.1126/science.1245007
2582:"The fossil crown wasp
2310:United States Air Force
1889:Biological pest control
1204:
624:wasp lineages, such as
452:biological pest control
7712:Rats, Lice and History
6746:(thread-waisted wasps)
6574:(sierolomorphid wasps)
6506:(rhopalosomatid wasps)
5711:(parasitic wood wasps)
5276:Bishop, Chris (2002).
3719:Muscidifurax uniraptor
3490:Field, Jeremy (2005).
2766:New Holland Publishers
2394:Natural History Museum
2302:AeroVironment Wasp III
2247:
2224:
2167:
2148:
2067:
1866:
1504:and replicates in the
1439:relationship is fully
1345:Muscidifurax uniraptor
1288:. Some wasps, such as
1281:
1226:
1152:
1090:
984:
754:
720:Florissant fossil beds
678:
583:
530:Taxonomy and phylogeny
7697:Alfred Russel Wallace
7482:Entomological warfare
7333:Insects in literature
7196:The Bees of the World
5043:Wells, H. G. (1904).
4864:"Wasps Football Club"
4452:Philanthus triangulum
4170:Brues, C. T. (1919).
3953:. USDA Forest Service
3911:. USDA Forest Service
3519:10.1093/beheco/ari054
3509:10.1093/beheco/ari054
3343:University of Florida
3209:Entomological Science
2261:, the first an 8-gun
2234:
2219:
2153:
2138:
2055:
2040:, a football club in
1887:Further information:
1864:
1806:Philanthus triangulum
1641:Further information:
1531:Further information:
1519:, has specialized as
1379:inbreeding depression
1264:
1212:
1145:
1085:
982:
961:Megaphobema mesomelas
765:has its own specific
747:
663:
542:
535:Paraphyletic grouping
18:Wasp (disambiguation)
7652:Insect sting allergy
7446:Cicadas in mythology
5333:on 23 September 2015
4777:. Cornell University
4487:. Longman. pp.
4458:Evolutionary Ecology
4188:10.1093/aesa/12.1.13
3984:(Suppl 1): 6558–65.
3772:Metzger, M. (2010).
2996:on 24 September 2015
2607:10.3897/zookeys.4.49
2312:special operations.
2296:. In aerospace, the
1965:Aphidius matricariae
1707:tarantula hawk wasps
1637:As models for mimics
1508:of the female wasp.
1365:Inbreeding avoidance
1023:Dolichovespula media
838:wasps in the family
818:of the Atlas beetle
794:tarantula hawk wasps
726:and from fossilised
547:, consisting of the
491:wasps in the family
381:, are in the family
16:For other uses, see
7862:Paraphyletic groups
7755:Habitat destruction
7507:Insects in religion
7231:Journey to the Ants
5555:(cimbicid sawflies)
5175:"USS Wasp. History"
5089:Russell, Eric Frank
5000:on 21 February 2017
4965:on 21 November 2014
4544:. 26 September 2013
4373:Dvorak, L. (2007).
4252:2004JInsP..50..217D
4116:2009BiolC..48...92L
3990:2005PNAS..102.6558M
3790:2010PLoSO...513505M
3740:2001EEApp.100..271G
3631:. Australian Museum
3436:2002ArtSD..31..103K
3127:2014Sci...343.1240C
3121:(6176): 1240–1244.
3060:. Landcare Research
3038:10.3897/jhr.32.4663
2880:2008PhRvE..78e1902S
2829:Williams, David B.
2797:Sterling Publishing
2645:2011ZooK..160...73Y
2598:2008ZooK....4...55E
2533:on 7 September 2015
2527:University of Leeds
2456:2013CBio...23.2058J
2327:Bee and wasp stings
2278:an aircraft carrier
2038:Alloa Athletic F.C.
1935:is being tested in
1845:Bee-eaters such as
1721:Minute pollinating
1521:parasitoids of ants
1489:Megarhyssa macrurus
1318:is determined by a
1035:Protopolybia exigua
937:Megarhyssa macrurus
827:Megarhyssa macrurus
454:of species such as
346:which is neither a
7857:Insects in culture
7828:Insects portal
7800:Insects and humans
7328:Arthropods in film
7277:Human interactions
5640:(cedar wood wasps)
5563:(conifer sawflies)
5179:United States Navy
4775:"Encarsia formosa"
4104:Biological Control
3909:"Wasp Pollination"
3558:Ammophila sabulosa
3496:Behavioral Ecology
3089:University of Iowa
2953:Piek, Tom (2013).
2424:on 5 October 2010.
2267:United States Navy
2248:
2181:Eric Frank Russell
2168:
2068:
1986:biological control
1911:biological control
1877:anaphylactic shock
1867:
1783:Hedychrum rutilans
1653:warning coloration
1549:is the paper wasp
1483:Rhyssa persuasoria
1371:Venturia canescens
1282:
1227:
1153:
1091:
1050:Agelaia multipicta
1047:Other wasps, like
1001:warning coloration
985:
955:wasp dragging the
859:ichneumonoid wasps
790:Asian giant hornet
755:
679:
584:
475:Asian giant hornet
7834:
7833:
7723:Insect Literature
7680:
7679:
7579:Carmine/Cochineal
7532:Beneficial insect
7502:Insects in ethics
7451:Scarab (artifact)
7441:Bees in mythology
7350:Insects on stamps
7243:
7242:
7157:Bees in mythology
6880:
6879:
6862:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6836:
6828:
6820:
6813:
6780:
6770:
6755:
6754:
6747:
6704:
6703:(cockroach wasps)
6689:
6659:
6638:
6617:
6609:
6596:
6575:
6572:Sierolomorphidae
6567:
6541:
6515:
6507:
6504:Rhopalosomatidae
6461:
6416:
6415:
6349:
6327:
6326:
6319:Trichogrammatidae
6244:
6181:Eutrichosomatidae
6151:Epichrysomallidae
6071:
6061:
5949:
5907:
5834:Proctotrupomorpha
5801:
5800:(ichneumon wasps)
5793:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5712:
5691:
5670:
5649:
5641:
5620:
5580:
5579:(common sawflies)
5572:
5571:(pergid sawflies)
5564:
5556:
5548:
5540:
5366:978-0-801-49906-7
5359:. Cornell Press.
5312:978-0-85177-847-1
5247:978-1-56311-404-5
5220:978-1-86176-281-8
5135:978-1-936661-35-0
5108:978-0-575-07095-0
5061:Lightbown, Ronald
4831:978-1-4831-4184-8
4797:"Aphid Predators"
4724:on 11 August 2015
4578:978-0-7011-6907-7
4523:978-1-85391-186-6
4498:978-0-582-44132-3
4435:978-0-08-053301-8
4236:Polistes sulcifer
4156:978-0-8133-8615-7
4065:978-0-412-58350-6
3949:Tepidino, Vince.
3890:(in Portuguese).
3701:978-0-674-00089-6
3686:Wilson, Edward O.
3599:Sceliphron laetum
3476:978-0-19-510033-4
3408:978-0-521-82149-0
3297:978-0-8014-3721-2
3257:978-0-8014-9906-7
3205:Apoica flavissima
3058:Gravenhorst 1829"
2970:978-1-4832-6370-0
2806:978-1-4027-5623-8
2775:978-1-84537-734-2
2744:978-0-691-00047-3
2508:978-1-4615-6915-2
2450:(20): 2058–2062.
2290:Wasp flamethrower
2282:Winston Churchill
2227:In military names
1907:Trichogrammatidae
1661:Müllerian mimicry
1558:Polistes dominula
1552:Polistes sulcifer
1310:Sex determination
1291:Polistes fuscatus
1246:mass provisioning
1146:European hornet,
1063:Apoica flavissima
1056:Vespula germanica
1009:Müllerian mimicry
912:Megascolia procer
898:climbing squash.
803:Megascolia procer
759:described species
484:Megascolia procer
462:and other crops.
395:sex determination
328:
327:
255:Proctotrupomorpha
126:Vespula germanica
104:
7879:
7826:
7825:
7702:Jean-Henri Fabre
7477:Cricket fighting
7472:Cockroach racing
7338:Insects in music
7299:
7298:
7270:
7263:
7256:
7247:
7246:
7183:The Dancing Bees
7015:
6907:
6900:
6893:
6884:
6883:
6834:
6826:
6819:(plasterer bees)
6818:
6787:
6778:
6769:
6768:
6764:
6757:
6756:
6745:
6702:
6688:
6687:
6686:(sphecoid wasps)
6683:
6674:
6673:
6657:
6636:
6615:
6607:
6594:
6573:
6565:
6539:
6513:
6505:
6459:
6441:
6440:
6347:
6304:Tanaostigmatidae
6242:
6226:Melanosomellidae
6069:
6060:
6059:
6055:
5948:
5947:
5939:
5905:
5861:Neuroscelionidae
5839:
5838:
5799:
5791:
5778:
5777:
5749:
5748:
5710:
5689:
5668:
5647:
5639:
5618:
5612:Megalodontesidae
5578:
5570:
5562:
5554:
5546:
5545:Blasticotomidae
5539:(argid sawflies)
5538:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5416:
5415:
5406:arthropods/bites
5370:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5329:. Archived from
5323:
5317:
5316:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5265:. Panzer Tracts.
5258:
5252:
5251:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5181:. Archived from
5171:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5046:Food of the Gods
5040:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4999:
4992:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4961:. Archived from
4954:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4852:on 22 July 2014.
4842:
4836:
4835:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4569:Birds Britannica
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4486:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4402:
4387:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4246:(2–3): 217–223.
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4011:
4001:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3801:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3725:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3533:Grissell, E. E.
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3511:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3281:
3262:
3261:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3175:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2873:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2831:"Tarantula Hawk"
2826:
2817:
2816:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2728:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2656:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2609:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2467:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2385:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2353:
2294:Bren Gun Carrier
2254:have been named
2217:, Darwin wrote:
2199:Lisbeth Salander
2010:Encarsia formosa
2005:
1981:Encarsia formosa
1976:
1920:Encarsia formosa
1842:
1820:
1803:European beewolf
1799:
1773:
1748:
1718:
1698:Vespa mandarinia
1657:Batesian mimicry
1574:social parasites
1533:Kleptoparasitism
1459:Parasitoid wasps
1005:Batesian mimicry
949:
932:
907:
879:are laid beside
861:in the families
821:Chalcosoma atlas
733:Electrostephanus
703:Lower Cretaceous
670:fossil from the
609:, the sawflies.
506:' 422 BC comedy
412:ecological roles
217:Groups included
142:
141:
114:
103:
40:
39:Jurassic–Present
36:Temporal range:
35:
30:
29:
25:Group of insects
7889:
7888:
7882:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7877:
7876:
7837:
7836:
7835:
7830:
7820:
7814:
7792:
7786:
7728:
7676:
7638:
7631:
7523:
7516:
7455:
7427:
7385:
7354:
7294:
7289:
7283:
7274:
7244:
7239:
7204:Bert Hölldobler
7178:Karl von Frisch
7171:Pioneers, works
7166:
7145:
7016:
7007:
7001:Worker policing
6986:Social conflict
6966:Kin recognition
6951:Group selection
6937:Social insects
6916:
6911:
6881:
6876:
6850:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6751:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6663:
6642:
6637:(scoliid wasps)
6621:
6579:
6545:
6540:(tiphiid wasps)
6533:Bradynobaenidae
6519:
6490:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6412:
6394:
6376:
6358:
6323:
6136:Cynipencyrtidae
6058:(chalcid wasps)
6057:
6056:
6054:
6046:
6034:Mymarommatoidea
6028:
5990:
5956:Proctorenyxidae
5941:
5940:
5937:Proctotrupoidea
5931:
5899:Austrocynipidae
5885:
5843:Platygastroidea
5828:
5805:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5716:
5695:
5690:(stem sawflies)
5674:
5653:
5624:
5598:
5584:
5577:Tenthredinidae
5547:(fern sawflies)
5529:Tenthredinoidea
5514:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5494:
5450:
5443:
5412:
5377:
5367:
5351:
5346:
5336:
5334:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5313:
5299:
5295:
5288:
5274:
5270:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5205:Colledge, J. J.
5202:
5198:
5188:
5186:
5185:on 10 July 2016
5173:
5172:
5165:
5155:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5086:
5082:
5075:
5058:
5054:
5041:
5034:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4966:
4957:Kunzle, David.
4955:
4951:
4938:
4936:
4935:on 10 June 2015
4927:
4926:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4816:
4812:
4802:
4800:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4755:
4754:on 4 March 2016
4742:
4741:
4737:
4727:
4725:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4701:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4679:
4677:
4667:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4641:
4637:
4627:
4625:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4461:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4404:
4403:on 4 March 2016
4400:
4385:
4375:"Parasitism of
4371:
4367:
4328:
4324:
4309:
4305:
4294:
4290:
4279:
4275:
4232:
4228:
4199:
4195:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4135:
4131:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4056:Parasitic Wasps
4052:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4029:
4025:
3970:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3947:
3943:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3872:
3868:
3845:10.1038/nrg2664
3833:Nat. Rev. Genet
3829:
3825:
3770:
3763:
3723:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3683:
3679:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3595:
3591:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3531:
3527:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3463:
3459:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3393:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3282:
3265:
3258:
3250:. p. 104.
3240:
3236:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3173:
3162:
3158:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3050:
3046:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2963:. p. 173.
2951:
2947:
2916:
2912:
2853:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2807:
2799:. p. 218.
2787:
2783:
2776:
2768:. p. 147.
2756:
2752:
2745:
2729:
2716:
2687:
2680:
2629:
2625:
2578:
2574:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2493:
2489:
2444:Current Biology
2439:
2433:
2429:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2318:
2229:
2195:film adaptation
2193:(2006) and its
2177:science fiction
2104:
2050:
2019:
2012:
2006:
1997:
1977:
1891:
1885:
1883:In horticulture
1872:
1859:
1852:
1848:Merops apiaster
1843:
1834:
1821:
1812:
1800:
1791:
1780:, such as this
1774:
1765:
1749:
1740:
1719:
1681:
1649:
1639:
1600:
1539:
1529:
1455:
1453:Parasitoid wasp
1449:
1418:Hydrophyllaceae
1396:
1391:
1375:kin recognition
1367:
1312:
1207:
1140:
1135:
1127:kleptoparasites
1080:
977:
972:
965:
950:
941:
933:
924:
908:
742:
674:, preserved in
658:
537:
532:
514:science fiction
500:Classical times
479:tarantula hawks
428:kleptoparasites
285:Platygastroidea
280:Mymarommatoidea
270:Proctotrupoidea
136:
105:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
38:
37:
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
7887:
7886:
7875:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7832:
7831:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7796:
7794:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7736:
7734:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7726:
7719:Lafcadio Hearn
7716:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7692:Jan Swammerdam
7688:
7686:
7682:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7643:
7641:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7628:
7627:
7618:Model organism
7615:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7587:
7586:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7539:
7534:
7528:
7526:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7492:Insect farming
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7463:
7461:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7437:
7435:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7406:
7395:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7376:Artificial fly
7373:
7368:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7346:
7345:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7316:
7309:Insects in art
7305:
7303:
7296:
7285:
7284:
7273:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7250:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7227:
7219:
7206:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7174:
7172:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7159:
7153:
7151:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7124:
7123:
7122:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7075:Dwarf mongoose
7072:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7017:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7005:
7004:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6935:
6930:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6917:
6910:
6909:
6902:
6895:
6887:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6830:
6822:
6814:
6810:stingless bees
6802:carpenter bees
6782:
6773:
6771:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6729:Pemphredonidae
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6698:
6692:
6690:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6652:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6631:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6611:
6608:(spider wasps)
6603:
6598:
6589:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6569:
6566:(flower wasps)
6561:
6555:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6535:
6529:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6509:
6500:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6481:Sclerogibbidae
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6460:(cuckoo wasps)
6455:
6449:
6447:
6438:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6404:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6386:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6354:Gasteruptiidae
6351:
6348:(ensign wasps)
6343:
6337:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6269:Pelecinellidae
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6238:
6233:
6231:Metapelmatidae
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6191:Hetreulophidae
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6121:Chrysolampidae
6118:
6113:
6111:Chalcedectidae
6108:
6106:Cerocephalidae
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6064:
6062:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6042:Mymarommatidae
6038:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6000:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5981:Proctotrupidae
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5952:
5950:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5912:Diplolepididae
5909:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5871:Platygastridae
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5851:Geoscelionidae
5847:
5845:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5813:
5811:Ceraphronoidea
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:Ichneumonidae
5795:
5786:
5784:
5782:Ichneumonoidea
5775:
5746:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5705:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5684:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5663:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5643:
5634:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5614:
5608:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5574:
5566:
5558:
5550:
5542:
5533:
5531:
5518:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5442:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5419:
5410:
5409:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5383:
5376:
5375:External links
5373:
5372:
5371:
5365:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5318:
5311:
5293:
5286:
5268:
5253:
5246:
5226:
5219:
5196:
5163:
5141:
5134:
5114:
5107:
5080:
5074:978-0896599314
5073:
5052:
5032:
5011:
4976:
4949:
4920:
4898:
4877:
4855:
4837:
4830:
4810:
4788:
4773:Hoddle, Mark.
4765:
4735:
4709:
4687:
4661:
4635:
4609:
4584:
4577:
4565:Mabey, Richard
4563:Cocker, Mark;
4555:
4529:
4522:
4504:
4497:
4471:
4441:
4434:
4414:
4365:
4338:(3507): 1–19.
4322:
4303:
4288:
4273:
4226:
4213:(2): 399–405.
4193:
4162:
4155:
4129:
4094:
4071:
4064:
4046:
4023:
3964:
3951:"Pollen Wasps"
3941:
3922:
3897:
3866:
3839:(11): 783–96.
3823:
3761:
3734:(3): 271–278.
3707:
3700:
3677:
3642:
3629:"Spider Wasps"
3620:
3609:(2): 147–159.
3589:
3570:(1–4): 23–45.
3548:
3525:
3502:(4): 770–778.
3482:
3475:
3457:
3430:(2): 103–120.
3414:
3407:
3384:
3355:
3329:
3303:
3296:
3263:
3256:
3234:
3215:(3): 341–345.
3195:
3180:(in Spanish).
3156:
3101:
3071:
3044:
3007:
2976:
2969:
2945:
2942:(43): 433–444.
2910:
2844:
2818:
2805:
2792:Animal Records
2781:
2774:
2750:
2743:
2714:
2701:(3): 279–286.
2678:
2639:(160): 73–96.
2623:
2572:
2544:
2514:
2507:
2487:
2427:
2406:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2361:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2308:developed for
2242:, one of nine
2228:
2225:
2211:Charles Darwin
2160:Venus and Mars
2103:
2100:
2049:
2046:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1978:
1971:
1884:
1881:
1871:
1868:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1831:Batesian mimic
1827:Clytus arietis
1822:
1815:
1813:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1720:
1713:
1680:
1677:
1638:
1635:
1599:
1596:
1547:brood parasite
1528:
1525:
1511:One family of
1451:Main article:
1448:
1447:As parasitoids
1445:
1395:
1394:As pollinators
1392:
1390:
1387:
1366:
1363:
1330:. Females are
1326:to favour the
1311:
1308:
1218:Bembix oculata
1206:
1203:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1079:
1078:Solitary wasps
1076:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
953:Tarantula hawk
951:
944:
942:
934:
927:
925:
909:
902:
889:hyperparasites
741:
738:
687:Lower Triassic
657:
654:
637:Dolichovespula
536:
533:
531:
528:
520:'s 1904 novel
326:
325:
324:
323:
316:
306:
305:
298:
297:
296:
295:
289:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
252:
247:
242:
240:Ichneumonoidea
237:
232:
230:Ceraphronoidea
227:
219:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
130:
129:
116:
115:
107:
106:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
34:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7885:
7884:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7829:
7824:
7817:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7797:
7795:
7789:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7775:Neonicotinoid
7773:
7771:
7768:
7767:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7731:
7724:
7720:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7683:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7640:
7634:
7626:
7625:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7519:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7462:
7460:Other aspects
7458:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7430:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7417:
7414:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7388:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7351:
7348:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7322:
7321:
7320:Musca depicta
7317:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7293:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7271:
7266:
7264:
7259:
7257:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7233:
7232:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7189:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7148:
7142:
7139:
7135:
7134:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7125:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7113:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7099:
7095:
7094:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7014:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6971:Kin selection
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6956:Haplodiploidy
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6908:
6903:
6901:
6896:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6873:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6847:
6846:Stenotritidae
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6833:Megachilidae
6831:
6829:
6823:
6821:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6762:
6758:
6748:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6610:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6595:(velvet ants)
6591:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6570:
6568:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6542:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6522:
6516:
6510:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6493:
6487:
6486:Scolebythidae
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6419:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6400:Trigonaloidea
6397:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6309:Tetracampidae
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6289:Signiphoridae
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6249:Neanastatidae
6247:
6245:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6221:Megastigmidae
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6086:Baeomorphidae
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5945:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5881:Sparasionidae
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5856:Janzenellidae
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5819:Ceraphronidae
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5796:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5727:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5671:
5667:Xiphydriidae
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5659:Xiphydrioidea
5656:
5650:
5644:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5617:Pamphiliidae
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5604:Pamphilioidea
5601:
5597:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5573:
5567:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5551:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5497:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5448:
5440:
5435:
5433:
5428:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5368:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5314:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5289:
5287:9781586637620
5283:
5279:
5272:
5264:
5257:
5249:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5230:
5222:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5168:
5152:. 22 May 1860
5151:
5145:
5137:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5118:
5110:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5076:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5048:
5047:
5039:
5037:
5021:
5015:
4996:
4989:
4988:
4980:
4964:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4908:
4902:
4887:
4881:
4865:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4833:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4814:
4798:
4792:
4776:
4769:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4697:
4691:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4598:
4594:
4593:"Roadrunners"
4588:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4525:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4500:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4475:
4459:
4455:
4453:
4445:
4437:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4418:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4390:Silva Gabreta
4384:
4382:
4381:D. adulterina
4378:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4315:(in German).
4314:
4307:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4158:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3894:(2): 138–143.
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3766:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3720:
3711:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3630:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3552:
3536:
3529:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3391:
3389:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3059:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3015:Huber, John;
3011:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2864:(5): 051902.
2863:
2859:
2851:
2849:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:miniature UAV
2303:
2299:
2298:Westland Wasp
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2185:Stieg Larsson
2182:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2114:play Σφῆκες (
2113:
2109:
2102:In literature
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:were made in
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1753:Latina rugosa
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1728:Pleistodontes
1724:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1701:). Likewise,
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:honey buzzard
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:immune system
1499:
1495:
1492:, parasitise
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1474:Ichneumonidae
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1401:pollen basket
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:kin selection
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:compound eyes
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:D. sylvestris
1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
981:
963:
962:
958:
954:
948:
943:
939:
938:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:
906:
901:
900:
899:
897:
896:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:
872:
868:
867:Ichneumonidae
864:
860:
855:
853:
852:
847:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:
823:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:
799:
795:
791:
786:
784:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
752:
751:
746:
737:
735:
734:
729:
725:
721:
718:rocks of the
717:
713:
712:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
673:
672:Middle Eocene
669:
668:
662:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:
633:
632:
627:
626:yellowjackets
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
593:
589:
581:
577:
576:yellowjackets
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
550:
546:
541:
527:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
510:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:yellowjackets
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:of the order
341:
337:
333:
321:
317:
314:
310:
309:
307:
303:
302:Cladistically
299:
293:
290:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
245:Trigonaloidea
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
220:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
131:
128:
127:
122:
117:
113:
108:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
31:
28:
23:
19:
7867:Pest insects
7805:Insecticides
7722:
7710:
7707:Hans Zinsser
7672:Clothes moth
7622:
7433:In mythology
7366:Fishing bait
7318:
7229:
7221:
7213:
7209:E. O. Wilson
7195:
7182:
7131:
7105:
7101:Thysanoptera
7091:
6933:Presociality
6872:Unicalcarida
6827:(sweat bees)
6779:(mason bees)
6734:Philanthidae
6701:Ampulicidae
6696:Ammoplanidae
6679:Spheciformes
6677:
6458:Chrysididae
6445:Chrysidoidea
6408:Trigonalidae
6382:Megalyroidea
6364:Stephanoidea
6294:Spalangiidae
6284:Pteromalidae
6274:Perilampidae
6254:Neodiparidae
6243:(fairyflies)
6216:Macromesidae
6186:Herbertiidae
6156:Eucharitidae
6131:Coelocybidae
6052:Chalcidoidea
6024:Monomachidae
6004:Austroniidae
5986:Vanhorniidae
5976:Peradeniidae
5906:(gall wasps)
5824:Megaspilidae
5752:
5669:(wood wasps)
5638:Anaxyelidae
5561:Diprionidae
5499:
5490:Holometabola
5488:Superorder:
5482:Infraclass:
5447:Hymenopteran
5411:
5404:
5356:
5335:. Retrieved
5331:the original
5321:
5302:
5296:
5277:
5271:
5262:
5256:
5236:
5229:
5208:
5199:
5187:. Retrieved
5183:the original
5154:. Retrieved
5144:
5124:
5117:
5093:
5083:
5064:
5055:
5049:. Macmillan.
5045:
5023:. Retrieved
5014:
5002:. Retrieved
4995:the original
4986:
4979:
4967:. Retrieved
4963:the original
4952:
4944:
4937:. Retrieved
4933:the original
4923:
4913:10 September
4911:. Retrieved
4901:
4889:. Retrieved
4880:
4868:. Retrieved
4858:
4850:the original
4840:
4820:
4813:
4801:. Retrieved
4791:
4779:. Retrieved
4768:
4756:. Retrieved
4752:the original
4747:
4738:
4726:. Retrieved
4722:the original
4712:
4700:. Retrieved
4690:
4678:. Retrieved
4674:
4664:
4652:. Retrieved
4648:
4638:
4626:. Retrieved
4623:Times Herald
4622:
4612:
4600:. Retrieved
4596:
4587:
4568:
4558:
4546:. Retrieved
4542:The Guardian
4541:
4532:
4513:
4507:
4482:
4474:
4462:. Retrieved
4457:
4451:
4444:
4424:
4417:
4405:. Retrieved
4398:the original
4393:
4389:
4380:
4376:
4368:
4335:
4325:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4291:
4282:
4276:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4182:(1): 13–21.
4179:
4175:
4165:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4110:(1): 92–99.
4107:
4103:
4097:
4085:. Retrieved
4074:
4055:
4049:
4037:. Retrieved
4026:
3981:
3977:
3967:
3955:. Retrieved
3944:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3913:. Retrieved
3891:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3869:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3781:
3777:
3731:
3727:
3718:
3710:
3690:
3680:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3633:. Retrieved
3623:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3567:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3528:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3466:
3460:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3397:
3375:. Retrieved
3367:
3358:
3346:. Retrieved
3332:
3320:. Retrieved
3306:
3286:
3243:
3237:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3186:. Retrieved
3181:
3177:
3167:
3159:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3092:. Retrieved
3084:
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3055:
3047:
3028:
3024:
3010:
2998:. Retrieved
2994:the original
2979:
2955:
2948:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2861:
2857:
2835:. Retrieved
2812:Pepsis heros
2811:
2810:
2791:
2784:
2760:
2753:
2733:
2698:
2694:
2636:
2626:
2592:(4): 55–64.
2589:
2583:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2547:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:the original
2517:
2497:
2490:
2447:
2443:
2430:
2422:the original
2397:. Retrieved
2383:
2364:
2351:
2272:
2257:
2249:
2240: (1880)
2237:
2220:
2204:
2188:
2175:(1957) is a
2170:
2169:
2163:
2143:both barrels
2139:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2108:Aristophanes
2105:
2096:wasp waisted
2069:
2035:
2020:
2009:
1979:
1964:
1932:
1918:
1915:insect pests
1892:
1873:
1846:
1826:
1809:provisioning
1805:
1781:
1758:Eucharitidae
1751:
1726:
1696:
1682:
1650:
1631:Philanthinae
1624:
1601:
1598:As predators
1589:
1585:D. norwegica
1583:
1577:
1570:Emery's rule
1562:
1556:
1550:
1540:
1527:As parasites
1517:Eucharitidae
1510:
1498:polydnavirus
1487:
1481:
1471:
1456:
1422:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1370:
1368:
1352:
1343:
1320:haplodiploid
1313:
1289:
1283:
1250:
1235:
1228:
1216:
1196:
1188:grasshoppers
1169:
1154:
1149:Vespa crabro
1147:
1116:
1112:Potter wasps
1108:pollen wasps
1100:
1092:
1071:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
986:
975:Social wasps
959:
935:
910:
893:
881:lepidopteran
874:
856:
849:
843:
825:
819:
801:
787:
775:
771:Chalcidoidea
756:
748:
731:
728:Baltic amber
709:
707:
680:
676:Baltic amber
665:
645:
635:
629:
628:(the genera
613:
611:
597:without the
588:paraphyletic
585:
572:common wasps
545:paraphyletic
521:
507:
504:Aristophanes
497:
482:
464:
448:horticulture
432:parasitoidal
424:cuckoo wasps
391:haplodiploid
372:
370:their prey.
331:
329:
260:Chalcidoidea
250:Megalyroidea
225:Stephanoidea
201:Unicalcarida
197:(unranked):
124:
27:
22:
7791:Categories,
7770:Insecticide
7601:Sericulture
7572:Royal jelly
7497:Flea circus
7487:Entomophagy
7421:Cantharidin
7416:Spanish fly
7391:In medicine
7371:Fly fishing
7302:In the arts
7107:Kladothrips
7043:Crabronidae
7028:Hymenoptera
6941:Agriculture
6914:Eusociality
6825:Halictidae
6817:Colletidae
6806:orchid bees
6798:cuckoo bees
6777:Andrenidae
6719:Crabronidae
6656:Formicidae
6648:Formicoidea
6606:Pompilidae
6593:Mutillidae
6585:Pompiloidea
6559:Chyphotidae
6476:Plumariidae
6471:Embolemidae
6390:Megalyridae
6372:Stephanidae
6236:Moranilidae
6206:Leucospidae
6201:Idioporidae
6196:Heydeniidae
6176:Eurytomidae
6126:Cleonymidae
6116:Chalcididae
6091:Boucekiidae
6076:Aphelinidae
6070:(fig wasps)
6019:Maamingidae
5996:Diaprioidea
5971:Pelecinidae
5961:Roproniidae
5927:Liopteridae
5876:Scelionidae
5792:(braconids)
5790:Braconidae
5648:(horntails)
5553:Cimbicidae
4039:14 February
3658:: 121–150.
3017:Noyes, John
2833:. DesertUSA
2569:(1): 55–63.
2128:H. G. Wells
2026:rugby union
1994:insect pest
1937:greenhouses
1895:Aphelinidae
1824:Wasp beetle
1788:iridescence
1778:Chrysididae
1737:mutualistic
1703:roadrunners
1669:wasp beetle
1647:Aposematism
1608:Crabronidae
1591:D. arenaria
1543:Chrysididae
1537:Cuckoo wasp
1515:wasps, the
1441:mutualistic
1336:chromosomes
1304:amino acids
1266:Spider wasp
1223:Crabronidae
1157:exoskeleton
1123:Chrysididae
1104:Mud daubers
1087:Potter wasp
851:Kikiki huna
711:Palaeovespa
564:Hymenoptera
518:H. G. Wells
444:pest insect
420:pollinators
414:. Some are
344:Hymenoptera
265:Diaprioidea
191:Hymenoptera
7841:Categories
7810:Pesticides
7547:Bee pollen
7542:Beekeeping
7524:entomology
7467:Biomimicry
7399:Apitherapy
7359:In fishing
7314:Beetlewing
7295:in culture
7162:Coalescent
7150:In culture
7127:Coleoptera
7093:Synalpheus
7087:Crustacean
7048:Halictidae
6976:Polyethism
6870:See also:
6841:Melittidae
6794:bumblebees
6790:honey bees
6761:Anthophila
6744:Sphecidae
6724:Mellinidae
6714:Bembicidae
6635:Scoliidae
6627:Scolioidea
6614:Sapygidae
6601:Myrmosidae
6564:Thynnidae
6551:Thynnoidea
6538:Tiphiidae
6525:Tiphioidea
6453:Bethylidae
6346:Evaniidae
6333:Evanioidea
6299:Systasidae
6241:Mymaridae
6211:Lyciscidae
6171:Eupelmidae
6161:Eulophidae
6146:Encyrtidae
6068:Agaonidae
6009:Diapriidae
5904:Cynipidae
5891:Cynipoidea
5866:Nixoniidae
5709:Orussidae
5701:Orussoidea
5646:Siricidae
5630:Siricoidea
5476:Subclass:
5466:Arthropoda
4319:: 352–362.
4143:Solenopsis
3188:14 October
3184:(1): 63–76
3178:Acta Agron
2926:Megascolia
2617:2445/36428
2553:Poinar, G.
2498:Entomology
2376:References
2357:Braconidae
2252:Royal Navy
2244:Royal Navy
2156:Botticelli
2154:Detail of
2110:wrote the
2065:silhouette
2057:Wasp waist
2048:In fashion
1957:strawberry
1929:pesticides
1899:Braconidae
1685:bee-eaters
1616:Pompilidae
1513:chalcidoid
1383:homozygous
1274:Salticidae
1270:Pompilidae
1256:Pompilidae
997:Polistinae
885:haemolymph
871:Pompilidae
863:Braconidae
836:parasitoid
832:ovipositor
816:parasitoid
814:; it is a
753:sp., India
695:Cretaceous
650:Polistinae
543:Wasps are
489:parasitoid
471:Cretaceous
438:with such
400:ovipositor
393:system of
320:Formicidae
313:Anthophila
275:Cynipoidea
235:Evanioidea
207:Suborder:
171:Arthropoda
7793:templates
7765:Pesticide
7381:Fly tying
7120:Aphididae
7115:Hemiptera
7053:Honey bee
6991:Thelytoky
6946:Gamergate
6709:Astatidae
6512:Vespidae
6496:Vespoidea
6466:Dryinidae
6341:Aulacidae
6314:Torymidae
6279:Pirenidae
6264:Ormyridae
6259:Ooderidae
6166:Eunotidae
6141:Diparidae
6096:Calesidae
6014:Ismaridae
5966:Heloridae
5922:Ibaliidae
5917:Figitidae
5688:Cephidae
5680:Cephoidea
5590:Xyeloidea
5569:Pergidae
5478:Pterygota
5458:Kingdom:
4866:. Pitcher
4680:23 August
4654:23 August
4628:23 August
4597:Avian Web
4491:, 82–83.
4352:2246/5782
4139:Wasmannia
3603:Behaviour
3563:Behaviour
3031:: 17–44.
2922:Triscolia
2871:0710.2692
2858:Phys. Rev
2292:from the
2271:USS
2256:HMS
2236:HMS
2207:evolution
2121:The Wasps
2072:jewellery
2022:Wasps RFC
1949:aubergine
1903:Mymaridae
1833:of wasps.
1733:coevolved
1723:fig wasps
1612:Sphecidae
1564:Ammophila
1494:horntails
1437:coevolved
1429:fig wasps
1425:Agaonidae
1413:Penstemon
1408:Masarinae
1354:Wolbachia
1350:bacterium
1348:with the
1278:provision
1252:Predatory
1242:Sphecidae
1237:Ammophila
1214:Sand wasp
1192:proboscis
1184:mandibles
1118:Predatory
1098:species.
970:Sociality
957:tarantula
921:Scoliidae
840:Mymaridae
778:arthropod
763:fig trees
740:Diversity
699:Fig wasps
612:The term
512:, and in
509:The Wasps
493:Mymaridae
416:predators
294:(in part)
157:Kingdom:
151:Eukaryota
7733:Concerns
7685:Pioneers
7662:Woodworm
7567:Propolis
7522:Economic
7409:Melittin
7404:Apitoxin
7223:The Ants
7141:Isoptera
7065:Mammalia
7058:Vespidae
6739:Psenidae
6081:Azotidae
5596:Xyelidae
5537:Argidae
5484:Neoptera
5464:Phylum:
5460:Animalia
5449:families
5237:USS Wasp
5091:(1957).
5063:(1989).
4891:5 August
4870:5 August
4803:5 August
4728:5 August
4702:5 August
4567:(2005).
4360:53048610
4268:15019524
4018:15851680
3957:5 August
3915:5 August
3853:19834483
3818:20976063
3778:PLOS ONE
3756:54687768
3688:(2000).
3672:10761573
3452:18088974
3229:86577862
3151:13911928
3143:24626926
3085:Iowa Now
3019:(2013).
2961:Elsevier
2904:30936410
2896:19113150
2673:22303121
2555:(2005).
2537:5 August
2474:24094856
2316:See also
2215:Asa Gray
2187:'s book
2136:(1904):
2084:brooches
2042:Scotland
2031:Wasps FC
2017:In sport
1990:whitefly
1953:marigold
1945:cucumber
1933:Encarsia
1925:whitefly
1870:As pests
1735:and are
1667:and the
1665:hoverfly
1604:Vespidae
1357:induced
1296:salivary
1096:eusocial
1068:latitude
993:Vespinae
989:Vespidae
767:fig wasp
750:Polistes
724:Colorado
691:Jurassic
683:Xyelidae
622:eusocial
618:Vespidae
607:Symphyta
595:Apocrita
580:Vespidae
568:Symphyta
554:without
552:Apocrita
467:Jurassic
460:tomatoes
456:whitefly
404:Aculeata
387:eusocial
385:and are
383:Vespidae
364:Aculeata
356:sawflies
340:Apocrita
292:Aculeata
211:Apocrita
167:Phylum:
161:Animalia
147:Domain:
7657:Bed bug
7639:insects
7637:Harmful
7613:Shellac
7557:Beeswax
7512:Jingzhe
7292:insects
7288:Aspects
7281:insects
7080:Meerkat
7070:Blesmol
6669:Apoidea
5472:Insecta
5470:Class:
5445:Extant
5402:DermNet
5397:Waspweb
5349:Sources
5337:12 June
5025:10 June
5004:17 June
4969:17 June
4939:10 June
4781:12 June
4758:15 July
4696:"Wasps"
4548:18 June
4464:20 June
4407:23 June
4248:Bibcode
4112:Bibcode
4087:15 June
4009:1131861
3986:Bibcode
3809:2957437
3786:Bibcode
3736:Bibcode
3635:15 June
3584:4534782
3541:15 June
3432:Bibcode
3377:16 June
3348:12 June
3322:12 June
3123:Bibcode
3115:Science
3094:18 June
3064:15 June
3056:Euceros
3000:15 June
2876:Bibcode
2837:13 June
2664:3253632
2641:Bibcode
2637:ZooKeys
2594:Bibcode
2590:ZooKeys
2452:Bibcode
2399:18 June
2116:Sphēkes
2080:emerald
2076:diamond
2061:Polaire
1689:sallies
1679:As prey
1643:Mimicry
1627:beewolf
1506:oviduct
1389:Ecology
1340:haploid
1332:diploid
1199:maggots
1165:petiole
1138:Anatomy
1133:Biology
919:in the
895:Gurania
876:Euceros
808:Sumatra
798:scoliid
656:Fossils
644:(genus
642:hornets
631:Vespula
379:hornets
350:nor an
334:is any
318:family
187:Order:
181:Insecta
177:Class:
7596:Kermes
7591:Chitin
7584:Polish
7038:Apidae
7021:Groups
6921:Topics
6785:Apidae
6767:(bees)
6658:(ants)
6101:Ceidae
5944:s.str.
5363:
5309:
5284:
5244:
5217:
5189:1 July
5132:
5105:
5071:
4828:
4575:
4520:
4495:
4432:
4358:
4266:
4153:
4062:
4016:
4006:
3861:771357
3859:
3851:
3816:
3806:
3754:
3698:
3670:
3582:
3473:
3450:
3405:
3294:
3254:
3227:
3149:
3141:
2967:
2930:Scolia
2902:
2894:
2803:
2772:
2741:
2671:
2661:
2505:
2482:230835
2480:
2472:
2418:"Wasp"
2112:comedy
2092:silver
1961:aphids
1955:, and
1941:tomato
1905:, and
1614:, and
1300:sugars
1286:nectar
1280:a nest
1180:vertex
1176:ocelli
1018:saliva
716:Eocene
426:, are
336:insect
322:(ants)
315:(bees)
311:clade
123:wasp,
121:social
7872:Wasps
7562:Honey
7279:with
5156:4 May
4998:(PDF)
4991:(PDF)
4602:3 May
4401:(PDF)
4386:(PDF)
4356:S2CID
4035:. BBC
3857:S2CID
3752:S2CID
3724:(PDF)
3580:JSTOR
3372:CSIRO
3225:S2CID
3174:(PDF)
3147:S2CID
2900:S2CID
2866:arXiv
2478:S2CID
2440:(PDF)
2343:Notes
2304:is a
2286:Wespe
2263:sloop
2164:vespa
2082:wasp
1992:, an
1829:is a
1620:pests
1478:woody
1276:) to
1014:resin
783:galls
664:Male
646:Vespa
592:clade
549:clade
516:from
440:hosts
408:sting
368:sting
360:clade
7606:Silk
7234:1994
7226:1990
7218:1975
7198:2000
7185:1927
5361:ISBN
5339:2015
5307:ISBN
5282:ISBN
5242:ISBN
5215:ISBN
5191:2016
5158:2011
5130:ISBN
5103:ISBN
5094:Wasp
5069:ISBN
5027:2015
5006:2015
4971:2015
4941:2015
4915:2015
4893:2015
4872:2015
4826:ISBN
4805:2015
4783:2015
4760:2013
4730:2015
4704:2015
4682:2021
4675:AARP
4656:2021
4630:2021
4604:2012
4573:ISBN
4550:2015
4518:ISBN
4493:ISBN
4466:2015
4430:ISBN
4409:2015
4264:PMID
4151:ISBN
4141:and
4089:2015
4060:ISBN
4041:2018
4014:PMID
3978:PNAS
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