Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute

1338:"The award gives Point Barima, with a strip of land fifty miles long, to Venezuela, which thereby obtains entire control of the River Orinoco. Three thousand square miles in the interior are also awarded to Venezuela. Thus, by a decision in which the British arbitrators concurred, the position taken by Great Britain in 1895 is shown to be unfounded. This, however, in no wise expresses the full extent of Venezuela's victory. Great Britain had claimed 30, 000 square miles of territory west of the Schonburgk line and this she was disposed to arbitrate in 1890. Every foot of that section is now awarded to Venezuela. The award practically endorses the judgment of Sir Robert Schomburgk, whose line it follows except in a few particulars. Great Britain acquires the whole of ther river Cuyni, including a site which Venezuela alleged to be a fort at the junction of the Curum and the Cuyuni. The marshy Barima district has been awarded to Venezuela, possibly on the principle of national security, but the condition that the Orinoco shall be a free waterway to all nations. This piece of land overs about thirty square miles. It had been offered with much more land by every British foreign minister since the time of Lord Aberdeen. Great Britain has substantiated almost all her extreme claims. All the valuable plantations and gold fields are now indisputably settled within British territory." 1231: 747: 898: 766: 1040: 1635: 164: 1139: 307: 910: 6710: 1885: 1699: 2051: 1279:. Spain, according to Venezuela, only designated its claimed Guiana territory to the Dutch, which did not include much land within the disputed territory. Meanwhile, Britain, who had acquired the Dutch territory, stated that the disputed Guiana region was not Spanish because it was so remote and uncontrolled, explaining that the original natives in the land had shared the territory's land with the Dutch instead of the Spanish and were thus under Dutch and British influence. 1315: 1848: 1359: 135: 1505: 36: 1345:

that the Arbitral Award was the product of political collusion and it should not be adhered to by Venezuela. In accordance with the 1899 Arbitral Award, a mixed British-Venezuelan Boundary Commission began work in 1900 to demarcate the border. Representing Venezuela, Abraham Tirado and Elias Toro surveyed the area of the boundary in accordance with the Award, along with two British surveyors who all signed off on the border in 1905.

628: 5888: 1566:. The agreement established the regulatory framework to be followed by the parties to resolve the issue. According to the agreement, a Mixed Commission was installed to seek satisfactory solutions for the practical settlement of the border controversy. However, the parties never agreed to implement a solution within this Commission due to differing interpretations of the agreement: 2182:

treatment is given to the jurisdictions of these national states, which do not usually include in their maps their territorial portion within the Guayana Esequiba, although in the national maps of the country the inclusion of the area under claim is mandatory. This has led some people to erroneously think that the Guayana Esequiba is a new Venezuelan state or federal territory.

1251:"The Tribunal shall investigate and ascertain the extent of the territories belonging to, or that might lawfully be claimed by the United Netherlands or by the Kingdom of Spain respectively at the time of the acquisition by Great Britain of the Colony of British Guiana, and shall determine the boundary line between the Colony of British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela" 1123:. In the same year, a British proposal to Venezuela to modify the border to give Venezuela full control of the Orinoco River mouth and adjacent territory was ignored. In 1850, Britain and Venezuela reached an agreement whereby they accepted not to colonise the disputed territory, although it was not established where this territory began and ended. 1387:

ultimately went along with Martens to avoid depriving Venezuela of even more territory. This memorandum provided further motives for Venezuela's contentions that there had in fact been a political deal between the British judges and the Russian judge at the Arbitral Tribunal, and led to Venezuela's revival of its claim to the disputed territory.

1155:, which was Venezuelan territory beyond the Schomburgk line but within the area Schomburgk thought Britain could claim. That year, Venezuela reiterated its claim up to the Essequibo River, to which the British responded with a counterclaim including the entire Cuyuni basin, although this was a paper claim the British never intended to pursue. 1487:. After searching the British official archives, Wetter found further evidence of collusion between Britain and Russia, concluding that the ruling was marred by serious procedural and substantive defects, and that it was more a political compromise than a court ruling. Uruguayan jurist Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga, former president of the 994:

chief base the said creek of Curucima, or the point of the chain and ridge in the great arm of the Imataka, an imaginary line will be drawn running to the south-south-east following the slopes of the ridge of the same name which is crossed by the rivers Aguire, Arature and Amacuro, and others, in the distance of 20 leagues, direct to the

2144:, before the political transformation initiated on 19 April 1810, then delimited in accordance with the Political Territorial Law of the Republic of 28 April 1856, with the modifications that have resulted from the laws of the Republic, the agreements and other legal acts validly celebrated in accordance with the 1588:

the west bank of the above-mentioned river. Therefore, the Guyana-Essequibo territory over which Venezuela expressly reserves its sovereign rights, limits on the east by the new State of Guyana, through the middle line of the Essequibo River, beginning from its source and on to its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean.

3075:"Boundary Between British Guiana and Venezuela: Case Presented on the Part of the Government of Her Britannic Majesty to the Tribunal of Arbitration Constituted Under Article I of the Treaty Concluded at Washington on the 2nd February, 1897, Between Her Britannic Majesty and the United States of Venezuela" 2001:, argued that the ICJ did not hold jurisdiction over the dispute and said that Venezuela would not participate in the proceedings. The Court stated that Guyana would have until 19 November to present their arguments and Venezuela would have until 18 April 2019 to present their counterarguments. During the 1989:(ICJ), unless the two countries explicitly requested it not to do so. In January 2018, Guterres concluded that the Good Offices Process had not determined a peaceful conclusion and the UN referred the case. Guterres chose to have the controversy settled by the ICJ on whether the 1899 award was valid. 2181:

Historically in Venezuela, the central power (government and other Venezuelan state agencies) has been directly in charge of the treatment of the case of Guayana Esequiba, leaving the local governors' and mayors' offices with very little participation and power of action. A special and differentiated

1950:

a licence to drill for oil in the disputed maritime area in early 2016. In May the government of Guyana announced that ExxonMobil had indeed found promising results in their first round of drilling on the so-called Stabroek Block, an area offshore the Essequibo territory with a size of 26,800 km

1683:

on 2 January 1969, first attacking a police station, killing five police officers along with two civilians while the rebels destroyed buildings belonging to the Guyanese government with bazooka fire. The rebels locked citizens in their homes and blocked airfields in Lethem, Annai Good Hope, Karanambo

1083:

appointed José Manuel Hurtado as its new Ambassador to Britain. He officially presented to the British government the Venezuelan claim to the border at the Essequibo River, which was not objected to by Britain. However, the British government continued to promote colonization of territory west of the

1996:

On 19 June, Guyana announced that it would ask the Court to rule on their favour, citing Article 53 of the ICJ Statute, which states that "if any of the two parties does not show at the tribunal or fails to defend their case, the other party has the right to communicate with the court and to rule in

1992:

On 29 March, Guyana gave a request to the ICJ to solve the territorial dispute. Venezuela proposed that Guyana restore the diplomatic contacts to attempt to find a solution regarding the territorial dispute, arguing that Guterres "exceeded the competences given to him as the Good Offices Figure" and

1775:

voting against believing that the United Nations should resolve the matter. MPs from almost all parties in the Parliament of Venezuela voiced their sharp criticism of the agreement. Venezuelan maps produced since 1970 show the entire area from the eastern bank of the Essequibo, including the islands

1587:

Venezuela recognises as territory of the new State the one which is located on the east of the right bank of the Essequibo River, and reiterates before the new State, and before the international community, that it expressly reserves its rights of territorial sovereignty over all the zone located on

1579:

The fifth article of the Geneva Agreement established the status of the disputed territories. The provisions state that no acts or activities taking place on the disputed territories while the Agreement is in force "shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial

1574:

Venezuela argued that the Commission did not have a juridical nature or purpose but a deal-making one, so it should go ahead to find "a practical and satisfactory solution", as agreed in the treaty. Venezuela also claimed that the nullity of the Arbitral Award of 1899 was implicit, as otherwise, the

1031:

were transferred to the United Kingdom. By this time, the Dutch had defended the territory from the British, French, and Spanish for nearly two centuries, often allying with natives in the region who provided intelligence about Spanish incursions and escaped slaves. According to scholar Allan Brewer

830:

are allied with him", with later reports of the Dutch building forts from Cape North at the Amazon River to the opening of the Orinoco River. In 1639, the Spanish stated that the Dutch in Essequibo "were further protected by 10,000 to 12,000 Caribs in the vicinity of which they frequent, and who are

810:

was concerned about the high cost of maintaining the fortress. In 1720 it had 246 people, and a budget of 31,923 strong pesos per year to which is added the serious damage to the structure caused by the earthquake in 1684 and later the devastating effects of the hurricane that flooded the salt flats

4121:

In 1969, it was discovered that Caracas had backed a secessionist revolt by ranchers and Amerindians in the Rupununi region, ... To put this into perspective, when Guyana gained independence in May 1966, it had a standing army of 750 troops and no air or maritime forces. Venezuela, in contrast, had

1900:

Venezuela sent an objection to the commission, rejecting the Guyanese application and warning that Guyana had proposed a limit for its continental shelf including "the territory west of the Essequibo river, which is the subject of a territorial sovereignty dispute under the Geneva Agreement of 1966

1344:

The Venezuelan government showed almost immediate disapproval with the 1899 Arbitral Award. As early as 7 October 1899, Venezuela voiced its condemnation of the Award, and demanded the renegotiation of her eastern border with British Guiana: that day, Venezuelan Foreign Minister José Andrade stated

1075:

about the presence of British settlers in territory claimed by Venezuela: "The colonists of Demerara and Berbice have usurped a large portion of land, which according to recent treaties between Spain and Holland, belongs to our country at the west of Essequibo River. It is absolutely essential that

2152:

is void and null, according to the principles of law and justice that govern the international community and contribute to affirm territorial integrity, shall be understood to be incorporated, even if not expressly so, in all acts of the State. The State of Bolivar will collaborate and support the

1896:

in order to extend its continental shelf by a further 150 nautical miles (280 km; 170 mi). Since the Commission requests that the areas to be considered cannot be subject to any kind of territorial disputes, the Guyanese application disregarded the Venezuelan claim over the Essequibo, by

403:

The status of the territory is subject to the Geneva Agreement, which was signed by the United Kingdom, Venezuela, and British Guiana on 17 February 1966. This treaty stipulates that the parties will agree to find a "practical, peaceful, and satisfactory solution" to the dispute. Should there be a

1913:

before making the application, but did not do the same with Venezuela. "Such a lack of consultation with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, serious in itself in that it violates the relevant rules, is inexplicable in so far as the coast whose projection is used by the Republic of Guyana in its

1282:

The rival claims were presented to a tribunal of five arbitrators: two from Britain, two from the US (representing Venezuela's interest), and one from Russia, who were presumed neutral. The U.S. represented Venezuela on the panel in part because the Venezuelan government had broken off diplomatic

1111:

exploration of British Guiana in 1835. This resulted in a sketch of the territory with a line marking what he believed to be the western boundary claimed by the Dutch. As a result of this, he was commissioned in 1840 by the British government to survey Guiana's boundaries. This survey resulted in

1723:

Guyana charged 57 individuals with murder. Of the 28 rebels arrested, 18 were released on 24 January 1969 after having their murder charges dropped while the ten remaining individuals were released later. In late February to early March 1969, Amerindian leaders met with Prime Minister Burnham to

993:

from the point of Barima, 20 leagues more or less inland, up to the creek of Curucima, is low-lying and swampy land and, consequently, reckoning all this tract as useless, very few patches of fertile land being found therein, and hardly any savannahs and pastures, it is disregarded; so taking as

2090:

In response to the increased tensions, the Brazilian military on 29 November 2023 "intensified defensive actions" along its northern border. On 1 December 2023, the ICJ ordered Venezuela to not make any attempts to disrupt the current territory controlled by Guyana until the court makes a later

1386:

The alternative would have followed the Schomburgk Line entirely, and given the mouth of the Orinoco to the British. Mallet-Prevost said that the American judges and Venezuelan counsel were disgusted at the situation and considered the 3 to 2 option with a strongly worded minority opinion, but

1619:

Venezuelan minister Ignacio Iribarren Borges replied stating "the Government of Venezuela rejects the aforementioned protest, because Anacoco Island is Venezuelan territory in its entirety and the Republic of Venezuela has always been in possession of it". The island remained under Venezuelan

1378:

In 1949, the US jurist Otto Schoenrich gave the Venezuelan government a memorandum written by Mallet-Prevost, which was written in 1944 to be published only after his death. Mallet-Prevost surmised from the private behavior of the judges that there had been a political deal between Russia and

1215:

both misjudged the importance the American government placed on the dispute. The key issue in the crisis became Britain's refusal to include the territory east of the Schomburgk Line in the proposed international arbitration. Ultimately Britain backed down and tacitly accepted the US right to

1695:(GDF). GDF troops arrived at an open airstrip 5 miles (8.0 km) away from Lethem. As Guyanese soldiers made their approach to the town, the rebels quickly fled, ending the uprising. Academic accounts reported that two or three Amerindians were killed, while rumors reported up to 70 dead. 1826:'s representative which can occasionally be changed with the agreement of both parties. While diplomatic contacts between the two countries and the Secretary General's representative continue, there have been some clashes. The latest personal representative in these efforts is the Norwegian 1934:

to be prosecuted. The Guyanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs said the vessel was in Guyanese waters, but its Venezuelan counterpart sent a diplomatic note to Guyana stating that the ship was conducting oil research in Venezuelan waters with no authorisation from the country, and demanded an

1570:

Guyana argued that, before starting the negotiations over the border issue, Venezuela should prove that the Arbitral Award of 1899 was null and void. Guyana did not accept that the 1899 decision was invalid, and held that its participation on the commission was only to resolve Venezuela's

375:

as their representative, leaving no Venezuelan citizen to represent their country's interests. The United Kingdom and Venezuela went into arbitration with mediation from the United States, which resulted in the Paris Arbitral Award in 1899 and ruled largely in favour of Britain. In 1949,

4140:

A Venezuelan incursion on the island of Ankoko (October 1966) and Venezuelan instigation of the Rupununi uprising (January 1969) were succeeded by an agreement signed on June 18, 1970, which provided that neither country would make any territorial claims for a period of at least twelve

1802:

warned Venezuela not to attempt any action against Guyana, saying that it would immediately result in a response from the United Kingdom and the United States. Months before the expiration of the Port of Spain Protocol, prominent Venezuelan politician and former interior minister

1383:, had visited Britain with the two British arbitrators in the summer of 1899, and subsequently had offered the two American judges a choice between accepting a unanimous award along the lines ultimately agreed, or a 3 to 2 majority opinion even more favourable to the British. 1744:

signed the Port of Spain Protocol. The signed protocol declared a 12-year moratorium on Venezuela's reclamation of the Essequibo to allow both governments to promote cooperation and understanding while the border claim was in abeyance. The protocol was formally signed by the

707:

in the area. By the 1570s, it was reported that the Dutch were commencing trade in the Guianas, but little evidence of this exists. At the time, neither the Portuguese nor the Spanish had made any establishments in the area. A Dutch fort was built in 1596 at the mouth of the

2196:

The territory and other geographic spaces of the Republic are those that corresponded to the Captaincy General of Venezuela before the political transformation initiated on 19 April 1810, with the modifications resulting from treaties and arbitration awards not vitiated by

5766: 785:

To protect the Araya salt flats, the "white gold" of the time, from English, French, and Dutch incursions, the Spanish Crown ordered the construction of a military fortress, which they finished building at the beginning of the year 1625. It was given the name of

1305:

The Venezuelan representatives, claiming that Britain had unduly influenced the decision of the Russian member of the tribunal, protested the outcome. Periodic protests, however, were confined to the domestic political arena and international diplomatic forums.

2095:

initially reported that Venezuelans voted "yes" more than 95% of the time on each of the five questions on the ballot. International analysts and media reported that turnout had been remarkably low and that the Venezuelan government had falsified the results.

3049: 842:

in the region. The English said that the Dutch were experienced with travelling the Orinoco River for many years. Due to the skillful travel of the Dutch on the Orinoco, the Spanish would later encounter the Dutch and prohibit them from travelling the river.

2021:. Venezuela did not take part in the hearings which were rescheduled for 30 June. On 18 December 2020, the Court ruled that it had jurisdiction and accepted the case. On 8 March 2021, Venezuela was given until 8 March 2023 to submit a counter-memorial. 2757: 1150:

The dispute went unmentioned for many years until gold was discovered in the region, which disrupted relations between the United Kingdom and Venezuela. In 1876, gold mines inhabited mainly by English-speaking people had been established in the

416:

asking the Venezuelan electorate whether the region should become a state of Venezuela and its population become citizens, where it declared that the results showed overwhelming support for such action. No vote was held in the disputed region.

1283:

relations with Britain. Venezuela reiterated its claim to the district immediately west of the Essequibo and claimed that the boundary should run from the mouth of the Moruka River southwards to the Cuyuni River, near its junction with the

1173:

In October 1886 Britain declared the Schomburgk Line to be the provisional frontier of British Guiana, and in February 1887 Venezuela severed diplomatic relations. In 1894, Venezuela appealed to the United States to intervene, citing the

729:

and travelled the coasts between the Amazon and Orinoco. The report, written by A. Cabeljau and described as having "more realistic information about the region" than that of Raleigh, showed how the Dutch had travelled the Orinoco and

777:

Another Dutch fort supported by indigenous groups was established at the mouth of the Essequibo River in 1613, which was destroyed by the Spanish in November 1613. In 1616, Dutch ship captain Aert Adriaenszoon Groenewegen established

2074:

on 23 October 2023, asking to support its position in the dispute, arguing that the referendum served as a pretext for the Venezuelan government to abandon negotiations with Guyana. The proposed referendum was condemned by the

1958:

claims into the disputed area. This in turn caused the government of Guyana to summon the Venezuelan ambassador for further explanation. The tensions have further intensified since and Guyana withdrew the operating licence of

1561:

on 17 February 1966, the governments of British Guiana, the United Kingdom, and Venezuela signed the "Agreement to resolve the controversy over the frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana", best known thereafter as the

308: 1821:

decided to not extend it, resuming his country's effective claim over the territory. Since then, the contacts between Venezuela and Guyana within the provisions of the Treaty of Geneva are under the recommendations of a

5722:

In a news conference announcing preliminary results from the first tranche of counted votes, the Venezuelan National Electoral Council said voters chose "yes" more than 95% of the time on each of five questions on the

1706:

The Guyanese government accused Venezuela of assisting the rebels, accusations that the Venezuelan government rejected. Members of the failed uprising fled to Venezuela for protection after their plans unraveled, with

5029: 3030: 1661:. The Guyanese government was in the process of creating a commission for issuing land certificates to indigenous families in the area, though the review of 20,000 square miles (52,000 km) of land was required. 858:, which had been founded by the Dutch Republic before it was recognised by Spain. However, a few decades after the Peace of Münster, the Dutch began to spread gradually west of the Essequibo River, inside the Spanish 1813:

that if Guyana attempted to develop parts of the Essequibo, that Venezuela would have to "abandon the channels of peaceful negotiation which our national government aspires to and turn to methods involving action."

1448:

In his exposition, he stressed that Venezuela considered the Paris Arbitration as null and void because of "acts contrary to good faith" of the British government and the Tribunal members. Said complaints led to the

998:; from there it will run on to the Masaruni and Essequibo, parallel to the sources of the Berbis and Surinama; this is the directing line of the course which the new Settlements and foundations proposed must follow. 2161:

The original territory of what is now the state of Delta Amacuro extends from the Orinoco delta to the Esequibo River. The information website of the governor's office of this state states the following about its

3273:

Bram Hoonhout, Thomas Mareite, "Freedom at the Fringes? Slave Flight and Empire-Building in the Early Modern Spanish Borderlands of Essequibo-Venezuela and Louisiana-Texas", Slavery & Abolition 40:1 (2019):

2417: 4798: 1406:

Venezuela formally raised the issue again at an international level before the United Nations in 1962, four years before Guyana won independence from Britain. On 12 November 1962, Venezuelan foreign minister

2024:

On 18 September 2020, the United States announced that it would join Guyana on sea patrols in the area. The first agreement in the negotiations between the Maduro government and the Venezuelan opposition in

5615: 2749: 2016:

The oral audiences were planned to take place from 23 to 27 March 2020, in which the ICJ would determine if they held jurisdiction in the dispute, however this was delayed indefinitely due to the worldwide

2787: 1374:

After numerous bilateral diplomatic attempts failed to convince the United Kingdom of its seriousness to nullify the award, Venezuela denounced it before the first assembly of the United Nations in 1945.

5251: 3897:

The Government charges that the ranchers have misled the Indians of the area into believing that the Government will take their land away and that they have pursuaded the Indians to support the rebellion

1242:

The Treaty of Arbitration between the UK and Venezuela was signed in Washington on 2 February 1897. This treaty specifically stipulated the legal framework for the arbitration, its first article stating

5087: 4884: 1711:

and her rebels being granted Venezuelan citizenship by birth since they were recognised as being born in the Essequibo disputed territory. The ranchers who organized the rebellion were settled into the

5709: 5678: 5135: 3570: 2697: 3603: 2535: 2173:

When the Federal Territory of Delta Amacuro was created, it had an area of 63,667 km², and currently has 40,200 km². The difference between these two areas was lost by the Delta Amacuro due to the

5500: 4734: 1993:

that the decision "contravenes the spirit, purpose and reason of the Geneva Agreement". The Venezuelan government also stated that it did not recognise the jurisdiction of the Court as mandatory.

6915: 5804: 4914: 5558: 4556: 3884: 5469: 5195: 5647: 2213:, the latter territory currently under the jurisdiction of the state of Bolivar. The proposal was officially introduced before the secretariat of the National Assembly, but was not approved. 1954:

Venezuela responded to the declaration with a decree issued on 27 May 2015, including the maritime area in dispute in its national marine protection sphere, thus extending the area that the

5443: 2388: 5410: 5113: 1200:

Scruggs took up Venezuela's argument that British action violated the Monroe Doctrine. Scruggs used his influence to get the US government to accept this claim and get involved. President

2664: 782:

located 20 miles (32 km) down the Essequibo River, where he married the daughter of an indigenous chief, controlling the Dutch colony for nearly fifty years until his death in 1664.

5585: 4359: 4290: 1897:

saying that "there are no disputes in the region relevant to this submission of data and information relating to the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles ."

4712: 380:, official secretary of the US–Venezuela delegation in the arbitration, and published posthumously, stated that the Arbitral Award resulted from the pressure by the Tribunal President 4854: 3972:

Venezuela made a failed attempt to instigate a secession of Indigenous citizens in the Rupununi district, which the Guyana Defense Force (GDF) successfully quelled on January 2, 1969.

255: 5531: 734:, discovering dozens of rivers and other previously unknown lands. Cabeljau wrote of good relations with the natives and that the Spanish were friendly when they encountered them in 5746: 4824: 3811: 3779: 404:

stalemate, according to the treaty, the decision as to the means of settlement is to be referred to an "appropriate international organ" or, failing agreement on this point, to the

3252: 5221: 1664:

At a 23 December 1968 meeting, rebels finalised plans of a separated Rupununi state. Venezuela reportedly supported and equipped the Rupununi rebels and their secession movement.

4437: 6674: 2817: 2189: 2166: 2126: 1601:

and surrounding islands in October 1966 with Venezuelan troops quickly constructing military installations and an airstrip. Subsequently, on the morning of the 14 October 1966,

5778: 3540: 2446: 5021: 1126:

Schomburgk's initial sketch, which were published in 1840, was the only version of the "Schomburgk Line" published until 1886, which led to later accusations by US President

1204:

adopted a broad interpretation of the Doctrine that did not just simply forbid new European colonies but declared an American interest in any matter within the hemisphere.

2359: 1249:

The Treaty provided the legal framework, procedures, and conditions for the Tribunal to solve the issue and reach to determine a border. Its third article established that

1408: 1302:

rather than the Cuyuni River, giving Venezuela substantial territory east of the line. However, Britain received most of the disputed territory and all of the gold mines.

3959: 3690: 1394:, the Venezuelan government began plans to invade the Essequibo. President Pérez Jiménez anticipated the invasion of Guyana in 1958, but was ultimately overthrown in the 6001: 4650: 1431: 1007:

as the boundary between Spanish and Dutch Guiana, with slaves often attempting to cross the Orinoco to live with increased, though limited, liberties in Spanish Guiana.

4790: 2407: 1298:

at the mouth of the Orinoco, giving it undisputed control of the river, and thus the ability to levy duties on Venezuelan commerce. The second placed the border at the

1606: 1370:(shaded dark). Venezuela claims territory up to the western bank of the river. The historical claim by the UK included the river basin well into current-day Venezuela. 2502: 1522: 1230: 53: 5154:"Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela): Fixing of time-limits for the filing of written pleadings on the question of the jurisdiction of the Court" 2605: 1914:

attempt to extend the limits forms part of the disputed territory over which Venezuela demands and reiterates its claim to sovereignty rights", said the Venezuelan

1901:

and, within this framework, a matter for the good offices of the Secretary-General of the United Nations". Venezuela also said that Guyana consulted its neighbours

1084:

Essequibo River in succeeding years. In 1831, Britain merged the former Dutch territories of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo into a single colony, British Guiana.

5607: 4679: 4947: 5347: 4228: 2779: 2629: 1951:(10,300 sq mi). The company announced that further drillings would take place in the coming months to better evaluate the potential of the oil field. 5243: 1460:

It claimed that the referees exceeded the scope of powers granted by the arbitration treaty in 1897 when it drew the border between British Guiana, Brazil, and

7064: 5083: 4742: 4188: 1970:, with the support of Venezuela's National Assembly, which seeks to reinforce Venezuela's claim to Guyana's Essequibo Region and its attendant maritime space. 984:. Spanish authorities, in a report dated 10 July 1788, put forward an official claim against the Dutch expansion over her territory, and proposed a borderline: 248: 5139: 4876: 3842:

Sanders, Andrew (September 1987). "British Colonial Policy and the Role of Amerindians in the Politics of the Nationalist Period in British Guiana, 1945–68".

2964: 1334:, Severo Mallet-Prevost, Benjamin F. Tracy, James R. Soley, and José María Rojas, were interviewed jointly, and stated their first claims against the ruling: 448:. The Northwestern border of the Essequibo follows the 1905 border as established by the British-Venezuelan Mixed Boundary Commission, in accordance with the 6006: 5701: 5670: 3566: 2689: 1245:"An Arbitral Tribunal shall be immediately appointed to determine the boundary-line between the Colony of British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela." 1112:

what came to be known as the "Schomburgk Line". The line went well beyond the area of British occupation and gave British Guiana control of the mouth of the

2185:

In 1999, when the new Venezuelan magna carta was enacted, Article 10 of the Constitution of the Venezuela established the following as Venezuelan territory:

1930:

detained an oil exploration vessel conducting seafloor surveys on behalf of the government of Guyana. The ship and its crew were escorted to the Venezuelan

5974: 5311: 3600: 100: 5153: 4122:

an army of 15,000, an impressive air fleet of British- and American-made jets and bombers, and a navy equipped with destroyers, frigates, and a submarine.

4006:

Perhaps the earliest incident of major consequence since independence (1966) was the Rupununi uprising in 1969 in which Venezuelan complicity was evident.

2525: 1294:. The Schomburgk Line was, with two deviations, established as the border between British Guiana and Venezuela. One deviation was that Venezuela received 6667: 5492: 2573: 2058:

ordered the publication of a new map, including the Esequibo territory, "in all schools, public entities, universities and 'in all homes' in the country"

72: 5808: 4906: 5554: 4546: 3866: 1724:

declare loyalty to the Guyanese government and condemn the reported involvement of Venezuela. Some Amerindians relocated as a result of the rebellion.

5465: 5191: 3696: 2474:

British Guiana Boundary: Arbitration with the United States of Venezuela. The Case (and Appendix) on Behalf of the Government of Her Britannic Majesty

2148:, the national laws and the laws of the State. In all acts of the State, in which its territory is described or referred to, the reservation that the 838:

that took place on 21 January 1644, English settlers who had explored the Guianas stated that the Dutch, English, and Spanish had long sought to find

699:

was noted by the late 1500s, though many documents of early Dutch discoveries in the region were destroyed. The Dutch were present as far west as the

7103: 5637: 4468: 3342: 2153:

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in the achievement of a satisfactory solution for the practical settlement of the territorial dispute, based on the

1893: 1580:

sovereignty." The agreement also has a provision prohibiting both nations from pursuing the issue except through official inter-government channels.

241: 79: 1419: 1208: 5433: 5380: 2378: 1475:

The Venezuelan claim of the nullity of the 1899 ruling has been acknowledged by several foreign scholars and jurists, such as J. Gillis Wetter of

5402: 5281: 5109: 4768: 4040:

Among the effects of the conflict were the use of force by Venezuela, her sponsoring of a secessionist movement in the Rupununi region of Guyana

2654: 6660: 5581: 3954: 4349: 4280: 86: 7128: 5979: 4970:"Secretary-General Chooses International Court of Justice as Means for Peacefully Settling Long-Standing Guyana-Venezuela Border Controversy" 4704: 2330: 746: 4846: 5523: 5736: 4820: 3801: 3769: 3078: 4303:

The government charge that the revolt had been led by wealthy cattle ranchers who coerced indigenous Indian peasants into supporting them

3244: 2222: 2205:

proposed the creation of state number 25 (Estado Esequibo) uniting the territory of Guayana Esequiba (159,500 square kilometers) and the

68: 5217: 5061: 4999: 7148: 6920: 6621: 4419: 3402: 2107:

According to some interpretations of Venezuelan legislation, Guayana Esequiba is an integral part of the jurisdiction of the states of

5868: 2809: 1798:

and the United Kingdom in 1982, Venezuela shared renewed interest to its territorial claims. At the time, a high-level general of the

3130: 5830: 5782: 3533: 2436: 412:(ICJ). On 18 December 2020, the ICJ accepted the case submitted by Guyana to settle the dispute. In December 2023, Venezuela held a 367:

which was claimed by Britain. Tensions worsened after the discovery of gold mines in the region in 1876, culminating with president

363:", which was rejected by the Venezuelan government and the British, as even the extended Schomburgk Line did not include the entire 6087: 1746: 802:; Arroyo, from the governor Diego de Arroyo Daza and Araya, from the name of the place. It was the first important fortress of the 1178:

as justification. The United States did not want to get involved, only going as far as suggesting the possibility of arbitration.

7143: 6313: 4497: 2349: 1979: 1216:

intervene under the Monroe Doctrine. This US intervention forced Britain to accept arbitration of the entire disputed territory.

1212: 405: 4973: 3749: 6235: 3949: 3337: 2092: 2071: 638: 4673:"Communication received with regard to the submission made by Guyana to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf" 4646: 1390:

By the 1950s, Venezuelan media led grassroots movements demanding the acquisition of the Essequibo. Under the dictatorship of

1119:

Venezuela disputed Schomburgk's placing of border markers at the Orinoco River, and in 1844 claimed all of Guiana west of the

467:

In 2023, the population of Essequibo was estimated to be around 125,000 inhabitants, 15.8% of the total population of Guyana.

333:. It is also claimed by Venezuela as the Guayana Esequiba State. The boundary dispute was inherited from the colonial powers ( 6683: 5920: 4587: 3043: 2727: 1657:

district who thought their land rights would be revoked by the new government of Prime Minister Forbes Burnham following the

1484: 3534:"Treaty of arbitration between Venezuela and Great Britain, signed at Washington and dated the second day of February, 1897" 3183: 3156: 3104: 2477: 1978:

In the case that by December 2017, the UN understood that there was no "significant progress" in resolving the dispute, the

7123: 6595: 6021: 2494: 2099:

There has been no similar consultation conducted, by either Venezuela or Guyana, with the indigenous people of the region.

1750: 1605:, as Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs of Guyana, dispatched a protest to the Foreign Minister of Venezuela, 532: 4381:

Orellana Yépez, Rosario (January–March 2001). "THE VENEZUELAN COMPLAINT ABOUT GUIANA IS A TEAM. CHRONOLOGICAL FOLLOW-UP".

2720:"Venezuela-Guyana: qué riquezas hay en el Esequibo, el territorio que se disputan ambos países desde hace casi dos siglos" 965:. Domingos, Bandeira Jerónimo and Roque described Essequibo and Demerara as "sophisticated and promising slave colonies". 645: 93: 6266: 4672: 2602: 2252: 1772: 831:

their allies". Captain Groenewegen was recognised as keeping both the Spanish and Portuguese from settling in the area.

6470: 6450: 6296: 4996:"Guyana lleva a Venezuela a la Corte Internacional de Justicia de La Haya en la disputa por el territorio del Esequibo" 4939: 4078: 3677:, in La Reclamación Venezolana sobre la Guayana Esequiba, Biblioteca de la Academia de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales. 3225: 2940: 1776:

in the river, as Venezuelan territory. On some maps, the western Essequibo region is called the "Zone in Reclamation".

556: 522: 480: 455:

In March 2024, Venezuela passed a law that designates Essequibo as a new state of Venezuela, governed from the city of

5336: 4210: 2622: 1076:

these settlers be put under the jurisdiction and obedience to our laws, or be withdrawn to their former possessions."

649: 6956: 6846: 6346: 5892: 4033: 3931: 3731: 3481: 1544: 897: 684: 671: 548: 452:. Venezuela currently seeks to abrogate the legal borders and currently agrees only to the Essequibo River boundary. 338: 119: 4170: 2603:

Agreement to resolve the controversy over the frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana (Treaty of Geneva, 1966)

2136:

The territory and other geographical spaces of the State of Bolivar are those that historically corresponded to the

1395: 7017: 2041: 1691:

News about the insurrection reached Georgetown by midday prompting the deployment of policemen and soldiers of the

221: 17: 3514: 1616:, demanding the immediate withdrawal of Venezuelan troops and the removal of installations they had established. 7133: 7118: 7030: 6440: 5873: 4130: 2876: 2285: 1423: 5303: 3493:

Gibb, Paul, "Unmasterly Inactivity? Sir Julian Pauncefote, Lord Salisbury, and the Venezuela Boundary Dispute,"

3306: 1939:, together with its crew, was released the next week, but its captain was charged with violating the Venezuelan 937:

attempt at colonization for the time being. By 1745, the Dutch had several territories in the region, including

6435: 6049: 5166: 5161: 4055: 4021: 2247: 2141: 2010: 2002: 1986: 1658: 1526: 1488: 973: 803: 409: 57: 5403:"El Gobierno venezolano y la oposición acuerdan defender la soberanía de Esequibo y luchar contra la pandemia" 2956: 2558: 1253:. The Treaty also established the rules and principles to be followed by the Tribunal to draw the borderline. 1032:

Carías, the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 did not establish a western border of what would later be known as the

437: 6538: 6445: 4085:

in 1969, the army and police in Guyana stopped a Venezuelan-backed secessionist rising in the Rupununi region

2202: 1413: 765: 6709: 854:, whereby Spain recognised the Republic's independence and also small Dutch possessions located east of the 7113: 6691: 6465: 6455: 6430: 6308: 2297: 1927: 1720:, with the political party saying that she was involved "with the rebellion and plot by a foreign power." 1158:

On 21 February 1881, Venezuela proposed a frontier line starting from a point one mile to the north of the

980:, the Essequibo River was restated as the natural border between Spanish territory and the Dutch colony of 5555:"Statement by the Commonwealth Secretary-General on the escalation of the Guyana-Venezuela border dispute" 3978:

Mars, Perry (Summer 1984). "Destabilization and Socialist Orientation in the English-Speaking Caribbean".

3329: 1946:

Despite diplomatic protests from Venezuela, the government of Guyana awarded the American oil corporation

7108: 6726: 6460: 5991: 4261: 3980: 3000: 2927: 1611: 7022: 6579: 6129: 5372: 2067: 2045: 1143: 1116:

River. According to Schomburgk, it did not contain all the area that Britain might legitimately claim.

1093: 1016: 587:

explored the mouths of the Orinoco, and reportedly were the first Europeans to explore the Essequibo.

413: 226: 5273: 4764: 1877:

to the flag of Venezuela included the addition of an eighth star to represent the previously existing

518:

in Venezuela and Guiana into the northern islands, and were then supplanted by more warlike tribes of

6971: 6966: 6961: 6951: 6946: 6521: 6119: 5913: 4405: 2145: 1757: 1427: 1391: 1330:

Immediately after the arbitration ruling in 1899, the US counsels for Venezuela, former US President

1187: 1100: 1063:

in 1819, territorial disputes began between Gran Colombia, later Venezuela, and the British. In 1822

377: 352: 197: 185: 4155:

In 1969, Venezuelan-trained and -equipped Guyanese secessionists declared an 'Essequibo Free State.'

2750:"Le Venezuela adopte une loi affirmant sa souveraineté sur l'Essequibo, actuel territoire du Guyana" 6981: 6976: 6941: 6909: 6869: 6215: 5642: 3381: 2188:‹The template below is included via a redirect (Template:Cita) that is under discussion. See 2165:‹The template below is included via a redirect (Template:Cita) that is under discussion. See 2125:‹The template below is included via a redirect (Template:Cita) that is under discussion. See 1436: 1039: 653: 4259:

Sanders, Andrew (July 1972). "Amerindians in Guyana: A Minority Group in a Multi-Ethnic Society".

4128:

Miline, R. Stephen (September 1974). "Impulses and Obstacles to Caribbean Political Integration".

3646:, Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law (Cambridge University, U.K., 2007). p. 43 3567:"With patriotic reggaeton and videos, Venezuela's government fans territorial dispute with Guyana" 2320: 1874: 1851:

Venezuela adopted an eight-starred flag in 2006, with the additional star representing the former

1634: 930: 735: 371:

severing diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom in 1887. As a result, Venezuela elected the

368: 6874: 6109: 5218:"Guyana espera fallo vinculante de la Corte Internacional de Justicia en disputa por el Esequibo" 5022:"Venezuela propone a Guyana reiniciar los contactos sobre la soberanía de la región del Esequibo" 4526: 4149: 3380:(1967), "Anglo-American Rivalries and the Venezuela Crisis of 1895", Presidential Address to the 3377: 2154: 2076: 1940: 1808: 1733: 1563: 1515: 1450: 1193: 1052: 717: 393: 203: 46: 4025: 2177:

signed on 3 October 1899, by which 23,467 km² of its territory was taken away by English Guyana.

715:

In 1597, Dutch interest in travelling to the Guianas became common following the publication of

6879: 6854: 6555: 6250: 6011: 3074: 1799: 950: 865:

Serious Dutch colonisation west of the Essequibo began in the early 1650s, while the colony of

215: 3432: 2379:"La Guayana Esequiba: ¿Cuál es el verdadero alcance del primer acuerdo en diálogos de México?" 1064: 6358: 6325: 6276: 6193: 6039: 5051: 4995: 4551: 4100: 2206: 1804: 835: 799: 607: 544: 345:

in the case of Guyana) and has persisted following the independence of Venezuela and Guyana.

4013: 3528: 3526: 3398: 2029:

in September 2021 was to act jointly in the claim of Venezuelan sovereignty over Essequibo.

1966:

On 7 January 2021, there was the issuance of Decree No. 4415 by the President of Venezuela,

598:

established a trading post and were colonizing the land situated west of the Essequibo. The

7138: 6933: 6904: 6899: 6859: 6625: 6409: 6220: 6044: 5986: 5958: 5906: 5582:"STATEMENT BY THE CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY (CARICOM) ON THE GUYANA-VENEZUELA BORDER CONTROVERSY" 2227: 2174: 2149: 2032:

The ICJ ruled that it had jurisdiction to determine the territorial dispute in April 2023.

1823: 1818: 1768: 1692: 1583:

In its note of recognition of the independence of Guyana on 26 May 1966, Venezuela stated:

1291: 1257: 1225: 977: 862:. These new settlements were regularly contested and destroyed by the Spanish authorities. 576: 330: 191: 5869:

U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, "Venezuela Boundary Dispute, 1895–1899"

5244:"Guyana optimistic it will win the Esequibo dispute at the International Court of Justice" 5136:"Venezuela no participará en procedimiento sobre Esequibo promovido por Guyana en La Haya" 3126: 1138: 8: 6991: 6718: 6574: 6425: 6397: 6390: 6303: 6203: 6198: 5838: 5608:"Brazil increases northern border military presence amid Venezuela-Guyana spat -ministry" 3523: 3330:"El Diferendo por el Territorio Esequibo en los Textos Escolares Venezolanos y Guyaneses" 3217: 3038:. Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales. Editorial Jurídica Venezolana. p. 109. 2932: 2080: 1910: 1761: 273: 163: 6652: 5854:

LaFeber, Walter. "The Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan Policy: A Reinterpretation."

2408:"Maduro decreta establecer un nuevo territorio en una rica región en disputa con Guyana" 1982: 1831: 847: 6811: 6605: 6600: 6286: 6177: 6157: 5943: 4647:"Press Release in Response to Venezuela's Objection to Guyana's Submission to the CLCS" 4424: 4354: 4285: 4215: 4175: 4112: 4091:

Taylor, Moe (2019). "Every Citizen a Soldier: The Guyana People's Militia, 1976–1985".

4014: 3997: 3871: 3299:"Simón Bolívar acérrimo defensor del Esequibo – Jesús Sotillo Bolívar en Red Angostura" 2868: 2232: 1867: 1267:

Venezuela argued that Spain–whose territory they had acquired–controlled land from the

1163: 1072: 1036:, which is why explorer Robert Schomburgk would later be commissioned to draw a border. 1028: 981: 938: 722: 704: 603: 334: 6751: 5052:"El Esequibo, el territorio que disputan Venezuela y Guyana desde hace más de 50 años" 4489: 3451:

Ince, Basil A. (1970). "The Venezuela-Guyana Boundary Dispute in the United Nations".

3016:

A Collection of Voyages and Travels: Consisting of Authentic Writers in Our Own Tongue

2108: 1453:. Venezuela also identified several improprieties and vices in the ruling, especially 909: 6894: 6889: 6493: 6402: 6210: 6077: 6070: 4969: 4429: 4220: 4180: 4147:

Cush, Ifa Kamau (13 August 2015). "Venezuela: A 'fishbone' in the throat of Guyana".

4116: 4074: 4051: 4029: 4001: 3927: 3876: 3746: 3727: 3477: 3221: 3039: 2936: 2860: 2281: 2116: 2018: 1647: 1629: 1597:

Five months after Guyana's independence, Venezuelan troops began their occupation of

1380: 1331: 1326:

boundary that was made legally binding in 1905, following the Arbitral Award of 1899.

866: 599: 540: 381: 326: 209: 6791: 2813: 2055: 1998: 6826: 6380: 6082: 6016: 4626: 4331: 4104: 3989: 2852: 2655:"Maduro firma decretos para anexar a Venezuela el territorio en disputa con Guyana" 2383: 2137: 1963:, the Venezuelan national airline, stranding a plane and passengers in Georgetown. 1931: 1878: 1852: 1753: 1732:

In 1970, after the expiration of the Mixed Commission established according to the

1717: 1201: 1197: 1127: 859: 779: 770: 580: 568: 301: 5493:"Venezuelan electoral council approves five questions for referendum on Essequibo" 4579: 3245:"¿Cuál es la historia detrás del conflicto territorial de la Zona en Reclamación?" 2780:"Venezuela's parliament approves creation of state in disputed oil-rich Essequibo" 2719: 2526:"Brazil urging Venezuela to avoid force or threats against Guyana, says Lula aide" 547:. The treaty was not signed nor recognized by other colonial nations, such as the 6796: 6761: 6746: 6629: 6533: 6511: 6488: 6363: 6341: 6320: 6291: 6281: 6271: 5953: 5948: 4335: 4322: 3753: 3700: 3607: 3518: 3179: 3152: 3100: 2690:"Venezuela's planned vote over territory dispute leaves Guyana residents on edge" 2609: 2481: 2472: 2412: 2325: 2293: 2289: 1955: 1888:

A map of Venezuela, showing the maritime areas in blue and the Essequibo in gray.

1884: 1672:, while her brothers and the Lawrences participated in the rebellion in Guyana. 1363: 1192:

The longstanding dispute became a diplomatic crisis in 1895 when Venezuela hired

1175: 1167: 1120: 1097: 855: 751: 709: 700: 584: 512: 459:. The law was submitted to the Supreme Court to validate its constitutionality. 425: 360: 349: 314: 179: 5638:"UN court bars Venezuela from altering Guyana's control over disputed territory" 2928:

The Statesman's Yearbook 2017: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World

1256:

With the Treaty of Washington, Great Britain and Venezuela both agreed that the

958: 731: 364: 6884: 6781: 6569: 6385: 6353: 6124: 6114: 6094: 6065: 4907:"The Caribbean is brimful of new hope as the Biden Administration takes office" 4476: 3993: 3920:

The Venezuela-Guyana Border Dispute: Britain's Colonial Legacy In Latin America

3867:"GUYANESE TROOPS MOVE ON REBELS; Sons of U.S.-Born Rancher Said to Be in Group" 3469: 2441: 2437:"CIJ examinará conflicto fronterizo entre Guyana y Venezuela – DW – 19/12/2020" 2242: 1967: 1780: 1741: 1737: 1716:

region by the Venezuelan government. On 6 January 1969, Hart was expelled from

1680: 1639: 1602: 1367: 1323: 1284: 1235: 1048: 1033: 969: 902: 874: 851: 611: 572: 552: 515: 441: 397: 389: 385: 356: 342: 5373:"U.S., Guyana to launch joint maritime patrols near disputed Venezuela border" 4400:

Briceño Monzón, Claudio A.; Olivar, José Alberto; Buttó, Luis Alberto (2016).

3660:

Schoenrich, Otto, "The Venezuela-British Guiana Boundary Dispute", July 1949,

2810:"Historia y disputas entre el Reino Unido, Guyana y Venezuela por el Esequibo" 2006: 1859: 1146:

by L. Robelin 1890, which shows the Venezuelan historical claim to the region.

7097: 7079: 7066: 6816: 6806: 6766: 6550: 6230: 6167: 6162: 6141: 4678:. UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). 9 March 2012. 4433: 4224: 4184: 4065:

Black, Jeremy (2013). "Chapter 6: Wars Between Non-Western Powers, 1945-90".

3880: 2864: 2237: 2112: 1791: 1698: 1598: 1465: 1268: 1068: 1060: 1004: 827: 815: 807: 755: 688: 526: 492: 372: 318: 6731: 5737:"Maduro vote to claim Guyana's territory backfires as Venezuelans stay home" 5110:"Guyana pedirá a la CIJ que falle a su favor en la disputa contra Venezuela" 4631: 4610: 2559:"International Boundary Study: Guyana (British Guiana) - Venezuela Boundary" 2050: 1915: 1592: 6864: 6786: 6516: 6172: 5741: 3601:"Venezuelan Award: the decision of the Commission regarded as a Compromise" 2277: 1863: 1827: 1817:

In 1983, when the Port of Spain Protocol expired, the Venezuelan President

1708: 1665: 1469: 1299: 1295: 1272: 1159: 1152: 995: 962: 954: 926: 886: 878: 870: 759: 692: 500: 484: 433: 134: 5432:

Berg, Stephanie van den; Buitrago, Deisy; Buitrago, Deisy (6 April 2023).

5084:"Guyana pedirá a la CIJ que falle a su favor en la reclamación fronteriza" 4108: 2899:

A Brief History of the Caribbean, from the Arawak and Carib to the Present

2659: 1997:

favour of their claim". In July 2018, the government of Venezuela, led by

1314: 929:. Nevertheless, by 1737 Major Sergeant Carlos Francisco de Sucre y Pardo ( 6368: 6245: 6240: 6225: 6134: 6104: 5929: 5702:"Venezuelans approve takeover of oil-rich region of Guyana in referendum" 5671:"Venezuelans approve takeover of oil-rich region of Guyana in referendum" 5466:"Así quedaría el "nuevo" mapa de Venezuela con el Esequibo, según Maduro" 3180:"Los caribes y la conquista de la Guayana española: Etnohistoria kari'ña" 2524:

Boadle, Anthony; Gaier, Rodrigo Viga; Boadle, Anthony (6 December 2023).

2354: 1892:

In September 2011, Guyana made an application before the United Nations'

1713: 1620:

administration, where a Venezuelan airport and a military base operated.

1455: 1287:, and then along the east bank of the Essequibo to the Brazilian border. 814:

By 1637, the Spanish wrote that the Dutch "In those three settlements of

696: 591: 476: 4547:"Asamblea Nacional ratificó la soberanía de Venezuela sobre el Esequibo" 6641: 6637: 6633: 6560: 6526: 5996: 4877:"Guyana suspende entrada de vuelos de la aerolínea venezolana Conviasa" 4622: 3806: 3774: 3511: 2495:"Caribbean Nations Have High Hopes For the Biden-Harris Administration" 2257: 1947: 1529: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 933:'s grandfather) expelled them from the forts at Barima, preventing the 882: 536: 6821: 6776: 5192:"Venezuela y Guayana deberán presentar sus alegatos sobre el Esequibo" 2872: 2840: 487:

are considered to be the first inhabitants of Guyana, followed by the

348:

In 1835, the British government commissioned German-born explorer and

7047: 6543: 6099: 4735:"Venezuela deplores incursion of vessel under Guyana's authorization" 4070: 3923: 3433:

Melville Weston Fuller – Chief Justice of the United States 1888–1910

3298: 2122:

The state of Bolívar, in its constitution, establishes the following:

2054:

Among his decrees shortly after the referendum, Venezuelan president

1795: 1784: 1685: 1442: 1319: 1108: 1080: 1071:

to Britain, complained to the British government at the direction of

1044: 839: 504: 421: 359:'s boundaries. This survey resulted in what came to be known as the " 281: 143: 6771: 5524:"Guyana Asks UN Court To Stop Venezuelan Referendum Over Oil Region" 4524:

Pena, Alfredo (26 April 1982). "Entrevista: Reinaldo Leandro Mora".

3950:"New Dynamics in Northern South America's Geopolitical Neighborhood" 3724:

Latin America and Caribbean Contemporary Record: 1982–1983, Volume 2

3214:

Resistance and colonialism : insurgent peoples in world history

2484:

Volume 7. Printed at the Foreign office, by Harrison and sons, 1898.

2350:"Guyana rejects Venezuela's revived territorial claim | Argus Media" 1847: 1504: 1358: 555:

which continued to colonize the area, nor was it recognized by most

35: 6756: 4472: 2856: 2210: 1960: 1906: 1902: 1654: 1461: 1166:

and running south along that meridian. This would have granted the

1020: 942: 738:. By 1598, Dutch ships frequented Guiana to establish settlements. 519: 456: 388:

and Britain. Said memorandum led to complaints by Venezuela in the

3212:

Domingos, Nuno; Bandeira Jerónimo, Miguel; Roque, Ricardo (2019).

712:

on an island, which was destroyed by the Spanish later that year.

6831: 6801: 6699: 5438: 5434:"World Court says it can rule on Guyana-Venezuela border dispute" 3802:"Raúl Leoni paró en seco a Guyana en la Isla Anacoco (documento)" 3770:"Raúl Leoni paró en seco a Guyana en la Isla Anacoco (documento)" 3678: 3675:

Análisis Crítico del Problema Fronterizo "Venezuela-Gran Bretaña"

2530: 2343:'Guayana Esequiba', as the disputed region is known in Venezuela. 1676: 1669: 1643: 1113: 1024: 990: 946: 922: 819: 726: 595: 508: 4821:"ExxonMobil Announces Significant Oil Discovery Offshore Guyana" 4067:

Introduction to global military history: 1775 to the present day

3506:

Blake, Nelson M. "Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan Policy,"

2091:

determination. The referendum took place on 3 December, and the

7051: 6741: 6373: 5887: 4791:"Guyana says Exxon to begin offshore drilling, Venezuela irked" 3644:

Interpretation and Revision of International Boundary Decisions

2905:(New York: Greenwood Press Publishers, 1942); and J. H. Parry, 2084: 2066:

filed a request with the ICJ requesting intervention against a

2063: 2026: 1881:

and was seen as an attempt for Chávez to establish his legacy.

1702:

Rebels detained following their attempted rebellion in Rupununi

1558: 1476: 1276: 1104: 934: 918: 823: 567:

The first European encounter of the region was by the ships of

488: 445: 432:

or Zone in Reclamation. Historically, this did not include the

322: 313:), a 159,500 km (61,600 sq mi) area west of the 277: 139: 5898: 5546: 3211: 2321:"Venezuela says voters back claim to oil-rich swath of Guyana" 507:. Most evidence suggests that the Arawaks immigrated from the 6836: 6736: 4350:"Guyana Reports End of Uprising, Says Venezuela Aided Rebels" 4281:"Guyana Reports End of Uprising, Says Venezuela Aided Rebels" 1862:

eased border tensions with Guyana under advice of his mentor

496: 1401: 885:. In 1673, Dutch settlements were established as far as the 1783:

cult committed suicide or were forced to commit suicide at

5304:"Guyana asks World Court to confirm border with Venezuela" 3127:"Carlos Sucre y Pardo | Real Academia de la Historia" 1688:, attempting to block staging areas for Guyanese troops. 1130:

that the line had been extended "in some mysterious way".

408:. The Secretary-General referred the entire matter to the 6682: 5805:"MAS pide intervención del Gobierno en caso del Esequivo" 5056: 4399: 1870:, Guyana, that he considered the dispute to be finished. 1593:

Guyanese independence and the occupation of Ankoko Island

579:, in 1498. The region was named after Esquivel. In 1499, 535:

had already claimed ownership of this region, as per the

5767:

Artículos 15 y 16 de la Constitución del Estado Bolívar.

5337:"ARBITRAL AWARD OF 3 OCTOBER 1899 (GUYANA v. VENEZUELA)" 4765:"Venezuela frees seized US-operated ship Teknik Perdana" 4705:"Gov't protests after Venezuela holds oil research boat" 4649:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Guyana. 15 March 2012. 3756:, Document Retrieval, UN Department of Political Affairs 2556: 913:

Map of Dutch colonies of Essequibo and Demerara in 1798.

3391: 1653:

The rebellion was primarily led by ranch owners in the

1379:

Britain, and said that the Russian chair of the panel,

1219: 754:, showing Dutch territory, in yellow, ranging from the 4615:

Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics

3399:"THE BEGINNING OF THE GUYANA-VENEZUELA BORDER DISPUTE" 1003:

Dutch slaves in Essequibo and Demerara recognised the

4847:"Canciller guyanés convocará a embajadora venezolana" 4420:"Guyana Releases 18 of 28 Accused in Recent Uprising" 2035: 2013:

ratified the territorial dispute over the territory.

1787:, a cult settlement which was located in the region. 1575:

existence of the 1966 agreement would be meaningless.

317:. The territory, excluding the Venezuelan-controlled 5552: 5431: 4611:"Banal Nationalism Disputes in Venezuela: 1999–2019" 4012:

Davis, Harold Eugene; Wilson, Larman Curtis (1975).

2401:

the territory named by Venezuela as Guayana Esequiba

2087:and the agreed ICJ process for dispute resolution. 2083:(CARICOM), who both issued statements in support of 5274:"Venezuela geen deel in hoorzittingen grensgeschil" 2901:(New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1999); Paul Radin, 2115:, whose common boundary runs along the cusp of the 1771:voted for the agreement on 22 June 1970, with only 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5409:(in Spanish). Mexico City. EFE. 7 September 2021. 4459: 4457: 4455: 4169:Times, Special to The New York (12 January 1969). 3693:Venezuela reanuda su reclamación sobre el Esequibo 3032:Derechos de Venezuela sobre el territorio Esequibo 1830:, appointed in March 2017 by UN Secretary-General 138:The Essequibo is in light green, with the rest of 5779:"Territorio original de Delta Amacuro desde 1884" 4469:Institute of International Politics and Economics 3630:, University of Texas (USA, 1972). pages 166, 172 2523: 2102: 1973: 1894:Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf 1445:and nullity vices led to the favourable ruling. 953:. Dutch settlements were also established on the 606:and became a major destination for trade for the 7095: 4940:"Guyana wants ICJ to order Venezuela off Ankoko" 4389:(333). National Academy of History of Venezuela. 3664:. Vol. 43, No. 3. p. 523. Washington, DC. (USA). 2997:The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast 2260:, another territorial dispute involving Suriname 1464:, and also decreed freedom of navigation in the 27:Territorial dispute between Guyana and Venezuela 5874:Border Controversy between Guyana and Venezuela 5579: 4452: 3917: 2909:(New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1979). 2572:. Washington, D.C.: US Department of State: 2. 1807:said in an interview with Venezuelan newspaper 1779:In November 1978, more than 900 members of the 1238:, including western boundary ceded to Venezuela 503:are most closely related to the natives of the 5771: 4380: 3955:Center for Strategic and International Studies 3656: 3654: 3652: 3327: 2623:"Summary of the Judgement of 18 December 2020" 1420:Special Political and Decolonization Committee 989:It has been stated that the south bank of the 725:. On 3 December 1597, a Dutch expedition left 6668: 5914: 5863:A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America 5760: 5573: 5484: 5138:. Efecto Cocuyo. 18 June 2018. Archived from 2838: 793: 787: 687:occurred primarily between the mouths of the 590:In 1581, on the banks of the Pomeroon River, 378:a memorandum written by Severo Mallet-Prevost 249: 4016:Latin American Foreign Policies: An Analysis 3628:Venezuela-Guyana boundary dispute :1899–1966 3386:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 2209:(24,393 square kilometers), with capital in 5734: 5468:(in Spanish). El Heraldo. 5 December 2023. 4383:Bulletin of the National Academy of History 4011: 3649: 2957:"De menschetende aanbidders der zonneslang" 1181: 475:Before the arrival of European colonizers, 6675: 6661: 5921: 5907: 5865:Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998. 5331: 5329: 3101:"The Swedish Pioneer Historical Quarterly" 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2841:"An Ethnohistory of Amerindians in Guyana" 2557:Office of the Geographer (14 March 1969). 1921: 1866:. In 2004, Chávez said, during a visit in 1234:An 1897 map showing territorial claims by 921:made an attempt to settle between the Low 789:Real Fuerza de Santiago de Arroyo de Araya 256: 242: 4630: 4402:La Cuestión Esequibo: Memoria y Soberanía 3918:Braveboy-Wagner, Jacqueline Anne (2019). 3360: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 1727: 1545:Learn how and when to remove this message 1402:United Nations General Assembly complaint 672:Learn how and when to remove this message 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 5699: 5668: 5395: 4577: 4045: 3948:Griffith, Ivelaw Lloyd (28 April 2021). 3947: 3565:Cano, Regina Garcia (21 November 2023). 3510:Vol. 47, No. 2 (Jan. 1942), pp. 259–277 3277: 3177: 2994: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2049: 1883: 1846: 1842: 1747:Minister of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela 1697: 1633: 1357: 1313: 1264:" (Article XIII) to the border dispute. 1229: 1137: 1038: 908: 896: 764: 745: 644:Relevant discussion may be found on the 610:, before control was transferred to the 133: 5490: 5326: 4608: 4258: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3841: 3721: 3463: 3029:Brewer-Carias, Allan R. (12 May 2023). 3013: 2912: 2684: 2682: 2430:Guayana Esequiba, named so by Venezuela 2372:dubbed by Venezuela as Guayana Esequiba 2223:Belizean–Guatemalan territorial dispute 1980:Secretary-General of the United Nations 406:Secretary-General of the United Nations 14: 7096: 6916:Francisco de Miranda Insular Territory 5383:from the original on 19 September 2020 4342: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4127: 4090: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3764: 3762: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3239: 3237: 3198: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2420:from the original on 21 September 2022 2062:On 31 October 2023, the government of 1985:would intend to refer the case to the 1309: 656:to additional sources at this section. 69:"Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute" 6684:Administrative divisions of Venezuela 6656: 5902: 5618:from the original on 30 November 2023 5588:from the original on 23 November 2023 5472:from the original on 11 December 2023 5446:from the original on 28 November 2023 5413:from the original on 7 September 2021 5254:from the original on 27 December 2019 5064:from the original on 29 November 2019 4976:from the original on 14 December 2018 4934: 4932: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4362:from the original on 25 November 2023 4293:from the original on 25 November 2023 4273: 4168: 4064: 4048:La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba 3962:from the original on 11 November 2023 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3662:American Journal of International Law 3638: 3636: 3622: 3620: 3573:from the original on 21 November 2023 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 2832: 2591: 2201:In August 2015, some deputies of the 1485:American Society of International Law 479:were populated by scattered bands of 300: 7129:International Court of Justice cases 7104:Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute 5749:from the original on 5 December 2023 5728: 5712:from the original on 4 December 2023 5693: 5681:from the original on 4 December 2023 5650:from the original on 2 December 2023 5561:from the original on 3 November 2023 5534:from the original on 3 November 2023 5503:from the original on 3 November 2023 5224:from the original on 5 December 2019 5090:from the original on 1 November 2019 4950:from the original on 3 February 2020 4917:from the original on 20 January 2022 4801:from the original on 13 October 2017 4771:from the original on 17 October 2013 4653:from the original on 14 October 2013 4609:Andrade, Gabriel (1 December 2020). 4523: 4440:from the original on 4 December 2023 4393: 4231:from the original on 4 December 2023 4211:"23 GUYANA REBELS FACE MURDER TRIAL" 4203: 4191:from the original on 1 December 2023 4146: 3977: 3887:from the original on 4 December 2023 3854: 3814:from the original on 2 December 2011 3782:from the original on 2 December 2011 3564: 3546:from the original on 1 November 2013 3476:(1999). Princeton University Press. 3450: 3405:from the original on 16 October 2018 3348:from the original on 9 November 2021 3285:Pamphlets on the Venezuelan Question 3186:from the original on 29 January 2023 3159:from the original on 29 January 2023 3107:from the original on 29 January 2023 3081:from the original on 4 December 2023 2967:from the original on 4 December 2023 2961:Digital Library for Dutch Literature 2879:from the original on 23 January 2023 2820:from the original on 5 December 2023 2730:from the original on 6 December 2023 2700:from the original on 6 December 2023 2679: 2667:from the original on 9 December 2023 2538:from the original on 9 December 2023 2459:Called Guayana Esequiba in Venezuela 2449:from the original on 8 December 2023 2391:from the original on 8 December 2023 2362:from the original on 8 December 2023 2333:from the original on 9 December 2023 1668:stayed in the capital of Venezuela, 1623: 1527:adding citations to reliable sources 1498: 1220:Treaty of Washington and arbitration 621: 270:Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 5700:Shortell, David (4 December 2023). 5669:Shortell, David (4 December 2023). 4602: 4590:from the original on 9 October 2019 4580:"New Venezuela flag divides nation" 4559:from the original on 3 October 2022 4308: 4243: 4162: 3902: 3794: 3759: 3497:Mar 2005, Vol. 16 Issue 1, pp 23–55 3439: 3328:Ramírez Cuicas, Tulio (June 2019). 3234: 3007: 2979: 2466: 2253:South American territorial disputes 1675:Rebels armed with machine guns and 1494: 1262:full, perfect, and final settlement 1162:, drawn from there westward to the 1133: 1051:, the entire Essequibo region, and 470: 424:claims all of the land west of the 24: 5858:66 (July 1961), pp. 947–2967. 5521: 5497:Demerara Waves Online News- Guyana 5491:Chabrol, Denis (23 October 2023). 5236: 5032:from the original on 12 April 2021 4929: 4534: 4512: 4465:Hronika međunarodnih događaja 1970 4171:"GUYANESE MAY TRY REBELS WHO FLED" 3826: 3710: 3633: 3617: 3417: 3133:from the original on 19 April 2021 2790:from the original on 25 March 2024 2760:from the original on 24 March 2024 2579:from the original on 25 March 2024 2036:Venezuelan consultative referendum 1481:The International Arbitral Process 1353: 1292:ruled largely in favour of Britain 1087: 869:was being established between the 773:, constructed by the Dutch in 1616 637:relies largely or entirely upon a 557:indigenous peoples of the Americas 25: 7160: 7149:Territorial disputes of Venezuela 5880: 5831:"Asamblea Nacional Constituyente" 5284:from the original on 24 June 2020 5198:from the original on 19 July 2019 5002:from the original on 4 April 2018 4887:from the original on 30 July 2015 4857:from the original on 10 June 2015 4741:. 11 October 2013. Archived from 4715:from the original on 6 April 2016 4685:from the original on 5 March 2016 4500:from the original on 28 June 2009 3726:. Holmes & Meier Publishers. 3338:Universidad Católica Andrés Bello 3309:from the original on 22 July 2021 3255:from the original on 2 March 2021 2935:. 28 February 2017. p. 566. 2505:from the original on 17 June 2021 2387:(in Spanish). 11 September 2021. 2192:to help reach a consensus.› 2169:to help reach a consensus.› 2129:to help reach a consensus.› 1211:and British ambassador to the US 822:the have many people... all the 685:Dutch colonisation of the Guianas 6708: 5886: 5823: 5797: 5662: 5630: 5600: 5515: 5458: 5314:from the original on 1 July 2020 5220:. El Nacional. 28 October 2019. 5116:from the original on 9 July 2019 4827:from the original on 30 May 2016 4578:Morsbach, Greg (13 March 2006). 3055:from the original on 22 May 2023 3028: 2839:Edwards, W.; Gibson, K. (1979). 2726:(in Spanish). 24 November 2023. 2635:from the original on 28 May 2023 1503: 626: 450:Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 444:in 1904 during arbitration with 162: 34: 7031:Delta Amacuro Federal Territory 5928: 5848: 5735:Luke Taylor (4 December 2023), 5425: 5365: 5353:from the original on 3 May 2022 5296: 5266: 5210: 5184: 5146: 5128: 5102: 5076: 5044: 5014: 4988: 4962: 4899: 4869: 4839: 4813: 4783: 4757: 4727: 4697: 4665: 4639: 4571: 4482: 4412: 4374: 4131:International Studies Quarterly 4093:Journal of Global South Studies 3940: 3740: 3684: 3667: 3614:, Canada. October 4, 1899. p. 8 3594: 3585: 3558: 3500: 3487: 3321: 3291: 3267: 3178:Civrieux, Jean-Marc de (1976). 3171: 3145: 3119: 3093: 3067: 3022: 2949: 2891: 2802: 2772: 2742: 2712: 2663:(in Spanish). 9 December 2023. 2286:Essequibo Islands-West Demerara 2150:Arbitral Award of Paris of 1899 1837: 1514:needs additional citations for 1491:, came to similar conclusions. 1428:1899 Paris Tribunal Arbitration 1424:United Nations General Assembly 1348: 1290:On 3 October 1899 the Tribunal 1096:, the German-born explorer and 1059:Following the establishment of 1010: 892: 877:. Many of these colonists were 741: 695:to the east. Their presence in 617: 562: 525:, who departed from these same 462: 434:tributaries of the Amazon River 392:in 1962, which resulted in the 45:needs additional citations for 7144:Territorial disputes of Guyana 5379:. Reuters. 18 September 2020. 5344:International Court of Justice 5162:International Court of Justice 4555:(in Spanish). 1 October 2019. 4330:(331): 181–192. 1 March 1969. 4022:Johns Hopkins University Press 3305:(in Spanish). 20 August 2020. 2907:The Discovery of South America 2647: 2615: 2550: 2517: 2487: 2416:(in Spanish). 8 January 2021. 2312: 2271: 2142:Captaincy General of Venezuela 2103:Venezuelan administrative laws 2011:National Assembly of Venezuela 2003:Venezuelan presidential crisis 1987:International Court of Justice 1974:International Court of Justice 1659:1968 Guyanese general election 1489:International Court of Justice 1067:, Minister Plenipotentiary of 974:Captaincy General of Venezuela 901:A 1775 map of the Americas by 410:International Court of Justice 337:in the case of Venezuela, and 13: 1: 6187:Eastern and Southeastern Asia 5165:. 2 July 2018. Archived from 5112:. El Nacional. 19 June 2018. 5028:(in Spanish). 30 March 2018. 2306: 1362:A map of Guyana, showing the 384:and a political deal between 5194:. El Nacional. 2 July 2018. 4336:10.1525/curh.1969.56.331.181 3251:(in Spanish). 9 April 2015. 2756:(in French). 23 March 2024. 2566:International Boundary Study 2499:South Florida Caribbean News 2298:Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo 2203:Venezuelan National Assembly 2042:2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis 2005:, disputed acting President 1749:Aristides Calvani, Guyanese 222:2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis 7: 5522:Presse, AFP-Agence France. 3981:Latin American Perspectives 3844:Social and Economic Studies 3508:American Historical Review, 3001:University of Florida Press 2995:Goslinga, Cornelis (1971). 2216: 2070:approved by the Venezuelan 1751:Minister of Foreign Affairs 1398:before this was finalised. 1396:1958 Venezuelan coup d'état 806:. As the years passed, the 440:, which were only ceded to 10: 7165: 7023:Amazonas Federal Territory 6260:Central and Eastern Europe 5856:American Historical Review 5553:Commonwealth-Secretariat. 3994:10.1177/0094582X8401100305 2248:Guyana–Venezuela relations 2093:National Electoral Council 2072:National Electoral Council 2046:2023 Venezuelan referendum 2039: 1773:People's Progressive Party 1627: 1418:gave an exposition in the 1223: 1185: 1144:United States of Venezuela 1094:Royal Geographical Society 1017:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 602:was incorporated into the 302:[ɡwaˈʝanaeseˈkiβa] 7044: 7010: 6990: 6932: 6845: 6717: 6706: 6690: 6622:Border changes since 1914 6614: 6588: 6504: 6481: 6418: 6334: 6259: 6186: 6150: 6058: 6032: 5967: 5936: 4463:Milutin Tomanović (1971) 4406:Universidad Metropolitana 3722:Hopkins, Jack W. (1984). 3495:Diplomacy and Statecraft, 2187: 2164: 2124: 1935:explanation. The vessel, 1758:British High Commissioner 1432:Mallet-Prevost Memorandum 1188:Venezuelan crisis of 1895 1101:Robert Hermann Schomburgk 846:In 1648 Spain signed the 794: 788: 353:Robert Hermann Schomburgk 331:1899 Paris Arbitral Award 198:Mallet-Prevost memorandum 6870:Los Hermanos Archipelago 6297:unification with Moldova 5980:Turks and Caicos Islands 4767:. BBC. 15 October 2013. 4490:"The Trail of Diplomacy" 4046:González, Pedro (1991). 3699:19 November 2023 at the 3691:de Rituerto, Ricardo M. 3606:30 December 2022 at the 3430:King, Willard L. (2007) 3382:Royal Historical Society 3014:Osborne, Thomas (1747). 2903:Indians of South America 2264: 2190:redirects for discussion 2167:redirects for discussion 2127:redirects for discussion 1926:On 10 October 2013, the 1734:Geneva Agreement of 1966 1607:Ignacio Iribarren Borges 1564:Geneva Agreement of 1966 1182:Venezuela crisis of 1895 1019:, the Dutch colonies of 529:a few centuries later. 428:, which it refers to as 142:shown in dark green and 7124:Guyana–Venezuela border 6875:Los Frailes Archipelago 6347:unification with Kosovo 4972:. UN. 30 January 2018. 4632:10.2478/jnmlp-2020-0007 4320:"The Month in Review". 4150:New York Amsterdam News 4069:(2. ed.). London: 3287:. 1896. pp. 63–65. 2608:16 January 2013 at the 2077:Commonwealth of Nations 2009:and the pro-opposition 1941:exclusive economic zone 1922:Oil discovery in Guyana 1679:began their attacks on 1483:(1979), awarded by the 1207:British Prime Minister 1194:William Lindsay Scruggs 1092:Under the aegis of the 718:The Discovery of Guiana 703:in Venezuela utilising 7134:International disputes 7119:Geography of Venezuela 6880:Los Roques Archipelago 6855:Los Monjes Archipelago 6556:Greater Germanic Reich 6354:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4998:. BBC. 29 March 2018. 4404:. Caracas, Venezuela: 3642:Kaiyan Homi Kaikobad, 2199: 2179: 2159: 2117:Imataka mountain range 2059: 1889: 1855: 1800:Brazilian Armed Forces 1728:Port of Spain Protocol 1703: 1650: 1638:The police station in 1590: 1441:. Briceño argued that 1371: 1342: 1327: 1239: 1147: 1056: 1001: 914: 906: 804:captaincy of Venezuela 774: 762: 325:as part of six of its 298:Spanish pronunciation: 216:Port of Spain Protocol 147: 6544:Annexation of Austria 5580:Caribbean Community. 5086:. EFE. 19 June 2018. 4109:10.1353/gss.2019.0044 4101:University of Florida 3810:. 26 September 2011. 3778:. 26 September 2011. 3752:31 March 2016 at the 3747:Treaty of Geneva 1966 3673:Isidro Morales Paúl, 3626:Kissler, Betty Jane, 3153:"Historisk tidskrift" 2207:Sifontes Municipality 2194: 2171: 2131: 2053: 1887: 1850: 1843:Chávez administration 1805:Reinaldo Leandro Mora 1701: 1637: 1585: 1451:1966 Geneva Agreement 1409:Marcos Falcón Briceño 1361: 1336: 1317: 1260:in Paris would be a " 1233: 1141: 1042: 986: 912: 900: 836:Parliament of England 768: 749: 545:Treaty of Tordesillas 369:Antonio Guzmán Blanco 227:Venezuelan referendum 137: 7050:but administered by 6905:Los Testigos Islands 6900:La Blanquilla Island 6860:Las Aves Archipelago 6847:Federal Dependencies 6204:annexation of Taiwan 5895:at Wikimedia Commons 5841:on 12 December 2013. 5785:on 23 September 2015 5614:. 29 November 2023. 4944:The Guyana Chronicle 3612:Saint John Daily Sun 3474:From Wealth to Power 3401:. guyana.org. 2009. 2696:. 29 November 2023. 2480:8 April 2023 at the 2358:. 8 September 2021. 2228:Borders of Venezuela 2175:Paris Arbitral Award 2157:of 17 February 1966. 1824:UN Secretary General 1819:Luis Herrera Campins 1769:Parliament of Guyana 1693:Guyana Defence Force 1523:improve this article 1392:Marcos Pérez Jiménez 1226:Paris Arbitral Award 691:in the west and the 650:improve this article 577:Christopher Columbus 192:Paris Arbitral Award 54:improve this article 7114:Geography of Guyana 7076: / 7018:Federal Territories 5646:. 1 December 2023. 5250:. 7 December 2019. 4913:. 22 January 2021. 4711:. 12 October 2013. 4428:. 25 January 1969. 4219:. 11 January 1969. 3517:9 June 2021 at the 3218:Springer Publishing 3018:. pp. 749–755. 2999:. Gainesville, FL: 2933:Springer Publishing 2816:. 2 December 2023. 2501:. 20 January 2021. 2445:(in Spanish). 202. 2081:Caribbean Community 2068:proposed referendum 1911:Trinidad and Tobago 1762:Trinidad and Tobago 1642:, damaged by rebel 1318:Finalized boundary 1310:Immediate reactions 1196:as its lobbyist in 1065:José Rafael Revenga 834:In a speech to the 800:the patron of Spain 430:Zona en Reclamación 321:, is controlled by 274:territorial dispute 156:territorial dispute 7109:Colonial Venezuela 6088:Western Azerbaijan 6022:Dominican Republic 4745:on 12 October 2013 4425:The New York Times 4358:. 6 January 1969. 4355:The New York Times 4289:. 6 January 1969. 4286:The New York Times 4216:The New York Times 4176:The New York Times 3875:. 5 January 1969. 3872:The New York Times 3384:10 December 1966, 2963:(in Dutch). 1907. 2233:Essequibo (colony) 2060: 1890: 1856: 1704: 1651: 1372: 1328: 1240: 1148: 1057: 915: 907: 881:Jews who had left 775: 763: 723:Sir Walter Raleigh 608:Dutch colonialists 573:Don Diego Columbus 396:, signed with the 365:Cuyuní River basin 343:the United Kingdom 148: 7059: 7058: 6895:La Orchila Island 6890:La Tortuga Island 6650: 6649: 6617:Related concepts: 5891:Media related to 5060:. 30 March 2018. 4262:Caribbean Studies 3453:Caribbean Studies 3436:, Macmillan. p249 3045:979-8-88895-778-3 2786:. 22 March 2024. 2282:Pomeroon-Supenaam 2019:COVID-19 pandemic 1648:Rupununi uprising 1630:Rupununi uprising 1624:Rupununi uprising 1555: 1554: 1547: 1381:Friedrich Martens 1332:Benjamin Harrison 682: 681: 674: 541:Pope Alexander VI 382:Friedrich Martens 266: 265: 210:Rupununi uprising 186:Venezuelan crisis 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 7156: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7035: 7027: 7001:Guayana Esequiba 6924: 6712: 6692:Capital District 6677: 6670: 6663: 6654: 6653: 6601:Papua New Guinea 5923: 5916: 5909: 5900: 5899: 5893:Guayana Esequiba 5890: 5876:, United Nations 5843: 5842: 5837:. Archived from 5827: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5807:. Archived from 5801: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5781:. Archived from 5775: 5769: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5352: 5346:. 8 March 2021. 5341: 5333: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5310:. 30 June 2020. 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5171: 5158: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5142:on 18 June 2018. 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4946:. 6 April 2018. 4936: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4911:Guyana Chronicle 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4797:. 5 March 2015. 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4684: 4677: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4543: 4532: 4531: 4521: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4486: 4480: 4461: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4317: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4256: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4143: 4124: 4087: 4061: 4050:. Caracas: s.n. 4042: 4019: 4008: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3915: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3863: 3852: 3851: 3839: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3766: 3757: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3719: 3708: 3688: 3682: 3671: 3665: 3658: 3647: 3640: 3631: 3624: 3615: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3530: 3521: 3504: 3498: 3491: 3485: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3448: 3437: 3428: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3395: 3389: 3388:, 17: pp 131–164 3378:Humphreys, R. A. 3375: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3347: 3334: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3209: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3054: 3037: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2992: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2931:(153 ed.). 2923: 2910: 2897:Ian Rogoziński, 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2634: 2627: 2619: 2613: 2600: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2578: 2563: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2491: 2485: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2384:Voice of America 2374: 2369: 2367: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2316: 2300: 2275: 2155:Geneva Agreement 2138:Guayana Province 1983:António Guterres 1932:Margarita Island 1879:Guayana Province 1853:Guayana Province 1832:António Guterres 1754:Shridath Ramphal 1718:the United Force 1646:fire during the 1615: 1557:At a meeting in 1550: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1507: 1499: 1495:Geneva Agreement 1440: 1426:to denounce the 1417: 1366:and the river's 1202:Grover Cleveland 1198:Washington, D.C. 1134:Gold discoveries 1128:Grover Cleveland 931:Antonio de Sucre 860:Guayana Province 848:Peace of Münster 818:, Essequibo and 797: 791: 780:Fort Kyk-Over-Al 771:Fort Kyk-Over-Al 677: 670: 666: 663: 657: 630: 629: 622: 604:Essequibo colony 581:Amerigo Vespucci 569:Juan de Esquivel 499:of the Northern 471:Colonial history 394:Geneva Agreement 312: 311: 310: 304: 299: 294:Guayana Esequiba 288:, also known as 286:Essequibo region 258: 251: 244: 204:Geneva Agreement 166: 154:Guyana–Venezuela 150: 149: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 18:Guayana Esequiba 7164: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7094: 7093: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7055: 7040: 7033: 7025: 7006: 6986: 6957:Central-Western 6928: 6918: 6841: 6713: 6704: 6686: 6681: 6651: 6646: 6610: 6584: 6500: 6482:Northern Europe 6477: 6451:Italian Grisons 6414: 6381:North Macedonia 6335:Southern Europe 6330: 6255: 6182: 6146: 6054: 6028: 5963: 5932: 5927: 5883: 5861:Schoult, Lars. 5851: 5846: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5814: 5812: 5811:on 2 April 2015 5803: 5802: 5798: 5788: 5786: 5777: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5761: 5752: 5750: 5733: 5729: 5715: 5713: 5698: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5589: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5562: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5528:www.barrons.com 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5489: 5485: 5475: 5473: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5255: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5172:on 15 July 2020 5169: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4938: 4937: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4883:. 7 June 2015. 4875: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4545: 4544: 4535: 4522: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4462: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4398: 4394: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4323:Current History 4319: 4318: 4309: 4296: 4294: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4257: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4167: 4163: 4081: 4058: 4036: 3965: 3963: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3916: 3903: 3890: 3888: 3865: 3864: 3855: 3840: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3768: 3767: 3760: 3754:Wayback Machine 3745: 3741: 3734: 3720: 3711: 3707:, Madrid, 1982. 3701:Wayback Machine 3689: 3685: 3681:, 2000, p. 200. 3672: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3641: 3634: 3625: 3618: 3608:Wayback Machine 3599: 3595: 3591:King (2007:260) 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3519:Wayback Machine 3505: 3501: 3492: 3488: 3470:Zakaria, Fareed 3468: 3464: 3449: 3440: 3429: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3376: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3210: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3012: 3008: 2993: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2925: 2924: 2913: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2837: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2688: 2687: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2610:Wayback Machine 2601: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2561: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2482:Wayback Machine 2471: 2467: 2452: 2450: 2435: 2423: 2421: 2406: 2394: 2392: 2377: 2365: 2363: 2348: 2336: 2334: 2326:Financial Times 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2303: 2294:Potaro-Siparuni 2290:Cuyuni-Mazaruni 2276: 2272: 2267: 2219: 2193: 2170: 2162:territoriality: 2130: 2105: 2048: 2040:Main articles: 2038: 1976: 1956:Venezuelan Navy 1928:Venezuelan Navy 1924: 1845: 1840: 1764:Roland Hunte. 1730: 1632: 1626: 1609: 1595: 1551: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1520: 1508: 1497: 1434: 1411: 1404: 1364:Essequibo River 1356: 1354:Renewed dispute 1351: 1312: 1275:in present-day 1258:arbitral ruling 1228: 1222: 1213:Lord Pauncefote 1190: 1184: 1176:Monroe Doctrine 1168:Barima District 1136: 1121:Essequibo River 1090: 1088:Schomburgk Line 1049:British Guayana 1043:An 1855 map of 1013: 895: 879:Dutch-Brazilian 856:Essequibo River 752:Hessel Gerritsz 744: 710:Essequibo River 701:Araya Peninsula 678: 667: 661: 658: 652:by introducing 643: 631: 627: 620: 600:Pomeroon colony 594:colonists from 585:Alonso de Ojeda 565: 473: 465: 426:Essequibo River 361:Schomburgk Line 339:the Netherlands 329:, based on the 315:Essequibo River 306: 305: 297: 262: 233: 180:Schomburgk Line 155: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7162: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7057: 7056: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7028: 7014: 7012: 7011:Related topics 7008: 7007: 7005: 7004: 6996: 6994: 6992:Disputed state 6988: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6938: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6885:La Sola Island 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6851: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6723: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6696: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6680: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6657: 6648: 6647: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6592: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6519: 6514: 6508: 6506: 6505:Western Europe 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6383: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6272:Czechoslovakia 6269: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6080: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5926: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5882: 5881:External links 5879: 5878: 5877: 5871: 5866: 5859: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5822: 5796: 5770: 5759: 5727: 5692: 5661: 5629: 5599: 5572: 5545: 5514: 5483: 5457: 5424: 5394: 5377:news.yahoo.com 5364: 5325: 5295: 5265: 5235: 5209: 5183: 5145: 5127: 5101: 5075: 5043: 5013: 4987: 4961: 4928: 4898: 4868: 4838: 4823:. ExxonMobil. 4812: 4782: 4756: 4726: 4696: 4664: 4638: 4601: 4570: 4533: 4511: 4494:www.guyana.org 4481: 4477:Serbo-Croatian 4475:, p. 2512 (in 4451: 4411: 4408:. p. 145. 4392: 4373: 4341: 4307: 4272: 4242: 4202: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4144: 4125: 4088: 4080:978-0415629201 4079: 4062: 4056: 4043: 4034: 4009: 3939: 3932: 3901: 3853: 3825: 3793: 3758: 3739: 3732: 3709: 3683: 3666: 3648: 3632: 3616: 3593: 3584: 3557: 3522: 3499: 3486: 3462: 3438: 3416: 3390: 3359: 3320: 3290: 3276: 3266: 3233: 3227:978-3030191672 3226: 3197: 3170: 3144: 3118: 3092: 3066: 3044: 3021: 3006: 2978: 2948: 2942:978-1349683987 2941: 2911: 2890: 2857:10.2307/481091 2851:(2): 163–164. 2831: 2814:CNN en Español 2801: 2771: 2741: 2724:BBC News Mundo 2711: 2678: 2646: 2614: 2590: 2549: 2516: 2486: 2465: 2463: 2462: 2442:Deutsche Welle 2433: 2404: 2375: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2243:Guayana Region 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2215: 2104: 2101: 2056:Nicolás Maduro 2037: 2034: 1999:Nicolás Maduro 1975: 1972: 1968:Nicolas Maduro 1937:Teknik Perdana 1923: 1920: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1781:Peoples Temple 1742:Forbes Burnham 1738:Rafael Caldera 1729: 1726: 1628:Main article: 1625: 1622: 1603:Forbes Burnham 1594: 1591: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1553: 1552: 1511: 1509: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1479:, in his work 1403: 1400: 1368:drainage basin 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1311: 1308: 1285:Mazaruni River 1236:British Guiana 1224:Main article: 1221: 1218: 1209:Lord Salisbury 1186:Main article: 1183: 1180: 1170:to Venezuela. 1135: 1132: 1089: 1086: 1034:British Guiana 1012: 1009: 976:in 1777 under 903:Rigobert Bonne 894: 891: 875:Pomeroon River 852:Dutch Republic 750:A 1625 map by 743: 740: 680: 679: 648:. Please help 634: 632: 625: 619: 616: 564: 561: 472: 469: 464: 461: 442:British Guiana 398:United Kingdom 390:United Nations 357:British Guiana 272:is an ongoing 264: 263: 261: 260: 253: 246: 238: 235: 234: 232: 231: 230: 229: 219: 213: 207: 201: 195: 189: 183: 176: 173: 172: 168: 167: 159: 158: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7161: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7092: 7089: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7032: 7029: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6922: 6917: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6807:Nueva Esparta 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6767:Delta Amacuro 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6711: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6673: 6671: 6666: 6664: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6630:Reunification 6627: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6551:Pan-Germanism 6549: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151:Southern Asia 6149: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033:South America 6031: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5997:United States 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968:North America 5966: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5919: 5917: 5912: 5910: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5763: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5633: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5587: 5583: 5576: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5428: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5155: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5047: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4714: 4710: 4709:Stabroek News 4706: 4700: 4681: 4674: 4668: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4530:. p. C1. 4529: 4528: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4304: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4206: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4165: 4156: 4153:. p. 2. 4152: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4035:9780801816956 4031: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4017: 4010: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3943: 3935: 3933:9781000306897 3929: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3898: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3797: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3735: 3733:9780841909618 3729: 3725: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3663: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3588: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3542: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3496: 3490: 3483: 3482:0-691-01035-8 3479: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3435: 3434: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3331: 3324: 3308: 3304: 3303:Red Angostura 3300: 3294: 3286: 3280: 3270: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3238: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2650: 2631: 2624: 2618: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2520: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2469: 2460: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2390: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2315: 2311: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2238:Gran Colombia 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2113:Delta Amacuro 2110: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2022: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1849: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792:Falklands War 1788: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1736:, Presidents 1735: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1599:Ankoko island 1589: 1584: 1581: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1560: 1549: 1546: 1538: 1528: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1512:This section 1510: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1438: 1433: 1430:, citing the 1429: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1410: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1376: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269:Orinoco River 1265: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1247: 1246: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1179: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1164:60th meridian 1161: 1156: 1154: 1145: 1142:A map of the 1140: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1085: 1082: 1077: 1074: 1073:Simón Bolívar 1070: 1069:Gran Colombia 1066: 1062: 1061:Gran Colombia 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1008: 1006: 1005:Orinoco River 1000: 999: 997: 992: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 917:In 1732, the 911: 904: 899: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 841: 837: 832: 829: 825: 821: 817: 812: 809: 808:Spanish Crown 805: 801: 796: 790: 783: 781: 772: 767: 761: 757: 756:Orinoco River 753: 748: 739: 737: 733: 728: 724: 720: 719: 713: 711: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 689:Orinoco River 686: 676: 673: 665: 655: 651: 647: 641: 640: 639:single source 635:This section 633: 624: 623: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 528: 527:river valleys 524: 521: 517: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 495:. The native 494: 493:Kalina people 490: 486: 482: 481:native people 478: 468: 460: 458: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 415: 411: 407: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 374: 373:United States 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 351: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 319:Ankoko Island 316: 309: 303: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 259: 254: 252: 247: 245: 240: 239: 237: 236: 228: 225: 224: 223: 220: 217: 214: 211: 208: 205: 202: 199: 196: 193: 190: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 175: 174: 170: 169: 165: 161: 160: 157: 152: 151: 145: 141: 136: 132: 124: 121: 113: 110:December 2023 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 7080:6.3°N 59.7°W 7061: 7000: 6999: 6914: 6910:Patos Island 6626:Partitionism 6620: 6619: 6616: 6173:Pashtunistan 6059:Western Asia 5992:Saint Martin 5959:South Africa 5862: 5855: 5849:Bibliography 5839:the original 5834: 5825: 5813:. Retrieved 5809:the original 5799: 5787:. Retrieved 5783:the original 5773: 5762: 5751:, retrieved 5742:The Guardian 5740: 5730: 5721: 5714:. Retrieved 5705: 5695: 5683:. Retrieved 5674: 5664: 5652:. Retrieved 5641: 5632: 5620:. Retrieved 5611: 5602: 5590:. Retrieved 5575: 5563:. Retrieved 5548: 5536:. Retrieved 5527: 5517: 5505:. Retrieved 5496: 5486: 5474:. Retrieved 5460: 5448:. Retrieved 5437: 5427: 5415:. Retrieved 5406: 5397: 5387:19 September 5385:. Retrieved 5376: 5367: 5355:. Retrieved 5343: 5316:. Retrieved 5307: 5298: 5286:. Retrieved 5280:(in Dutch). 5277: 5268: 5256:. Retrieved 5247: 5238: 5226:. Retrieved 5212: 5200:. Retrieved 5186: 5174:. Retrieved 5167:the original 5160: 5148: 5140:the original 5130: 5118:. Retrieved 5104: 5092:. Retrieved 5078: 5066:. Retrieved 5055: 5046: 5034:. Retrieved 5026:Europa Press 5025: 5016: 5004:. Retrieved 4990: 4978:. Retrieved 4964: 4952:. Retrieved 4943: 4919:. Retrieved 4910: 4901: 4889:. Retrieved 4881:El Universal 4880: 4871: 4859:. Retrieved 4851:El Universal 4850: 4841: 4829:. Retrieved 4815: 4803:. Retrieved 4794: 4785: 4773:. Retrieved 4759: 4747:. Retrieved 4743:the original 4739:El Universal 4738: 4729: 4717:. Retrieved 4708: 4699: 4687:. Retrieved 4667: 4655:. Retrieved 4641: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4594:19 September 4592:. Retrieved 4583: 4573: 4561:. Retrieved 4550: 4525: 4502:. Retrieved 4493: 4484: 4464: 4442:. Retrieved 4423: 4414: 4401: 4395: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4364:. Retrieved 4353: 4344: 4327: 4321: 4302: 4295:. Retrieved 4284: 4275: 4266: 4260: 4233:. Retrieved 4214: 4205: 4193:. Retrieved 4174: 4164: 4154: 4148: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4120: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4066: 4047: 4039: 4015: 4005: 3985: 3979: 3971: 3964:. Retrieved 3953: 3942: 3919: 3896: 3889:. Retrieved 3870: 3847: 3843: 3816:. Retrieved 3805: 3796: 3784:. Retrieved 3773: 3742: 3723: 3704: 3692: 3686: 3674: 3669: 3661: 3643: 3627: 3611: 3596: 3587: 3575:. Retrieved 3560: 3548:. Retrieved 3507: 3502: 3494: 3489: 3473: 3465: 3456: 3452: 3431: 3407:. Retrieved 3393: 3385: 3350:. Retrieved 3336: 3323: 3311:. Retrieved 3302: 3293: 3284: 3279: 3269: 3257:. Retrieved 3248: 3213: 3188:. Retrieved 3173: 3161:. Retrieved 3147: 3135:. Retrieved 3121: 3109:. Retrieved 3095: 3083:. Retrieved 3069: 3057:. Retrieved 3031: 3024: 3015: 3009: 2996: 2969:. Retrieved 2960: 2951: 2926: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2881:. Retrieved 2848: 2845:Ethnohistory 2844: 2834: 2822:. Retrieved 2804: 2792:. Retrieved 2783: 2774: 2762:. Retrieved 2753: 2744: 2732:. Retrieved 2723: 2714: 2702:. Retrieved 2693: 2669:. Retrieved 2658: 2649: 2637:. Retrieved 2617: 2581:. Retrieved 2569: 2565: 2552: 2540:. Retrieved 2529: 2519: 2507:. Retrieved 2498: 2489: 2473: 2468: 2458: 2451:. Retrieved 2440: 2429: 2422:. Retrieved 2411: 2400: 2393:. Retrieved 2382: 2371: 2364:. Retrieved 2353: 2342: 2335:. Retrieved 2324: 2314: 2278:Barima-Waini 2273: 2200: 2195: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2160: 2146:Constitution 2133: 2132: 2121: 2106: 2098: 2089: 2061: 2031: 2023: 2015: 1995: 1991: 1977: 1965: 1953: 1945: 1936: 1925: 1899: 1891: 1875:2006 changes 1872: 1864:Fidel Castro 1857: 1838:21st century 1828:Dag Nylander 1816: 1809: 1789: 1778: 1766: 1731: 1722: 1709:Valerie Hart 1705: 1690: 1674: 1666:Valerie Hart 1663: 1652: 1618: 1596: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1556: 1541: 1532: 1521:Please help 1516:verification 1513: 1480: 1474: 1454: 1447: 1405: 1389: 1385: 1377: 1373: 1349:20th century 1343: 1339: 1337: 1329: 1304: 1300:Wenamu River 1296:Barima Point 1289: 1281: 1273:Amazon River 1266: 1261: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1206: 1191: 1172: 1160:Moruka River 1157: 1153:Cuyuni basin 1149: 1125: 1118: 1109:geographical 1091: 1078: 1058: 1014: 1011:19th century 1002: 988: 987: 972:created the 967: 963:Moruka River 959:Caroní River 955:Cuyuni River 927:Barima River 916: 893:18th century 887:Barima River 871:Moruka River 864: 845: 833: 813: 784: 776: 760:Amazon River 742:17th century 732:Caroní River 716: 714: 693:Amazon River 683: 668: 659: 636: 618:16th century 589: 571:, deputy of 566: 563:15th century 531: 516:River Basins 485:Warao people 474: 466: 463:Demographics 454: 449: 429: 419: 402: 347: 296:in Spanish ( 293: 289: 285: 269: 267: 153: 131: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 7139:Irredentism 7083: / 7046:Claimed by 7034:(1884–1991) 7026:(1864–1992) 6919: [ 6865:Aves Island 6638:Revisionism 6580:Switzerland 6575:Netherlands 6236:Philippines 6135:Pan-Turkism 5930:Irredentism 5815:31 December 5789:23 December 5622:30 November 5592:23 November 5565:23 November 5450:22 November 5417:7 September 5407:ElDiario.es 5278:Star Nieuws 4980:11 December 4921:14 December 4625:: 182–184. 4552:El Nacional 4527:El Nacional 4444:30 November 4366:25 November 4297:25 November 4269:(2): 31–51. 4235:30 November 4195:30 November 4103:: 279–311. 4024:. pp. 3891:30 November 3577:21 November 3569:. AP News. 3484:. pp145–146 2883:25 November 2754:Le Monde.fr 2639:27 December 2453:16 December 2424:16 December 2395:16 December 2366:16 December 2355:Argus Media 2337:16 December 2134:Article 15º 2007:Juan Guaidó 1860:Hugo Chávez 1810:El Nacional 1790:During the 1714:Gran Sabana 1610: [ 1571:assertions. 1456:Ultra Vires 1435: [ 1412: [ 1053:New Granada 978:Charles III 697:the Guianas 477:the Guianas 438:Pirara area 420:Currently, 7098:Categories 7085:6.3; -59.7 6812:Portuguesa 6732:Anzoátegui 6642:Rump state 6634:Revanchism 6561:Lebensraum 6410:Yugoslavia 6178:Tamil Nadu 6158:Bangladesh 6083:Azerbaijan 5944:Mauritania 5835:tsj.gov.ve 5753:5 December 5716:4 December 5685:4 December 5654:3 December 5538:3 November 5507:3 November 5476:7 December 5357:8 December 5258:17 January 5248:MercoPress 5228:18 January 5202:18 January 5176:17 January 5120:18 January 5094:18 January 5068:18 January 5036:18 January 4954:17 January 4775:15 October 4749:12 October 4719:12 October 4657:12 October 4623:De Gruyter 4563:17 January 4138:(3): 308. 4057:9800705155 3966:3 December 3818:17 January 3807:La Patilla 3786:17 January 3775:La Patilla 3550:30 October 3459:(4): 5–26. 3249:Prodavinci 3059:5 December 2824:5 December 2734:8 December 2704:6 December 2671:9 December 2542:7 December 2509:20 January 2307:References 2258:Tigri Area 1948:ExxonMobil 1916:communiqué 1868:Georgetown 1858:President 1320:Venezuelan 1103:conducted 1098:naturalist 1047:including 1015:Under the 883:Pernambuco 539:issued by 537:papal bull 414:referendum 355:to survey 350:naturalist 146:in orange. 80:newspapers 7048:Venezuela 6782:La Guaira 6596:Australia 6211:Indonesia 6100:Kurdistan 6040:Argentina 6007:Greenland 4434:0362-4331 4225:0362-4331 4185:0362-4331 4117:213967050 4071:Routledge 4002:145707836 3988:(3): 95. 3924:Routledge 3881:0362-4331 2865:0014-1801 2784:France 24 2660:El Sureño 1796:Argentina 1785:Jonestown 1686:Karasabai 1535:June 2023 1443:collusion 1105:botanical 1081:Venezuela 1045:Venezuela 1029:Essequibo 982:Essequibo 939:Essequibo 850:with the 840:El Dorado 811:in 1725. 769:Ruins of 705:salt pans 662:June 2023 654:citations 646:talk page 575:, son of 513:Essequibo 505:Caribbean 422:Venezuela 400:in 1966. 284:over the 282:Venezuela 144:Venezuela 6827:Trujillo 6757:Carabobo 6727:Amazonas 6527:Wallonia 6441:Dalmatia 6359:Bulgaria 6321:Slovenia 6241:Thailand 6231:Mongolia 6226:Malaysia 6194:Cambodia 6050:Colombia 5747:archived 5710:Archived 5679:Archived 5648:Archived 5643:ABC News 5616:Archived 5586:Archived 5559:Archived 5532:Archived 5501:Archived 5470:Archived 5444:Archived 5411:Archived 5381:Archived 5348:Archived 5312:Archived 5282:Archived 5252:Archived 5222:Archived 5196:Archived 5114:Archived 5088:Archived 5062:Archived 5030:Archived 5006:20 April 5000:Archived 4974:Archived 4948:Archived 4915:Archived 4885:Archived 4855:Archived 4825:Archived 4799:Archived 4769:Archived 4713:Archived 4680:Archived 4651:Archived 4588:Archived 4584:BBC News 4557:Archived 4498:Archived 4473:Belgrade 4438:Archived 4360:Archived 4291:Archived 4229:Archived 4189:Archived 3960:Archived 3885:Archived 3850:: 93–94. 3812:Archived 3780:Archived 3750:Archived 3697:Archived 3604:Archived 3571:Archived 3541:Archived 3515:Archived 3512:in JSTOR 3403:Archived 3352:13 March 3343:Archived 3313:13 March 3307:Archived 3259:13 March 3253:Archived 3184:Archived 3157:Archived 3155:. 1899. 3131:Archived 3105:Archived 3103:. 1960. 3079:Archived 3077:. 1899. 3050:Archived 2971:8 August 2965:Archived 2877:Archived 2818:Archived 2794:25 March 2788:Archived 2764:25 March 2758:Archived 2728:Archived 2698:Archived 2665:Archived 2630:Archived 2606:Archived 2583:13 March 2574:Archived 2536:Archived 2503:Archived 2478:Archived 2447:Archived 2418:Archived 2389:Archived 2360:Archived 2331:Archived 2217:See also 2211:Tumeremo 2197:nullity. 1961:Conviasa 1907:Suriname 1903:Barbados 1794:between 1677:bazookas 1655:Rupununi 1462:Suriname 1079:In 1824 1021:Demerara 943:Demerara 925:and the 867:Pomeroon 795:Santiago 736:San Tomé 543:and the 457:Tumeremo 436:and the 290:Esequibo 276:between 7071:59°42′W 6972:Insular 6967:Guayana 6962:Eastern 6952:Central 6947:Capital 6934:Regions 6832:Yaracuy 6822:Táchira 6802:Monagas 6797:Miranda 6777:Guárico 6762:Cojedes 6752:Bolívar 6747:Barinas 6700:Caracas 6589:Oceania 6570:Ireland 6539:Austria 6534:Germany 6517:Celtics 6512:Belgium 6494:Karelia 6489:Finland 6436:Corsica 6403:Galicia 6364:Croatia 6342:Albania 6326:Ukraine 6314:Ukraine 6292:Romania 6282:Moldova 6277:Hungary 6267:Belarus 6251:Vietnam 6078:Assyria 6071:Artsakh 6066:Armenia 5954:Somalia 5949:Morocco 5723:ballot. 5612:Reuters 5439:Reuters 5308:Reuters 5288:23 June 4795:Reuters 4689:28 June 4504:4 March 3705:El País 3679:Caracas 3190:26 June 3163:26 June 3137:7 March 3111:26 June 3085:26 June 2694:AP News 2612:from UN 2531:Reuters 2140:of the 2109:Bolívar 1670:Caracas 1644:bazooka 1472:rivers 1466:Amacuro 1422:of the 1324:British 1271:to the 1114:Orinoco 1025:Berbice 991:Orinoco 951:Surinam 947:Berbice 935:Swedish 923:Orinoco 816:Amacuro 798:, from 758:to the 727:Brielle 612:British 596:Zeeland 553:English 551:or the 523:Indians 509:Orinoco 327:regions 171:History 94:scholar 7068:6°18′N 7052:Guyana 6982:Zulian 6977:Llanos 6942:Andean 6792:Mérida 6772:Falcón 6742:Aragua 6719:States 6522:France 6471:Ticino 6446:Istria 6391:Kosovo 6386:Serbia 6374:Enosis 6369:Greece 6309:Crimea 6304:Russia 6287:Poland 6130:Cyprus 6125:Turkey 6115:Israel 6095:Cyprus 6012:Mexico 6002:Canada 5987:Mexico 5975:Canada 5937:Africa 5318:1 July 4891:8 June 4861:8 June 4831:8 June 4805:8 June 4432: 4223: 4183: 4141:years. 4115: 4077: 4054: 4032: 4028:-196. 4000: 3930: 3879: 3730: 3480: 3341:: 58. 3224: 3042: 2939: 2873:481091 2871: 2863: 2085:Guyana 2064:Guyana 2027:Mexico 1681:Lethem 1640:Lethem 1559:Geneva 1477:Sweden 1470:Barima 1277:Brazil 996:Cuyuni 949:, and 919:Swedes 828:Caribs 824:Aruacs 820:Berbis 501:Amazon 497:tribes 489:Arawak 483:. The 446:Brazil 386:Russia 323:Guyana 278:Guyana 218:(1970) 212:(1969) 206:(1966) 200:(1949) 194:(1899) 188:(1895) 182:(1840) 140:Guyana 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 6923:] 6837:Zulia 6817:Sucre 6737:Apure 6606:Samoa 6466:Savoy 6456:Malta 6431:Corfu 6426:Italy 6419:Italy 6398:Spain 6246:Timor 6221:Korea 6216:Japan 6199:China 6168:Nepal 6163:India 6142:Yemen 6120:Syria 6045:Chile 5351:(PDF) 5340:(PDF) 5170:(PDF) 5157:(PDF) 4683:(PDF) 4676:(PDF) 4621:(2). 4113:S2CID 4099:(2). 3998:S2CID 3610:, in 3544:(PDF) 3537:(PDF) 3409:1 May 3346:(PDF) 3333:(PDF) 3274:61–86 3053:(PDF) 3036:(PDF) 2869:JSTOR 2633:(PDF) 2626:(PDF) 2577:(PDF) 2562:(PDF) 2265:Notes 1614:] 1439:] 1416:] 970:Spain 968:When 592:Dutch 549:Dutch 533:Spain 520:Carib 335:Spain 101:JSTOR 87:books 6787:Lara 6461:Nice 6110:Iraq 6105:Iran 6017:Cuba 5817:2012 5791:2012 5755:2023 5718:2023 5687:2023 5656:2023 5624:2023 5594:2023 5567:2023 5540:2023 5509:2023 5478:2023 5452:2023 5419:2021 5389:2020 5359:2021 5320:2020 5290:2020 5260:2020 5230:2020 5204:2020 5178:2020 5122:2020 5096:2020 5070:2020 5038:2020 5008:2018 4982:2018 4956:2020 4923:2023 4893:2015 4863:2015 4833:2015 4807:2015 4777:2013 4751:2013 4721:2013 4691:2017 4659:2013 4596:2010 4565:2020 4506:2022 4446:2023 4430:ISSN 4368:2023 4299:2023 4237:2023 4221:ISSN 4197:2023 4181:ISSN 4075:ISBN 4052:ISBN 4030:ISBN 3968:2023 3928:ISBN 3893:2023 3877:ISSN 3820:2020 3788:2020 3728:ISBN 3579:2023 3552:2013 3478:ISBN 3411:2009 3354:2021 3315:2021 3261:2021 3222:ISBN 3192:2021 3165:2021 3139:2021 3113:2021 3087:2021 3061:2023 3040:ISBN 2973:2020 2937:ISBN 2885:2023 2861:ISSN 2826:2023 2796:2024 2766:2024 2736:2023 2706:2023 2673:2023 2641:2022 2585:2024 2544:2023 2511:2021 2455:2023 2426:2023 2397:2023 2368:2023 2339:2023 2296:and 2111:and 2079:and 2044:and 1909:and 1873:The 1767:The 1756:and 1740:and 1684:and 1468:and 1322:and 1243:that 1107:and 1027:and 961:and 873:and 826:and 583:and 511:and 491:and 341:and 280:and 268:The 73:news 5706:CNN 5675:CNN 5057:BBC 4627:doi 4332:doi 4105:doi 4026:191 3990:doi 2853:doi 2413:ABC 1760:to 1525:by 721:by 292:or 56:by 7100:: 6921:es 6640:· 6636:· 6632:· 6628:· 6624:· 5833:. 5745:, 5739:, 5720:. 5708:. 5704:. 5677:. 5673:. 5640:. 5610:. 5584:. 5557:. 5530:. 5526:. 5499:. 5495:. 5442:. 5436:. 5405:. 5375:. 5342:. 5328:^ 5306:. 5276:. 5246:. 5159:. 5054:. 5024:. 4942:. 4931:^ 4909:. 4879:. 4853:. 4849:. 4793:. 4737:. 4707:. 4619:14 4617:. 4613:. 4586:. 4582:. 4549:. 4536:^ 4514:^ 4496:. 4492:. 4471:: 4467:, 4454:^ 4436:. 4422:. 4387:84 4385:. 4352:. 4328:56 4326:. 4310:^ 4301:. 4283:. 4267:12 4265:. 4245:^ 4227:. 4213:. 4187:. 4179:. 4173:. 4136:18 4134:. 4119:. 4111:. 4097:36 4095:. 4083:. 4073:. 4038:. 4020:. 4004:. 3996:. 3986:11 3984:. 3970:. 3958:. 3952:. 3926:. 3922:. 3904:^ 3895:. 3883:. 3869:. 3856:^ 3848:36 3846:. 3828:^ 3804:. 3772:. 3761:^ 3712:^ 3703:, 3651:^ 3635:^ 3619:^ 3539:. 3525:^ 3472:, 3455:. 3441:^ 3419:^ 3362:^ 3335:. 3301:. 3247:. 3236:^ 3220:. 3216:. 3200:^ 3182:. 3129:. 3048:. 2981:^ 2959:. 2914:^ 2875:. 2867:. 2859:. 2849:26 2847:. 2843:. 2812:. 2782:. 2752:. 2722:. 2692:. 2681:^ 2657:. 2628:. 2593:^ 2570:21 2568:. 2564:. 2534:. 2528:. 2497:. 2457:. 2439:. 2428:. 2410:. 2399:. 2381:. 2370:. 2352:. 2341:. 2329:. 2323:. 2318:* 2292:, 2288:, 2284:, 2280:, 2119:. 1943:. 1918:. 1905:, 1834:. 1612:es 1437:es 1414:es 1023:, 957:, 945:, 941:, 889:. 792:. 614:. 559:. 7054:. 6676:e 6669:t 6662:v 5922:e 5915:t 5908:v 5819:. 5793:. 5689:. 5658:. 5626:. 5596:. 5569:. 5542:. 5511:. 5480:. 5454:. 5421:. 5391:. 5361:. 5322:. 5292:. 5262:. 5232:. 5206:. 5180:. 5124:. 5098:. 5072:. 5040:. 5010:. 4984:. 4958:. 4925:. 4895:. 4865:. 4835:. 4809:. 4779:. 4753:. 4723:. 4693:. 4661:. 4635:. 4629:: 4598:. 4567:. 4508:. 4479:) 4448:. 4370:. 4338:. 4334:: 4239:. 4199:. 4107:: 4060:. 3992:: 3946:* 3936:. 3822:. 3790:. 3736:. 3581:. 3554:. 3457:9 3413:. 3356:. 3317:. 3263:. 3230:. 3194:. 3167:. 3141:. 3115:. 3089:. 3063:. 3003:. 2975:. 2945:. 2887:. 2855:: 2828:. 2798:. 2768:. 2738:. 2708:. 2675:. 2643:. 2587:. 2546:. 2513:. 1548:) 1542:( 1537:) 1533:( 1519:. 1458:. 1055:. 905:. 675:) 669:( 664:) 660:( 642:. 257:e 250:t 243:v 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 50:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute

Index