45:
681:, with males being larger and paler in particular during the breeding season. Males captured in Kerala measured up to 3.75 m (12.3 ft) and weighed up to 10 kg (22 lb). Females captured had a maximum length of 2.75 m (9 ft 0 in) and a weight of 5 kg (11 lb). The largest known king cobra was 5.59 m (18 ft 4 in) long and captured in Thailand. It differs from other cobra species by size and hood. It is larger, has a narrower and longer stripe on the neck.
959:
1275:
653:
106:
1010:
1137:. While there are such haemorrhagins isolated from the king cobra's venom, they only induce species-sensitive haemorrhagic and lethal activities on rabbits and hares, but with minimal effects on mice. Clinical pathophysiology of the king cobra's SVMPs has yet to be well studied, although its substantial quantity suggests involvement in tissue damage and necrosis as a result of inflammatory and proteolytic activities, which are instrumental for foraging and digestive purposes.
254:
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822:
64:
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1338:) are included under the list of threatened species in the country. It is protected under the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (Republic Act No. 9147), which criminalises the killing, trade, and consumption of threatened species with certain exceptions (like indigenous subsistence hunting or immediate threats to human life), with a maximum penalty of two years imprisonment and a fine of
833:
1025:, starting from late March to late May. Most nests are located at the base of trees, are up to 55 cm (22 in) high in the centre and 140 cm (55 in) wide at the base. They consist of several layers and have mostly one chamber, into which the female lays eggs. Clutch size ranges from 7 to 43 eggs, with 6 to 38 eggs hatching after
1240:) and other potent, medically relevant herbs reportedly creates a strong resilience against the venom of the king cobra when ingested. Proper and immediate treatments are critical to avoid death. Successful precedents include a client who recovered and was discharged in 10 days after being treated by accurate antivenom and
660:
The king cobra's skin is olive green with black and white bands on the trunk that converge to the head. The head is covered by 15 drab coloured and black edged shields. The muzzle is rounded, and the tongue black. It has two fangs and 3–5 maxillar teeth in the upper jaw, and two rows of teeth in the
1029:
of 66 to 105 days. Temperature inside nests is not steady but varies depending on elevation from 13.5 to 37.4 °C (56.3 to 99.3 °F). Females stay by their nests between two and 77 days. Hatchlings are between 37.5 and 58.5 cm (14.8 and 23.0 in) long and weigh 9 to 38 g (0.32
996:
with a dominant frequency near 7,500 Hz, king cobra growls consist solely of frequencies below 2,500 Hz, with a dominant frequency near 600 Hz, a much lower-sounding frequency closer to that of a human voice. Comparative anatomical morphometric analysis has led to a discovery of
673:
shaped white, yellow or buff bars that point towards the head. Adult king cobras are 3.18 to 4 m (10.4 to 13.1 ft) long. The longest known individual measured 5.85 m (19.2 ft). Ventral scales are uniformly oval shaped. Dorsal scales are placed in an oblique arrangement.
1358:
of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and
Myanmar. A ritual in Myanmar involves a king cobra and a female snake charmer. The charmer is a priestess who is usually tattooed with three pictograms and kisses the snake on the top of its head at the end of the ritual. Members of the
982:
The king cobra can be easily irritated by closely approaching objects or sudden movements. When raising its body, the king cobra can still move forward to strike with a long distance, and people may misjudge the safe zone. It can deliver multiple bites in a single attack.
946:. When food is scarce, it also feeds on other small vertebrates, such as birds, and lizards. In some cases, the cobra constricts its prey using its muscular body, though this is uncommon. After a large meal, it lives for many months without another one because of its slow
1160:
A king cobra's bite, and subsequent envenomation, is an immediate medical emergency in humans or domesticated animals, as, if not treated as soon as possible, death can occur in as little as 30 minutes. Local symptoms include dusky discolouration of skin,
351:, despite its common name and some resemblance. With an average length of 3.18 to 4 m (10.4 to 13.1 ft) and a record length of 5.85 m (19.2 ft), it is the world's longest venomous snake. The species has diversified colouration across
970:
The king cobra is not considered aggressive. It usually avoids humans and slinks off when disturbed, but is known to aggressively defend incubating eggs and attack intruders rapidly. When alarmed, it raises the front part of its body, extends the
386:
includes spreading its neck-flap, raising its head upright, making eye contact, puffing, hissing and occasionally charging. Given the size of the snake, it is capable of striking at a considerable range and height, sometimes sustaining a bite.
3366:
Vonk, Freek J.; Casewell, Nicholas R.; Henkel, Christiaan V.; Heimberg, Alysha M.; Jansen, Hans J.; McCleary, Ryan J. R.; Kerkkamp, Harald M. E.; Vos, Rutger A.; Guerreiro, Isabel; Calvete, Juan J.; Wüster, Wolfgang (17 December 2013).
991:
The hiss of the king cobra is a much lower pitch than many other snakes and many people thus liken its call to a "growl" rather than a hiss. While the hisses of most snakes are of a broad-frequency span ranging from roughly 3,000 to
1033:
The venom of hatchlings is as potent as that of the adults. They may be brightly marked, but these colours often fade as they mature. They are alert and nervous, being highly aggressive if disturbed.
855:) located in the roof of its mouth. When it detects the scent of prey, it flicks its tongue to gauge the prey's location, with the twin forks of the tongue acting in stereo. It senses earth-borne
3897:
3951:
3575:
1113:
SVMPs are the second most protein family isolated from the king cobra's venom, accounting from 11.9% to 24.4% of total venom proteins. The abundance is much higher than that of most
4600:
399:
is administered in time. Despite the species' fearsome reputation, aggression toward humans usually only arises from an individual inadvertently exposing itself or being cornered.
3680:
Salama, R.; Sattayasai, J.; Gande, A. K.; Sattayasai, N.; Davis, M.; Lattmann, E. (2012). "Identification and evaluation of agents isolated from traditionally used herbs against
3482:
Pung, Y. F.; Kumar, S. V.; Rajagopalan, N.; Fry, B. G.; Kumar, P. P.; Kini, R. M. (2006). "Ohanin, a novel protein from king cobra venom: Its cDNA and genomic organization".
371:. This is the only ophidian that constructs an above-ground nest for its eggs, which are purposefully and meticulously gathered and protected by the female throughout the
697:
basin in Bhutan and northeast India, Bangladesh and to
Myanmar, southern China, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines.
661:
lower jaw. The nostrils are between two shields. The large eyes have a golden iris and round pupils. Its hood is oval shaped and covered with olive green smooth
2752:
1788:
355:, from black with white stripes to unbroken brownish grey. The king cobra is widely distributed albeit not commonly seen, with a range spanning from the
1213:
3303:
Liu, Chien-Chun; You, Chen-Hsien; Wang, Po-Jung; Yu, Jau-Song; Huang, Guo-Jen; Liu, Chien-Hsin; Hsieh, Wen-Chin; Lin, Chih-Chuan (15 December 2017).
4082:
3907:
3978:
1966:
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4716:
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1636:
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Stuart, B.; Wogan, G.; Grismer, L.; Auliya, M.; Inger, R.F.; Lilley, R.; Chan-Ard, T.; Thy, N.; Nguyen, T.Q.; Srinivasulu, C.; Jelić, D. (2012).
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and two black spots between the two lowest scales. Its cylindrical tail is yellowish green above and marked with black. It has a pair of large
2646:
4888:
4742:
4556:
3659:. Vol. 1: Heloderma, Micruroides, Micrurus, Pelamis, Agkistrodon, Sistrurus. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 33–46.
2604:
4115:
979:
and hisses loudly. Wild king cobras encountered in
Singapore appeared to be placid, but reared up and struck in self defense when cornered.
2951:
Roy, A.; Zhou, X.; Chong, M. Z.; d'Hoedt, D.; Foo, C. S.; Rajagopalan, N.; Nirthanan, S.; Bertrand, D.; Sivaraman, J.; Kini, R. M. (2010).
2687:
2509:
689:
The king cobra has a wide distribution in South and
Southeast Asia. It occurs up to an elevation of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) from the
4301:
3602:"Cross Neutralization of Afro-Asian Cobra and Asian Krait Venoms by a Thai Polyvalent Snake Antivenom (Neuro Polyvalent Snake Antivenom)"
1999:
4137:
4783:
2297:
2142:
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that function as low-frequency resonating chambers in king cobra and its prey, the rat snake, both of which can make similar growls.
3147:"Malaysian and Chinese King Cobra Venom Cytotoxicity in Melanoma and Neonatal Foreskin Fibroblasts Is Mediated by Age and Geography"
4690:
4491:
3816:
4729:
4530:
3006:
Chang, L.-S.; Liou, J.-C.; Lin, S.-R.; Huang, H.-B. (2002). "Purification and characterization of a neurotoxin from the venom of
565:
1573:
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and tissue sloughing that may require amputation. Onset of general symptoms follows while the venom is targeting the victim's
4062:
4016:
3664:
2546:
2204:
2086:
1993:
1667:
1493:
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clan tattoo themselves with ink mixed with cobra venom on their upper bodies in a weekly inoculation that they believe would
4734:
4535:
3715:
866:, it swallows its prey whole. Because of its flexible jaws, it can swallow prey much larger than its head. It is considered
4853:
669:
on top of the head, 17 to 19 rows of smooth oblique scales on the neck, and 15 rows on the body. Juveniles are black with
4808:
2371:
Marshall, B.M.; Strine, C.T.; Jones, M.D.; Theodorou, A.; Amber, E.; Waengsothorn, S.; Suwanwaree, P.; Goode, M. (2018).
4803:
3880:
3856:
2798:
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1468:
3847:. Leipzig; English version NY, USA: Leipzig Publishing; English version published by Exeter Books (1982). pp.
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4747:
4561:
1749:
4833:
4130:
2352:
Manchi, S.; Sankaran, R. (2009). "Predators of swiftlets and their nests in the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands".
636:
from those from northern
Thailand, which grouped with specimens from Myanmar and Guangdong in southern China.
4828:
4447:
4145:
2953:"Structural and Functional Characterization of a Novel Homodimeric Three-finger Neurotoxin from the Venom of
1327:
4863:
4420:
1311:
931:
626:
4878:
4868:
4823:
4818:
4798:
4078:
3045:
He, Y. Y.; Lee, W. H.; Zhang, Y. (2004). "Cloning and purification of alpha-neurotoxins from king cobra (
2819:
20:
1515:
105:
4883:
4873:
4848:
4838:
3733:
Ganthavorn, S. (1969). "Toxicities of
Thailand snake venoms and neutralization capacity of antivenin".
3145:
Bianca Op den Brouw; Manuel
Fernandez-Rojo; Tom Charlton; Bryan G. Fry; Maria P. Ikonomopoulou (2023).
2824:
516:
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4153:
4123:
1263:
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Card DC, Vonk FJ, Smalbrugge S, Casewell NR, Wüster W, Castoe TA, Schuett GW, Booth W (March 2021).
4858:
4362:
4320:
2627:
1815:"A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus"
1420:
2586:
2422:
1619:
1110:
present among patients bitten by this species, presumably due to the low abundance of the toxins.
1102:
of its venom varies significantly, depending upon the age and locality of an individual. Clinical
44:
4788:
4207:
2048:
1684:
583:
467:
3848:
3842:
3144:
2851:"Genome-wide data implicate terminal fusion automixis in king cobra facultative parthenogenesis"
2683:
2494:
1921:. Vol. Reptilia and Amphibia. III. – Serpentes. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 436–8.
1910:
1596:
1247:
It can deliver up to 420 mg venom in dry weight (400–600 mg overall) per bite, with a
4522:
4382:
3369:"The king cobra genome reveals dynamic gene evolution and adaptation in the snake venom system"
3201:"Venom-gland transcriptome and venom proteome of the Malaysian king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)"
1919:
The Fauna of
British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the whole of the Indo-Chinese Subregion
1745:
1562:"A notice of the Hamadryas, a genus of hooded serpent with poisonous fangs and maxillary teeth"
1259:
1170:
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463:
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243:
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1981:
1538:
4655:
4175:
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3652:
1960:
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1186:
1117:
which is usually less than 1%. This protein family includes principal toxins responsible for
1051:
in which there is fusion of the meiotic products formed at the anaphase II stage of meiosis.
501:
for the king cobra and explained that it has dental features intermediate between the genera
227:
4548:
3092:
Rajagopalan, N.; Pung, Y. F.; Zhu, Y. Z.; Wong, P. T. H.; Kumar, P. P.; Kini, R. M. (2007).
4677:
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4285:
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3742:
3446:
3380:
3058:
1826:
1764:
972:
963:
622:
579:
392:
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4587:
2789:. In Lalnuntluanga; Zothanzama, J.; Lalramliana; Lalduhthlana; Lalremsanga, H. T. (eds.).
2281:
2126:
8:
3537:
1291:
1194:
490:
403:
356:
53:
4032:
Platt, S.G.; Ko, W.K.; Rainwater, T.R. (2012). "On the Cobra Cults of
Myanmar (Burma)".
3796:
3777:
3746:
3450:
3384:
3173:
3146:
3062:
2448:
Bhaisare, D.; Ramanuj, V.; Shankar, P. G.; Vittala, M.; Goode, M.; Whitaker, R. (2010).
1830:
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was proposed by Günther in 1864. The name is derived from its propensity to eat snakes.
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1849:
1814:
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1299:
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1209:
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670:
630:
407:
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100:
68:
3952:"How venomous is a king cobra and what should you do if you see one? Kuya Kim answers"
3520:
Tin-Myint; Rai-Mra; Maung-Chit; Tun-Pe; Warrell, D. (1991). "Bites by the king cobra (
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2320:
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3541:
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3408:
3348:
3285:
3240:
3222:
3178:
3119:
3074:
3027:
2988:
2933:
2904:(king cobra) and function characterization of two recombinant long-chain neurotoxins"
2880:
2794:
2782:
2730:
2594:
2567:
2542:
2479:
2200:
2165:
2082:
2025:
1989:
1936:
1934:
1854:
1780:
1663:
1489:
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1457:
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1326:. It is protected in China and Vietnam. In India, it is placed under Schedule II of
1323:
1174:
1080:
1026:
935:
927:
852:
741:
694:
678:
618:
372:
360:
3600:
Leong, P. K.; Sim, S. M.; Fung, S. Y.; Sumana, K.; Sitprija, V.; Tan, N. H. (2012).
3131:
2219:
2030:(Cantor, 1836) encounters in human-modified rainforests of the Western Ghats, India"
2023:
528:
204:
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3623:
3613:
3533:
3491:
3454:
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3388:
3338:
3328:
3275:
3230:
3212:
3168:
3158:
3109:
3066:
3019:
2978:
2968:
2923:
2915:
2870:
2862:
2722:
2465:
2398:
2388:
2332:
2237:
1948:
1889:
1844:
1834:
1813:
Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016).
1772:
1750:"Phylogenetic Relationships of Elapid Snakes Based on Cytochrome b mtDNA Sequences"
1719:
1415:
1087:
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of the king cobra, produced by the postorbital venom glands, consists primarily of
919:
701:
666:
591:
486:
4669:
3280:
3259:
3258:
Petras, Daniel; Heiss, Paul; Süssmuth, Roderich D; Calvete, Juan J (5 June 2015).
3091:
3070:
2370:
1935:
Chanhome, L.; Cox, M. J.; Vasaruchapong, T.; Chaiyabutr, N.; Sitprija, V. (2011).
4640:
4569:
4277:
3719:
3618:
3333:
3305:"Analysis of the efficacy of Taiwanese freeze-dried neurotoxic antivenom against
3199:
Tan, Choo Hock; Tan, Kae Yi; Fung, Shin Yee; Tan, Nget Hong (10 September 2015).
2220:
Bashir, T.; Poudyal, K.; Bhattacharya, T.; Sathyakumar, S.; Subba, J. B. (2010).
1839:
1339:
1148:
in experimental mice. It is believed that it contributes to neurotoxicity on the
1040:
1021:
for 50 to 59 days. The king cobra is the only snake that builds a nest using dry
943:
801:
705:
662:
599:
598:, and a multigene analysis showed that the king cobra was an early offshoot of a
552:
455:
4613:
3481:
2781:
Hrima, V. L.; Sailo, V. H.; Fanai, Z.; Lalronunga, S.; Lalrinchhana, C. (2014).
2447:
1561:
1330:. Killing a king cobra is punished with imprisonment of up to six years. In the
958:
291:
4330:
4245:
4191:
3495:
2866:
2780:
2470:
2449:
1952:
1894:
1873:
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1141:
1107:
1103:
895:
867:
765:
652:
379:
364:
326:
295:
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4777:
4543:
4199:
4167:
3226:
3005:
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2393:
2372:
1406:
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by following their odour trails. In Singapore, one was observed swallowing a
891:
848:
805:
757:
721:
709:
569:
411:
73:
3393:
2973:
2106:(Reptilia: Squamata: Elapidae) nest from Garhwal Himalaya, northern India".
4405:
4346:
4237:
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3697:
3637:
3599:
3503:
3412:
3352:
3289:
3244:
3182:
3163:
3123:
3078:
3031:
2992:
2937:
2884:
2726:
2709:
Young, B. A. (1991). "Morphological basis of "growling" in the king cobra,
2492:
1858:
1784:
1776:
1364:
1279:
1274:
1145:
1140:
Ohanin, a minor vespryn protein component specific to this species, causes
1130:
1099:
1059:
998:
907:
903:
863:
851:, which picks up scent particles and transfers them to a sensory receptor (
595:
388:
27:
4574:
3762:
3545:
3468:
3114:
3093:
2734:
1266:. For research purposes, up to 1 g of venom was obtained through milking.
870:
because it hunts during the day, but has also been seen at night, rarely.
4703:
4649:
4504:
4457:
4414:
3812:
3561:"Venom, antivenom production and the medically important snakes of India"
2192:
1331:
1283:
1122:
1118:
1095:
1022:
793:
777:
725:
717:
532:
368:
253:
2403:
1516:"Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar teeth"
1395:
644:
4695:
4496:
2919:
1731:
1486:
How Snakes Work: Structure, Function and Behavior of the World's Snakes
1229:
1178:
1091:
947:
923:
915:
781:
761:
471:
427:
2750:
847:
Like other snakes, a king cobra receives chemical information via its
821:
4708:
4509:
3778:"The lethality in mice of dangerous Australian and other snake venom"
3524:) in Myanmar: Successful treatment of severe neurotoxic envenoming".
2593:. California, USA: University of California Press. pp. 103–111.
1689:
Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen
1621:
Catalogue of colubrine snakes in the collection of the British Museum
1351:
1217:
1201:
1182:
1048:
1018:
911:
856:
789:
737:
614:
447:
431:
419:
396:
340:
117:
4376:
2787:, (Reptilia: Squamata: Elapidae) in Aizawl District, Mizoram, India"
1723:
4634:
4399:
3657:
Venomous Reptiles of the United States, Canada, and Northern Mexico
2625:
2024:
Shankar, P. G.; Ganesh, S. R.; Whitaker, R.; Prashanth, P. (2013).
1355:
1307:
1303:
1233:
1225:
1166:
1126:
878:
745:
724:. In northeast India, the king cobra has been recorded in northern
507:
383:
352:
332:
187:
177:
157:
137:
4220:
3431:"solation and characterization of a hemorrhagin from the venom of
2127:"Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (
1367:
them from the snake, though no scientific evidence supports this.
2286:
Cantor, 1836 (Squamata, Elapidae) in Tillari, Maharashtra, India"
1360:
1197:, among other simultaneous and varied system and organ failures.
1044:
939:
899:
797:
753:
749:
520:
475:
435:
147:
4483:
3519:
2257:
Murthy, K.L.N.; Murthy, K.V.R. (2012). "Sightings of King Cobra
2199:. Florida: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 507–8.
1982:"Identification of Reptile Skin Products Using Scale Morphology"
4442:
4354:
3679:
2102:
Singh, A.; Joshi, R. (2016). "A first record of the King Cobra
1662:. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. pp. 96–97.
1220:
Society can effectively neutralise venom of the king cobra. In
1205:
1134:
1043:. The parthenogenetic mechanism appears to be a variation of
962:
A king cobra in its defensive posture (mounted specimen at the
785:
769:
729:
536:
127:
4682:
2197:
Snakes of the world: A catalogue of living and extinct species
859:
and detects moving prey almost 100 m (330 ft) away.
4608:
4148:
2791:
Issues and Trends of Wildlife Conservation in Northeast India
1298:
and expansion of agricultural land. It is also threatened by
1221:
1165:
and pain; in severe cases, swelling extends proximally, with
1162:
1072:
1036:
The average lifespan of a wild king cobra is about 20 years.
993:
832:
773:
733:
713:
690:
633:
603:
423:
415:
329:
167:
90:
84:
4002:
3873:
Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons
3044:
2897:
2279:
2256:
1871:
1290:
In Southeast Asia, the king cobra is threatened foremost by
1597:"Description of a New Species of Naga, or Cobra de Capello"
1190:
1114:
1098:
also exhibit toxicological activities. It is reported that
976:
883:
494:
480:
348:
336:
3713:
3365:
3257:
2900:"Novel genes encoding six kinds of three-finger toxins in
2848:
2493:
Kurniawan, A.; Lee, G.; bin Tohed, N.; Low, M.-R. (2018).
2373:"Hits close to home: repeated persecution of King Cobras (
2226:
in Sikkim, India: a new altitude record for the northeast"
2131:
Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India"
1812:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2053:(Cantor)] and lengths and weights of large specimens"
656:
A baby king cobra showing its chevron pattern on the back
4054:
Secrets of the Snake Charmer: Snakes in the 21st Century
3776:
Broad, A. J.; Sutherland, S. K.; Coulter, A. R. (1979).
3558:
3515:
3513:
1624:. London: Printed by order of the Trustees. p. 219.
2950:
1488:. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 241.
446:
The king cobra is also referred to by the common name "
3650:
2793:. Aizawl: Mizo Academy of Sciences. pp. 268–274.
2351:
2180:
1216:
in India. A polyvalent antivenom produced by the Thai
1013:
A captive juvenile king cobra in its defensive posture
586:
in 1945 who argued that it differs significantly from
3510:
2632:(Cantor) in Singapore (Reptilia: Squamata: Elapidae)"
2191:
1872:
Suntrarachun, S.; Chanhome, L.; Sumontha, M. (2014).
1682:
19:
This article is about the snake. For other uses, see
1634:
1090:
are the predominant and most lethal components when
3012:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
2751:Whitaker, N.; Shankar, P. G.; Whitaker, R. (2013).
2081:. London, Cape Town, Sydney, Auckland: Bloomsbury.
4004:
3844:Snakes: Biology, Behavior, and Relationship to Man
2746:
2744:
2163:
2101:
1456:
1214:King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research
1039:King cobra was shown to be capable of facultative
898:. Its diet consists primarily of other snakes and
2495:"King cobra feeding on a monitor lizard at night"
2431:The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
2057:The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1937:"Characterization of venomous snakes of Thailand"
1878:in Thailand based on mitochondrial DNA sequences"
1370:It is regarded as the national reptile of India.
4775:
4031:
3424:
3422:
3264:: Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches"
2626:Lim, K. K. P.; Leong, T. M.; Lim, L. K. (2011).
894:and dominant over all other snakes except large
414:since 2010. Regarded as the national reptile of
3373:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3317:through proteomics and animal model approaches"
2741:
2213:
1930:
1928:
1566:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
3732:
3714:Séan Thomas; Eugene Griessel (December 1999).
3098:(King Cobra) venom with beta-blocker activity"
3094:"β-Cardiotoxin: A new three-finger toxin from
2076:
2019:
2017:
1744:
1421:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T177540A1491874.en
1350:The king cobra has an eminent position in the
1185:. If not treated promptly, it may progress to
519:in 1840 was a king cobra caught offshore near
367:. It preys chiefly on other snakes, including
4131:
4050:
3928:. Republic of the Philippines. Archived from
3895:
3419:
3198:
2095:
2046:
1979:
1705:
1451:Mehrtens, J. (1987). "King Cobra, Hamadryad (
1310:or turned into snake leather, and for use in
1063:Lateral view of a king cobra skull with fangs
841:Captive king cobras with their hoods extended
3428:
3302:
3260:"Venom Proteomics of Indonesian King Cobra,
3194:
3192:
2566:. Singapore National Printers. p. 142.
2318:
1986:Wildlife Forensics: Methods and Applications
1965:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
1925:
1908:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1254:toxicity in mice of 1.28 mg/kg through
3979:"5 King Cobra nakumpiska sa NBI entrapment"
2898:Li, J.; Zhang, H.; Liu, J.; Xu, K. (2006).
2844:
2842:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2416:
2414:
2164:Kanaujia, A.; Kumar, A.; Kumar, A. (2017).
2014:
784:. In the Western Ghats, it was recorded in
700:In northern India, it has been recorded in
684:
531:in 1858 were king cobra specimens from the
4138:
4124:
3898:"King cobra under threat, put on red list"
3251:
2591:Snakes: The Evolution of Mystery in Nature
2321:"A checklist of reptiles of Kerala, India"
1874:"Phylogenetic analysis of the king cobra,
1806:
1657:
1594:
1483:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
395:and may result in a rapid fatality unless
252:
62:
43:
4025:
3865:
3840:
3834:
3627:
3617:
3458:
3402:
3392:
3342:
3332:
3296:
3279:
3234:
3216:
3189:
3172:
3162:
3113:
2982:
2972:
2927:
2874:
2532:
2530:
2469:
2402:
2392:
2336:
2241:
2124:
2049:"The record hamadryad or king cobra [
1984:. In J. E. Huffman, J. R. Wallace (ed.).
1902:
1893:
1848:
1838:
1502:
1419:
4079:"King Cobra – National Reptile of India"
2839:
2664:
2420:
2411:
1601:Madras Journal of Literature and Science
1536:
1450:
1345:
1273:
1058:
1008:
957:
877:
811:
651:
643:
4003:Minton, S.A. Jr.; Minton, M.R. (1980).
3875:. Vol. 236. USA: CRC Press. 1995.
3709:
3707:
3653:"Treatment of envenomation by reptiles"
2686:. University of California, San Diego.
2561:
2555:
2280:Yadav, O. V.; Yankanchi, S. R. (2015).
1617:
1435:
568:in 1882 was a king cobra captured near
4776:
3996:
3976:
2584:
2578:
2541:. TFH Publications. pp. 30, 452.
2536:
2527:
2454:), with emphasis on foraging and diet"
2166:"Herpetofauna of Uttar Pradesh, India"
1647:. London: Ray Society. pp. 340–2.
1559:
1513:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1155:
4381:
4380:
4119:
4011:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
3889:
2708:
2607:from the original on 10 February 2023
2300:from the original on 10 February 2023
2261:in northern coastal Andhra Pradesh".
2195:; Williams, K.L.; Boundy, J. (2014).
2072:
2070:
2002:from the original on 10 February 2023
1757:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1651:
497:. In 1838, Cantor proposed the name
4889:Taxa named by Theodore Edward Cantor
4085:from the original on 17 January 2018
3704:
3581:from the original on 16 October 2019
3538:10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a068624
2783:"Nesting ecology of the King Cobra,
2753:"Nesting ecology of the King Cobra (
2681:
2652:from the original on 16 October 2019
2515:from the original on 16 October 2019
2450:"Observations on a wild King Cobra (
2145:from the original on 16 October 2019
1576:from the original on 14 October 2019
1549:. Amsterdam: Schonekat. p. 476.
1547:Essai sur la physionomie des serpens
1463:. New York: Sterling. p. 263–.
566:Alexander Willem Michiel van Hasselt
418:, it has an eminent position in the
265: Distribution of the king cobra
3977:Garcia, Danilo (23 December 2021).
3686:Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics
3559:Whitaker, R.; Whitaker, S. (2012).
3429:Tan, N.H.; Saifuddin, M.N. (1990).
2961:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2823:. 10 September 2010. Archived from
1988:. Oxford: Wiley. pp. 161–199.
1407:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1380:
693:in India and southern Nepal to the
629:in southern Thailand form a deeply
489:in 1837 who described a king cobra
450:", especially in older literature.
13:
4219:
3822:from the original on 31 March 2022
2944:
2067:
1794:from the original on 14 March 2019
14:
4900:
4101:
3841:Engelmann, Wolf-Eberhard (1981).
3651:Ernst, C. H.; Evelyn, M. (2011).
3526:The Quarterly Journal of Medicine
2690:from the original on 30 June 2010
2338:10.11609/jott.2002.7.13.8010-8022
1710:Preoccupied for the King Cobra".
466:four king cobra specimens, three
4784:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
4147:
3606:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
3321:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2587:"Antipredator tactics of snakes"
2539:The Atlas of Snakes of the World
1334:, king cobras (locally known as
1278:King cobra found in a packet of
1258:, 1.5 to 1.7 mg/kg through
986:
831:
820:
104:
16:Venomous snake species from Asia
4071:
4044:
3970:
3944:
3914:
3769:
3726:
3673:
3644:
3593:
3552:
3475:
3359:
3138:
3085:
3038:
2999:
2891:
2807:
2774:
2715:Journal of Experimental Zoology
2702:
2619:
2486:
2441:
2364:
2345:
2312:
2273:
2250:
2157:
2118:
2040:
1973:
1865:
1738:
1699:
1676:
1317:
1262:, and 1.644 mg/kg through
1173:, resulting in blurred vision,
1106:is not widely observed, nor is
1047:referred to as terminal fusion
1004:
523:that was floating in a basket.
4034:Chicago Herpetological Society
2502:Singapore Biodiversity Records
2458:IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians
1683:Van Hasselt, A. W. M. (1882).
1628:
1611:
1588:
1553:
1530:
1484:Lillywhite, Harvey B. (2014).
1477:
1081:snake venom metalloproteinases
1067:
639:
1:
3281:10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00305
3071:10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.06.003
3024:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00518-1
2423:"The Hamadryad or King Cobra
2381:Tropical Conservation Science
1645:The Reptiles of British India
1635:Günther, A. C. L. G. (1864).
1373:
1328:Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
1121:damage and interference with
627:Nakhon Si Thammarat Provinces
3805:10.1016/0041-0101(79)90245-9
3755:10.1016/0041-0101(69)90012-9
3619:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001672
3460:10.1016/0041-0101(90)90076-j
3334:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006138
3268:Journal of Proteome Research
2282:"Occurence [sic] of
2079:Venomous snakes of the world
1840:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070
1660:Venomous Snakes of the World
1322:The king cobra is listed in
1312:traditional Chinese medicine
1193:. Death soon follows due to
1189:collapse and, subsequently,
347:, it is not taxonomically a
7:
4854:Reptiles of the Philippines
2820:National Geographic Society
2377:) in northeastern Thailand"
621:showed that specimens from
474:and one in the vicinity of
441:
21:King Cobra (disambiguation)
10:
4905:
4809:Reptiles described in 1836
3496:10.1016/j.gene.2005.12.002
2867:10.1038/s41598-021-86373-1
2562:Tweedie, M. W. F. (1983).
2471:10.17161/randa.v17i2.16088
2325:Journal of Threatened Taxa
2230:Journal of Threatened Taxa
1953:10.5372/1905-7415.0503.043
1895:10.5372/1905-7415.0802.289
1459:Living Snakes of the World
1269:
1133:caused by envenomation of
953:
539:. Günther considered both
458:used by Danish naturalist
25:
18:
4804:National symbols of India
4624:
4389:
4339:
4313:
4230:
4217:
4160:
4154:National symbols of India
3218:10.1186/s12864-015-1828-2
2243:10.11609/JoTT.o2438.990-1
1264:intraperitoneal injection
932:Blyth's reticulated snake
277:
270:
260:
251:
233:
226:
101:Scientific classification
99:
82:
60:
51:
42:
37:
4302:Lactobacillus bulgaricus
4111:Research and Information
2394:10.1177/1940082918818401
2222:"Sighting of King Cobra
1955:(inactive 26 July 2024).
1915:. Hamadryad, King Cobra"
1054:
685:Distribution and habitat
648:Scales of the king cobra
406:, it has been listed as
26:Not to be confused with
3922:"Republic Act No. 9147"
3394:10.1073/pnas.1314702110
2974:10.1074/jbc.M109.074161
1748:; Keogh, J. S. (2000).
1706:Bogert, C. M. (1945). "
873:
584:Charles Mitchill Bogert
422:and folk traditions of
4814:Reptiles of Bangladesh
4224:
4051:Murphy, J. C. (2010).
3896:Sivakumar, B. (2012).
3164:10.3390/toxins15090549
2727:10.1002/jez.1402600302
2585:Greene, H. W. (1997).
2047:Burton, R. W. (1950).
1980:Martin, D. L. (2012).
1777:10.1006/mpev.1999.0725
1560:Cantor, T. E. (1838).
1514:Cantor, T. E. (1836).
1287:
1260:subcutaneous injection
1208:origin is produced by
1171:central nervous system
1150:central nervous system
1064:
1014:
967:
887:
657:
649:
582:for the king cobra by
460:Theodore Edward Cantor
4834:Reptiles of Hong Kong
4223:
3115:10.1096/fj.07-8658com
2684:"Immediate First Aid"
2319:Palot, M. J. (2015).
1909:Smith, M. A. (1943).
1537:Schlegel, H. (1837).
1414:: e.T177540A1491874.
1346:Cultural significance
1277:
1256:intravenous injection
1232:(or liquid blend) of
1062:
1012:
961:
890:The king cobra is an
881:
812:Behaviour and ecology
655:
647:
572:in northern Sumatra.
499:Hamadryas ophiophagus
393:medically significant
391:from this species is
369:those of its own kind
4829:Reptiles of Cambodia
4286:Ganges river dolphin
3983:Pilipino Star Ngayon
3932:on 27 September 2023
2564:The Snakes of Malaya
1618:Günther, A. (1858).
964:Royal Ontario Museum
940:hump-nosed pit viper
800:. It also occurs on
578:was accepted as the
4864:Snakes of Indonesia
3910:on 1 February 2013.
3797:1979Txcn...17..661B
3747:1969Txcn....7..239G
3722:on 1 February 2012.
3451:1990Txcn...28..385T
3385:2013PNAS..11020651V
3063:2004Txcn...44..295H
2908:Biochemical Journal
2827:on 22 February 2022
2639:Nature in Singapore
2537:Coborn, J. (1991).
2077:O'Shea, M. (2008).
1831:2016PLoSO..1161070F
1769:2000MolPE..15..157S
1685:"Eene Monster-Naja"
1658:O'Shea, M. (2005).
1595:Elliot, W. (1840).
1292:habitat destruction
1195:respiratory failure
1156:Clinical management
1077:three-finger toxins
602:giving rise to the
491:zoological specimen
404:habitat destruction
357:Indian Subcontinent
54:Conservation status
4879:Snakes of Thailand
4869:Snakes of Malaysia
4824:Reptiles of Brunei
4819:Reptiles of Bhutan
4799:Reptiles of Borneo
4448:ophiophagus-hannah
4421:Ophiophagus hannah
4391:Ophiophagus hannah
4225:
4109:Ophiophagus hannah
3903:The Times of India
3682:Ophiophagus hannah
3522:Ophiophagus hannah
3433:Ophiophagus hannah
3315:Ophiophagus hannah
3262:Ophiophagus hannah
3096:Ophiophagus hannah
3047:Ophiophagus hannah
3008:Ophiophagus hannah
2955:Ophiophagus hannah
2920:10.1042/BJ20060004
2902:Ophiophagus hannah
2785:Ophiophagus hannah
2755:Ophiophagus hannah
2711:Ophiophagus hannah
2630:Ophiophagus hannah
2452:Ophiophagus hannah
2375:Ophiophagus hannah
2284:Ophiophagus hannah
2259:Ophiophagus hannah
2224:Ophiophagus hannah
2129:Ophiophagus hannah
2125:Dolia, J. (2018).
2104:Ophiophagus hannah
2028:Ophiophagus hannah
1876:Ophiophagus hannah
1539:"Le Naja Bongare.
1520:Asiatic Researches
1453:Ophiophagus hannah
1400:Ophiophagus hannah
1300:wildlife smuggling
1288:
1210:Haffkine Institute
1125:, contributing to
1065:
1030:to 1.34 oz).
1027:incubation periods
1015:
968:
888:
679:sexually dimorphic
677:The king cobra is
658:
650:
606:, rather than the
576:Ophiophagus hannah
322:Ophiophagus hannah
237:Ophiophagus hannah
4884:Snakes of Vietnam
4874:Snakes of Myanmar
4849:Reptiles of Nepal
4839:Reptiles of India
4771:
4770:
4756:Open Tree of Life
4583:Open Tree of Life
4383:Taxon identifiers
4374:
4373:
4281:(Heritage animal)
4064:978-1-4502-2127-6
4018:978-0-684-16626-1
4007:Venomous reptiles
3716:"LD50 (Archived)"
3666:978-0-8018-9875-4
3102:The FASEB Journal
2628:"The king cobra,
2548:978-0-86622-749-0
2421:Wall, F. (1924).
2290:Herpetology Notes
2206:978-1-4822-0848-1
2135:Herpetology Notes
2088:978-1-84773-086-2
1995:978-1-119-95429-3
1941:Asian Biomedicine
1882:Asian Biomedicine
1669:978-0-691-12436-0
1495:978-0-19-538037-8
1324:CITES Appendix II
1096:beta-cardiotoxins
1088:alpha-neurotoxins
1086:Of all the 3FTx,
936:Malabar pit viper
928:banded wolf snake
780:, especially the
760:, it occurs from
742:Arunachal Pradesh
695:Brahmaputra River
619:mitochondrial DNA
373:incubation period
361:Southeastern Asia
313:
312:
307:
299:
208:
94:
77:
4896:
4844:Reptiles of Laos
4764:
4763:
4751:
4750:
4738:
4737:
4725:
4724:
4712:
4711:
4699:
4698:
4686:
4685:
4673:
4672:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4617:
4616:
4604:
4603:
4591:
4590:
4578:
4577:
4565:
4564:
4552:
4551:
4539:
4538:
4526:
4525:
4513:
4512:
4500:
4499:
4487:
4486:
4474:
4473:
4461:
4460:
4451:
4450:
4438:
4437:
4435:Ophiophagus luna
4425:
4424:
4423:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4359:
4351:
4321:Independence Day
4306:
4298:
4290:
4289:(Aquatic animal)
4282:
4274:
4266:
4258:
4250:
4242:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4184:Satyameva Jayate
4180:
4172:
4152:
4151:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4117:
4116:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4010:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3926:Official Gazette
3918:
3912:
3911:
3906:. Archived from
3893:
3887:
3886:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3821:
3782:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3718:. Archived from
3711:
3702:
3701:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3621:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3565:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3532:(293): 751–762.
3517:
3508:
3507:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3396:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3336:
3327:(12): e0006138.
3300:
3294:
3293:
3283:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3220:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3166:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3117:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2986:
2976:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2679:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2636:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2499:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2396:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2189:
2178:
2177:
2170:Biological Forum
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1754:
1746:Slowinski, J. B.
1742:
1736:
1735:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1511:
1500:
1499:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1462:
1448:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1393:
1302:, as well as by
934:. It also hunts
920:green whip snake
853:Jacobson's organ
835:
824:
667:occipital scales
592:genetic analysis
487:Hermann Schlegel
485:was proposed by
452:Hamadryas hannah
305:
286:
264:
256:
239:
203:
109:
108:
88:
71:
66:
65:
47:
35:
34:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4859:Snakes of China
4774:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4759:
4754:
4746:
4741:
4733:
4728:
4720:
4715:
4707:
4702:
4694:
4689:
4681:
4676:
4668:
4663:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4620:
4612:
4607:
4599:
4594:
4586:
4581:
4573:
4570:Observation.org
4568:
4560:
4555:
4547:
4542:
4534:
4529:
4521:
4516:
4508:
4503:
4495:
4490:
4482:
4477:
4469:
4464:
4456:
4454:
4446:
4441:
4433:
4428:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4385:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4363:Indian Calendar
4357:
4349:
4335:
4309:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4280:
4278:Indian elephant
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4231:Flora and fauna
4226:
4215:
4210:
4208:National Pledge
4202:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4176:Emblem of India
4170:
4156:
4146:
4144:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4081:. indiamapped.
4077:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4049:
4045:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3958:. 26 March 2023
3956:GMA News Online
3950:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3933:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3780:
3774:
3770:
3731:
3727:
3712:
3705:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3649:
3645:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3568:Current Science
3563:
3557:
3553:
3518:
3511:
3480:
3476:
3427:
3420:
3379:(51): 20651–6.
3364:
3360:
3301:
3297:
3256:
3252:
3197:
3190:
3143:
3139:
3108:(13): 3685–95.
3090:
3086:
3043:
3039:
3010:(king cobra)".
3004:
3000:
2967:(11): 8302–15.
2949:
2945:
2896:
2892:
2847:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2779:
2775:
2759:
2749:
2742:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2680:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2634:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2601:
2583:
2579:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2535:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2446:
2442:
2419:
2412:
2369:
2365:
2350:
2346:
2331:(13): 8010–22.
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2278:
2274:
2255:
2251:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2190:
2181:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2123:
2119:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2075:
2068:
2045:
2041:
2022:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1996:
1978:
1974:
1958:
1957:
1933:
1926:
1907:
1903:
1870:
1866:
1825:(9): e0161070.
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1724:10.2307/1438180
1704:
1700:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1656:
1652:
1633:
1629:
1616:
1612:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1558:
1554:
1535:
1531:
1512:
1503:
1496:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1449:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1394:
1381:
1376:
1348:
1320:
1306:, then sold as
1272:
1252:
1181:, and eventual
1158:
1152:of the victim.
1070:
1057:
1041:parthenogenesis
1007:
989:
956:
944:clouded monitor
876:
845:
844:
843:
842:
838:
837:
836:
827:
826:
825:
814:
802:Baratang Island
687:
642:
600:genetic lineage
525:Hamadryas elaps
456:scientific name
444:
266:
262:
247:
241:
235:
222:
202:
103:
95:
78:
67:
63:
56:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4902:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4789:Apex predators
4786:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4752:
4739:
4726:
4713:
4700:
4687:
4674:
4661:
4646:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4605:
4592:
4579:
4566:
4553:
4540:
4527:
4514:
4501:
4488:
4475:
4462:
4452:
4439:
4426:
4411:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4331:Gandhi Jayanti
4328:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4291:
4283:
4275:
4267:
4259:
4251:
4246:Indian peafowl
4243:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4192:Jana Gana Mana
4189:
4181:
4173:
4164:
4162:
4161:Constitutional
4158:
4157:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4103:
4102:External links
4100:
4097:
4096:
4070:
4063:
4043:
4024:
4017:
3995:
3969:
3943:
3913:
3888:
3881:
3864:
3857:
3833:
3768:
3741:(3): 239–241.
3725:
3703:
3672:
3665:
3643:
3592:
3574:(6): 635–643.
3551:
3509:
3490:(2): 246–256.
3474:
3445:(4): 385–392.
3418:
3358:
3311:Naja siamensis
3295:
3274:(6): 2539–56.
3250:
3188:
3137:
3084:
3057:(3): 295–303.
3037:
2998:
2943:
2914:(2): 233–342.
2890:
2838:
2806:
2799:
2773:
2740:
2721:(3): 275–287.
2701:
2663:
2618:
2599:
2577:
2554:
2547:
2526:
2485:
2440:
2410:
2363:
2344:
2311:
2272:
2249:
2212:
2205:
2179:
2156:
2117:
2094:
2087:
2066:
2039:
2013:
1994:
1972:
1947:(3): 311–328.
1924:
1901:
1888:(2): 269–274.
1864:
1805:
1763:(1): 157–164.
1737:
1698:
1675:
1668:
1650:
1627:
1610:
1587:
1552:
1529:
1501:
1494:
1476:
1469:
1434:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1347:
1344:
1319:
1316:
1271:
1268:
1250:
1242:inpatient care
1187:cardiovascular
1157:
1154:
1142:hypolocomotion
1108:nephrotoxicity
1104:cardiotoxicity
1069:
1066:
1056:
1053:
1017:The female is
1006:
1003:
988:
985:
955:
952:
948:metabolic rate
882:King cobra in
875:
872:
840:
839:
830:
829:
828:
819:
818:
817:
816:
815:
813:
810:
796:, and also in
772:, and also in
766:Andhra Pradesh
686:
683:
641:
638:
529:Albert Günther
443:
440:
402:Threatened by
380:threat display
365:Southern China
311:
310:
309:
308:
306:Schlegel, 1837
300:
287:Cantor, 1836 (
275:
274:
268:
267:
261:
258:
257:
249:
248:
242:
231:
230:
224:
223:
219:O. hannah
216:
214:
210:
209:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
97:
96:
83:
80:
79:
61:
58:
57:
52:
49:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4901:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4762:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4364:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4292:
4287:
4284:
4279:
4276:
4271:
4268:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4252:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4209:
4206:
4201:
4200:Vande Mataram
4198:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4174:
4169:
4168:Flag of India
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4066:
4060:
4057:. iUniverse.
4056:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4020:
4014:
4009:
4008:
3999:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3892:
3884:
3882:0-8493-4489-1
3878:
3874:
3868:
3860:
3858:0-89673-110-3
3854:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3837:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3708:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3435:(king cobra)"
3434:
3425:
3423:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3307:Naja kaouthia
3299:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2957:(King Cobra)"
2956:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2802:
2800:9788192432175
2796:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2689:
2685:
2682:Davidson, T.
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2622:
2606:
2602:
2600:0-520-22487-6
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2464:(2): 95–102.
2463:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2437:(1): 189–195.
2436:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2367:
2360:(4): 118–120.
2359:
2355:
2348:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2176:(1): 118–130.
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2018:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1470:0-8069-6461-8
1466:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:deforestation
1293:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:Curcuma longa
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1002:
1000:
995:
987:Growling hiss
984:
980:
978:
974:
965:
960:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
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909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:apex predator
885:
880:
871:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
849:forked tongue
834:
823:
809:
807:
806:Great Andaman
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:and southern
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:Eastern Ghats
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:Uttar Pradesh
719:
715:
711:
708:, and in the
707:
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573:
571:
570:Tebing Tinggi
567:
563:
559:
557:
554:
550:
547:a variety of
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:Walter Elliot
514:
510:
509:
504:
500:
496:
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473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
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429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:IUCN Red List
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:of the genus
342:
338:
334:
331:
328:
324:
323:
318:
304:
301:
297:
293:
290:
285:
282:
281:
280:
279:Genus-level:
276:
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238:
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229:
228:Binomial name
225:
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41:
36:
33:
29:
22:
4625:
4390:
4347:Indian rupee
4326:Republic Day
4293:
4238:Bengal tiger
4108:
4087:. Retrieved
4073:
4053:
4046:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4006:
3998:
3986:. Retrieved
3982:
3972:
3960:. Retrieved
3955:
3946:
3934:. Retrieved
3930:the original
3925:
3916:
3908:the original
3901:
3891:
3872:
3867:
3843:
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3791:(6): 661–4.
3788:
3784:
3771:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3720:the original
3692:(1): 18–23.
3689:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3656:
3646:
3612:(6): e1672.
3609:
3605:
3595:
3583:. Retrieved
3571:
3567:
3554:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3487:
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3324:
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3298:
3271:
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3253:
3208:
3205:BMC Genomics
3204:
3157:(9): 574–8.
3154:
3150:
3140:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3087:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3018:(3): 574–8.
3015:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2946:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2893:
2858:
2854:
2829:. Retrieved
2825:the original
2818:
2815:"King Cobra"
2809:
2790:
2784:
2776:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2694:24 September
2692:. Retrieved
2654:. Retrieved
2642:
2638:
2629:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2590:
2580:
2563:
2557:
2538:
2517:. Retrieved
2505:
2501:
2488:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2404:10150/632917
2384:
2380:
2374:
2366:
2357:
2354:Indian Birds
2353:
2347:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2302:. Retrieved
2293:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2236:(6): 990–1.
2233:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2196:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2138:
2134:
2128:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2078:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2042:
2036:(36): 62–68.
2033:
2027:
2026:"King Cobra
2004:. Retrieved
1985:
1975:
1961:cite journal
1944:
1940:
1918:
1912:
1904:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1867:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1760:
1756:
1740:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1692:
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1678:
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1644:
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1600:
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1578:. Retrieved
1569:
1565:
1555:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1485:
1479:
1458:
1452:
1425:. Retrieved
1411:
1405:
1399:
1369:
1349:
1335:
1321:
1318:Conservation
1289:
1280:potato chips
1246:
1237:
1199:
1159:
1146:hyperalgesia
1139:
1131:coagulopathy
1112:
1100:cytotoxicity
1085:
1071:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1016:
1005:Reproduction
992:13,000
990:
981:
975:, shows the
969:
908:banded krait
904:Indian cobra
902:, including
889:
864:envenomation
861:
846:
699:
688:
676:
659:
617:analysis of
615:phylogenetic
612:
607:
596:cytochrome b
587:
575:
574:
564:proposed by
561:
560:
555:
548:
544:
540:
527:proposed by
524:
515:proposed by
513:Naia vittata
512:
506:
502:
498:
479:
462:in 1836 who
451:
445:
401:
389:Envenomation
377:
344:
321:
320:
316:
314:
302:
288:
283:
278:
236:
234:
218:
217:
198:
197:
32:
28:Indian cobra
4704:iNaturalist
4656:Ophiophagus
4650:Wikispecies
4626:Ophiophagus
4505:iNaturalist
4415:Wikispecies
4040:(2): 17–20.
2861:(1): 7271.
2770:(2): 101–7.
2757:) in India"
2645:: 143–156.
2425:Naja hannah
2263:Reptile Rap
2193:Wallach, V.
2141:: 217–222.
2108:Zoo's Print
2051:Naja hannah
1913:Naja hannah
1639:Ophiophagus
1541:N. bungarus
1427:20 November
1332:Philippines
1284:Los Angeles
1200:Polyvalent
1123:haemostasis
1119:vasculature
1079:(3FTx) and
1068:Composition
1023:leaf litter
999:diverticula
794:Maharashtra
778:West Bengal
768:to coastal
726:West Bengal
718:Uttarakhand
716:regions of
640:Description
590:species. A
562:Naja ingens
556:Ophiophagus
541:N. bungarus
533:Philippines
468:captured in
345:Ophiophagus
341:sole member
296:preoccupied
199:Ophiophagus
184:Subfamily:
87:Appendix II
38:King cobra
4778:Categories
4366:(Calendar)
4350:(Currency)
4305:(Microber)
4294:King cobra
4089:17 January
3826:14 October
3585:16 October
3211:(1): 687.
2831:30 October
2656:16 October
2519:16 October
2149:16 October
1798:14 October
1580:14 October
1374:References
1230:concoction
1179:drowsiness
1092:cytotoxins
862:Following
782:Sundarbans
762:Tamil Nadu
580:valid name
545:N. vittata
472:Sundarbans
428:Bangladesh
408:Vulnerable
349:true cobra
317:king cobra
164:Suborder:
69:Vulnerable
4641:Q14564444
4297:(Reptile)
3227:1471-2164
2764:Hamadryad
2611:4 October
2572:686366097
2480:257621424
2427:(Cantor)"
2296:: 493–4.
2034:Hamadryad
2006:4 October
1718:(1): 47.
1708:Hamadryas
1572:: 72–75.
1352:mythology
1294:owing to
1218:Red Cross
1202:antivenom
1183:paralysis
1083:(SVMPs).
1049:automixis
997:tracheal
912:rat snake
857:vibration
790:Karnataka
756:. In the
738:Meghalaya
631:divergent
623:Surattani
464:described
448:hamadryad
432:Sri Lanka
420:mythology
397:antivenom
284:Hamadryas
213:Species:
168:Serpentes
124:Kingdom:
118:Eukaryota
4794:Elapidae
4635:Wikidata
4609:Species+
4523:10361449
4455:BioLib:
4400:Wikidata
4257:(Flower)
4241:(Animal)
4211:(Pledge)
4195:(Anthem)
4179:(Emblem)
4083:Archived
3988:26 March
3962:26 March
3936:26 March
3817:Archived
3698:22460424
3684:venom".
3638:22679522
3576:Archived
3504:16472942
3413:24297900
3353:29244815
3290:25896403
3245:26358635
3183:12056805
3174:10534572
3132:21235585
3124:17616557
3079:15302536
3032:12056805
2993:20071329
2938:16689684
2885:33790309
2688:Archived
2647:Archived
2605:Archived
2510:Archived
2387:: 1–14.
2304:22 April
2298:Archived
2269:: 29–32.
2143:Archived
2063:: 561–2.
2000:Archived
1859:27603205
1819:PLOS ONE
1789:Archived
1785:10764543
1695:: 140–3.
1641:, Gthr."
1607:: 39–41.
1574:Archived
1526:: 87–93.
1356:folklore
1342:20,000.
1308:bushmeat
1304:poaching
1234:turmeric
1226:Thailand
1167:necrosis
1127:bleeding
924:keelback
746:Nagaland
710:Shivalik
610:cobras.
549:H. elaps
508:Bungarus
483:bungarus
454:was the
442:Taxonomy
382:of this
359:through
353:habitats
327:venomous
294:, 1804:
272:Synonyms
188:Elapinae
178:Elapidae
174:Family:
158:Squamata
148:Reptilia
138:Chordata
134:Phylum:
128:Animalia
114:Domain:
74:IUCN 3.1
4722:1342203
4696:2469849
4497:2469850
4484:1055746
4358:(River)
4273:(Fruit)
4187:(Motto)
3793:Bibcode
3785:Toxicon
3763:5358069
3743:Bibcode
3735:Toxicon
3629:3367981
3546:1754675
3469:2190359
3447:Bibcode
3439:Toxicon
3404:3870661
3381:Bibcode
3344:5747474
3236:4566206
3059:Bibcode
3051:Toxicon
2984:2832981
2929:1550305
2876:8012631
2855:Sci Rep
2735:1744612
2114:: 9–11.
1850:5014348
1827:Bibcode
1765:Bibcode
1732:1438180
1365:protect
1361:Pakokku
1336:banakon
1286:in 2017
1270:Threats
1175:vertigo
1045:meiosis
954:Defence
916:pythons
900:lizards
896:pythons
886:, India
868:diurnal
808:chain.
804:in the
798:Gujarat
754:Mizoram
750:Manipur
702:Garhwal
671:chevron
521:Chennai
476:Kolkata
436:Myanmar
410:on the
333:endemic
325:) is a
205:Günther
194:Genus:
154:Order:
144:Class:
89: (
72: (
4735:700236
4601:hannah
4575:101818
4549:177540
4536:700646
4443:ARKive
4406:Q48186
4355:Ganges
4340:Others
4265:(Tree)
4262:Banyan
4249:(Bird)
4203:(Song)
4171:(Flag)
4061:
4015:
3879:
3855:
3813:524395
3811:
3761:
3696:
3663:
3636:
3626:
3544:
3502:
3467:
3411:
3401:
3351:
3341:
3288:
3243:
3233:
3225:
3181:
3171:
3151:Toxins
3130:
3122:
3077:
3030:
2991:
2981:
2936:
2926:
2883:
2873:
2797:
2733:
2597:
2570:
2545:
2508:: 63.
2478:
2203:
2085:
1992:
1857:
1847:
1783:
1730:
1712:Copeia
1666:
1492:
1467:
1206:equine
1135:vipers
1115:cobras
1019:gravid
786:Kerala
770:Odisha
730:Sikkim
706:Kumaon
663:scales
604:mambas
594:using
551:. The
537:Borneo
384:elapid
339:. The
292:Hübner
263:
246:, 1836
244:Cantor
207:, 1864
4717:IRMNG
4709:30471
4683:35580
4518:IRMNG
4510:30472
4471:74Q7K
4458:58766
4270:Mango
4254:Lotus
3820:(PDF)
3781:(PDF)
3579:(PDF)
3564:(PDF)
3128:S2CID
2760:(PDF)
2650:(PDF)
2635:(PDF)
2513:(PDF)
2498:(PDF)
2476:S2CID
1792:(PDF)
1753:(PDF)
1728:JSTOR
1691:. 2.
1282:near
1222:India
1163:edema
1073:Venom
1055:Venom
977:fangs
774:Bihar
734:Assam
714:terai
691:Terai
634:clade
553:genus
493:from
424:India
416:India
330:snake
91:CITES
85:CITES
4761:6135
4748:8664
4743:NCBI
4730:ITIS
4691:GBIF
4670:68VS
4614:4751
4588:6136
4562:8665
4557:NCBI
4544:IUCN
4531:ITIS
4492:GBIF
4314:Days
4091:2018
4059:ISBN
4013:ISBN
3990:2023
3964:2023
3938:2023
3877:ISBN
3853:ISBN
3828:2019
3809:PMID
3759:PMID
3694:PMID
3661:ISBN
3634:PMID
3587:2019
3542:PMID
3500:PMID
3484:Gene
3465:PMID
3409:PMID
3349:PMID
3313:and
3286:PMID
3241:PMID
3223:ISSN
3179:PMID
3120:PMID
3075:PMID
3049:)".
3028:PMID
2989:PMID
2934:PMID
2881:PMID
2833:2022
2795:ISBN
2731:PMID
2696:2011
2658:2019
2613:2020
2595:ISBN
2568:OCLC
2543:ISBN
2521:2019
2506:2018
2306:2022
2201:ISBN
2151:2019
2083:ISBN
2008:2020
1990:ISBN
1967:link
1855:PMID
1800:2019
1781:PMID
1716:1945
1664:ISBN
1582:2019
1490:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1455:)".
1429:2021
1412:2012
1354:and
1228:, a
1224:and
1212:and
1191:coma
1144:and
1129:and
1094:and
973:hood
938:and
930:and
884:Pune
874:Diet
792:and
764:and
752:and
720:and
712:and
704:and
625:and
608:Naja
588:Naja
543:and
535:and
505:and
503:Naja
495:Java
481:Naja
470:the
434:and
378:The
337:Asia
315:The
303:Naja
4678:EoL
4665:CoL
4479:EoL
4466:CoL
4430:ADW
3849:222
3801:doi
3751:doi
3624:PMC
3614:doi
3572:103
3534:doi
3492:doi
3488:371
3455:doi
3399:PMC
3389:doi
3377:110
3339:PMC
3329:doi
3276:doi
3231:PMC
3213:doi
3169:PMC
3159:doi
3110:doi
3067:doi
3020:doi
3016:294
2979:PMC
2969:doi
2965:285
2924:PMC
2916:doi
2912:398
2871:PMC
2863:doi
2723:doi
2719:260
2713:".
2466:doi
2399:hdl
2389:doi
2333:doi
2238:doi
1949:doi
1890:doi
1845:PMC
1835:doi
1773:doi
1720:doi
1416:doi
1204:of
363:to
335:to
289:non
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