793:
811:
690:
478:
512:
823:
1403:
844:
494:
340:
1379:
1362:
540:), which is absent in braconids. Vein 1rs-m of the fore wing is absent in all ichneumonids, but is present in 85% of braconids. In the hind wing of ichneumonids, vein rs-m joins Rs apical to (or rarely opposite) the split between veins Rs and R1. In braconids, vein rs-m joins basal to this split. The taxa also differ in the structure of the metasoma: about 90% of ichneumonids have a flexible suture between tergites 2 and 3, whereas these tergites are fused in braconids (though the suture is secondarily flexible in
1391:
161:
781:
667:
566:
552:
576:
136:
108:
660:
either for hosts (female ichneumonids) or for emerging females (male ichneumonids). The parasitism pressure exerted by ichneumonids can be tremendous, and they are often one of the major regulators of invertebrate populations. It is quite common for 10-20% or more of a host's population to be parasitised (though reported parasitism rates often include non-ichneumonid parasitoids).
707:
731:
757:
659:
Adult ichneumonids feed on a diversity of foods, including plant sap and nectar; females of some species also feed on their hosts by sipping body fluids released during oviposition, or even stabbing host and non-host insects to imbibe their body fluids. They spend much of their active time searching,
1348:
I own that I cannot see as plainly as others do, and as I should wish to do, evidence of design and beneficence on all sides of us. There seems to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade myself that a beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly created the
Ichneumonidae with the
713:
711:
708:
649:
Ichneumonids use both idiobiont and koinobiont strategies. Idiobionts paralyze their host and prevent it from moving or growing. Koinobionts allow their host to continue to grow and develop. In both strategies, the host typically dies after some weeks, after which the ichneumonid larva emerges and
851:
The taxonomy of the ichneumonids is still poorly known. The family is highly diverse, containing 24,000 described species. Approximately 60,000 species are estimated to exist worldwide, though some estimates place this number at over 100,000. They are severely undersampled, and studies of their
1578:
The wasps that are nicknamed 'the ichneumons' (or hunters), less in size, by the way, than the ordinary wasp, kill spiders and carry off the dead bodies to a wall or some such place with a hole in it; this hole they smear over with mud and lay their grubs inside it, and from the grubs come the
712:
734:
906:
In 1999, the extant ichneumonids were divided into 39 subfamilies, whose names and definitions have varied considerably. In 2019, combined morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family resulted in the following 41 subfamilies being recognized, in addition to the extinct
733:
738:
737:
732:
852:
diversity typically produce very high numbers of species which are represented by only a single individual. Due to the high diversity, the existence of numerous small and hard to identify species, and the majority of species being undiscovered, it has proven difficult to resolve the
739:
412:", c. 343 BC. Aristotle noted that the ichneumon preys upon spiders, is a wasp smaller than ordinary wasps, and carries its prey to a hole which they lay their larvae inside, and that they seal the hole with mud. Aristotle's writing, however, more accurately describes the
710:
762:
761:
758:
736:
763:
612:'s body or onto its surface, and this may require penetration of substrate around the host, as in wood-boring host larvae that live deep inside of tree trunks, requiring the ichneumon to drill its ovipositor through several centimeters of solid wood (e.g.,
882:, the lineage in which parasitoidism in Hymenoptera evolved, and some ichneumonids are thought to have been in stasis for millions of years and closely resemble the common ancestor in which parasitoidism evolved. This common ancestor was likely an
810:
595:
The distribution of ichneumonid species richness is subject to ongoing debate. Long believed to be rare in the tropics, and at its most species rich in the temperate region, the family became a classic textbook example of an 'exceptional'
2396:
Townes, H. K. (1971). "Genera of
Ichneumonidae, Part 4 (Cremastinae, Phrudinae, Tersilochinae, Ophioninae, Mesochorinae, Metopiinae, Anomalinae, Acaenitinae, Microleptinae, Orthopelmatinae, Collyriinae, Orthocentrinae, Diplazontinae)".
760:
792:
1335:
The perceived cruelty of the ichneumonids troubled philosophers, naturalists, and theologians in the 19th century, who found the parasitoid life cycle inconsistent with the notion of a world created by a loving and benevolent God.
1513:
Klopfstein, Seraina; Santos, Bernardo F.; Shaw, Mark R.; Alvarado, Mabel; Bennett, Andrew M. R.; Dal Pos, Davide; Giannotta, Madalene; Herrera Florez, Andres F.; Karlsson, Dave; Khalaim, Andrey I.; Lima, Alessandro R. (2019).
871:. Due to the taxonomic difficulties involved, however, their classifications and terminology are often confusingly contradictory. Several prominent authors have gone as far as to publish major reviews that defy the
1454:
Yu, D. S.; van
Achterberg, C.; Horstmann, K. (2016). Taxapad 2016. Ichneumonoidea 2015 (Biological and taxonomical information), Taxapad Interactive Catalogue Database on flash-drive. Nepean, Ottawa, Canada.
459:, ichneumonid females have an unmodified ovipositor which they use to lay eggs inside or on their host. Ichneumonids generally inject venom along with the egg, but only larger species (some in the genera
332:
insects and spiders, eventually killing their hosts. They thus fulfill an important role as regulators of insect populations, both in natural and semi-natural systems, making them promising agents for
878:
The large number of species in
Ichneumonidae may be due to the evolution of parasitoidism in Hymenoptera, which occurred approximately 247 million years ago. Ichneumonidae is the basal branch of
709:
1402:
1340:
found the example of the
Ichneumonidae so troubling that it contributed to his increasing doubts about the nature and existence of a Creator. In an 1860 letter to the American naturalist
735:
2907:
304:. They are one of the most diverse groups within the Hymenoptera with roughly 25,000 species described as of 2016. However, this likely represents less than a quarter of their true
493:
759:
2089:
Hawkins, Bradford A.; Cornell, Howard V.; Hochberg, Michael E. (October 1997). "Predators, parasitoids, and pathogens as mortality agents in phytophagous insect populations".
2418:
592:
Ichneumonids are found on all continents with the exception of
Antarctica. They inhabit virtually all terrestrial habitats, wherever there are suitable invertebrate hosts.
2456:
Peters, Ralph S.; Krogmann, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Donath, Alexander; Gunkel, Simon; Meusemann, Karen; Kozlov, Alexey; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Petersen, Malte (2017-04-03).
2632:
Kopylov, D. S. (March 2010). "Ichneumonids of the subfamily
Tanychorinae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Transbaikalia and Mongolia".
1579:
hunter-wasps. ... The eagle and the snake are enemies, for the eagle lives on snakes; so are the ichneumon and the venom-spider, for the ichneumon preys upon the latter.
351:, since the family was thought to be at its most species-rich in the temperate zone instead of the tropics, but numerous new tropical species have now been discovered.
2507:
Heraty, John; Ronquist, Fredrik; Carpenter, James M.; Hawks, David; Schulmeister, Susanne; Dowling, Ashley P.; Murray, Debra; Munro, James; Wheeler, Ward C. (2011).
1378:
404:
The name is derived from Latin 'ichneumon', from
Ancient Greek ጰÏΜΔÏÎŒÏÎœ (ikhneĂșmĆn, "tracker"), from ጎÏÎœÎżÏ (Ăkhnos, "track, footstep"). The name first appeared in
2855:
Tereshkin, A. (2009): Illustrated key to the tribes of subfamilia
Ichneumoninae and genera of the tribe Platylabini of world fauna (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae).
1700:
2589:
Kopylov, D. S. (January 2009). "A new subfamily of ichneumonids from the Lower
Cretaceous of Transbaikalia and Mongolia (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)".
689:
2149:
477:
3697:
696:
3742:
1934:
1904:
1127:
3652:
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3415:
1152:
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oviposit inside the larvae of other ichneumonoids. The hosts of some species are agricultural pests, therefore ichneumons are sometimes valuable for
1747:"We Know Too Little about Parasitoid Wasp Distributions to Draw Any Conclusions about Latitudinal Trends in Species Richness, Body Size and Biology"
3707:
1209:
966:
4726:
4582:
3602:
1224:
1121:
1113:
642:, but the hosts of most species are unknown; host information has been reviewed and summarized by various researchers, e.g. Aubert, Perkins. and
822:
3770:
3732:
3647:
3492:
1168:
4621:
3992:
3752:
3717:
3607:
1215:
1191:
1035:
992:
949:
872:
673:
1982:
Gauld, Ian D. (1988). "Evolutionary patterns of host utilization by ichneumonoid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae and Braconidae)*".
4230:
1160:
3775:
2675:
Spasojevic, Tamara; Broad, Gavin R.; SÀÀksjÀrvi, Ilari E.; Schwarz, Martin; Ito, Masato; Korenko, Stanislav; Klopfstein, Seraina (2021).
984:
2806:
2330:
Townes, H. K. (1969a). "Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 1 (Ephialtinae, Tryphoninae, Labiinae, Adelognathinae, Xoridinae, Agriotypinae)".
2054:
Vårkonyi, Gergely; Hanski, Ilkka; Rost, Martin; ItÀmies, Juhani (September 2002). "Host-Parasitoid Dynamics in Periodic Boreal Moths".
597:
348:
2729:
1496:
Broad, G. R.; Shaw, M. R.; Fitton, M. G. (2018). "Ichneumonid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): their classification and biology".
511:
2677:"Mind the Outgroup and Bare Branches in Total-Evidence Dating: a Case Study of Pimpliform Darwin Wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)"
1608:
Janzen, Daniel H. (1981-06-01). "The Peak in North American Ichneumonid Species Richness Lies Between 38 Degrees and 42 Degrees N".
4556:
471:) with relatively short ovipositors use the ovipositor in defense. Males do not possess stingers or ovipositors in either lineage.
4595:
4716:
2890:
1419:
2953:
1571:
618:
species). After hatching, the ichneumonid larva consumes its still living host. The most common hosts are larvae or pupae of
4600:
451:): ichneumonids typically possess 16 or more, while most other wasps have 13 or fewer. Unlike aculeate wasps, which have an
1875:
The West Palaearctic ichneumonids and their hosts. 3. Scolobatinae (= Ctenopelmatinae) and supplements to preceding volumes
2546:
Pennacchio, Francesco; Strand, Michael R. (2005-12-06). "Evolution of developmental strategies in parasitic Hymenoptera".
1464:
J. LaSalle; Ian David Gauld (1993). "Hymenoptera: Their Diversity, and Their Impact on the Diversity of Other Organisms".
608:
A very few ichneumonid species lay their eggs in the ground, but the vast majority inject eggs either directly into their
2155:
1871:
Les Ichneumonides ouest-paléarctiques et leurs hÎtes. 3. Scolobatinae (=Ctenopelmatinae) et suppl. aux volumes précédents
1289:
2038:
1473:
4683:
4535:
666:
1349:
express intention of their feeding within the living bodies of Caterpillars, or that a cat should play with mice.
4626:
4548:
2124:
Memmott, J.; Godfray, H.C.J.; Gauld, I.D. (July 1994). "The structure of a tropical host-parasitoid community".
2102:
1931:
Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea: Ichneumonidae, subfamilies Ichneumoninae 2, Alomyinae, Agriotypinae and Lycorininae
1515:
2895:
2374:
Townes, H. K. (1969c). "Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 3 (Lycorininae, Banchinae, Scolobatinae, Porizontinae)".
1274:
1390:
1361:
4608:
2915:
1269:
2171:"Freezing cold yet diverse: dissecting a high-Arctic parasitoid community associated with Lepidoptera hosts"
856:
of the ichneumonids. Even the relationships between subfamilies are unclear. The sheer diversity also means
1279:
160:
4465:
4452:
1408:
Morphology of the abdomen and processes of the thorax: (E) front wing; (F) leg III; (G) abdomen of female
537:
433:
1653:"Explaining the latitudinal gradient anomaly in ichneumonid species richness: Evidence from butterflies"
886:
woodwasp that parasitized wood-boring beetle larvae in trees. The family has existed since at least the
436:
on top of the head. Their size varies considerably from a few millimetres to seven or more centimetres.
381:
within the Ichneumonidae and thus can cause confusion. A group of ichneumonid specialists have proposed
4721:
2882:
1516:"Darwin wasps: a new name heralds renewed efforts to unravel the evolutionary history of Ichneumonidae"
898:(c. 181 mya), soon after the appearance of its major host groups. It diversified during the Oligocene.
559:
sp.). The presence of vein 2m-cu and absence of vein 1Rs+M distinguish the wing from that of braconids.
4675:
4470:
1847:] (in French). Paris & EDIFAT-OPIDA, Echauffour: Laboratoire d'Evolution des Etres Organises.
4688:
4636:
2946:
1694:
Veijalainen, A.; Wahlberg, N.; Broad, G. R.; Erwin, T. L.; Longino, J. T.; Saaksjarvi, I. E. (2012).
1657:
800:
2416:
Oehlke, J (1966). "Die westpalÀarktische Arte der Tribus Poemeniini (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) ".
1845:
The Western Palearctic ichneumon wasps and their hosts. 2. Banchinae and supplement to the Pimplinae
247:
780:
600:. Recently this belief has been questioned, after the discovery of numerous new tropical species.
536:
mainly on the basis of wing venation. The fore wing of 95% of ichneumonids has vein 2m-cu (in the
4443:
1294:
639:
333:
843:
4711:
4662:
4405:
1561:
1314:
4657:
4587:
2810:
501:
347:
The distribution of the ichneumonids was traditionally considered an exception to the common
4649:
2308:
Gauld, I. D. (1976). "The classification of the Anomaloninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)".
1815:
The Western Palearctic ichneumon wasps and their hosts. 1. Pimplinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitinae
4504:
2939:
2726:
1760:
1304:
770:
720:
313:
308:
as reliable estimates are lacking, along with much of the most basic knowledge about their
2559:
1443:
The braconid and ichneumonid parasitoid wasps: biology, systematics, evolution and ecology
8:
1841:
Les Ichneumonides ouest-palearctiques et leurs hotes 2. Banchinae et Suppl. aux Pimplinae
1811:
Les Ichneumonides ouest-palearctiques et leurs hotes 1. Pimplinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitinae
1309:
1764:
2703:
2676:
2657:
2614:
2244:
2209:
2190:
2141:
2106:
2071:
1995:
1783:
1746:
1722:
1695:
1676:
1633:
1368:
1324:
1319:
868:
746:
643:
409:
320:. It is estimated that there are more species in this family than there are species of
155:
2878:
2210:"Variation in the diversity and richness of parasitoid wasps based on sampling effort"
2067:
867:
Extensive catalogues of the ichneumonids include those by Aubert, Gauld, Perkins, and
654:
4644:
4491:
4457:
3835:
3667:
3350:
2708:
2649:
2606:
2571:
2563:
2528:
2489:
2290:
2285:
2268:
2249:
2231:
2034:
2018:
1999:
1964:
1938:
1908:
1878:
1848:
1818:
1788:
1727:
1671:
1652:
1625:
1567:
1479:
1469:
1384:
Morphology of the head and its processes: (Đ) head capsule; (Đ) antenna; (ĐĄ) mandible
829:
328:
combined. Ichneumonid wasps, with very few exceptions, attack the immature stages of
2661:
2618:
2269:"The effectiveness and optimal use of Malaise traps for monitoring parasitoid wasps"
2194:
1284:
4088:
4020:
3820:
3377:
3128:
2786:
2698:
2688:
2641:
2598:
2555:
2520:
2479:
2469:
2280:
2239:
2221:
2182:
2133:
2098:
2063:
2026:
1991:
1778:
1768:
1717:
1709:
1666:
1617:
1537:
1527:
887:
305:
297:
293:
30:
569:
Ichneumonid hind wing. Vein rs-m joins Rs after the split between veins Rs and R1.
416:
than the true ichneumon wasps, which do not construct mud nests and do not sting.
4496:
4049:
3550:
3453:
3359:
3061:
3045:
2919:
2733:
2030:
1773:
1176:
1085:
1017:
908:
456:
4613:
2774:
2524:
579:
Braconid hind wing. Vein rs-m joins Rs before the split between veins Rs and R1.
4543:
4530:
4428:
4245:
3997:
3870:
3785:
3747:
3637:
3627:
3622:
3558:
3497:
3428:
3387:
3367:
3327:
3298:
3093:
2931:
2508:
1532:
1337:
1143:
924:
883:
609:
329:
232:
2925:
2645:
2602:
2474:
2457:
4705:
4362:
4326:
4318:
4002:
3825:
3805:
3765:
3737:
3397:
3372:
3335:
3120:
2693:
2653:
2610:
2567:
2294:
2235:
2003:
1968:
1942:
1912:
1882:
1852:
1822:
1629:
1299:
1233:
1067:
1061:
1044:
1026:
975:
429:
65:
2831:
1483:
455:
modified for prey capture and defense, and do not pass their eggs along the
4388:
4349:
4250:
4212:
4195:
3961:
3924:
3916:
3810:
3800:
3790:
3702:
3672:
3568:
3540:
3520:
3502:
3340:
3183:
3175:
3133:
3006:
2712:
2575:
2532:
2493:
2253:
1792:
1731:
1713:
1097:
940:
932:
857:
635:
530:
439:
The ichneumonids have more antennal segments than typical, aculeate wasps (
143:
2019:"Food needs of adult parasitoids: Behavioral adaptations and consequences"
339:
4569:
4437:
4235:
4217:
4122:
4101:
4075:
3987:
3974:
3906:
3898:
3888:
3880:
3722:
3712:
3692:
3642:
3632:
3592:
3535:
3512:
3487:
3477:
3443:
3392:
3154:
3077:
2963:
2791:
1696:"Unprecedented ichneumonid parasitoid wasp diversity in tropical forests"
1242:
1091:
1052:
1000:
916:
816:
Campoplegine pupa, with empty skin of caterpillar it parasitised above it
627:
619:
522:
301:
212:
40:
1961:
A catalogue and reclassification of the eastern Palearctic Ichneumonidae
1542:
860:
data is only available for a tiny fraction of the species, and detailed
565:
551:
4357:
4341:
4333:
4322:
4314:
4293:
4240:
4117:
4109:
4067:
4041:
3969:
3849:
3815:
3727:
3687:
3677:
3662:
3525:
3407:
3382:
3306:
3270:
3146:
3069:
2484:
2226:
2186:
2110:
2075:
1817:] (in French). Paris: Laboratoire d'Evolution des Etres Organises.
1680:
1637:
1135:
1105:
623:
614:
541:
533:
467:
452:
413:
390:
85:
50:
2832:"Letter 2814 â Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 22 May [1860]"
4574:
4517:
4483:
4310:
4306:
4260:
4225:
4151:
4143:
4130:
4080:
4054:
4012:
3982:
3862:
3857:
3830:
3795:
3780:
3682:
3657:
3612:
3584:
3530:
3482:
3438:
3433:
3420:
3225:
3217:
3196:
2994:
2982:
1557:
1250:
1200:
1182:
1076:
1008:
958:
861:
853:
631:
575:
444:
405:
317:
192:
172:
90:
4561:
4399:
2437:
Oehlke, J (1967). "WestpalÀarktische Ichneumonidae 1, Ephialtinae".
2352:
Townes, H. K. (1969b). "Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 2 (Gelinae)".
2267:
Fraser, Sally E. M.; Dytham, Calvin; Mayhew, Peter J. (2008-02-01).
2170:
2145:
1621:
750:
laying eggs in dead wood, parasitising larvae of beetles or sawflies
505:. Ovipositor longer and more slender than stingers of aculeate wasps
4522:
4478:
4422:
4255:
4028:
3938:
3757:
3597:
3246:
3204:
3162:
3112:
3106:
3085:
3017:
3000:
1751:
1341:
895:
879:
679:
440:
398:
222:
147:
135:
80:
75:
60:
55:
45:
2912:
122:
107:
4185:
4031:(paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets)
3053:
2901:
2727:
Classification and Systematics of the Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)
2137:
461:
448:
428:. They have a slender waist, two pairs of wings, a pair of large
385:
as a better vernacular name for the family. Less exact terms are
309:
116:
95:
70:
2747:
2674:
1963:. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute. Vol. 5.
4301:
3617:
2988:
2976:
2863:
2773:
Bennett, A.M.R.; Cardinal, S.; Gauld, I.D.; Wahl, D.B. (2021).
1738:
359:
325:
202:
182:
126:
34:
2896:
Ichneumonidae:Classification of afrotropical ichneumonid wasps
4670:
3460:
2775:"Phylogeny of the subfamilies of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera)"
1693:
1596:
Hymenoptera of the World, an Identification Guide to Families
425:
375:
4509:
2506:
1901:
Ichneumonidae, key to subfamilies and Ichneumoninae â 1
1512:
4193:
2310:
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology
2103:
10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[2145:PPAPAM]2.0.CO;2
397:
due to the extreme lengthening and curving of the abdomen (
321:
1598:, Agriculture Canada Research Branch Monograph No. 1894E.
1468:. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: C.A.B. International. p. 1.
4277:
4172:
4164:
2455:
2053:
1687:
1463:
2772:
1959:
Townes, Henry; Momoi, Setsuya; Townes, Marjorie (1965).
1701:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
847:
An ichneumonid caught in amber 15-20 million years ago.
2088:
1924:
1922:
1894:
1892:
2391:
2389:
1954:
1952:
1877:]. Litterae Zoologicae (in French). Vol. 5.
1864:
1862:
1834:
1832:
1804:
1802:
2904:
Comprehensive taxonomic resource and image database
2208:Saunders, Thomas E.; Ward, Darren F. (2018-04-05).
2123:
1919:
1889:
1498:
Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects
1064:(= Paxylommatinae) (sometimes placed in own family)
2386:
2266:
1949:
1935:Handbook for the Identification of British Insects
1905:Handbook for the Identification of British Insects
1859:
1829:
1799:
634:also parasitise spiders. Hyperparasitoids such as
1958:
4703:
2961:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2736:. Version of 1999-JUL-19. Retrieved 2008-JUN-18.
2545:
2016:
1508:
1506:
424:Adult ichneumonids superficially resemble other
362:in the family Ichneumonidae are commonly called
2399:Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute
2376:Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute
2354:Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute
2332:Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute
2017:Olson, D. M.; Takasu, K.; Lewis, W. J. (2005).
1330:
894:125 mya), but probably appeared already in the
2908:Images of Ichneumonidae species in New Zealand
2168:
1566:. Booklassic. p. section 87, chapter 20.
1239:(includes Neorhacodinae and part of Phrudinae)
2947:
2844:
2509:"Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation"
2369:
2367:
2347:
2345:
2325:
2323:
1503:
873:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
2207:
2766:
2023:Plant-Provided Food for Carnivorous Insects
1260:
838:
2954:
2940:
2364:
2342:
2320:
1650:
864:studies require major computing capacity.
529:Ichneumonids are distinguished from their
134:
106:
2790:
2702:
2692:
2483:
2473:
2458:"Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera"
2284:
2243:
2225:
2169:VĂĄrkonyi, Gergely; Roslin, Tomas (2013).
1984:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1782:
1772:
1721:
1670:
1556:
1541:
1531:
1445:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1014:(= Gelinae, Hemitelinae, Phygadeuontinae)
349:latitudinal gradient in species diversity
2719:
1437:
1435:
842:
603:
574:
564:
550:
354:
338:
2631:
2588:
2373:
2351:
2329:
1928:
1898:
4704:
2824:
2754:. The American Entomological Institute
2436:
2415:
2395:
1868:
1838:
1808:
1744:
1651:Sime, K. R.; Brower, A. V. Z. (1998).
1607:
1594:. In: Goulet, H. and J. Huber (eds.).
1420:Checklist of UK recorded Ichneumonidae
4404:
4403:
2935:
2799:
2745:
2560:10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151029
2513:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2307:
1981:
1432:
1230:(sometimes included in Microleptinae)
1149:(sometimes included in Microleptinae)
1032:(sometimes included in Microleptinae)
4727:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille
4676:EC1E879E-FF85-5322-FF4D-FBF5FD366D9F
4637:884a0301-b94e-4799-b142-cd40402d0294
4549:f89c6db8-c279-48c4-8068-ea5b0673bd02
1290:Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst
1058:(sometimes included in Tryphoninae)
13:
2748:"American Entomological Institute"
1996:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00476.x
1265:Famous ichneumonologists include:
774:drinking from damaged edge of leaf
432:on the side of the head and three
14:
4738:
2872:
2273:Insect Conservation and Diversity
2068:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980306.x
1839:Aubert, Jacques François (1978).
1212:(sometimes included in Phrudinae)
1206:(sometimes included in Pimplinae)
1197:(sometimes included in Pimplinae)
1124:(sometimes included in Banchinae)
1094:(sometimes included in Banchinae)
1041:(sometimes included in Pimplinae)
630:. Some species in the subfamily
389:(they are not closely related to
2286:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2007.00003.x
1672:10.1046/j.1365-2656.1998.00198.x
1401:
1389:
1377:
1360:
821:
809:
791:
779:
755:
729:
705:
688:
665:
655:Parasitoid § Basic concepts
510:
492:
476:
263:
159:
38:
4133:(sapygid, or club-horned wasps)
2779:Journal of Hymenoptera Research
2752:Genera Ichneumonorum Nearcticae
2739:
2668:
2625:
2582:
2539:
2500:
2449:
2430:
2409:
2301:
2260:
2201:
2162:
2117:
2082:
2047:
2010:
1975:
587:
2926:Genera Ichneumonorum Nearctica
1644:
1601:
1592:Family Braconidae, pp. 362-394
1584:
1550:
1490:
1457:
1448:
1275:Carl Gustav Alexander Brischke
1179:(previously part of Cryptinae)
972:(previously part of Phrudinae)
955:(previously part of Cryptinae)
901:
598:latitudinal diversity gradient
487:). Antennae with many segments
419:
374:can refer specifically to the
1:
4717:Biological pest control wasps
4352:(mason bees, leafcutter bees)
2928:. Morphology of Ichneumonidae
1425:
1353:
891:
833:larvae feeding on caterpillar
401:are arachnids, not insects).
2031:10.1017/CBO9780511542220.006
1774:10.1371/journal.pone.0032101
1520:Entomological Communications
1466:Hymenoptera and biodiversity
1396:Morphology of the thorax (D)
1331:Darwin and the Ichneumonidae
1195:Smith & Shenefelt, 1955
7:
2902:Family Ichneumonidae at EOL
2548:Annual Review of Entomology
2525:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.003
1937:. Vol. 7 (part 2aii).
1413:
724:laying eggs in moth cocoons
10:
4745:
2898:. Extensive use of images.
1907:. Vol. 7 (part 2ai).
1533:10.37486/2675-1305.ec01006
652:
4412:
4383:
4276:
4184:
4163:
4142:
4100:
4066:
4040:
4011:
3960:
3937:
3915:
3897:
3879:
3848:
3567:
3549:
3511:
3452:
3406:
3358:
3349:
3326:
3297:
3268:
3245:
3216:
3195:
3174:
3145:
3119:
3105:
3044:
3040:
3015:
2971:
2746:Wahl, David; Gauld, Ian.
2646:10.1134/S0031030110020097
2603:10.1134/S0031030109010092
2475:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027
2175:The Canadian Entomologist
2126:Journal of Animal Ecology
1745:Quicke, D. L. J. (2012).
1658:Journal of Animal Ecology
1441:Quicke, D. L. J. (2015).
1219:Townes & Townes, 1949
801:Acrodactyla quadrisculpta
260:
255:
156:Scientific classification
154:
142:
133:
114:
105:
23:
2881:Many illustrations from
2439:Hymenopterorum Catalogus
2419:BeitrÀge zur Entomologie
1869:Aubert, Jacques (2000).
1809:Aubert, Jacques (1969).
1261:Famous ichneumonologists
1221:(excluding Notostilbops)
839:Taxonomy and systematics
3136:(web-spinning sawflies)
2879:Long Family Description
2634:Paleontological Journal
2591:Paleontological Journal
1929:Perkins, J. F. (1960).
1899:Perkins, J. F. (1959).
1590:Sharkey, M.J. (1993),
1295:Alexander Henry Haliday
640:biological pest control
555:Ichneumonid fore wing (
538:ComstockâNeedham system
4263:(thread-waisted wasps)
4091:(sierolomorphid wasps)
4023:(rhopalosomatid wasps)
3228:(parasitic wood wasps)
2694:10.1093/sysbio/syaa079
1714:10.1098/rspb.2012.1664
1563:The Complete Aristotle
1351:
1315:Thomas Ansell Marshall
848:
700:laying egg on a spider
580:
570:
560:
344:
4658:Paleobiology Database
2922:Images. Authority id.
2445:(new ed.): 1â49.
1346:
846:
604:Reproduction and diet
578:
568:
554:
502:Xanthopimpla punctata
355:Etymology and history
343:Male ichneumonid wasp
342:
4544:Fauna Europaea (new)
2857:Linzer biol. Beitr.
2792:10.3897/jhr.71.32375
2725:Wahl, David (1999):
2025:. pp. 137â147.
1305:August Emil Holmgren
1237:Schmiedeknecht, 1910
1156:Schmiedeknecht, 1910
771:Therion circumflexum
721:Itoplectis maculator
485:Ichneumon xanthorius
370:. However, the term
300:of the insect order
3072:(cimbicid sawflies)
1765:2012PLoSO...732101Q
1708:(1748): 4694â4698.
1310:Joseph Kriechbaumer
1073:(includes Alomyini)
804:parasitising spider
786:Mating ichneumonids
3157:(cedar wood wasps)
3080:(conifer sawflies)
2918:2019-02-15 at the
2886:British Entomology
2732:2008-07-25 at the
2681:Systematic Biology
2227:10.7717/peerj.4642
2187:10.4039/tce.2013.9
1369:Megarhyssa greenei
1325:Constantin Wesmael
1320:Henry Keith Townes
849:
747:Rhyssa persuasoria
581:
571:
561:
410:History of Animals
345:
334:biological control
4722:Apocrita families
4699:
4698:
4645:Open Tree of Life
4406:Taxon identifiers
4397:
4396:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4330:
4297:
4287:
4272:
4271:
4264:
4221:
4220:(cockroach wasps)
4206:
4176:
4155:
4134:
4126:
4113:
4092:
4089:Sierolomorphidae
4084:
4058:
4032:
4024:
4021:Rhopalosomatidae
3978:
3933:
3932:
3866:
3844:
3843:
3836:Trichogrammatidae
3761:
3698:Eutrichosomatidae
3668:Epichrysomallidae
3588:
3578:
3466:
3424:
3351:Proctotrupomorpha
3318:
3317:(ichneumon wasps)
3310:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3208:
3187:
3166:
3158:
3137:
3097:
3096:(common sawflies)
3089:
3088:(pergid sawflies)
3081:
3073:
3065:
3057:
2807:"Nonmoral Nature"
1573:978-963-525-370-8
830:Hercus fontinalis
764:
740:
714:
697:Zatypota albicoxa
585:
584:
282:ichneumonid wasps
270:
269:
251:
4734:
4692:
4691:
4679:
4678:
4666:
4665:
4653:
4652:
4640:
4639:
4630:
4629:
4617:
4616:
4614:NBNSYS0000160220
4604:
4603:
4591:
4590:
4578:
4577:
4565:
4564:
4552:
4551:
4539:
4538:
4526:
4525:
4513:
4512:
4500:
4499:
4487:
4486:
4474:
4473:
4461:
4460:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4401:
4400:
4351:
4343:
4336:(plasterer bees)
4335:
4304:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4273:
4262:
4219:
4205:
4204:
4203:(sphecoid wasps)
4200:
4191:
4190:
4174:
4153:
4132:
4124:
4111:
4090:
4082:
4056:
4030:
4022:
3976:
3958:
3957:
3864:
3821:Tanaostigmatidae
3759:
3743:Melanosomellidae
3586:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3422:
3378:Neuroscelionidae
3356:
3355:
3316:
3308:
3295:
3294:
3266:
3265:
3227:
3206:
3185:
3164:
3156:
3135:
3129:Megalodontesidae
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3062:Blasticotomidae
3056:(argid sawflies)
3055:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2866:
2853:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2809:. Archived from
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2743:
2737:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2696:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2477:
2468:(7): 1013â1018.
2453:
2447:
2446:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2229:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1605:
1599:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1535:
1510:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1439:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1364:
1344:, Darwin wrote:
1255:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1128:Nesomesochorinae
1118:
1110:
1102:
1081:
1072:
1057:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1023:(= Scolobatinae)
1022:
1013:
1005:
997:
989:
981:(= Porizontinae)
980:
971:
963:
954:
945:
937:
929:
921:
893:
888:Early Cretaceous
825:
813:
795:
783:
766:
765:
742:
741:
716:
715:
692:
669:
547:
546:
514:
496:
480:
298:parasitoid wasps
246:
164:
163:
138:
110:
100:
37:
31:Early Cretaceous
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4744:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4687:
4682:
4674:
4669:
4661:
4656:
4648:
4643:
4635:
4633:
4625:
4620:
4612:
4607:
4599:
4594:
4586:
4581:
4573:
4568:
4560:
4555:
4547:
4542:
4534:
4529:
4521:
4516:
4508:
4503:
4495:
4490:
4482:
4477:
4469:
4464:
4456:
4451:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4408:
4398:
4393:
4367:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4268:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4180:
4159:
4154:(scoliid wasps)
4138:
4096:
4062:
4057:(tiphiid wasps)
4050:Bradynobaenidae
4036:
4007:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3929:
3911:
3893:
3875:
3840:
3653:Cynipencyrtidae
3575:(chalcid wasps)
3574:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3551:Mymarommatoidea
3545:
3507:
3473:Proctorenyxidae
3458:
3457:
3454:Proctotrupoidea
3448:
3416:Austrocynipidae
3402:
3360:Platygastroidea
3345:
3322:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3233:
3212:
3207:(stem sawflies)
3191:
3170:
3141:
3115:
3101:
3094:Tenthredinidae
3064:(fern sawflies)
3046:Tenthredinoidea
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3011:
2967:
2960:
2920:Wayback Machine
2875:
2870:
2869:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2744:
2740:
2734:Wayback Machine
2724:
2720:
2673:
2669:
2630:
2626:
2587:
2583:
2544:
2540:
2505:
2501:
2462:Current Biology
2454:
2450:
2435:
2431:
2414:
2410:
2394:
2387:
2372:
2365:
2350:
2343:
2328:
2321:
2306:
2302:
2265:
2261:
2206:
2202:
2167:
2163:
2152:
2122:
2118:
2087:
2083:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2015:
2011:
1980:
1976:
1957:
1950:
1927:
1920:
1897:
1890:
1867:
1860:
1837:
1830:
1807:
1800:
1743:
1739:
1692:
1688:
1649:
1645:
1622:10.2307/1937717
1606:
1602:
1589:
1585:
1574:
1555:
1551:
1511:
1504:
1500:, 7(12): 1-418.
1495:
1491:
1476:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1397:
1394:
1385:
1382:
1373:
1365:
1356:
1333:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1203:
1194:
1188:(= Ephialtinae)
1185:
1177:Phygadeuontinae
1171:
1163:
1155:
1153:Orthopelmatinae
1146:
1138:
1130:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1086:Labenopimplinae
1079:
1071:Latreille, 1802
1070:
1055:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1018:Ctenopelmatinae
1011:
1003:
995:
987:
978:
969:
961:
952:
943:
935:
927:
919:
909:Labenopimplinae
904:
841:
834:
826:
817:
814:
805:
796:
787:
784:
775:
767:
756:
751:
743:
730:
725:
717:
706:
701:
693:
684:
670:
657:
606:
590:
525:
521:
515:
506:
497:
488:
481:
422:
387:ichneumon flies
372:ichneumon wasps
364:ichneumon wasps
357:
278:ichneumon wasps
245:
158:
101:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
29:
28:
25:
24:Ichneumon wasps
17:
16:Family of wasps
12:
11:
5:
4742:
4741:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4680:
4667:
4654:
4641:
4631:
4618:
4605:
4592:
4579:
4566:
4553:
4540:
4531:Fauna Europaea
4527:
4514:
4501:
4488:
4475:
4462:
4449:
4434:
4418:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4327:stingless bees
4319:carpenter bees
4299:
4290:
4288:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4246:Pemphredonidae
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4169:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4128:
4125:(spider wasps)
4120:
4115:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4086:
4083:(flower wasps)
4078:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4026:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3998:Sclerogibbidae
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3977:(cuckoo wasps)
3972:
3966:
3964:
3955:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3871:Gasteruptiidae
3868:
3865:(ensign wasps)
3860:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3786:Pelecinellidae
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3755:
3750:
3748:Metapelmatidae
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3708:Hetreulophidae
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3638:Chrysolampidae
3635:
3630:
3628:Chalcedectidae
3625:
3623:Cerocephalidae
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3581:
3579:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3559:Mymarommatidae
3555:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3498:Proctotrupidae
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3429:Diplolepididae
3426:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3388:Platygastridae
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3368:Geoscelionidae
3364:
3362:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3328:Ceraphronoidea
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:Ichneumonidae
3312:
3303:
3301:
3299:Ichneumonoidea
3292:
3263:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3160:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3050:
3048:
3035:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2891:Fauna Europaea
2888:
2874:
2873:External links
2871:
2868:
2867:
2843:
2823:
2798:
2765:
2738:
2718:
2687:(2): 322â339.
2667:
2640:(2): 180â187.
2624:
2581:
2554:(1): 233â258.
2538:
2499:
2448:
2429:
2408:
2385:
2363:
2341:
2319:
2300:
2259:
2200:
2181:(2): 193â218.
2161:
2116:
2097:(7): 2145â52.
2081:
2046:
2039:
2009:
1990:(4): 351â377.
1974:
1948:
1918:
1888:
1858:
1828:
1798:
1737:
1686:
1643:
1616:(3): 532â537.
1600:
1583:
1572:
1549:
1502:
1489:
1474:
1456:
1447:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1412:
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1407:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1338:Charles Darwin
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1285:Arnold Förster
1282:
1277:
1272:
1270:Jacques Aubert
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1254:Shuckard, 1840
1248:
1246:Shuckard, 1840
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1210:Sisyrostolinae
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1174:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1144:Orthocentrinae
1141:
1139:Shuckard, 1840
1133:
1131:Ashmead, 1905
1125:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1059:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
998:
996:Cushman, 1924
990:
982:
973:
967:Brachycyrtinae
964:
956:
947:
946:(= Anomalinae)
938:
930:
925:Adelognathinae
922:
913:
903:
900:
884:Ectoparasitoid
840:
837:
836:
835:
827:
820:
818:
815:
808:
806:
797:
790:
788:
785:
778:
776:
768:
754:
752:
744:
728:
726:
718:
704:
702:
694:
687:
685:
671:
664:
605:
602:
589:
586:
583:
582:
572:
562:
527:
526:
516:
509:
507:
498:
491:
489:
482:
475:
421:
418:
395:scorpion wasps
356:
353:
330:holometabolous
276:also known as
274:Ichneumonidae,
268:
267:
258:
257:
253:
252:
240:
236:
235:
233:Ichneumonoidea
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
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140:
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112:
111:
103:
102:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4740:
4739:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4712:Ichneumonidae
4710:
4709:
4707:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4458:Ichneumonidae
4454:
4450:
4445:
4444:Ichneumonidae
4439:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4414:Ichneumonidae
4411:
4407:
4402:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4364:
4363:Stenotritidae
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4350:Megachilidae
4348:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4112:(velvet ants)
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4003:Scolebythidae
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3936:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3917:Trigonaloidea
3914:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Tetracampidae
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:Signiphoridae
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3766:Neanastatidae
3764:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:Megastigmidae
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:Baeomorphidae
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3398:Sparasionidae
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:Janzenellidae
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Ceraphronidae
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3244:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3184:Xiphydriidae
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3176:Xiphydrioidea
3173:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3134:Pamphiliidae
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3121:Pamphilioidea
3118:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3014:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2865:
2862:: 1317-1608.
2861:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2833:
2827:
2813:on 2015-11-17
2812:
2808:
2802:
2793:
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2780:
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2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2368:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2346:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2132:(3): 521â40.
2131:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:(3): 421â30.
2061:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2040:9780521819411
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:(2): e32101.
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1475:9780851988306
1471:
1467:
1460:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1300:Gerd Heinrich
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:Peter Cameron
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1234:Tersilochinae
1232:
1226:
1225:Tatogastrinae
1223:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1186:Wesmael, 1845
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:Porter, 1998
1170:
1167:
1164:Thomson, 1883
1162:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1147:Förster, 1869
1145:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:Neorhacodinae
1120:
1117:Townes, 1958
1115:
1114:Microleptinae
1112:
1109:Forster, 1869
1107:
1104:
1101:Forster, 1869
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1068:Ichneumoninae
1066:
1063:
1062:Hybrizontinae
1060:
1054:
1051:
1048:Viereck, 1918
1046:
1045:Diplazontinae
1043:
1039:Townes, 1965
1037:
1034:
1028:
1027:Cylloceriinae
1025:
1021:Förster, 1869
1019:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1004:Förster, 1869
1002:
999:
994:
991:
986:
983:
979:Förster, 1869
977:
976:Campopleginae
974:
970:Viereck, 1919
968:
965:
960:
957:
951:
948:
944:Viereck, 1918
942:
939:
934:
931:
928:Thomson, 1888
926:
923:
918:
915:
914:
912:
910:
899:
897:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
845:
832:
831:
824:
819:
812:
807:
803:
802:
794:
789:
782:
777:
773:
772:
753:
749:
748:
727:
723:
722:
703:
699:
698:
691:
686:
682:
681:
676:
675:
668:
663:
662:
661:
656:
651:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:
611:
601:
599:
593:
577:
573:
567:
563:
558:
553:
549:
548:
545:
543:
539:
535:
532:
524:
519:
513:
508:
504:
503:
495:
490:
486:
479:
474:
473:
472:
470:
469:
464:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
430:compound eyes
427:
417:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
352:
350:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
266:
265:
259:
254:
249:
244:
243:Ichneumonidae
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
229:Superfamily:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
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145:
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137:
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128:
124:
120:
118:
113:
109:
104:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
36:
32:
22:
19:
4413:
4389:Unicalcarida
4344:(sweat bees)
4296:(mason bees)
4251:Philanthidae
4218:Ampulicidae
4213:Ammoplanidae
4196:Spheciformes
4194:
3975:Chrysididae
3962:Chrysidoidea
3925:Trigonalidae
3899:Megalyroidea
3881:Stephanoidea
3811:Spalangiidae
3801:Pteromalidae
3791:Perilampidae
3771:Neodiparidae
3760:(fairyflies)
3733:Macromesidae
3703:Herbertiidae
3673:Eucharitidae
3648:Coelocybidae
3569:Chalcidoidea
3541:Monomachidae
3521:Austroniidae
3503:Vanhorniidae
3493:Peradeniidae
3423:(gall wasps)
3341:Megaspilidae
3314:
3269:
3186:(wood wasps)
3155:Anaxyelidae
3078:Diprionidae
3016:
3007:Holometabola
3005:Superorder:
2999:Infraclass:
2964:Hymenopteran
2885:
2859:
2856:
2835:. Retrieved
2826:
2815:. Retrieved
2811:the original
2801:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2751:
2741:
2721:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2597:(1): 83â93.
2594:
2590:
2584:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2519:(1): 73â88.
2516:
2512:
2502:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2379:
2375:
2357:
2353:
2335:
2331:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2279:(1): 22â31.
2276:
2272:
2262:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2138:10.2307/5219
2129:
2125:
2119:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2022:
2012:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1960:
1930:
1900:
1874:
1870:
1844:
1840:
1814:
1810:
1756:
1750:
1740:
1705:
1699:
1689:
1662:
1656:
1646:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1577:
1562:
1552:
1543:10141/622809
1523:
1519:
1497:
1492:
1465:
1459:
1450:
1442:
1367:
1347:
1334:
1264:
1204:Morley, 1913
1169:Pedunculinae
1098:Mesochorinae
1082:(= Labiinae)
1080:Ashmead,1900
1056:Seyrig, 1934
988:Porter, 1998
962:Townes, 1951
953:Townes, 1970
941:Anomaloninae
936:Haliday,1838
933:Agriotypinae
920:Townes, 1950
905:
877:
866:
858:DNA sequence
850:
828:
799:
769:
745:
719:
695:
678:
672:
658:
648:
636:Mesochorinae
613:
607:
594:
591:
588:Distribution
556:
531:sister group
528:
517:
500:
484:
466:
460:
438:
423:
403:
394:
386:
383:Darwin wasps
382:
378:
371:
368:ichneumonids
367:
363:
358:
346:
314:distribution
290:Darwin wasps
289:
286:ichneumonids
285:
281:
277:
273:
271:
261:
256:Subfamilies
242:
144:Anomaloninae
115:
18:
4570:iNaturalist
4438:Wikispecies
4342:Halictidae
4334:Colletidae
4323:orchid bees
4315:cuckoo bees
4294:Andrenidae
4236:Crabronidae
4173:Formicidae
4165:Formicoidea
4123:Pompilidae
4110:Mutillidae
4102:Pompiloidea
4076:Chyphotidae
3993:Plumariidae
3988:Embolemidae
3907:Megalyridae
3889:Stephanidae
3753:Moranilidae
3723:Leucospidae
3718:Idioporidae
3713:Heydeniidae
3693:Eurytomidae
3643:Cleonymidae
3633:Chalcididae
3608:Boucekiidae
3593:Aphelinidae
3587:(fig wasps)
3536:Maamingidae
3513:Diaprioidea
3488:Pelecinidae
3478:Roproniidae
3444:Liopteridae
3393:Scelionidae
3309:(braconids)
3307:Braconidae
3165:(horntails)
3070:Cimbicidae
2883:John Curtis
2485:2434/801122
1526:: ec01006.
1243:Tryphoninae
1216:Stilbopinae
1192:Poemeniinae
1092:Lycorininae
1053:Eucerotinae
1036:Diacritinae
1030:Wahl, 1990
1012:Kirby, 1837
1001:Cremastinae
993:Collyriinae
950:Ateleutinae
917:Acaenitinae
902:Subfamilies
683:caterpillar
674:Phytodietus
628:Hymenoptera
620:Lepidoptera
523:Oxfordshire
520:sp., female
420:Description
414:mud daubers
302:Hymenoptera
213:Hymenoptera
4706:Categories
4387:See also:
4358:Melittidae
4311:bumblebees
4307:honey bees
4278:Anthophila
4261:Sphecidae
4241:Mellinidae
4231:Bembicidae
4152:Scoliidae
4144:Scolioidea
4131:Sapygidae
4118:Myrmosidae
4081:Thynnidae
4068:Thynnoidea
4055:Tiphiidae
4042:Tiphioidea
3970:Bethylidae
3863:Evaniidae
3850:Evanioidea
3816:Systasidae
3758:Mymaridae
3728:Lyciscidae
3688:Eupelmidae
3678:Eulophidae
3663:Encyrtidae
3585:Agaonidae
3526:Diapriidae
3421:Cynipidae
3408:Cynipoidea
3383:Nixoniidae
3226:Orussidae
3218:Orussoidea
3163:Siricidae
3147:Siricoidea
2993:Subclass:
2983:Arthropoda
2837:2011-04-05
2817:2011-04-05
2426:: 881â892.
1665:(3): 387.
1426:References
1354:Morphology
1228:Wahl, 1990
1161:Oxytorinae
1136:Ophioninae
1106:Metopiinae
653:See also:
624:Coleoptera
615:Megarhyssa
542:Aphidiinae
534:Braconidae
453:ovipositor
391:true flies
219:Suborder:
193:Arthropoda
4226:Astatidae
4029:Vespidae
4013:Vespoidea
3983:Dryinidae
3858:Aulacidae
3831:Torymidae
3796:Pirenidae
3781:Ormyridae
3776:Ooderidae
3683:Eunotidae
3658:Diparidae
3613:Calesidae
3531:Ismaridae
3483:Heloridae
3439:Ibaliidae
3434:Figitidae
3205:Cephidae
3197:Cephoidea
3107:Xyeloidea
3086:Pergidae
2995:Pterygota
2975:Kingdom:
2913:W.Rutkies
2785:: 1â156.
2654:0031-0301
2611:0031-0301
2568:0066-4170
2295:1752-4598
2236:2167-8359
2220:: e4642.
2004:0024-4066
1969:669390657
1943:316445110
1913:704042974
1883:716442080
1853:461814920
1823:773541612
1630:1939-9170
1560:(2015) .
1558:Aristotle
1251:Xoridinae
1201:Rhyssinae
1183:Pimplinae
1088:(extinct)
1077:Labeninae
1009:Cryptinae
985:Claseinae
959:Banchinae
862:cladistic
854:phylogeny
798:Larva of
677:, egg on
650:pupates.
632:Pimplinae
557:Syzecteus
518:Lissonota
445:Vespoidea
406:Aristotle
399:scorpions
379:Ichneumon
318:evolution
248:Latreille
179:Kingdom:
173:Eukaryota
4479:BugGuide
4429:Q1138186
4423:Wikidata
4256:Psenidae
3598:Azotidae
3113:Xyelidae
3054:Argidae
3001:Neoptera
2981:Phylum:
2977:Animalia
2966:families
2916:Archived
2758:9 August
2730:Archived
2713:33057674
2662:83902440
2619:83827172
2576:16332211
2533:21540117
2494:28343967
2405:: 1â372.
2382:: 1â307.
2360:: 1â537.
2338:: 1â300.
2316:: 1â135.
2254:29632746
2195:86014193
1793:22355411
1752:PLoS ONE
1732:23034706
1484:28576921
1414:See also
1342:Asa Gray
896:Jurassic
880:Apocrita
680:Pococera
441:Aculeata
306:richness
292:, are a
239:Family:
223:Apocrita
189:Phylum:
183:Animalia
169:Domain:
148:Tanzania
4186:Apoidea
2989:Insecta
2987:Class:
2962:Extant
2704:7875445
2245:5889912
2156:4125431
2111:2265951
2091:Ecology
2076:3547182
1784:3280234
1761:Bibcode
1723:3497088
1681:2647379
1638:1937717
1610:Ecology
499:Female
462:Netelia
457:stinger
449:Apoidea
360:Insects
326:mammals
310:ecology
209:Order:
203:Insecta
199:Class:
117:Diphyus
4689:989425
4650:769762
4634:NZOR:
4601:153360
4588:104465
4523:1ICHNF
4302:Apidae
4284:(bees)
4175:(ants)
3618:Ceidae
3461:s.str.
2711:
2701:
2660:
2652:
2617:
2609:
2574:
2566:
2531:
2492:
2293:
2252:
2242:
2234:
2193:
2153:
2144:
2109:
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2037:
2002:
1967:
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1881:
1851:
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1791:
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1730:
1720:
1679:
1636:
1628:
1570:
1482:
1472:
1372:female
869:Townes
644:Townes
483:Head (
468:Ophion
434:ocelli
393:) and
316:, and
294:family
250:, 1802
127:France
35:Recent
4684:WoRMS
4671:Plazi
4663:71480
4583:IRMNG
4575:47199
4536:11277
2658:S2CID
2615:S2CID
2214:PeerJ
2191:S2CID
2150:INIST
2142:JSTOR
2107:JSTOR
2072:JSTOR
2056:Oikos
1873:[
1843:[
1813:[
1677:JSTOR
1634:JSTOR
426:wasps
376:genus
366:, or
322:birds
288:, or
264:below
123:RhĂŽne
4627:7408
4622:NCBI
4596:ITIS
4562:3512
4557:GBIF
4518:EPPO
4466:BOLD
2860:41/2
2760:2017
2709:PMID
2650:ISSN
2607:ISSN
2572:PMID
2564:ISSN
2529:PMID
2490:PMID
2291:ISSN
2250:PMID
2232:ISSN
2146:5219
2035:ISBN
2000:ISSN
1965:OCLC
1939:OCLC
1909:OCLC
1879:OCLC
1849:OCLC
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1789:PMID
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626:and
610:host
465:and
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408:'s "
324:and
272:The
262:See
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4505:EoL
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2864:PDF
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2689:doi
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2222:doi
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2027:doi
1992:doi
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