1849:, politician of the Justice First party, also rejected the referendum, declaring "it is a referendum that they organize for everything, except to defend". Through a public statement, Justice First condemned the intention to "politically instrumentalize a matter that corresponds to national sovereignty", and a statement published by Popular Will read: "The territorial integrity of a country must be defined by means of the exercise of the State's authority and backed by the legitimacy granted by international laws and historical tradition", besides denouncing that public employees were being forced to vote in the referendum.
854:
1039:
1680:
1575:
1471:
1363:
1255:
726:
583:
441:
299:
153:
3604:
30:
748:
605:
463:
321:
175:
1195:"Do you agree with the creation of the Guayana Esequiba state and the development of an accelerated plan for comprehensive care for the current and future population of that territory, which includes, among others, the granting of citizenship and identity card? Venezuela, in accordance with the Geneva Agreement and International Law, consequently incorporating said state on the map of Venezuelan territory?"
1661:
Do you agree with the creation of the
Guayana Esequiba state and the development of an accelerated plan for comprehensive care for the current and future population of that territory, which includes, among others, the granting of citizenship and identity card? Venezuela, in accordance with the Geneva
1218:
International analysts and media reported that turnout had been remarkably low and that the
Venezuelan government had falsified the results. The CNE published and later deleted a table showing around 2 million votes for each of the five questions, suggesting that the votes were counted instead of the
1844:
assured that sovereignty was not consulted, but exercised, and asked to suspend the referendum in order to form a national team to file a claim at the
International Court of Justice (ICJ). Guaidó stated that "Sovereignty, like rights, are exercised and defended. You do not consult them, you do not
681:
5. Do you agree with the creation of the
Guayana Esequiba state and the development of an accelerated plan for comprehensive care for the current and future population of that territory, which includes, among others, the granting of citizenship and identity card? Venezuela, in accordance with the
1150:
Claims over the territory intensified as a result of the discovery of significant discovery of oil and gas deposits on offshore sites of the territory. Critics of the referendum believe that it is a way to test support for the ruling government ahead of next year's elections, as well as creating
1117:
of 1966, signed by the governments of the United
Kingdom, Venezuela, and British Guiana. The agreement stipulated that the parties involved will agree to find a peaceful, practical, and satisfactory resolution to the dispute. Venezuela argues that the 1966 agreement nullified the results of the
1913:
considered the referendum a failure. Ramírez described the process as "a thunderous failure", while Izarra pointed out that pre-referendum polls estimated a turnout of approximately 20%, a figure that Izarra said was an overestimate. After the referendum, Venezuelan political scientist
1820:
asked that the referendum not be "manipulated by purely political interests or as a means of pressure on citizens", advocating that the conflict between Guyana and
Venezuela to be resolved within the framework of "dialogue and law", peacefully and not escalate into a larger dispute.
1204:
On 19 November, a referendum rehearsal was held in
Venezuela. On 29 November, a electoral rehearsal was also organized for high school students between the ages of 12 and 18. It was announced that more than 350,000 military personnel would guard the electoral process nationwide.
996:
According to the
Venezuelan government, more than 95% of Venezuelans who voted selected "yes" on each of the five questions on the ballot. International analysts and media reported that turnout had been remarkably low and that the Venezuelan government had falsified the results.
1101:
was proposed as a border between
Venezuela and British Guiana but neither of the parties agreed on the exact boundary. With the Treaty of Washington in 1897, however, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Venezuela both agreed to arbitration with the expectation that the
1219:
voters. Opposition politician
Henrique Capriles, who also voted in the referendum, declared that the turnout was around 10.2%, saying that each voter had five choices, which would mean that 2,110,864 people participated. Nevertheless, there existed five votes per
3153:
3119:
2763:
3552:
3219:
3189:
1215:(CNE) declared that voters chose "yes" more than 95% of the time on each of five questions on the ballot, saying that there was a total of 10,554,320 votes, without specifying if it was the number of voters or of answered questions.
1118:
original arbitration that established the Schomburgk line as the border between Venezuela and Guyana. Venezuela's claim to the territory it calls "Guayana Esequiba" is one of the only issues that receives unified support from both
2692:
3086:
2724:
2986:
3249:
2117:
In a news conference announcing preliminary results from the first tranche of counted votes, the Venezuelan National Electoral Council said voters chose "yes" more than 95% of the time on each of five questions on the
2414:
4137:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
1789:
voiced support for Guyana, stating that the referendum would have no bearing on international law and stating that international law prohibits an individual nation's unilateral seizure of another's territory.
2953:
2538:
3520:
3145:
3111:
2034:
989:'s jurisdiction over the dispute, the establishment of a Guayana Esequiba state, and granting its population immediate Venezuelan citizenship. The referendum was one of the contributing factors for the
3307:
1828:
opposition coalition called on the population to decide "freely" and making use of their "free will" whether to participate in the referendum and how to answer to its questions. Opposition politicians
2348:
2104:
2508:
3404:
2602:
2570:
2382:
3827:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
2755:
2862:
3542:
3211:
3179:
1875:, also a former presidential candidate (2006), also called to vote in the referendum. The Venezuelan government accused the opposition of calling to boycotting the referendum and of violating
1774:
for intervention against Venezuela. The Venezuelan ambassador to Guyana, Carlos Amador Pérez Silva, was summoned by Guyana to express the nation's "deep concern" over the proposed referendum.
2634:
2177:
3051:
1998:
3372:
397:
3. Do you agree with Venezuela's historical position of not recognizing the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice to resolve the territorial controversy over Guayana Esequiba?
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
2444:
2923:
2682:
1237:
Do you agree to reject by all means in accordance with the law, the line fraudulently interposed by the 1899 Paris Arbitration Award, which seeks to deprive us of our Guayana Esequiba?
3076:
982:. The referendum took place on 3 December 2023 in Venezuela. The population of the territory in question was not consulted and did not vote as voting only took place within Venezuela.
3822:
3817:
3339:
945:
2476:
2146:
2714:
2976:
1894:
feelings in a good part of the population (...) making people believe that in our country there is no more important problem to solve", which would serve the State to suspend the
3241:
2282:
2404:
1345:
as the only valid legal instrument to reach a practical and satisfactory solution for Venezuela and Guyana regarding the controversy over the territory of Guayana Esequiba?
1182:
as the only valid legal instrument to reach a practical and satisfactory solution for Venezuela and Guyana regarding the controversy over the territory of Guayana Esequiba?"
255:
as the only valid legal instrument to reach a practical and satisfactory solution for Venezuela and Guyana regarding the controversy over the territory of Guayana Esequiba?
4203:
1938:
2802:
1871:, former presidential candidate (2012 and 2013) and from Justice First, also announced that he would participate in the process, although he rejected its politicization.
985:
The referendum consisted of five questions concerning various aspects of Venezuela's claim to territory controlled and administered by Guyana, including rejection of the
2832:
3019:
539:
4. Do you agree to oppose, by all legal means, Guyana's claim to unilaterally dispose of a sea pending delimitation, illegally and in violation of international law?
3434:
1192:"Do you agree to oppose, by all legal means, Guyana's claim to unilaterally dispose of a sea pending delimitation, illegally and in violation of international law?"
2945:
2530:
1557:
Do you agree to oppose, by all legal means, Guyana's claim to unilaterally dispose of a sea pending delimitation, illegally and in violation of international law?
3512:
4279:
3570:
2314:
2892:
2026:
938:
3299:
2340:
2096:
2498:
1143:(ICJ). Venezuela, in turn, does not recognize the legitimacy of the ICJ in resolving the dispute. In 2023, the President of Venezuela sent a letter to the
3489:
3394:
2592:
2560:
2374:
4173:
2854:
1089:
proposed Resolution 252 to Congress, which recommended the dispute be resolved by international arbitration following pressure from American president
2200:
British Guiana Boundary: Arbitration with the United States of Venezuela. The Case (and Appendix) on Behalf of the Government of Her Britannic Majesty
4274:
4178:
1857:
931:
2624:
3271:
1129:
Venezuela insists on following the terms of the 1966 agreement and achieving a solution through dialogue. Venezuela believes that the principle of
3041:
1990:
4168:
3362:
1887:
1012:
for 15 of them, with charges such as treason and conspiracy. This appeared to be a further attempt to suppress political opposition ahead of the
2436:
1081:
basin in 1876. In 1895, Venezuela sought the support of the United States and advocated for the country to intervene in the dispute through the
3592:
3112:"Guaidó sobre el referéndum sobre el Esequibo: "La soberanía, como los derechos, se ejercen y se defienden. No los consultas, no los mendigas""
2915:
1948:
1943:
1915:
990:
1050:
The territory controlled and administered by Guyana and claimed by Venezuela is a 159,500 km (61,600 sq mi) region west of the
4147:
4142:
4132:
4127:
3329:
1070:" established the boundary and coincided with the position of Essequibo according to the older maps of the Dutch. In 1841 the government of
2466:
2136:
1793:
In response to the escalating tensions in the region, Brazil increased its military presence along its northern border in November 2023.
4249:
4193:
4188:
1876:
2275:
4239:
975:
843:
3600:
1062:
in 1819, territorial disputes began between Gran Colombia, later Venezuela, who annexed Essequibo, and the British, who appointed
4269:
1144:
3242:"Juan Pablo Guanipa rechazó la consulta del Esequibo: "es un referendo que hacen para todo, menos para defender" – Monitoreamos"
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3877:
2794:
1953:
1926:
1212:
1160:
1135:
would apply in the situation. Guyana's leadership rejects direct dialogue with Venezuela on the matter and President of Guyana
1086:
1879:, which included the ratification of Venezuela's "historical, sovereign and inalienable rights" over the Essequibo territory.
1110:" to the border dispute. It was the belief that the resulting decision was a compromise between the great powers of the time.
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3669:
3464:
2244:
2070:
1895:
1164:
1013:
2824:
2659:
2276:"Treaty of arbitration between Venezuela and Great Britain, signed at Washington and dated the second day of February, 1897"
2203:
2169:
3009:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3988:
3426:
2756:"Pese a los pocos votantes, el régimen de Maduro reportó "millones" de sufragios por el "sí" en el referéndum consultivo"
1963:
3212:"Venezuela: María Corina Machado dice que el referendo por el Esequibo es un "error" y considera que "debe suspenderse""
4011:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3585:
1808:". In the communiqué, Almagro reiterated that both countries had the responsibility to resolve the dispute peacefully.
3077:"Oposición de Venezuela llama a los ciudadanos a decidir "libremente" sobre preguntas del referendo sobre el Esequibo"
2307:
1058:. In 1814, the British acquired the area as a result of a treaty with the Netherlands. Following the establishment of
4254:
4183:
1817:
2884:
3882:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3674:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
911:
2237:"Esequibo: por qué se agudizó la disputa por la zona que enfrenta a Guyana y Venezuela desde hace casi dos siglos"
2061:"Esequibo: 5 claves para entender el controvertido referendo en Venezuela sobre la región que le disputa a Guyana"
1797:
682:
Geneva Agreement and International Law, consequently incorporating said state on the map of Venezuelan territory?
3513:"Rafael Ramírez aseguró que el referendo del Esequibo es "un estruendoso fracaso del madurismo" – Monitoreamos"
1958:
1771:
1450:
1186:
1140:
986:
1910:
3709:
3578:
2715:""Catástrofe", "descontento", "abstención": Analistas ponen la lupa al referendo de Maduro sobre el Esequibo"
1853:
4264:
1883:
1662:
Agreement and International Law, consequently incorporating said state on the map of Venezuelan territory?
101:
1. Do you agree to reject by all means in accordance with the law, the line fraudulently interposed by the
2855:"Statement by the Commonwealth Secretary-General on the escalation of the Guyana-Venezuela border dispute"
4229:
3980:
1171:"Do you agree to reject by all means in accordance with the law, the line fraudulently interposed by the
4244:
4198:
4163:
3543:"Poder Electoral aclara que más de 10 millones de personas participaron en referendo sobre el Esequibo"
2265:
Jacob Roggeveen, "Het Brandende Veen", 1675; van Bouchenroeder, 1797, Nationaal Archief, inv. nr. 1489.
4234:
1925:
declared that the figures caused "irreparable damage" to the credibility of the Electoral Power, the
1094:
1063:
1029:
887:
875:
1804:, issued a statement condemning the consultation, considering that "it is illegal according to the
3494:
3399:
3276:
2683:"Capriles cifra en 89,8 % la abstención en el referendo venezolano sobre disputa con Guyana"
2664:
2531:"FOTOS | Se registra poca afluencia de electores en el referendo no vinculante sobre el Esequibo"
2503:
2471:
1805:
1778:
1342:
1208:
During the referendum on 3 December, low turnout and presence at polling stations were reported.
1179:
1172:
1114:
1033:
1016:, despite free and fair elections being agreed with the US as a condition for lifting sanctions.
893:
252:
1841:
3616:
3608:
1785:
condemned the referendum proposal on grounds of territorial sovereignty. The leadership of the
1071:
905:
2629:
1185:"Do you agree with Venezuela's historical position of not recognizing the jurisdiction of the
4259:
1890:, described the referendum as the "old strategy of the bourgeoisie to instill patriotic and
1449:
Do you agree with Venezuela's historical position of not recognizing the jurisdiction of the
1123:
1005:
3272:"Juan Pablo Guanipa afirma que el referendo es "para todo, menos para defender el Esequibo""
3917:
3367:
3334:
1969:
1845:
beg for them", while López said that "The referendum was a failure for the dictatorship".
1103:
881:
102:
1054:. Portions of the area were formerly under the control of the Dutch empire as part of the
8:
2946:"Brazil increases northern border military presence amid Venezuela-Guyana spat -ministry"
1786:
853:
1770:
The proposed questions were condemned by the Guyanese government, which appealed to the
3300:"VP rechaza referendo Esequibo y denuncia que empleados públicos son obligados a votar"
1867:, declared that he would participate in the referendum, inviting to participate in it.
1862:
1846:
1055:
1001:
3490:"Andrés Izarra y Rafael Ramírez fustigaron al referendo: "es un estruendoso fracaso""
3395:"Capriles participará en la consulta sobre el Esequibo: "Esto no se trata de Maduro""
2561:"Referéndum consultivo comienza con una escasa afluencia de electores en los centros"
2405:"Venezuela realiza con "éxito" simulacro de referendo por zona en disputa con Guyana"
1868:
1782:
1151:
pressure for international courts to grant Venezuela full rights over the territory.
899:
3547:
3363:"Capriles aseguró que votar en el referendo sobre el Esequibo no es apoyar a Maduro"
3081:
2977:"Crece tensión entre Guyana y Venezuela por cuestionado referendo sobre el Esequibo"
1833:
963:
3184:
3042:"Obispos de Venezuela: No manipular el referéndum con fines políticos o de presión"
1825:
1090:
1038:
1025:
971:
106:
3456:
2375:"Venezuelan electoral council approves five questions for referendum on Essequibo"
2236:
2060:
1906:
1078:
2597:
2593:"Poca afluencia de venezolanos en el referendo del Esequibo convocado por Maduro"
2341:"Venezuela's planned vote over territory dispute leaves Guyana residents on edge"
2207:
2198:
1920:
1098:
1082:
1074:
denounced, instead, the incursion of Venezuelan territory by the British Empire.
1067:
1051:
869:
3180:"Maduro busca olvidar sus problemas en Venezuela elevando la tensión con Guyana"
2660:"Capriles cifra en 89,8% la abstención en el referendo sobre disputa con Guyana"
3330:"Carlos Prosperi reaparece en redes para apoyar el referendo sobre el Esequibo"
1872:
1131:
1009:
2027:"Venezuela tells World Court referendum to go ahead despite Guyana resistance"
1829:
1679:
1574:
1470:
1362:
1254:
4223:
3014:
1059:
77:
3457:"PCV se pronunció ante el referendo consultivo sobre el territorio Esequibo"
2137:"Maduro vote to claim Guyana's territory backfires as Venezuelans stay home"
3046:
2141:
1837:
1801:
2916:"CARICOM says Venezuela's referendum has no bearing on international law"
2097:"Venezuelans approve takeover of oil-rich region of Guyana in referendum"
1891:
1136:
959:
3603:
2981:
2687:
2499:"Más de 350.000 militares custodiarán el referendo sobre el Esequibo"
2170:"Venezuela Orders Arrest of Top Opposition Figures, Claiming Treason"
1163:
on 23 October 2023 and approved by the Constitutional Chamber of the
1043:
967:
16:
Referendum regarding Venezuelan-claimed territory of Guayana Esequiba
2210:
Volume 7. Printed at the Foreign office, by Harrison and sons, 1898.
2565:
2437:"Bachilleres participan en referendo "simbólico" sobre el Esequibo"
2409:
2065:
1902:
1119:
2467:"Bachilleres participan en simulacro electoral sobre el Esequibo"
1991:"Venezuela sets referendum date on territory dispute with Guyana"
1751:
1646:
1542:
1434:
1326:
3427:"Manuel Rosales llama a votar en el referendo sobre el Esequibo"
2625:"Poca afluencia de votantes domina el referendo por el Esequibo"
2167:
1220:
1000:
Following the poor turnout, the chief prosecutor of Venezuela,
979:
1453:
to resolve the territorial controversy over Guayana Esequiba?
1189:
to resolve the territorial controversy over Guayana Esequiba?"
2795:"Venezuela aprueba referendo no vinculante sobre el Esequibo"
2719:
1939:
1984 Argentine Beagle conflict dispute resolution referendum
1836:
rejected the referendum, as did opposition parties such as
1175:
Award, which seeks to deprive us of our Guayana Esequiba?"
3010:"Obispos piden "no manipular" con referendo del Esequibo"
3146:"Leopoldo López: "El referéndum fue un rotundo fracaso""
2339:
Garcia Cano, Regina; Arraez, Juan (29 November 2023).
2825:"Guyana Summons Venezuelan Ambassador In Border Spat"
2168:
Genevieve Glatsky; Isayen Herrera (6 December 2023).
1840:
and Justice First. Opposition presidential candidate
2338:
4221:
2243:(in Spanish). British Broadcasting Corporation.
1008:leaders of sabotaging the referendum and issued
3007:
2831:. AFP-Agence France Presse. 24 September 2023.
2368:
2366:
2308:"Summary of the Judgement of 18 December 2020"
2020:
2018:
2016:
1944:2018 Guatemalan territorial dispute referendum
3586:
2885:"Caricom urges respect for international law"
1159:The following questions were approved by the
1066:to define the western boundary in 1835. His "
939:
2363:
2025:van den Berg, Stephanie (15 November 2023).
2024:
3008:Rodríguez Rosas, Ronny (24 November 2023).
2134:
2013:
3593:
3579:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
946:
932:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
1139:insists on a resolution done through the
1077:Subsequently, gold was discovered in the
3177:
2094:
1037:
3360:
2974:
2913:
2817:
2778:
2739:
2372:
2234:
2058:
1213:National Electoral Council of Venezuela
1145:Secretary-General of the United Nations
4280:Guyana–Venezuela crisis (2023–present)
4222:
3609:Elections and referendums in Venezuela
3143:
3139:
3137:
3106:
3104:
2332:
2213:
1949:Guyana–Venezuela crisis (2023–present)
1113:The region's status is subject to the
1087:United States House of Representatives
3574:
3507:
3505:
3484:
3482:
3467:from the original on 28 November 2023
3407:from the original on 29 November 2023
3375:from the original on 30 November 2023
3342:from the original on 28 November 2023
3310:from the original on 14 December 2023
3222:from the original on 25 November 2023
3173:
3171:
3156:from the original on 14 December 2023
3122:from the original on 14 December 2023
3089:from the original on 15 November 2023
3071:
3069:
3022:from the original on 30 November 2023
2975:Peralta, Patricio (27 October 2023).
2956:from the original on 30 November 2023
2677:
2675:
2654:
2652:
2511:from the original on 30 November 2023
2479:from the original on 30 November 2023
2417:from the original on 19 November 2023
2351:from the original on 29 November 2023
2247:from the original on 27 November 2023
2180:from the original on 14 December 2023
2059:Paredes, Norberto (1 December 2023).
2037:from the original on 28 November 2023
4275:Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute
3555:from the original on 5 December 2023
3523:from the original on 4 December 2023
3437:from the original on 3 December 2023
3252:from the original on 4 December 2023
3192:from the original on 6 December 2023
3178:Higueras, Martín (5 December 2023).
3054:from the original on 4 December 2023
2989:from the original on 4 November 2023
2926:from the original on 3 November 2023
2895:from the original on 3 November 2023
2865:from the original on 3 November 2023
2835:from the original on 5 December 2023
2805:from the original on 4 December 2023
2766:from the original on 5 December 2023
2727:from the original on 4 December 2023
2695:from the original on 5 December 2023
2637:from the original on 5 December 2023
2605:from the original on 6 December 2023
2573:from the original on 6 December 2023
2541:from the original on 6 December 2023
2447:from the original on 2 December 2023
2385:from the original on 3 November 2023
2288:from the original on 1 November 2013
2235:Paredes, Norberto (4 October 2023).
2149:from the original on 5 December 2023
2130:
2128:
2126:
2107:from the original on 4 December 2023
2090:
2088:
2073:from the original on 1 December 2023
2054:
2052:
2001:from the original on 7 November 2023
3134:
3101:
2192:
2095:Shortell, David (4 December 2023).
1964:South American territorial disputes
1147:to ask him to mediate the dispute.
1108:full, perfect, and final settlement
962:was initiated by the government of
105:, which seeks to deprive us of our
13:
3502:
3479:
3168:
3144:Prieto, Dayana (4 December 2023).
3066:
2938:
2920:Demerara Waves Online News- Guyana
2914:Chabrol, Denis (25 October 2023).
2672:
2649:
2379:Demerara Waves Online News- Guyana
2373:Chabrol, Denis (23 October 2023).
14:
4291:
4250:December 2023 events in Venezuela
2123:
2085:
2049:
1818:Episcopal Conference of Venezuela
978:, and controlled by, neighboring
3602:
3085:(in Spanish). 13 November 2023.
2443:(in Spanish). 29 November 2023.
2320:from the original on 28 May 2023
1954:Foreign policy of Nicolás Maduro
1765:
1678:
1573:
1469:
1361:
1253:
1106:in Paris would ultimately be a "
852:
746:
724:
603:
581:
461:
439:
319:
297:
173:
151:
28:
4240:2023 in international relations
3551:(in Spanish). 4 December 2023.
3535:
3449:
3419:
3387:
3354:
3322:
3292:
3264:
3234:
3204:
3034:
3001:
2968:
2907:
2877:
2847:
2707:
2691:(in Spanish). 4 December 2023.
2617:
2585:
2553:
2523:
2491:
2459:
2429:
2397:
2300:
2268:
2135:Luke Taylor (4 December 2023).
1888:banned by the Maduro government
1798:Organization of American States
2668:(in Spanish). 4 December 2023.
2259:
2161:
1983:
1772:International Court of Justice
1451:International Court of Justice
1187:International Court of Justice
1141:International Court of Justice
987:International Court of Justice
1:
1976:
1877:agreements signed in Barbados
1796:The Secretary General of the
1655:
1551:
1443:
1335:
1231:
1019:
3361:TalCual (29 November 2023).
1884:Communist Party of Venezuela
1760:
1154:
1042:Essequibo region claimed by
912:2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis
103:1899 Paris Arbitration Award
7:
1932:
1896:2024 presidential elections
1811:
10:
4296:
4270:Guyana–Venezuela relations
1959:Guyana–Venezuela relations
1927:National Electoral Council
1886:(PCV), one of the parties
1739:Registered voters/turnout
1634:Registered voters/turnout
1530:Registered voters/turnout
1422:Registered voters/turnout
1314:Registered voters/turnout
1226:
1199:
1161:National Electoral Council
1023:
1014:2024 presidential election
976:territory is disputed with
22:2023 Venezuelan referendum
4156:
4020:
3979:
3916:
3708:
3615:
1749:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1644:
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1561:
1540:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1432:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1324:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1095:Venezuelan crisis of 1895
1064:Robert Hermann Schomburgk
1030:Venezuelan crisis of 1895
888:Mallet-Prevost memorandum
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
804:Registered voters/turnout
718:
715:
706:
701:
687:
679:
675:
661:Registered voters/turnout
575:
572:
563:
558:
544:
537:
533:
519:Registered voters/turnout
433:
430:
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395:
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377:Registered voters/turnout
291:
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145:
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128:
114:
99:
95:
83:
73:
50:3 December 2023
42:
26:
4255:Referendums in Venezuela
3710:Parliamentary elections
3431:29 de noviembre de 2023
1779:Commonwealth of Nations
1711:Invalid or blank votes
1606:Invalid or blank votes
1502:Invalid or blank votes
1394:Invalid or blank votes
1286:Invalid or blank votes
1034:Geneva Agreement (1966)
991:Guyana–Venezuela crisis
960:consultative referendum
775:Invalid or blank votes
632:Invalid or blank votes
490:Invalid or blank votes
348:Invalid or blank votes
202:Invalid or blank votes
4021:Constituent Assemblies
3617:Presidential elections
1816:Within Venezuela, the
1173:1899 Paris Arbitration
1047:
906:Port of Spain Protocol
251:2. Do you support the
1806:1966 Geneva Agreement
1343:1966 Geneva Agreement
1223:for each individual.
1180:1966 Geneva Agreement
1165:Supreme Justice Court
1124:Venezuelan opposition
1041:
917:Venezuelan referendum
253:1966 Geneva Agreement
3463:. 28 November 2023.
3403:. 29 November 2023.
3338:. 27 November 2023.
3218:. 22 November 2023.
3118:. 10 November 2023.
3050:. 23 November 2023.
2952:. 29 November 2023.
2507:. 29 November 2023.
2475:. 29 November 2023.
2413:. 19 November 2023.
2206:8 April 2023 at the
1970:Uti possidetis juris
1842:María Corina Machado
1178:"Do you support the
1167:on 1 November 2023:
882:Paris Arbitral Award
4265:Crisis in Venezuela
3981:Municipal elections
3519:. 3 December 2023.
3306:. 1 December 2023.
3248:. 3 December 2023.
2891:. 26 October 2023.
2801:. 3 December 2023.
2762:. 3 December 2023.
2633:. 3 December 2023.
2630:Diario Las Américas
2601:. 3 December 2023.
2569:. 3 December 2023.
2537:. 3 December 2023.
1997:. 20 October 2023.
1852:On the other hand,
1787:Caribbean Community
1663:
1558:
1454:
1346:
1341:Do you support the
1238:
846:territorial dispute
91:51.01% (officially)
23:
4230:2023 controversies
3918:Regional elections
3498:. 3 December 2023.
2174:The New York Times
1847:Juan Pablo Guanipa
1781:Secretary-General
1754:(99.89% declared)
1660:
1649:(99.89% declared)
1556:
1545:(99.89% declared)
1448:
1437:(99.89% declared)
1340:
1329:(99.89% declared)
1236:
1048:
1002:Tarek William Saab
970:'s claim over the
21:
4245:2023 in Venezuela
4217:
4216:
3304:Noticiero Digital
3280:. 2 December 2023
2347:. A. B. C. News.
1869:Henrique Capriles
1854:Democratic Action
1783:Patricia Scotland
1758:
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1549:
1548:
1441:
1440:
1333:
1332:
1072:José Antonio Páez
956:
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900:Rupununi uprising
876:Venezuelan crisis
838:
837:
814:
813:
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241:
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63:
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4235:2023 referendums
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1115:Geneva Agreement
1091:Grover Cleveland
1056:Essequibo colony
1026:Guayana Esequiba
972:Guayana Esequiba
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894:Geneva Agreement
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844:Guyana–Venezuela
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1083:Monroe Doctrine
1068:Schomburgk line
1052:Essequibo River
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112:
111:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
62:
61:
59:
47:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4292:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
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3915:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
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3739:
3736:
3734:
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3726:
3724:
3721:
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3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
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3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
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3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3138:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3015:Efecto Cocuyo
3011:
3004:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2262:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1907:Andrés Izarra
1904:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1766:International
1753:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
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1713:
1710:
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1705:
1702:
1699:
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1692:
1690:
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1677:
1676:
1665:
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1621:
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1616:
1615:
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1600:
1597:
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1587:
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1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1560:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
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1478:
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1468:
1467:
1456:
1452:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1421:
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1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
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1399:
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1375:
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1328:
1323:
1319:
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1309:
1306:
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1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
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1273:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1240:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1093:. During the
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:Yuruarí River
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:Gran Colombia
1057:
1053:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
949:
944:
942:
937:
935:
930:
929:
927:
926:
918:
915:
914:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
867:
865:
864:
860:
859:
855:
851:
850:
847:
842:
841:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
809:
807:
802:
801:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
780:
777:
774:
773:
769:
766:
763:
762:
758:
755:
753:
745:
744:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
723:
722:
710:
709:
705:
700:
690:
686:
678:
674:
666:
664:
659:
658:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
637:
634:
631:
630:
626:
623:
620:
619:
615:
612:
610:
602:
601:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
580:
579:
567:
566:
562:
557:
547:
543:
536:
532:
524:
522:
517:
516:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
495:
492:
489:
488:
484:
481:
478:
477:
473:
470:
468:
460:
459:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
438:
437:
425:
424:
420:
415:
405:
401:
394:
390:
382:
380:
375:
374:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
353:
350:
347:
346:
342:
339:
336:
335:
331:
328:
326:
318:
317:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
296:
295:
283:
282:
278:
273:
263:
259:
254:
248:
244:
236:
234:
229:
228:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
207:
204:
201:
200:
196:
193:
190:
189:
185:
182:
180:
172:
171:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
150:
149:
137:
136:
132:
127:
117:
113:
108:
104:
98:
94:
89:
86:
82:
79:
78:Majority vote
76:
74:Voting system
72:
60:
58:
48:
46:
45:
41:
25:
19:
4260:Border polls
4208:
3907:
3557:. Retrieved
3546:
3537:
3525:. Retrieved
3517:Monitoreamos
3516:
3493:
3469:. Retrieved
3460:
3451:
3439:. Retrieved
3430:
3421:
3409:. Retrieved
3398:
3389:
3377:. Retrieved
3366:
3356:
3344:. Retrieved
3333:
3324:
3312:. Retrieved
3303:
3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3275:
3266:
3254:. Retrieved
3246:Monitoreamos
3245:
3236:
3224:. Retrieved
3215:
3206:
3194:. Retrieved
3183:
3158:. Retrieved
3149:
3124:. Retrieved
3116:Alberto News
3115:
3091:. Retrieved
3080:
3056:. Retrieved
3047:Vatican News
3045:
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3013:
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2980:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2949:
2940:
2928:. Retrieved
2919:
2909:
2897:. Retrieved
2888:
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2859:Commonwealth
2858:
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2828:
2819:
2807:. Retrieved
2798:
2768:. Retrieved
2759:
2729:. Retrieved
2718:
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2686:
2663:
2639:. Retrieved
2628:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2596:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2564:
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2535:Monitoreamos
2534:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2502:
2493:
2481:. Retrieved
2470:
2461:
2449:. Retrieved
2440:
2431:
2419:. Retrieved
2408:
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2378:
2353:. Retrieved
2344:
2334:
2322:. Retrieved
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2270:
2261:
2249:. Retrieved
2240:
2199:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2173:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2142:The Guardian
2140:
2116:
2109:. Retrieved
2100:
2075:. Retrieved
2064:
2039:. Retrieved
2030:
2003:. Retrieved
1994:
1985:
1968:
1916:Nicmer Evans
1900:
1881:
1856:politician,
1851:
1838:Popular Will
1823:
1815:
1802:Luis Almagro
1795:
1792:
1776:
1769:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1158:
1149:
1130:
1128:
1112:
1107:
1076:
1049:
999:
995:
984:
957:
916:
796:
791:
786:
764:Valid votes
751:
739:
734:
729:
653:
648:
643:
621:Valid votes
608:
596:
591:
586:
511:
506:
501:
479:Valid votes
466:
454:
449:
444:
369:
364:
359:
337:Valid votes
324:
312:
307:
302:
223:
218:
213:
191:Valid votes
178:
166:
161:
156:
87:
49:
18:
4157:Referendums
3495:El Nacional
3471:29 November
3400:El Nacional
3314:12 December
3277:El Nacional
3196:12 December
3160:12 December
3126:12 December
2960:30 November
2930:30 November
2839:30 November
2731:12 December
2665:El Nacional
2504:El Nacional
2472:El Nacional
2355:30 November
2324:30 November
2251:30 November
2041:30 November
1919: [
1861: [
1830:Juan Guaidó
1742:20,694,124
1723:Total votes
1637:20,694,124
1618:Total votes
1533:20,694,124
1514:Total votes
1425:20,694,124
1406:Total votes
1317:20,694,124
1298:Total votes
787:Total votes
767:10,449,652
644:Total votes
624:10,515,959
502:Total votes
482:10,313,824
360:Total votes
340:10,504,443
214:Total votes
194:10,525,814
4224:Categories
4174:1999 (Dec)
4169:1999 (Apr)
3559:5 December
3527:4 December
3441:3 December
3411:3 December
3379:3 December
3346:3 December
3284:3 December
3256:4 December
3226:3 December
3093:4 December
3058:3 December
3026:3 December
2993:4 November
2899:3 November
2869:3 November
2809:7 December
2770:7 December
2699:4 December
2641:4 December
2609:4 December
2577:4 December
2545:4 December
2515:4 December
2483:3 December
2451:3 December
2421:3 December
2389:3 November
2292:30 October
2184:7 December
2153:5 December
2111:4 December
2077:4 December
2005:6 November
1977:References
1905:officials
1892:chauvinist
1728:10,449,652
1689:10,070,255
1656:Question 5
1623:10,515,959
1584:10,134,189
1552:Question 4
1519:10,516,420
1480:10,132,099
1444:Question 3
1411:10,504,443
1372:10,322,718
1336:Question 2
1303:10,525,814
1264:10,315,485
1232:Question 1
1137:Irfaan Ali
1020:Background
1006:opposition
1004:, accused
966:regarding
792:10,555,092
735:10,070,255
649:10,555,092
592:10,134,189
507:10,364,473
450:10,132,099
365:10,555,092
308:10,322,718
219:10,555,092
162:10,315,485
54:2023-12-03
2982:France 24
2688:Swissinfo
1761:Reactions
1155:Questions
1120:chavistas
1044:Venezuela
968:Venezuela
3553:Archived
3521:Archived
3465:Archived
3435:Archived
3405:Archived
3373:Archived
3368:Tal Cual
3340:Archived
3335:Tal Cual
3308:Archived
3250:Archived
3220:Archived
3190:Archived
3154:Archived
3120:Archived
3087:Archived
3052:Archived
3020:Archived
2987:Archived
2954:Archived
2924:Archived
2893:Archived
2863:Archived
2833:Archived
2803:Archived
2764:Archived
2725:Archived
2693:Archived
2635:Archived
2603:Archived
2571:Archived
2566:Runrunes
2539:Archived
2509:Archived
2477:Archived
2445:Archived
2415:Archived
2410:France24
2383:Archived
2349:Archived
2345:ABC News
2315:Archived
2283:Archived
2245:Archived
2204:Archived
2178:Archived
2147:Archived
2105:Archived
2071:Archived
2066:BBC News
2035:Archived
1999:Archived
1933:See also
1903:Chavista
1812:Domestic
1750:Source:
1714:105,440
1703:379,397
1645:Source:
1598:381,770
1541:Source:
1494:384,321
1433:Source:
1386:181,725
1325:Source:
1278:210,329
1122:and the
974:, whose
778:105,440
756:379,397
688:Declared
613:381,770
545:Declared
471:181,725
403:Declared
329:181,725
261:Declared
183:210,329
115:Declared
88:Turnout:
3461:Aporrea
2950:Reuters
2829:Barrons
2760:Infobae
2441:ALnavío
2118:ballot.
2031:Reuters
1995:Reuters
1901:Former
1800:(OAS),
1667:Choice
1609:39,133
1562:Choice
1505:38,672
1458:Choice
1397:50,649
1350:Choice
1289:29,278
1242:Choice
1227:Results
1200:Conduct
861:History
810:51.01%
797:100.00%
770:99.00%
702:Results
667:51.01%
654:100.00%
635:39,133
627:99.63%
559:Results
525:51.01%
512:100.00%
493:50,649
485:99.51%
417:Results
383:51.01%
370:100.00%
351:50,649
343:99.52%
275:Results
237:51.01%
224:100.00%
205:29,278
197:99.72%
129:Results
84:Outcome
52: (
1745:51.01
1733:100.00
1670:Votes
1640:51.01
1628:100.00
1565:Votes
1536:51.01
1524:100.00
1461:Votes
1428:51.01
1416:100.00
1353:Votes
1320:51.01
1308:100.00
1245:Votes
1221:ballot
1097:, the
1085:. The
1032:, and
980:Guyana
908:(1970)
902:(1969)
896:(1966)
890:(1949)
884:(1899)
878:(1895)
872:(1840)
781:1.00%
759:3.63%
740:96.37%
716:Votes
712:Choice
694:99.89%
638:0.37%
616:3.63%
597:96.37%
573:Votes
569:Choice
551:99.89%
496:0.49%
474:1.76%
455:98.24%
431:Votes
427:Choice
409:99.89%
354:0.48%
332:1.73%
313:98.27%
289:Votes
285:Choice
267:99.89%
208:0.28%
186:2.00%
167:98.00%
143:Votes
139:Choice
121:99.89%
2720:NTN24
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1923:]
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1717:1.00
1706:3.63
1694:96.37
1612:0.37
1601:3.63
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1508:0.37
1497:3.65
1485:96.35
1400:0.48
1389:1.73
1377:98.27
1292:0.28
1281:2.00
1269:98.00
4209:2023
4204:2020
4199:2017
4194:2009
4189:2007
4184:2004
4179:2000
4164:1957
4148:2017
4143:1999
4138:1961
4133:1952
4128:1946
4123:1936
4118:1931
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4108:1925
4103:1922
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4048:1857
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4038:1821
4033:1819
4028:1811
4012:2021
4007:2018
4002:2017
3997:2013
3989:1948
3971:2021
3966:2017
3961:2012
3956:2008
3951:2004
3946:2000
3941:1998
3936:1995
3931:1992
3926:1989
3908:2025
3903:2020
3898:2015
3893:2010
3888:2005
3883:2000
3878:1998
3873:1993
3868:1988
3863:1983
3858:1978
3853:1973
3848:1968
3843:1963
3838:1958
3833:1947
3828:1941
3823:1936
3818:1931
3813:1929
3808:1922
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3728:1838
3723:1835
3718:1832
3700:2024
3695:2018
3690:2013
3685:2012
3680:2006
3675:2000
3670:1998
3665:1993
3660:1988
3655:1983
3650:1978
3645:1973
3640:1968
3635:1963
3630:1958
3625:1947
3561:2023
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2007:2023
1909:and
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2598:ABC
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