748:(Official Secretary of the U.S./Venezuela delegation in the Tribunal of Arbitration), written in 1944 to be published only after Mallet-Prevost's death. That reopened the issues, with Mallet-Prevost surmising a political deal between Russia and Britain from the subsequent private behaviour of the judges. Mallet-Prevost said that Martens had visited England with the two British arbitrators in the summer of 1899 and had offered the two American judges a choice between accepting a unanimous award along the lines ultimately agreed or a 3-2 majority opinion even more favourable to the British. The alternative would have followed the Schomburgk Line entirely and given the mouth of the Orinoco to the British. Mallet-Prevost said that the American judges and Venezuelan counsel were disgusted at the situation and considered the 3-2 option with a strongly-worded minority opinion but ultimately went along with Martens to avoid depriving Venezuela of valuable territory to which it was entitled.
435:(succeeding Gresham, who died in office at the end of May) sent a document to London which became known as "Olney's twenty-inch gun" (the draft was 12,000 words long). The note reviewed the history of the Anglo-Venezuelan dispute and of the Monroe Doctrine, and it firmly insisted on the application of the Doctrine to the case, declaring that "today the United States is practically sovereign on this continent, and its fiat is law upon the subjects to which it confines its interposition." The President, the Secretary of State, and the US public "had been brought to believe that Britain was in the wrong, that the vital interests of the United States were involved, and the United States must intervene." The note had little impact on the British government, partly because
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hearings, the arbitrators retired for six days. The
American arbitrators found the British argument preposterous since American Indians had never been considered to have any sovereignty. However, the British had the advantage that Martens wanted a unanimous decision, and the British threatened to ignore the award if it did not suit them. They were also able to argue a loss of equity since under the terms of the treaty lands occupied for 50 years would receive title, and a number of British gold mines would be narrowly lost to that cutoff if their lands were awarded to Venezuela.
60:
33:
460:, who contributed to the commission's historical research, argued shortly after the Commission concluded its work that it made a major contribution to clarifying issues of historical fact in the dispute. The commission's work, he wrote, helped the disputing parties to focus on issues of fact supportable by evidence (as opposed to mere assertions), and by the time the Arbitration process was under way, the commission's own view of historical facts was largely accepted by the parties "so that their main issue now in the main one of law, not of fact."
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States "to resist by every means in its power as a willful aggression upon its rights and interests" any
British attempt to exercise jurisdiction over territory the United States judged Venezuelan. The address was perceived as direct threat of war with the United Kingdom if the British did not comply, but Cleveland had not committed himself to accepting the commission's report or specified any details on how the commission would act. Despite the public belligerence, neither the British nor the American governments had any interest in war.
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arbitration followed, and
Britain was able to persuade the US of many of its views, even as it became clear that the eventual report of the Boundary Commission would likely be negative towards the British claims. An agreement between the US and the UK was signed on 12 November 1896. Cleveland's Boundary Commission suspended its work in November 1896, but it still went on to produce a large report.
511:, and the treaty was modified so that the Venezuelan President would nominate a tribunal member. However it was understood that his choice would not be a Venezuelan, and in fact, he nominated the Chief Justice of the United States. Ultimately, on 2 February 1897, the Treaty of Washington between Venezuela and the United Kingdom was signed, and ratified several months later.
332:, started in 1871, was once one of the richest in the world, and the goldfields as a whole saw over a million ounces exported between 1860 and 1883. The gold mining was dominated by immigrants from the British Isles and the British West Indies, giving an appearance of almost creating a British colony on Venezuelan territory.
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The
Government of the United States is not entitled to affirm as a universal proposition, with reference to a number of independent States for whose conduct it assumes no responsibility, that its interests are necessarily concerned in whatever may befall those States, simply because they are situated
443:, thought it possible that the colony had a major gold-bearing region around the Schomburgk line and partly because the British rejected the idea that the Monroe Doctrine had any relevance for the boundary dispute. A reply to Olney's note directly challenged his interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine:
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In
October 1886, Britain declared the line to be the provisional frontier of British Guiana, and in February 1887 Venezuela severed diplomatic relations. Proposals for a renewal of relations and settlement of the dispute failed repeatedly, and by summer 1894, diplomatic relations had been severed for
514:
After the US and
Britain had nominated their arbitrators, Britain proposed that the disputing parties agree on the presiding fifth arbitrator. There were delays in discussing that and in the interim, Martens was among the names of international jurists suggested by the US. Martens was then chosen by
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Despite its disappointment with the award of Paris
Tribunal of Arbitration, Venezuela abided by it. However, half a century later, the publication of an alleged political deal between Russia and Britain led Venezuela to reassert its claims. In 1949, the US jurist Otto Schoenrich gave the Venezuelan
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In 1844, Venezuela declared the
Essequibo River the dividing line; a British offer the same year to make major alterations to the line and cede the mouth of the Orinoco and much associated territory was ignored. No treaty between Britain and Venezuela was reached, and after an 1850 agreement not to
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of 1823. For much of the 19th century, it had only rarely been invoked by the United States, but a "paradigm shift in U.S. foreign relations in the late nineteenth century" saw
Americans more actively support their increasingly-significant economic interests in Central and South America. The "'new
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In the US Senate, however, a series of amendments exempted important issues from any sort of arbitration. Any issue that was not exempted would need two thirds of the Senate before arbitration could begin. Virtually nothing was left of the original proposal, and the Senate in May 1897 voted 43 in
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Britain's key argument was that prior to
Venezuela's independence, Spain had not taken effective possession of the disputed territory and said that the local Indians had had alliances with the Dutch, which gave them a sphere of influence that the British acquired in 1814. After fifty-five days of
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By 17 December 1895, Cleveland delivered an address to the United States Congress reaffirming the Monroe Doctrine and its relevance to the dispute. The address asked Congress to fund a commission to study the boundaries between Venezuela and British Guiana, and declared it the duty of the United
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By standing with a Latin American nation against European colonial powers, Cleveland improved relations with the United States' southern neighbors, but the cordial manner in which the negotiations were conducted also made for good relations with Britain. However, by backing down in the face of a
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preparing the original outline of Britain's argument. The parties had eight months to prepare their case, another four months to reply to the other party's case, and another three months for the final printed case. The final arguments were submitted in December 1898, with the total evidence and
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In January 1896, the British government decided in effect to recognise the US right to intervene in the boundary dispute and accepted arbitration in principle without insisting on the Schomburgk line as a basis for negotiation. Negotiations between the US and Britain over the details of the
304:", which he established partly to follow natural divisions and partly to distinguish territory of Spanish or Venezuelan occupation from that which had been occupied by the Dutch. The line went well beyond the area of British occupation and gave British Guiana control of the mouth of the
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The reaction to the award was surprise, the award's lack of reasoning being a particular concern. Though the Venezuelans were keenly disappointed with the outcome, they honoured their counsel for their efforts (their delegation's Secretary, Severo Mallet-Prevost, received the
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encroach on disputed territory, the matter largely rested until 1876, when diplomatic exchanges resumed. Schomburgk's initial sketch, which had been published in 1840, was the only version of the "Schomburgk Line" published until 1886. That led to accusations by US President
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Former US President Benjamin Harrison served as an attorney for the Republic of Venezuela filed an 800-page brief and traveled to Paris, where he spent more than 25 hours in court on Venezuela's behalf. Although he lost the case, his legal arguments won him international
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in 1835 to 1839, which resulted in a sketch of the territory with a line marking what he believed to be the western boundary claimed by the Dutch. He was thus commissioned by the British government to carry out a survey of Guiana's boundaries. The result was the
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in 1814, had remained unsettled over previous centuries. Over the course of the 19th century, Britain and Venezuela had proved no more able to reach an agreement until matters came to a head in 1895, after seven years of severed diplomatic relations.
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The basis of the discussions between Venezuela and the United Kingdom lay in Britain's advocacy of a particular division of the territory deriving from a mid-19th-century survey that it had commissioned. That survey originated with German naturalist
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The agreement provided for a tribunal with two members representing Venezuela (but chosen by the US Supreme Court), two members chosen by the British government, and fifth member chosen by those four, who would preside. Venezuelan President
655:, the Tribunal of Arbitration finalized its decision on 3 October 1899. The award was unanimous but gave no reasons for the decision, merely describing the resulting boundary, which gave Britain almost 90% of the disputed territory. The
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and legal attache. Scruggs had apparently resigned his ambassadorship to Venezuela in December 1892 but had been dismissed by the US for bribing the President of Venezuela. As a lobbyist, Scruggs published an October 1894 pamphlet,
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The Olney–Pauncefote Treaty of 1897 was a proposed treaty between the United States and Britain in 1897 that would have required arbitration of major disputes. The treaty was rejected by the US Senate and never went into effect.
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The 1895 dispute between the US and Britain over Venezuela was peacefully resolved through arbitration. Both nations realized that a mechanism was desirable to avoid possible future conflicts. US Secretary of State
675:, giving Venezuela a substantial territory east of the line that Britain had originally refused to include in the arbitration. However, Britain received most of the disputed territory and all of the gold mines.
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Venezuela had in the course of the dispute repeatedly appealed to the US and to the Monroe Doctrine, but the US government had declined to involve itself. That changed after Venezuela obtained the services of
912:
Historian George Herring wrote that by failing to pursue the issue further the British "tacitly conceded the U. S. definition of the Monroe Doctrine and its hegemony in the hemisphere." Herring, George C.,
203:. The crisis ultimately saw Britain accept the United States' intervention in the dispute to force arbitration of the entire disputed territory, and tacitly accept the US right to intervene under the
456:
On December 18, 1895, Congress approved $ 100,000 for the United States Commission on the Boundary Between Venezuela and British Guiana. It was formally established on 1 January 1896. Historian
320:
seven years, the dispute having dragged on for half a century. In addition, both sides had established police or military stations at key points in the area, partly to defend claims to the
234:
strong US declaration of a strong interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine, Britain tacitly accepted it, and the crisis thus provided a basis for the expansion of US interventionism in the
230:, misjudged the importance the American government placed on the dispute, prolonging the crisis before ultimately accepting the American demand for arbitration of the entire territory.
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later called the crisis "one of the most momentous episodes in the history of Anglo-American relations in general and of Anglo-American rivalries in Latin America in particular."
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adopted a broad interpretation of the Doctrine that forbade new European colonies but also declared an American interest in any matter in the hemisphere. British Prime Minister
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diplomacy' thrust the United States more emphatically into the imperial struggle". It was in that context that Scruggs sought to draw on the Doctrine in Venezuela's interests.
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at the mouth of the Orinoco, giving it undisputed control of the river and thus the ability to levy duties on Venezuelan commerce. The second was drawing the border at the
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to get a declaration that the 1899 Award is valid and binding upon Guyana and Venezuela and that the boundary established by that Award and the 1905 Agreement is valid.
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favor to 26 opposed, three votes short of what was needed. The Senate was jealous of its control over treaties and was susceptible to a certain deep-rooted Anglophobia.
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thought the demands harsh, but also that they should be met. US public opinion, however, was outraged at the British military activity in the US sphere of influence.
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725:. President William McKinley supported the treaty, as did most opinion leaders, academics, and leading newspapers. In Britain, it was promoted by pacifist Liberal
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340:. Scruggs, a former US ambassador to Colombia and Venezuela, was recruited in 1893 by the Venezuelan government to operate on its behalf in Washington D.C. as a
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As the dispute became a crisis, the key issue became Britain's refusal to include in the proposed international arbitration the territory east of the "
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1974:
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420:, after a number of British subjects, including the vice-consul, had been seized during disturbances, shortly after the former protectorate of the
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1940:
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195:", which a surveyor had drawn half-a-century earlier as a boundary between Venezuela and the former Dutch territory ceded by the Dutch in the
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As a result of Mallet-Prevost's claims, Venezuela revived its claim to the disputed territory in 1962. In 2018, Guyana has applied to the
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207:. A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the matter, and in 1899 awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana.
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The Anglo-Venezuelan boundary dispute asserted for the first time a more outward-looking American foreign policy, particularly in the
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and Venezuela recognized as its own Guayana Esequiba. The issue became more acute with the development of gold mining in the region.
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1981:
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17:
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1969:
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227:
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1991:
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542:
1349:"Treaty of arbitration between Venezuela and Great Britain, signed at Washington and dated the second day of February, 1897"
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and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory, had lasted for half a century. The territorial claims, originally those of the
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1452:, in La Reclamación Venezolana sobre la Guayana Esequiba, Biblioteca de la Academia de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales.
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sought to argue that British behaviour over the issue violated the 1823 Monroe Doctrine and used his influence in
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in which he attacked "British aggression" and claimed that Venezuela was anxious to arbitrate over the Venezuela-
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Paul Gibb, "Unmasterly Inactivity? Sir Julian Pauncefote, Lord Salisbury, and the Venezuela Boundary Dispute,"
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1935:
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had been incorporated into Nicaragua. The British demanded an indemnity of £15,000. US Secretary of State
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Venezuela from a shortlist of names submitted by Britain. The Panel of Arbitration thus consisted of:
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2015:
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and Venezuela. The first deviation from the Schomburgk line was that Venezuela's territory included
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border dispute. Scruggs also claimed that British policies in the disputed territory violated the
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1861:
1001:(1967), "Anglo-American Rivalries and the Venezuela Crisis of 1895", Presidential Address to the
998:
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99:
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1947:
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An 1896 cartoon from an American newspaper, following Britain's agreement to go to arbitration.
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until his unexpected death on 15 April 1897. Britain was represented by its Attorney General,
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1962:
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87:
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8:
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1930:
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PEACE AND PLENTY. Lord Salisbury (chuckling). "I like arbitration — In the PROPER PLACE!"
525:
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32:
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690:, marking the United States as a world power. That was the earliest example of modern
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under the Monroe Doctrine in which the USA exercised its claimed prerogatives in the
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basin, which was within Venezuelan territory but claimed by the British. The mine at
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105:
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1687:
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1138:
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1096:
1044:"The Trail Of Diplomacy A Documentary History of the Guyana-Venezuela Border Issue"
640:
403:
313:
266:, inherited by the United Kingdom with the acquisition of the Dutch territories of
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219:
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1540:
1179:
1120:
656:
546:
519:
483:
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301:
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The dispute had become a diplomatic crisis in 1895 when a lobbyist for Venezuela
204:
192:
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1707:
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With the Treaty of Washington, Great Britain and Venezuela both agreed that the
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to propose House of Representatives Resolution 252 to the third session of the
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1702:
1642:
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Humphreys, R. A. "Anglo-American Rivalries and the Venezuela Crisis of 1895"
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Otto Schoenrich, "The Venezuela-British Guiana Boundary Dispute", July 1949,
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The Commission selected Judge Brewer as Chairman, and appointed as secretary
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Gilderhus, Mark T. (2006), "The Monroe Doctrine: Meanings and Implications",
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479:
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in January 1897 negotiated an arbitration treaty with the British diplomat
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263:
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Mathews, Joseph J. "Informal Diplomacy in the Venezuelan Crisis of 1896."
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By 1895, the dispute between Britain and Venezuela over the territory of
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1513:
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The Venezuela-Guyana Boundary Arbitration of 1899: An Appraisal: Part I
885:
414:
1508:
Boyle, T. "The Venezuela Crisis and the Liberal Opposition, 1895-96."
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1603:
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Melville Weston Fuller – Chief Justice of the United States 1888–1910
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Melville Weston Fuller – Chief Justice of the United States 1888–1910
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169:
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262:, inherited by Venezuela after its independence in 1811, and of the
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1712:
1546:
Lodge, Henry Cabot. "England, Venezuela, and the Monroe doctrine."
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687:
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President Cleveland twist the tail of the British Lion; cartoon in
341:
271:
235:
347:
British Aggressions in Venezuela:, or the Monroe Doctrine on Trial
1453:
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Análisis Crítico del Problema Fronterizo "Venezuela-Gran Bretaña"
659:
was, with small deviations, re-established as the border between
406:
signed it on February 22, 1895, after passing both houses of the
305:
286:
Venezuela map (1810) showing the border with the Essequibo river.
275:
1498:
Blake, Nelson M. "Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan Policy."
880:
Nelson M. Blake, "Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan Policy,"
2159:
2105:
1089:
Thomas Paterson, J. Garry Clifford, Shane J. Maddock (2009),
915:
From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776,
652:
644:
cartoon after the conclusion of the Tribunal of Arbitration.
1567:
Fallacies of the British Blue Book on the Venezuela Question
482:
with a map showing the Guianas up to the east bank of the
316:
that the line had been extended "in some mysterious way".
1204:(1899), "The Search for the Venezuela-Guiana Boundary",
1219:
The Politics of Printing in Stamp Design and Production
1468:"Venezuela reanuda su reclamación sobre el Esequibo"
787:
Sometimes called the "first Venezuelan crisis", the
567:Venezuela's senior counsel was former US President
478:Venezuela supported its claim by printing an 1896
27:Political crisis in Venezuela in the 19th century
2970:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
2896:
1408:. Vol. 43, No. 3. p. 523. Washington, DC. (USA).
1283:
1281:
1208:, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Apr., 1899), pp. 470–477. p476
1133:, Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals of the
809:
807:
1520:Great Britain and the United States, 1895-1903
1092:American foreign relations: A history, to 1920
2434:
1588:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1373:
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992:
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988:
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982:
980:
978:
976:
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972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
402:settle the dispute by arbitration. President
145:
2606:Agricultural Experiment Stations Act of 1887
1527:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
1159:(1890–91), United States liaison during the
1055:
1053:
1007:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
804:
1465:
2441:
2427:
1595:
1581:
1391:
1334:
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1238:
1236:
1074:America's New Empire: The 1890s and Beyond
226:and the British ambassador to Washington,
152:
138:
1050:
937:
884:Vol. 47, No. 2 (Jan., 1942), pp. 259–277
398:. The bill recommended Venezuela and the
42:* The extreme border claimed by Venezuela
2499:New York Institute for Special Education
1558:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
1466:de Rituerto, Ricardo M. (16 June 1982).
1083:
934:, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Jul., 1970), pp. 56–89
634:
627:" (Article XIII) to the border dispute.
489:
473:
377:
365:
281:
31:
1327:
1250:
1248:
1233:
1041:
1028:
1026:
1024:
555:Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
418:occupied the Nicaraguan port of Corinto
38:* The extreme border claimed by Britain
14:
2950:United Kingdom–United States relations
2897:
1990:
1602:
1117:The Boundary Commission consisted of:
903:(1932). ASIN B000PUX6KQ., 550, 633–648
837:
587:. The country had been represented by
2975:Diplomatic crises of the 19th century
2422:
1576:
1512:Vol. 50, No. 3, (1978): D1185-D1212.
1406:American Journal of International Law
1035:
920:
431:In July 1895, new Secretary of State
218:, to pursue the matter. US President
184:, which Britain believed was part of
2930:Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute
2596:Dependent and Disability Pension Act
2448:
1411:
1361:from the original on 1 November 2013
1245:
1221:, "NSW Philatelist", 15 October 2008
1021:
901:Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage
850:(1999). Princeton University Press.
522:(Chief Justice of the United States)
40:* The current boundary (roughly) and
2569:Presidential Succession Act of 1886
1982:Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area)
1417:
871:Mar 2005, Vol. 16 Issue 1, pp 23–55
683:in 1944), and abided by the award.
625:full, perfect, and final settlement
612:testimony amounting to 23 volumes.
254:, which Britain claimed as part of
24:
2945:United Kingdom–Venezuela relations
1492:
1182:, Historian, diplomat, founder of
1125:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
2986:
2955:United States–Venezuela relations
2715:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
2631:Indian Appropriations Act of 1889
2960:Presidencies of Grover Cleveland
2878:
2877:
2111:Ecological Movement of Venezuela
1063:, Volume 36, Issue 1, pages 5–16
528:(Member of the US Supreme Court)
295:'s four-year expedition for the
58:
2925:1895 in international relations
2579:Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
1478:
1459:
1442:
1382:
1341:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1263:
1224:
1211:
1195:
1111:
1102:
1066:
1012:
563:(diplomat of Russia and jurist)
410:. The vote had been unanimous.
2935:Guyana–United States relations
2678:Democratic National Convention
2651:Democratic National Convention
2584:Interstate Commerce Commission
2547:Democratic National Convention
2465:President of the United States
1673:Restorative Liberal Revolution
1206:The American Historical Review
1061:Presidential Studies Quarterly
906:
890:
874:
861:
816:
781:
753:International Court of Justice
549:), replaced upon his death by
463:
13:
1:
2750:Grover Cleveland High School
2504:1881 Buffalo mayoral election
1518:Campbell, Alexander Elmslie.
1192:, trained lawyer and scholar.
798:
744:government the Memorandum of
245:
2509:1882 New York state election
1072:Richard F. Hamilton (2010),
701:
238:. Leading British historian
118:2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis
7:
2695:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
2494:Grover Cleveland Birthplace
2047:Democratic Unity Roundtable
2036:People's Electoral Movement
1970:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
1123:, Associate Justice of the
926:Joseph, Cedric L. (1970), "
882:American Historical Review,
758:
448:in the Western Hemisphere."
396:53rd United States Congress
10:
2991:
2940:Guyana–Venezuela relations
2915:1895 in the United Kingdom
2668:1892 presidential election
2641:1888 presidential election
2537:1884 presidential election
1743:2017 constitutional crisis
1500:American Historical Review
705:
630:
467:
390:compatriot Representative
386:Scruggs collaborated with
324:goldfield of the region's
297:Royal Geographical Society
197:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
2910:1895 in the United States
2849:
2784:
2738:
2730:National Democratic Party
2720:Venezuelan crisis of 1895
2559:Wedding to Frances Folsom
2527:
2486:
2456:
2380:
2301:
2228:
2219:
2140:
2131:
2084:
2044:
2016:Movement We Are Venezuela
1999:
1872:Human rights in Venezuela
1857:
1848:
1779:
1770:
1718:1992 coup d'état attempts
1653:Revolution of the Reforms
1623:
1614:
1550:160.463 (1895): 651–658.
1548:The North American Review
1510:Journal of Modern History
1270:"James J. Storrow Dead".
869:Diplomacy and Statecraft,
361:
166:Venezuelan crisis of 1895
94:Mallet-Prevost memorandum
2828:Richard Falley Cleveland
2776:Mount Cleveland (Alaska)
2700:Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act
2636:Federal judges appointed
1889:Administrative divisions
1748:2019 presidential crisis
1728:2002 coup d'état attempt
1663:Revindicating Revolution
1254:Willard L. King (2007),
1175:Johns Hopkins University
1003:Royal Historical Society
774:
486:as "Guayana Venezolana".
18:Venezuela Crisis of 1895
2920:1890s in British Guiana
1862:Corruption in Venezuela
1042:Ishmael, Odeen (1998).
708:Olney–Pauncefote Treaty
507:referred to a sense of
413:On April 27, 1895, the
338:William Lindsay Scruggs
240:Robert Arthur Humphreys
212:William Lindsay Scruggs
180:about the territory of
2771:Cleveland, Mississippi
2467:(1885–1889, 1893–1897)
2187:Science and technology
2101:Movement for Socialism
2011:United Socialist Party
1733:2002–03 general strike
1560:50.2 (1963): 195–212.
1502:47.2 (1942): 259–277.
1078:Transaction Publishers
681:Order of the Liberator
648:
537:Lord Justice of Appeal
520:Melville Weston Fuller
509:"national humiliation"
495:
487:
450:
408:United States Congress
383:
375:
287:
112:Port of Spain Protocol
43:
1485:Press Release 2018/17
1448:Isidro Morales Paúl,
1379:Schoenrich (1949:526)
1190:Severo Mallet-Prevost
746:Severo Mallet-Prevost
638:
623:in Paris would be a "
609:Sir Frederick Pollock
573:Severo Mallet-Prevost
493:
477:
445:
381:
369:
285:
123:Venezuelan referendum
35:
2965:Geopolitical rivalry
2810:Richard F. Cleveland
2725:Enabling Act of 1889
2591:Tenure of Office Act
2476:Governor of New York
2087:Agreement for Change
2026:For Social Democracy
2002:Great Patriotic Pole
1867:Torture in Venezuela
1836:World Heritage Sites
1811:Environmental issues
1135:District of Columbia
1108:Humphreys (1967:150)
1032:Humphreys (1967:139)
1018:Humphreys (1967:138)
848:From Wealth to Power
770:– US propaganda film
533:Richard Henn Collins
470:Paris Arbitral Award
382:House Resolution 252
88:Paris Arbitral Award
2862:←Benjamin Harrison→
2855:← Chester A. Arthur
2842:(great-grandfather)
2685:Second inauguration
2574:Electoral Count Act
2273:List of Venezuelans
2096:Progressive Advance
1884:Crisis in Venezuela
1638:War of Independence
1529:(1967) 17: 131-164
1418:Ferrell, Robert H.
1202:George Lincoln Burr
1173:, President of the
789:crisis of 1902–1903
766:The Monroe Doctrine
526:David Josiah Brewer
458:George Lincoln Burr
392:Leonidas Livingston
374:by J.S. Pughe, 1895
52:territorial dispute
2869:William McKinley →
2840:Richard Falley Jr.
2554:First inauguration
2263:Indigenous peoples
2197:Telecommunications
1794:metropolitan areas
1539:(Macmillan. 2007)
1272:The New York Times
1217:Russell W. Stern,
1184:Cornell University
1161:Bering Sea Dispute
1005:10 December 1966,
917:(2008) pp. 307–308
649:
496:
488:
437:Joseph Chamberlain
384:
376:
288:
44:
2905:1895 in Venezuela
2892:
2891:
2816:Francis Cleveland
2792:Frances Cleveland
2754:Buffalo, New York
2616:Berlin Conference
2601:Hatch Act of 1887
2416:
2415:
2376:
2375:
2215:
2214:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2071:Democratic Action
1936:National Assembly
1916:Foreign relations
1844:
1843:
1766:
1765:
1633:Captaincy General
1535:King, Willard L.
1420:"Monroe Doctrine"
1260:, Macmillan. p257
1242:King (2007:252-4)
932:Caribbean Studies
822:Graff, Henry F.,
791:being the second.
723:Julian Pauncefote
577:Benjamin F. Tracy
569:Benjamin Harrison
561:Friedrich Martens
426:Walter Q. Gresham
293:Robert Schomburgk
228:Julian Pauncefote
162:
161:
106:Rupununi uprising
82:Venezuelan crisis
16:(Redirected from
2982:
2881:
2880:
2804:Esther Cleveland
2658:Murchison letter
2519:Westland Mansion
2479:
2468:
2450:Grover Cleveland
2443:
2436:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2396:
2389:
2226:
2225:
2138:
2137:
2089:
2049:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1855:
1854:
1777:
1776:
1693:1958 coup d'état
1688:El Trienio Adeco
1621:
1620:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1569:(Pamphlet, 1896)
1487:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1463:
1457:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1430:on 21 March 2008
1426:. Archived from
1415:
1409:
1402:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1274:. 16 April 1897.
1267:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1199:
1193:
1149:Coudert Brothers
1131:Richard H. Alvey
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:Cengage Learning
1087:
1081:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1019:
1016:
1010:
996:
935:
924:
918:
910:
904:
894:
888:
878:
872:
865:
859:
841:
835:
824:Grover Cleveland
820:
814:
811:
792:
785:
671:rather than the
589:James J. Storrow
585:José María Rojas
404:Grover Cleveland
314:Grover Cleveland
252:Guayana Esequiba
220:Grover Cleveland
199:, later part of
172:'s longstanding
154:
147:
140:
100:Geneva Agreement
62:
50:Guyana–Venezuela
46:
45:
21:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2845:
2824:(granddaughter)
2780:
2734:
2611:Texas Seed Bill
2523:
2482:
2471:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2417:
2412:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2372:
2297:
2278:Public holidays
2211:
2115:
2085:
2080:
2045:
2040:
2021:Communist Party
2000:
1986:
1921:Law enforcement
1840:
1831:Natural Regions
1762:
1610:
1601:
1495:
1493:Further reading
1490:
1483:
1479:
1464:
1460:
1456:, 2000, p. 200.
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1392:
1388:King (2007:260)
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1338:King (2007:259)
1337:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1314:King (2007:257)
1313:
1309:
1305:King (2007:256)
1304:
1300:
1296:King (2007:254)
1295:
1291:
1287:King (2007:258)
1286:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1230:King (2007:251)
1229:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1200:
1196:
1180:Andrew D. White
1167:Dr. D.C. Gilman
1155:, president of
1121:David J. Brewer
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1088:
1084:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1051:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:, 17: pp131-164
999:R. A. Humphreys
997:
938:
925:
921:
911:
907:
895:
891:
879:
875:
866:
862:
844:Zakaria, Fareed
842:
838:
821:
817:
813:King (2007:249)
812:
805:
801:
796:
795:
786:
782:
777:
761:
710:
704:
692:interventionism
657:Schomburgk Line
633:
621:arbitral ruling
593:Richard Webster
551:Charles Russell
547:Lord Chancellor
484:Essequibo River
472:
466:
441:Colonial Office
364:
355:Monroe Doctrine
302:Schomburgk Line
248:
205:Monroe Doctrine
193:Schomburgk Line
158:
129:
76:Schomburgk Line
51:
41:
39:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2988:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2834:Rose Cleveland
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2798:Ruth Cleveland
2795:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2748:
2746:Cleveland Park
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Pullman Strike
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Foreign policy
2561:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2469:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2331:Miss Venezuela
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:Stock Exchange
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2076:Come Venezuela
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1958:Vice President
1955:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1826:National parks
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1723:Vargas tragedy
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:Puntofijo Pact
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:1902–03 crisis
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1533:
1523:
1516:
1506:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1477:
1458:
1441:
1424:ap.grolier.com
1410:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1340:
1326:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1277:
1262:
1244:
1232:
1223:
1210:
1194:
1187:
1186:
1177:
1164:
1142:
1128:
1110:
1101:
1082:
1065:
1049:
1034:
1020:
1011:
936:
919:
905:
889:
873:
860:
836:
815:
802:
800:
797:
794:
793:
779:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
760:
757:
703:
700:
661:British Guiana
632:
629:
605:Sidney Rowlatt
601:George Askwith
595:, assisted by
581:James R. Soley
571:, assisted by
565:
564:
558:
543:Lord Herschell
540:
529:
523:
505:Joaquín Crespo
468:Main article:
465:
462:
422:Mosquito Coast
400:United Kingdom
363:
360:
351:British Guiana
260:Spanish Empire
256:British Guiana
247:
244:
224:Lord Salisbury
216:Washington, DC
201:British Guiana
186:British Guiana
168:occurred over
160:
159:
157:
156:
149:
142:
134:
131:
130:
128:
127:
126:
125:
115:
109:
103:
97:
91:
85:
79:
72:
69:
68:
64:
63:
55:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2987:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2885:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2822:Philippa Foot
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Panic of 1893
2688:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:22nd and 24th
2459:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2056:Justice First
2054:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
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1847:
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1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:El Carupanazo
1701:
1699:
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1679:
1676:
1674:
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1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1647:reunification
1644:
1643:Gran Colombia
1641:
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1636:
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1474:(in Spanish).
1473:
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1178:
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1147:, Founder of
1146:
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897:Nevins, Allan
893:
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864:
857:
856:0-691-01035-8
853:
849:
845:
840:
833:
832:0-8050-6923-2
829:
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756:
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735:
734:Randal Cremer
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:Richard Olney
714:
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480:postage stamp
476:
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438:
434:
433:Richard Olney
429:
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178:Great Britain
175:
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53:
48:
47:
34:
30:
19:
2876:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2739:Public image
2719:
2705:Coxey's Army
2529:Presidencies
2361:coat of arms
2238:Demographics
2182:Oil industry
2172:Cooperatives
2061:Popular Will
1906:Constitution
1758:Coups d'état
1708:El Porteñazo
1683:World War II
1667:
1557:
1547:
1536:
1526:
1519:
1509:
1499:
1480:
1471:
1461:
1449:
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:the original
1423:
1413:
1405:
1384:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1343:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1271:
1265:
1255:
1226:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1157:New York bar
1145:F.R. Coudert
1113:
1104:
1090:
1085:
1073:
1068:
1060:
1037:
1014:
1006:
931:
922:
914:
908:
900:
892:
881:
876:
868:
863:
847:
839:
823:
818:
783:
765:
750:
742:
738:
715:
711:
685:
677:
673:Cuyuni River
669:Wenamu River
665:Barima Point
650:
645:
639:
624:
618:
614:
566:
513:
508:
501:
497:
455:
451:
446:
430:
412:
385:
371:
346:
334:
321:
318:
310:
289:
264:Dutch Empire
249:
232:
209:
190:
165:
163:
81:
36:Map showing:
29:
2759:Los Angeles
2663:Gray Gables
2478:(1883–1885)
2258:Immigration
2145:Agriculture
1806:Earthquakes
1668:1895 crisis
1658:Federal War
1628:New Granada
858:. pp145–146
768:(1896 film)
651:Sitting in
597:Robert Reid
464:Arbitration
2899:Categories
2806:(daughter)
2800:(daughter)
2321:Literature
2253:Healthcare
1753:Civil wars
1434:31 October
1365:30 October
1171:Geographer
1137:, skilled
834:. pp123-25
799:References
731:Haggerston
706:See also:
415:Royal Navy
246:Background
2626:Dawes Act
2621:Scott Act
2288:Squatting
2268:Languages
2248:Education
2207:Transport
2155:Companies
2066:A New Era
1948:President
1941:President
1911:Elections
1772:Geography
1604:Venezuela
702:Aftermath
439:, at the
330:El Callao
268:Essequibo
182:Essequibo
170:Venezuela
2883:Category
2836:(sister)
2830:(father)
2673:Campaign
2646:Campaign
2542:Campaign
2514:Mugwumps
2403:Category
2341:Religion
2283:Refugees
2243:Diaspora
2150:Currency
2031:Tupamaro
1975:In exile
1931:Missions
1926:Military
1850:Politics
1713:Caracazo
1608:articles
1562:in JSTOR
1531:in JSTOR
1514:in JSTOR
1504:in JSTOR
1356:Archived
1169:, Noted
1163:in 1892;
1153:polyglot
1141:scholar;
1099:. p. 205
1080:, p. 131
886:in JSTOR
826:(2002).
759:See also
696:Americas
688:Americas
545:(former
388:Georgian
342:lobbyist
272:Demerara
236:Americas
2387:Outline
2351:Symbols
2316:Cuisine
2303:Culture
2221:Society
2202:Tourism
2133:Economy
1992:Parties
1963:Cabinet
1894:Regions
1801:Climate
1784:Borders
1616:History
1522:(1960).
1472:El País
1454:Caracas
1324:renown.
1139:Spanish
631:Outcome
607:, with
326:Yuruari
322:Caratal
308:River.
306:Orinoco
276:Berbice
174:dispute
67:History
2794:(wife)
2785:Family
2764:Queens
2408:Portal
2356:anthem
2311:Cinema
2177:Energy
1899:States
1789:Cities
1738:Crisis
1606:
1552:online
1541:online
854:
830:
583:, and
362:Crisis
114:(1970)
108:(1969)
102:(1966)
96:(1949)
90:(1899)
84:(1895)
78:(1840)
2818:(son)
2812:(son)
2394:Index
2346:Sport
2336:Music
2326:Media
2293:Women
2233:Crime
2160:PDVSA
2106:COPEI
1821:Flora
1816:Fauna
1543:ch 19
1359:(PDF)
1352:(PDF)
775:Notes
653:Paris
641:Punch
176:with
2487:Life
2473:28th
2366:flag
1953:List
1877:LGBT
1436:2008
1367:2013
852:ISBN
828:ISBN
729:for
603:and
531:Sir
372:Puck
274:and
164:The
2165:CVG
930:",
2901::
1470:.
1422:.
1393:^
1354:.
1329:^
1280:^
1247:^
1235:^
1151:,
1095:.
1076:,
1052:^
1023:^
939:^
899:.
846:,
806:^
727:MP
698:.
599:,
579:,
575:,
270:,
2442:e
2435:t
2428:v
1649:)
1645:(
1596:e
1589:t
1582:v
1438:.
1369:.
1127:;
1046:.
557:)
553:(
539:)
535:(
300:"
153:e
146:t
139:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
