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skin of the target and the fang sheath, a soft tissue organ surrounding the fangs, is retracted. The fang sheath retraction initiates an increase in internal pressures. This pressure differential initiates venom flow in the venom delivery system. Larger snakes have been shown to administer larger quantities of venom during strikes when compared to smaller snakes. Snake envenomation events are usually classified as either predatory or defensive in nature.
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away until the venom induces death of the target. Snake venom has a scent that is easily recognized by the snake, allowing the snake to relocate its prey once it has run away and died. While not all snake species in every situation release their prey after envenomation, venom generally assists in prey relocation. Venomous snakes have also been shown to be aware of the relative size of prey. Juvenile
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were experimentally shown to have the ability to adapt the volume of venom they expelled based on prey size. Once experienced, the juvenile
Rattlesnakes consistently expelled more venom when attacking larger mice. This ability allows the snake to inject a sufficient quantity of venom to dispatch the
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Defensive envenomation events result in much larger quantities of venom being expelled into the target. Defensive envenomation can occur with 8.5 times greater venom flow rates and 10 times greater venom mass than predatory strikes. The need to quickly neutralize a target during a defensive strikes
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Predatory strikes are quite different than defensive strikes. In predatory strikes, the snake strikes and envenomates the target, and then quickly releases the target. Releasing the target prevents retaliatory damage to the snake or its venom delivery system. Once released, the target animal runs
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can be broken into four stages; strike launch, fang erection, fang penetration, and fang withdrawal. Snakes have a venom gland connected to a duct and subsequent fangs. The fangs have hollow tubes with grooved sides that allow venom to flow within them. During snake bites, the fangs penetrate the
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that penetrate the prey's skin, whereupon muscles attached to the attacker's venom reservoir squirt venom deep within the victim's body tissue. For example, the fangs of venomous snakes are connected to a venom gland by means of a duct. Death may occur as a result of bites or stings. The rate of
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YOUNG, BRUCE A.; KARDONG, KENNETH V.; et al. (18 December 2006). "Ecological and
Integrative Physiology: Mechanisms Controlling Venom Expulsion in the Western Diamondback Rattlesnake, Crotalus Atrox".
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Some venoms are applied externally, especially to sensitive tissues such as the eyes, but most venoms are administered by piercing the skin of the victim. Venom in the saliva of the
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is to be applied. Each year there are around 2 million cases of snake envenomation and up to 100,000 deaths worldwide. Various anti-venom treatments exist, typically consisting of
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prey while also conserving their venom supply for subsequent strikes. The economical use of venom is important as it is a metabolically expensive resource.
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GRAUDINS, A., M. J. LITTLE, S. S. PINEDA, P. G. HAINS, G. F. KING et al., 2012 Cloning and activity of a novel α-latrotoxin from red-back spider venom.
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In particular, snakebite envenoming is considered a neglected tropical disease resulting in >100,000 deaths and maiming >400,000 people per year.
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GutiĂ©rrez, JosĂ© MarĂa; Calvete, Juan J.; Habib, Abdulrazaq G.; Harrison, Robert A.; Williams, David J.; Warrell, David A. (2017-09-14).
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and some other reptiles enters prey through bites of grooved teeth. More commonly animals have specialized organs such as hollow teeth (
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514:"FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE VENOM EXPENDITURE IN VIPERIDS AND OTHER SNAKE SPECIES DURING PREDATORY AND DEFENSIVE CONTEXTS"
197:. Anti-venom therapy is designed to treat the hemorrhaging and coagulation effects that venom has on humans.
436:"Venom Metering by Juvenile Prairie Rattlesnakes, Crotalus v. Viridis: Effects of Prey Size and Experience"
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Snakes administer venom to their target by piercing the target's skin with specialized organs known as
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envenoming is described as the likelihood of venom successfully entering a system upon bite or sting.
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HAYES, WILLIAM K.; HERBERT, SHELTON S.; REHLING, G. CURTIS; GENNARO, JOSEPH F.; et al.
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WEINSTEIN, SCOTT A.; DART, RICHARD C.; et al. (15 October 2009).
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Maduwage, Kalana; O'Leary, Margaret A.; Isbister, Geoffrey K. (2014).
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WEINSTEIN, SCOTT A.; DART, RICHARD C.; et al. (15 October 2009).
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Diagnosing snake envenomation is a crucial step in determining which
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is injected by the bite or sting of a venomous animal.
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340:"Snakebite envenoming"
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631:Physiology
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218:References
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191:pit vipers
183:antibodies
153:Snakebites
141:See also:
108:Mechanisms
91:stone fish
71:king cobra
36:Toxicology
446:: 33–40.
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179:antivenom
143:Snakebite
31:Specialty
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187:venom
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87:wasps
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
