51:
733:
74:
436:
574:
501:
2030:
526:
705:
The stonefish is the most venomous known fish in the world and stings can cause death if not treated. Most stonefish stings occur as a result of stepping on the creature which forces venom into the foot, while it is less common for the fish to sting when it is picked up. Stonefish stings can occur on
680:(VTX), which modulates Ca channel activity through the β-adrenoceptor-cAMP-PKA pathway. In humans, stings can cause intense pain, respiratory weakness, damage to the cardiovascular system, convulsions and paralysis; sometimes they can lead to death. The exact mechanism is not yet fully understood.
664:. When the stonefish is disturbed, it may inject an amount of venom proportional to the amount of pressure applied to it. Stonefish have the ability to extend sharp, specialized spines (lachrymal saber) as an additional defense mechanism.
697:)) applied to the injured area has been found to denature stonefish venom, and causes minimal discomfort to the victim. Antivenom is used in more extreme cases. Vinegar is found on some Australian beaches as it is said to lessen the pain.
706:
the beach, not just in the water, since stonefish can survive out of the water for up to 24 hours. They are not easily seen as they look similar to rocks or coral. Stonefish antivenom is the second-most administered in
Australia.
414:
which is one of three tribes in the subfamily
Synanceeinae within the family Scorpaenidae. Despite this, other authorities regard Synanceiidae as a valid family and the Synanceiini as the subfamily Synanceiinae. The genus name
1082:"Order Perciformes (Part 10): Suborder Scorpaenoidei: Families Apistidae, Tetrarogidae, Synanceiidae, Aploacrinidae, Perryenidae, Eschmeyeridae, Pataceidae, Gnathanacanthidae, Congiopodidae and Zanclorhynchidae"
688:
Stonefish stings are extremely painful and potentially lethal. The two most recommended treatments are the application of heat to the affected area and antivenom. Hot water (at a temperature of at least
660:
name of the species, the stonefish, derives from its grey and mottled camouflage similar to the color of a stone. Swimmers may not notice them and inadvertently step on them, triggering a
1571:
1514:
617:
2269:
552:
1495:
1289:
1885:
1181:"Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Flatheads, Scorpionfishes, Sea Robins, and Stonefishes (Percomorpha: Scorpaeniformes) and the Evolution of the Lachrymal Saber"
608:
613:
484:
258:
934:
648:, and although some species are known to live in rivers, most live in coral reefs near the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans. The species has potent
1720:
1461:
474:
1018:
838:
is rendered harmless simply by removing the dorsal fins which are the main source of venom. The fish are considered a delicacy in many parts of
2175:
1900:
1136:
1405:
2264:
1567:
1510:
2136:
2162:
1543:
1115:
724:
After stonefish envenomation, the amount of anti-venom given depends on the number of puncture wounds from the stonefish spines.
1219:
1713:
1325:
1064:
50:
2167:
1107:
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717:
which involve re-enacting the death of someone who trod on the fish. The
Aboriginal people of Northern Australia and the
1342:
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1529:
1491:
2254:
974:
376:
2201:
1706:
1587:
2180:
1433:
747:
1293:
427:, which means "cavity", an allusion to the large, cavernous heads of the species considered to be in the genus.
1032:
944:
1601:
1388:
1457:
2259:
2123:
2110:
1420:
1318:
A Clinician's Guide to
Australian Venomous Bites and Stings: Incorporating the Updated Antivenom Handbook
891:
831:
2128:
1239:"Verrucotoxin, a stonefish venom, modulates calcium channel activity in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes"
1747:
758:. There were 14 calls to the Queensland Poisons Information System in 2008 regarding stonefish poison.
73:
2206:
17:
590:
176:
1220:"Stonefish are already scary, and now scientists have found they have switchblades in their heads"
1180:
302:
2015:
1757:
1140:
519:
India to China, the
Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Australia, and is also recorded in Vanuatu
1287:
Rebecca, Sarah. "The Most
Excruciating Pain Known To Man." Scienceray. (29 Dec 2010): 1. Print.
2050:
1965:
1864:
1401:
710:
1423:, Hornbeak, Kirsten B., and Paul S. Auerbach. Emergency Medicine Clinics 35.2 (2017): 321-337.
2234:
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1382:
738:
269:
232:
2193:
2239:
2097:
1859:
1655:
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898:) unknowingly steps on a stonefish and is almost fatally poisoned. The movie was filmed on
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939:
874:
is white, dense and sweet, and the skin is also edible. They are usually cooked with
621:
507:
59:
1204:
732:
1910:
1854:
1260:
1250:
1192:
1162:
349:
known; stings can be fatal to humans. They are found in the coastal regions of the
339:
2102:
2115:
2073:
1945:
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1518:
1499:
1465:
1409:
792:
408:
324:
221:
125:
906:, which is known for having stonefish which can grow up to 40 centimeters long.
870:-speaking area, they are considered delicacies and good for health. The meat of
2010:
1925:
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31:
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661:
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for a one-year period between July 1989 and June 1990, with most from
746:
There were 25 cases of the use of antivenom for stonefish reported to
2154:
2005:
2000:
1940:
1780:
1775:
1762:
1081:
859:
851:
396:
328:
85:
2044:
1237:
Yazawa, K; Wang, JW; Hao, LY; Onoue, Y; Kameyama, M. (August 2007).
1179:
Smith, W. Leo; Smith, Elizabeth; Richardson, Clara (February 2018).
1079:
2067:
1970:
1915:
1080:
Christopher
Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (10 March 2022).
354:
105:
830:
is edible to humans if properly prepared. The protein-based venom
1733:
903:
867:
863:
835:
690:
525:
1236:
875:
847:
721:
have ways of preparing the fish for eating to avoid poisoning.
95:
855:
843:
320:
1343:"Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years experience"
1290:"The Most Excruciating Pain Known to Man | Scienceray"
839:
809:
964:
834:
quickly when heated, and raw stonefish served as part of
345:, the scorpionfish and relatives. Stonefish are the most
1662:"Synanceia Bloch & Schneider 1801:194 (xxxvii, 573)"
1163:
Romancing the Reef: history, heritage and the hyper-real
656:
spines which stick up when disturbed or threatened. The
1139:. O'Connor，J. Southern Cross University. Archived from
1013:
929:
652:
secreted from glands at the base of their needle-like
1480:
The
Poisonous Stone Fish Dreaded Denizen of the North
368:
was first described as a genus in 1801 by the German
1053:
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016).
1668:. California Academy of Sciences. 19 September 2008
1017:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
933:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
1347:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal
2221:
1544:"Dr Joseph Leathem Wassell - Monument Australia"
1086:The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database
700:
2270:Taxa named by Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider
1434:"CSL Antivenom Handbook - Stonefish Antivenom"
1217:
636:
1714:
494:northern Indian Ocean to the Solomon Islands
1688:National Geographic video, Deadly Stone Fish
1369:. Archived from the original on 29 June 2008
683:
1728:
1088:. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara
1721:
1707:
1588:"Okinawan diver dies from stonefish sting"
965:Smith, M.M.; Heemstra, P.C., eds. (2003).
49:
1264:
1254:
1059:(5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 468–475.
676:consists of a proteinaceous toxin called
1137:"Notesthe robusta - Family Scorpaenidae"
731:
434:
1625:
1532:, Queensland Poisons Information Centre
1475:
1473:
1116:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1009:
1007:
894:(1980)," Emmeline Lestrange (played by
882:, and sometimes served raw as sashimi.
353:. They are sometimes confused with the
14:
2222:
1340:
1073:
1046:
925:
923:
921:
919:
736:1936 article from Melbourne newspaper
727:
2049:
2048:
1702:
1315:
969:. Penguin Random House South Africa.
1470:
1004:
1693:Reef Stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa
1602:"Where was The Blue Lagoon filmed?"
1167:James Cook University Ph.D. Thesis.
935:"Genera in the family Synanceiinae"
916:
24:
2265:Taxa named by Marcus Elieser Bloch
1649:
1541:
761:
25:
2281:
1681:
377:Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider
2029:
2028:
1320:. Melbourne, Victoria: CSL Ltd.
1218:Willingham, AJ (13 April 2018).
572:
537:(Eschmeyer & Rama Rao, 1973)
524:
499:
451:contains the following species:
72:
1619:
1594:
1580:
1561:
1535:
1523:
1504:
1485:
1451:
1426:
1414:
1395:
1334:
1309:
1281:
1230:
1211:
1172:
748:Commonwealth Serum Laboratories
1628:"Dangerous Animals In Vanuatu"
1155:
1129:
1100:
1033:California Academy of Sciences
983:
958:
945:California Academy of Sciences
885:
13:
1:
909:
701:Stonefish stings in Australia
1626:Aurimas (10 November 2022).
7:
2230:Animal attacks in Australia
637:Habitat and characteristics
360:
30:For the tropical fish, see
10:
2286:
1169:2003. Accessed 2009-06-14.
822:
430:
334:, the stonefish, which is
29:
2250:Fish of the Pacific Ocean
2057:
2024:
1988:
1878:
1740:
1387:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
777:
774:
768:
742:about venomous stonefish.
684:Treatment of envenomation
600:Red Sea and Indo-Pacific
544:Red Sea and Persian Gulf
407:is classified within the
214:
207:
191:
184:
69:Scientific classification
67:
57:
48:
41:
2255:Fish of the Indian Ocean
1548:monumentaustralia.org.au
1408:28 February 2012 at the
667:
27:Genus of venomous fishes
1568:Marine Bites and Stings
1511:Marine Bites and Stings
1482:The Argus 14 March 1936
783:Joseph Leathom Wassell
1402:Stonefish Envenomation
1316:White, Julian (2013).
1256:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707340
1019:"Species in the genus
743:
711:Indigenous Australians
553:Synanceia platyrhyncha
445:
423:, meaning "with", and
1574:21 March 2014 at the
1517:21 March 2014 at the
1498:29 March 2012 at the
1404:, adventure medicine
1015:Eschmeyer, William N.
931:Eschmeyer, William N.
735:
438:
2016:Seabather's eruption
1494:product information
1464:6 April 2017 at the
862:, and some parts of
444:in a public aquarium
373:Marcus Elieser Bloch
63:, 1796 illustration
1820:Black widow spider
1492:Stonefish antivenom
1421:Marine Envenomation
1341:Taylor, G. (2000).
1056:Fishes of the World
728:Number of incidents
581:Synanceia verrucosa
516:Estuarine stonefish
441:Synanceia verrucosa
355:freshwater lionfish
2260:Marine fish genera
1530:annual report 2008
1438:www.toxinology.com
967:Smiths' Sea Fishes
842:, including south
756:Northern Territory
754:and four from the
744:
719:Great Barrier Reef
446:
194:Scorpaena brachion
2217:
2216:
2189:Open Tree of Life
2051:Taxon identifiers
2042:
2041:
1695:Australian museum
1666:Catalog of Fishes
1542:Design, UBC Web.
1327:978-0-646-57998-6
1197:10.1643/CG-17-669
1143:on 23 August 2004
1066:978-1-118-34233-6
1028:Catalog of Fishes
940:Catalog of Fishes
820:
819:
634:
633:
625:
618:Manjaji‑Matsumoto
609:Synanceia quinque
594:
562:
541:Red Sea stonefish
538:
513:
508:Synanceia horrida
488:
383:, which had been
381:Scorpaena horrida
327:belonging to the
312:
311:
306:
295:
284:
273:
262:
247:
236:
225:
180:
60:Synanceia horrida
16:(Redirected from
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1307:
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1303:
1301:
1292:. Archived from
1285:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1249:(8): 1198–1203.
1234:
1228:
1227:
1215:
1209:
1208:
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956:
955:
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927:
766:
765:
612:
584:
576:
556:
536:
528:
512:(Linnaeus, 1766)
511:
503:
491:Midget stonefish
478:
454:
453:
301:
290:
279:
268:
253:
242:
231:
220:
171:
77:
76:
53:
39:
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2053:
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2038:
2020:
1984:
1874:
1828:Recluse spider
1736:
1727:
1684:
1671:
1669:
1660:
1652:
1650:Further reading
1647:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1632:Go Look Explore
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1595:
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1585:
1581:
1576:Wayback Machine
1570:Dr Mark Little
1566:
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1536:
1528:
1524:
1519:Wayback Machine
1513:Dr Mark Little
1509:
1505:
1500:Wayback Machine
1490:
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1471:
1466:Wayback Machine
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1410:Wayback Machine
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888:
825:
800:name not given
793:Thursday Island
764:
762:Fatal incidents
730:
703:
686:
670:
639:
591:J. G. Schneider
475:Synanceia alula
460:Scientific Name
433:
363:
325:ray-finned fish
203:
197:
177:J. G. Schneider
170:
126:Scorpaeniformes
71:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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2019:
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2013:
2011:Stinging plant
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2003:
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1682:External links
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1658:
1656:FishBase entry
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1326:
1308:
1296:on 23 May 2013
1280:
1243:Br J Pharmacol
1229:
1210:
1171:
1161:Pocock, C.A. "
1154:
1128:
1099:
1072:
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914:
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911:
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900:Espiritu Santo
896:Brooke Shields
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806:6 August 2010
804:
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644:are primarily
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602:
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598:
597:Reef stonefish
595:
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533:Synanceia nana
529:
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468:
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116:Actinopterygii
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32:Ocosia spinosa
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2056:
2052:
2047:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Animal attack
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:Venomous fish
1954:
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1927:
1924:
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1191:(1): 94–119.
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1016:
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992:
991:"Puffer Fish"
986:
978:
976:1-86872-890-0
972:
968:
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789:7 April 1915
788:
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672:The venom of
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466:Distribution
465:
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418:
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398:
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391:in 1766 from
390:
389:Carl Linnaeus
386:
382:
378:
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371:
367:
358:
356:
352:
348:
347:venomous fish
344:
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252:
251:Emmydrichthys
249:
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80:
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66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2235:Fish attacks
2058:
1916:Domestic cat
1829:
1822:latrodectism
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1782:
1769:
1741:Invertebrate
1730:Animal bites
1670:. Retrieved
1665:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1606:giggster.com
1605:
1596:
1582:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:
1537:
1525:
1506:
1487:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:
1428:
1416:
1397:
1383:cite journal
1371:. Retrieved
1350:
1346:
1336:
1317:
1311:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:the original
1283:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1223:
1213:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1166:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:the original
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1109:
1102:
1090:. Retrieved
1085:
1075:
1055:
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1026:
1020:
994:. Retrieved
985:
966:
960:
948:. Retrieved
938:
889:
871:
827:
826:
795:, Australia
745:
737:
723:
708:
704:
687:
678:verrucotoxin
673:
671:
641:
640:
607:
579:
551:
531:
506:
473:
448:
447:
439:
424:
420:
416:
404:
403:. The genus
401:type species
393:Ambon Island
380:
365:
364:
351:Indo-Pacific
343:Scorpaenidae
332:Synanceiinae
315:
314:
313:
298:
287:
277:Phrynichthys
276:
265:
250:
239:
228:
217:
193:
186:Type species
166:
165:
146:Synanceiinae
136:Scorpaenidae
58:
42:
36:
2240:Synanceiini
2150:iNaturalist
2083:Wikispecies
1865:Sea anemone
1845:Bristleworm
1830:loxoscelism
1814:arachnidism
1806:demodicosis
1798:scorpionism
1672:29 December
1121:28 December
892:Blue Lagoon
886:Pop culture
832:breaks down
715:corroborees
650:neurotoxins
463:Common Name
412:Synanceiini
370:naturalists
338:within the
299:Synancidium
156:Synanceiini
142:Subfamily:
2224:Categories
1879:Vertebrate
1870:Sea urchin
1850:Cephalopod
1804:Skin mite
1458:Stone Fish
1300:1 November
996:26 January
910:References
902:island in
880:clear soup
752:Queensland
693:(113
658:vernacular
654:dorsal fin
630:Indonesia
567:Indonesia
399:), as its
336:classified
229:Bufichthys
218:Barffianus
2245:Synanceia
2116:Synanceia
2103:Synanceia
2089:Synanceia
2074:Q13396094
2059:Synanceia
2006:Man-eater
2001:Cnidocyte
1911:Crocodile
1886:Alligator
1860:Jellyfish
1838:Millipede
1796:Scorpion
1783:pulicosis
1770:cimicosis
1753:Centipede
1748:Arthropod
1359:0813-1988
1110:Synanceia
1021:Synanceia
872:Synanceia
866:. In the
860:Hong Kong
852:Guangdong
828:Synanceia
778:Location
739:The Argus
674:Synanceia
642:Synanceia
614:Matsunuma
481:Eschmeyer
449:Synanceia
417:Synanceia
405:Synanceia
397:Indonesia
385:described
366:Synanceia
329:subfamily
316:Synanceia
240:Deleastes
167:Synanceia
92:Kingdom:
86:Eukaryota
43:Synanceia
18:Stonefish
2068:Wikidata
2034:Category
1946:Stingray
1789:Mosquito
1768:Bed bug
1572:Archived
1553:11 April
1515:Archived
1496:Archived
1462:Archived
1443:11 April
1406:Archived
1367:16986801
1275:17572694
1205:91157582
1038:14 April
950:11 April
846:, south
816:, Japan
689:45
622:Motomura
485:Rama Rao
361:Taxonomy
233:Swainson
209:Synonyms
200:Linnaeus
132:Family:
106:Chordata
102:Phylum:
96:Animalia
82:Domain:
2142:5201173
1926:Leopard
1812:Spider
1460:slk320
1373:18 June
1266:2189832
1147:14 June
1092:8 April
904:Vanuatu
878:into a
868:Hokkien
864:Vietnam
836:sashimi
823:As food
814:Okinawa
593:, 1801)
561:, 1874)
559:Bleeker
487:, 1973)
431:Species
425:angeíon
305:, 1843
294:, 1863
292:Bleeker
283:, 1846
281:Agassiz
272:, 1930
270:Whitley
261:, 1896
246:, 1906
235:, 1839
224:, 1944
222:Curtiss
162:Genus:
152:Tribe:
122:Order:
112:Class:
2207:203950
2194:432735
2168:167077
1961:Walrus
1931:Monkey
1906:Coyote
1901:Cougar
1896:Beaver
1758:Insect
1734:stings
1637:4 July
1611:4 July
1365:
1357:
1324:
1273:
1263:
1203:
1185:Copeia
1063:
973:
876:ginger
848:Fujian
646:marine
624:, 2021
620:&
483:&
340:family
303:Müller
259:Rutter
257:&
255:Jordan
202:, 1766
179:, 1801
2202:WoRMS
2181:13278
2155:64495
2129:78464
1989:Other
1976:Dingo
1951:Tiger
1941:Snake
1936:Shark
1855:Coral
1781:Flea
1353:(1).
1201:S2CID
856:China
844:Japan
769:Name
713:have
709:Some
668:Venom
662:sting
587:Bloch
457:Image
409:tribe
379:with
321:genus
319:is a
266:Nofua
244:Seale
173:Bloch
2176:NCBI
2163:ITIS
2137:GBIF
2124:BOLD
1966:Wolf
1921:Orca
1891:Bear
1732:and
1674:2008
1639:2023
1613:2023
1555:2018
1445:2018
1389:link
1375:2009
1363:OCLC
1355:ISSN
1322:ISBN
1302:2012
1271:PMID
1149:2009
1123:2008
1094:2022
1061:ISBN
1040:2022
998:2017
971:ISBN
952:2022
890:In "
840:Asia
810:Nago
775:Date
589:and
375:and
175:and
2111:AFD
2098:ADW
1971:Dog
1776:Bee
1763:Ant
1261:PMC
1251:doi
1247:151
1224:CNN
1193:doi
1189:106
1165:."
854:in
803:58
786:53
772:Age
421:syn
387:by
323:of
2226::
2204::
2191::
2178::
2165::
2152::
2139::
2126::
2113::
2100::
2085::
2070::
1664:.
1630:.
1604:.
1546:.
1472:^
1436:.
1385:}}
1381:{{
1361:.
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1241:.
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1187:.
1183:.
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1084:.
1031:.
1025:.
1006:^
943:.
937:.
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858:,
850:,
812:,
695:°F
691:°C
616:,
357:.
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1676:.
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1615:.
1590:.
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1195::
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1125:.
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1108:"
1096:.
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1000:.
979:.
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585:(
557:(
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395:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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