826:, had visited Britain with the two British arbitrators in the summer of 1899, and subsequently had offered the two American judges a choice between accepting a unanimous award along the lines ultimately agreed, or a 3-to-2 majority opinion even more favourable to the British. The alternative would have followed the Schomburgk Line entirely, and given the mouth of the Orinoco to the British. Mallet-Prevost said that the American judges and Venezuelan counsel were disgusted at the situation and considered the 3-to-2 option with a strongly worded minority opinion, but ultimately went along with Martens to avoid depriving Venezuela of even more territory. Said memorandum led to complaints by Venezuela in the
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remain a zone of peace." Regarding the
Venezuelan referendum, CARICOM said that "international law strictly prohibits the government of one State from unilaterally seizing, annexing or incorporating the territory of another state. An affirmative vote as aforesaid opens the door to the possible violation of this fundamental tenet of international law" and it condemned the wording of two referendum questions which says that Venezuela would enforce its claims to the territory "by all means", suggesting that Venezuela would use force.
799:. Spain, according to Venezuela, only designated its claimed Guiana territory to the Dutch, which did not include much land within the disputed territory. Meanwhile, Britain, who had acquired the Dutch territory, stated that the disputed Guiana region was not Spanish because it was so remote and uncontrolled, explaining that the original natives in the land had shared the territory's land with the Dutch instead of the Spanish and were thus under Dutch and British influence. On 3 October 1899 the tribunal
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5946:[The North American imperial espionage in action! Working in her laboratory for the Guyanese, putting her technology at the service of her sepoys. Here we observe the “Center for strategic and international studies” disseminating sovereign information, with its interventionist attitude in sovereign national territory of our units and means. What would happen if a Venezuelan satellite takes photos over a North American base????#TogetherWeBeatTheChallenges] (
5944:"La espía imperial norte americana en acción ! Trabajando en su laboratorio para los guyaneses, poniendo su tecnología al servicio de sus cipayos. Aquí observamos en el "Center for strategic and international studies" divulgando informaciones soberanas, con su actitud injerencista en pleno territorio nacional soberano de nuestras unidades y medios. Qué pasaría si un satélite venezolano toma fotos sobre una base Norteaméricana ????#JuntosVencemosLosRetos"
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opinion and make an attack 'legitimate', when in fact there is no such threat. It's the whole plot of an invasion." Analysts have said that a new conflict occurring within the
Americas would benefit Russia as it would likely distract the United States. Russia's involvement is not limited to selling military hardware to Maduro, as there are two reported Russian military bases within Venezuelan territory, as well a detachment of the
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1584:(CELAC). Ali and Maduro agreed to the talks, with a proposed date of 14 December being announced. Following a phone call with Lula, President Maduro stated that he was looking for "peace and understanding". Representatives from both nations reaffirmed their beliefs on the dispute; Venezuela continued its claims of sovereignty over the Esequiba region while Guyana said that a determination by the ICJ must be made.
886:, it spearheaded efforts to find oil in neighbouring Guyana in the 2000s. ExxonMobil has been involved in multiple disputes with Venezuela over such assets, with US analyst Steve LeVine considering it was very litigious and "sending a signal" to others considering interfering with their contracts, with multiple defeated attempts at arbitration over sixteen years, the latest submitted on 27 November 2023.
713:, to present an official complaint to the British authorities, writing: "The settlers of Demerara and Berbice have usurped a large portion of land that according to the last treaties between Spain and Holland belong to us on this side of the Essequibo River. that said colonists place themselves under the jurisdiction and obedience of our laws or withdraw to their former possessions". After
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1202:"Venezuela must refrain from taking any action which would modify that situation," she added. On 4 December, Brazilian defence portal Defesa Net published an article detailing that an anonymous source from a Guyanaese officer claimed roughly 200 Venezuelan special forces had entered Guyanese territory disguised as civilians in order to conduct sabotage and other preparation operations.
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David
Granger. ExxonMobil Country Manager, Rod Henson, said the payments were customary and usual for petroleum agreements. Guyanese experts noted the government had ignored environmental concerns and that ExxonMobil had no oversight and its executives were frequently seen with top officials, with ExxonMobil having embarked on a public relations and regulatory capture campaign.
1337:, being expected to arrive in early January. The regiment, originally planned to be activated in 2026, was created from the preexisting 12th Mechanised Cavalry Squadron on 29 November. An additional 600 soldiers will be added to the newly created 18th Cavalry Regiment, and an armored task force composed of 28 armored vehicles was assembled. Brazilian defence minister
1772:, stated that Venezuela's actions, including its referendum, were "an echo of Putin's invasion of Ukraine two years ago: a much larger neighbor staking a territorial claim without legitimate international legal grounds, preparing for annexation, making new maps and licking its chops at gaining huge natural resources." Igor Macedo de Lucena of
772:, which was Venezuelan territory beyond the Schomburgk line but within the area Schomburgk thought Britain could claim. That year, Venezuela reiterated its claim up to the Essequibo River, to which the British responded with a counterclaim including the entire Cuyuni basin, although this was a paper claim the British never intended to pursue.
1962:, arrived in Guyana, stating that the United Kingdom provided its "unequivocal backing to our Guyanese friends" and that "he border issue has been settled for more than 120 years ... We welcome the recent agreement by Venezuela ... to refrain from the use of force and any further escalation." On 24 December, the Royal Navy deployed HMS
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issued letters on 9 December to presidents Ali and Maduro, saying his nation would host discussions on the conflict alongside
President Lula and UN Secretary-General Guterres, writing "Let us all resolve to make this historic gathering a successful one. So much is at stake for our Caribbean and Latin
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said the presidency had ordered him to "bulletproof the border". The
Brazilian military was also concerned that the situation would lead to the creation of additional American military bases in the region. Sources within the military also told reporters that they were detecting no suspicious movement
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in
Venezuela for 3 December 2023 in which five questions were asked of citizens, among them, whether they agree to "oppose, by all means, in accordance with the law, Guyana's claim to unilaterally dispose of a sea pending delimitation, illegally and in violation of international law" and whether they
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trade bloc held a summit and discussed the crisis. Venezuela was not present, as it had been suspended in 2016 for breaking the bloc's democratic clause. Lula stated Brazil was looking for a peaceful solution and offered Brazil to mediate the situation. Sources say a joint statement from the bloc is
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terrain, and the remaining wooded areas have been largely deforested. However, Brazil would not allow
Venezuela to make any incursions from its territory. Venezuelan military is concentrated around Caracas and the northern border with Guyana along the Caribbean coast. Similarly, despite the Esequibo
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Strategic
Commander Domingo Hernández Lárez made several posts on social media of Venezuelan military working on repairing or building new roads, bridges, airstrips and other infrastructure in the border with the Esequibo region, which he described as "our Guyanese routes". On 5 December, Venezuelan
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ordered
Venezuela to refrain from taking action to change the status quo in the border dispute with Guyana. "The court observes that the situation that currently prevails in the territory in dispute is that Guyana administers and exercises control over that area," presiding judge Joan Donoghue said.
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responded to the incident a day later, stating "the incursion of our territory of the two
Venezuelan fighter jets is a clear indication that the government of Venezuela is prepared to use aggression and intimidation to accomplish what cannot be accomplished by legal means: the surrender by Guyana of
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In 1969, it was discovered that Caracas had backed a secessionist revolt by ranchers and Amerindians in the Rupununi region, ... To put this into perspective, when Guyana gained independence in May 1966, it had a standing army of 750 troops and no air or maritime forces. Venezuela, in contrast, had
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In 1969, it was discovered that Caracas had backed a secessionist revolt by ranchers and Amerindians in the Rupununi region, ... To put this into perspective, when Guyana gained independence in May 1966, it had a standing army of 750 troops and no air or maritime forces. Venezuela, in contrast, had
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said "Putin openly gave passports to anyone who entered a Russian administration in Crimea and left their Russian. Maduro can say that there is a large population of Neo-Venezuelans and he goes there to defend them from an attack by the Guyana government, all kinds of ideas to misrepresent public
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Analysts noted the decision of the Maduro administration to call a referendum may be an attempt to divert attention from Venezuelan internal problems such as the weak economy and high levels of government corruption. Political analysts also see the referendum as a nationalist strategy by the Maduro
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initially reported that Venezuelans voted "yes" more than 95% of the time on each of the five questions on the ballot. International analysts and media reported that turnout had been remarkably low and that the Venezuelan government had falsified the results. Analysts also noted that the government
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Saab anunció asimismo solicitud de órdenes de aprehensión para un grupo de dirigentes opositores y chavistas disidentes que se encuentran en el exilio: Yon Goicoechea, Juan Guaidó, Julio Borges, Andrés Izarra, David Smolansky, Lester Toledo, Carlos Vecchio, Leopoldo López y Rafael Ramírez. A todos
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AFVs; and a Mabey Compact 200 bridge. The CSIS's Christopher Hernandez-Roy referred to the Venezuelan troop buildup as indicative of Maduro "pursuing a duplicitous policy". Venezuelan General Domingo Hernández Lárez, commander of the Strategic Operational Campaign of the National Bolivarian Armed
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authorised six foreign oil companies including ExxonMobil to drill in the waters claimed by Venezuela. In October, ExxonMobil Guyana Limited (EMGL) President, Alistair Routledge, told reporters that "we have not been scared away by Venezuela…that’s why we’re still working in Guyana. That’s why we
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reported that Guyana had discovered 11 billion barrels worth of oil reserves. Guyanese Natural Resources Minister Rafael Trotman admitted that ExxonMobil had financially backed Guyana for legal disputes, in addition to a "non-disclosed signing bonus" paid by ExxonMobil according to then president
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exploration of British Guiana in 1835. This resulted in a sketch of the territory with a line marking what he believed to be the western boundary claimed by the Dutch. As a result of this, he was commissioned in 1840 by the British government to survey Guiana's boundaries. This survey resulted in
2007:
stated that it "earnestly hopes that Venezuela is not raising the prospect of using force or military means to get its own way in this controversy over territory. After all, it has been the long-standing position of Latin American and Caribbean counties, including Venezuela, that our region must
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had also issued a statement offering its "full support" to Guyana and urged "all members of the United Nations" to respect the ICJ's decision. On 8 December, Maduro stated in a political rally that he had appointed several personnel to handle the incorporation of the Esequibo and signed several
700:
In 1796, the Essequibo was permanently occupied by the British and by 1800, Essequibo and Demerara collectively held around 380 sugarcane plantations. But it also became involved in one of Latin America's most persistent border disputes because the new colony had the Essequibo river as its west
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of its people asking whether the region should become a state of Venezuela and its population become citizens, among other questions. Although the turnout was reported to be low, the Venezuelan government declared that the results showed overwhelming support for such action. Venezuela then took
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Representatives of both Venezuela and Guyana asked in a hearing held at the ICJ in mid-November 2023 that the Court recognise their sovereignty over the Essequibo. Guyana also requested that the referendum be repealed, alleging that Venezuela intended to annex the territory, a request that the
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signed the Port of Spain Protocol, which declared a 12-year moratorium on Venezuela's reclamation of the Essequibo, with the purpose of allowing both governments to promote cooperation and understanding while the border claim was in abeyance. In 1983, the deadline of the Port of Spain Protocol
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In 1850, Britain and Venezuela reached an agreement whereby they accepted not to colonise the disputed territory, although it was not established where this territory began and ended. The dispute went unmentioned for many years until gold was discovered in the region, which disrupted relations
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Guyana handed new oil concessions to ExxonMobil in 2014, whose Venezuelan assets Chávez had nationalised seven years prior. In 2015, Venezuela accused ExxonMobil of breaching international law while drilling for oil in Guyana, and a minor crisis broke out wherein Guyanese authorities seized a
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ellos se les imputarán los delitos de traición a la patria, conspiración, legitimación de capitales y asociación para delinquir, por participar en una supuesta conspiración nacional e internacional destinada a boicotear el referendo consultivo por el Esequibo, que se llevó a cabo el domingo.
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said on 7 December that its forces would participate in joint operations beside the Guyana Defence Force (GDF) in an effort to improve collaboration with security measures. US statements also said that the United States "will continue its collaboration with the GDF in the areas of disaster
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to be prosecuted. The Guyanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs said the vessel was in Guyanese waters, but its Venezuelan counterpart sent a diplomatic note to Guyana stating that the ship was conducting oil research in Venezuelan waters with no authorisation from the country, and demanded an
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A Venezuelan incursion on the island of Ankoko (October 1966) and Venezuelan instigation of the Rupununi uprising (January 1969) were succeeded by an agreement signed on June 18, 1970, which provided that neither country would make any territorial claims for a period of at least twelve
1935:
called on Venezuela to respect the authority of the ICJ's 1 December decision and said that Guyana and Venezuela "must comply with the legally binding Order of the International Court of Justice on provisional measures and must not resort to unilateral actions that could aggravate the
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On 8 December, Brazilian President Lula warned Maduro against "unilateral measures" by Venezuela regarding Essequibo. On December 11, Múcio characterised the crisis as a "political maneuver", and stated Brazil would not allow Venezuela troops to use its territory "in any hypothesis".
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to Caracas, wherein he talked directly with Maduro, who told him there would be no war, but the Brazilian government remained worried, and Amorim warned that the situation could "spiral out of control". Amorim stated Brazil would "not accept any solution that is not peaceful".
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responded by saying the country will not give up "an inch" of the region. Guyana asked for Venezuela to explain their troop buildup in the border, and the Venezuelan ambassador Carlos Amador Pérez Silva said that the troops were mobilised to curb illegal mining in the region.
1805:, as well as over 3 million paramilitary militia. It also has significant air and naval assets, compared to only a token air force on Guyana's side. However, any aggression against Guyana could trigger an intervention by regional powers such as Brazil or the United States.
1438:, accusing them participating in an alleged plan to sabotage the 3 December referendum, supposedly financed by Exxon Mobil. It also confirmed the detention of an American citizen, Savoi Janson Wright, accused of financing them. That night, president of the Venezuelan NGO
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said that the Commonwealth "reaffirms its firm and steadfast support for the maintenance and preservation of the sovereign and territorial integrity of Guyana, and the unobstructed exercise of its rights to develop the entirety of its territory for the benefit of its
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visited Guyana, and said "I am in Guyana... to offer the UK's unequivocal backing to our Guyanese friends". Rutley also met with ambassadors of the United States, France, Canada and the European Union to speak about international support for Guyana in the dispute.
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in 1966 with the United Kingdom prior to the independence of Guyana, which occurred that same year, which established bases for a negotiated solution to the territorial dispute. Five months after Guyana's independence, Venezuelan troops began their occupation of
641:(1665–67) put an end to these plans. Essequibo was occupied by the British in 1665 (along with all other Dutch colonies in the Guianas), and then plundered by the French. The following years the Zeelanders sent a squadron of ships to retake the area. While the
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preparedness, aerial and maritime security, and countering transnational criminal organizations" and that the North American nation "will continue its commitment as Guyana’s trusted security partner and promoting regional cooperation and interoperability."
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The Guyanese president told Brazilian media that President Lula assured him Brazil would support Guyana, and thanked him for Brazil's "mature" position, while characterising Venezuela as "reckless" and "unpredictable". He claimed they were working with the
1812:
professor Augusto Teixeira said the Essequibo region mostly comprises mountains and dense tropical forest, with little to no roads. He suggests that the only feasible option for Venezuela would be moving its troops through Brazilian soil, in the state of
1174:, held a summit between foreign and defence ministers of South American countries on 22 November, wherein Venezuelan foreign minister Félix Osorio claimed Venezuela "may be forced by the people to take measures" On the same day, Brazil sent special envoy
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Brazilian analyst Thiago de Aragão said Venezuela has far greater military capabilities than Guyana, which enrols about 3,000 troops in light combat vehicles. Venezuela reportedly has 123,000 land troops distributed into several regiments as well as 173
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953:, in Guyanas's territorial waters, with both parts demanding an explanation for the other; they later agreed to meet to try to improve delimitation of each other's territorial waters. Maduro announced in 2015 that he would take the dispute to the
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to Arau, situated directly along the Venezuelan border in Essequibo, coming down about 30 miles (48 km) east of Arau. It carried three crewmen and four passengers, and was piloted by GDF Lieutenant Colonel Michael Charles. According to the
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1022:
In April 2023, the ICJ ruled that it has jurisdiction over the dispute in a lawsuit filed by Guyana in 2018 to determine which nation controlled the disputed territory. Following further discoveries of oil and gas fields, on 19 September 2023,
822:, which was written in 1944 to be published only after his death. Mallet-Prevost surmised from the private behaviour of the judges that there had been a political deal between Russia and Britain, and said that the Russian chair of the panel,
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In October 1886 Britain declared the Schomburgk Line to be the provisional frontier of British Guiana, and in February 1887 Venezuela severed diplomatic relations. In 1894, Venezuela appealed to the United States to intervene, citing the
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began settling here. After 1750 a commander of the British population was assigned, giving them their own representation. Around 1780 a small central settlement was established at the mouth of the Demerara River, which received the name
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squadron under Admiral Lord Rodney accepted the surrender of "Colony of Demarary and the River Essequebo". From 27 February 1782 to February 1783 the French occupied the colony after compelling Governor Robert Kinston to surrender. The
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Afterwards, Venezuelan government officials released a video where local indigenous people exchanged a Guyanese flag for a Venezuelan one. President Irfaan Ali assured that such replacement did not take place. In December, through
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along the Brazilian border, with the precaution of deterrence working there, but they believed Venezuela was more likely to invade from the sea. Brazil is expected to triple its military presence in the border, with much
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Vladimir Padrino Lopez, Venezuelan defence minister, described the actions of the United States as a "provocation", saying that Venezuela "will not be diverted from our future actions for the recovery of the Essequibo."
527:. Brazil sent troops to its border with the region and the US conducted military exercises with Guyana. The ICJ warned Venezuela not to take any direct action in the region as a trial is scheduled for early 2024 and the
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In a news conference announcing preliminary results from the first tranche of counted votes, the Venezuelan National Electoral Council said voters chose "yes" more than 95% of the time on each of five questions on the
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stated he'd make a presidential visit to Guyana next year, which analysts interpreted as signalling that Brazil would not tolerate Venezuelan military action. On 6 December, Lula announced a summit with special envoy
1087:, both former opposition presidential candidates, were in favour. Rosales called on Venezuelans to vote in the referendum, and Capriles announced that he would participate in the referendum. The referendum caused a
1028:
anticipate continuing to do so for decades to come". Guyana also criticised Venezuela for rejecting the ICJ's prerogative to rule on the matter after it rejected their proposal of establishing direct talks instead.
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Significant oil reserves were discovered offshore in the 2010s, which raised the stakes of the dispute. In September 2023, Guyana granted drilling licenses in the disputed waters. In December 2023, Venezuela held a
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announced that he would soon permit the exploitation of resources such as gas, oil, and mineral deposits within the Essequibo. He also announced local Essequibo subsidiaries of Venezuelan state owned companies
1316:, vice president of Guyana, said in an interview that he was preparing for the worst and that the government is working with partners to strengthen "defence cooperation". In anticipation of the referendum, the
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Among his decrees shortly after the referendum, Maduro ordered the publication of a new map, including the Esequibo territory, "in all schools, public entities, universities and 'in all homes' in the country".
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will be "permanently vigilant" of "any action that threatens" the "territorial integrity", asking the population to vote in the referendum and adding that the conflict "for now" is not a war. The governor of
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satellite imagery of the area in the weeks leading up to the January 25 meeting in Brasília showed the construction of a new jungle tank base taking place, as well as the presence of several assets such as
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On October 23, 2023, the National Electoral Council approved several issues, and the Constitutional Council of the Supreme Court of Justice officially confirmed it on November 1, 2023. The government of
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1623:. The early adoption of the ATGM, still in its evaluation stages, would seek to provide a solution to a lack of dedicated anti-tank capabilities in the Brazilian Army at the time of the border crisis.
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705:. Although Spain still claimed the region, the Spanish did not contest the treaty because they were preoccupied with their own colonies' struggles for independence. In 1822, independence leader
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The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of India called for a peaceful resolution and to avoid an escalation, further stating that the country is "closely monitoring the border issue" on the Esequibo.
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1261:, claimed that "Guayana Esequiba is one hundred percent Venezuelan territory," arguing that Guyana's actions violated the 1966 Geneva agreement, and criticised the fact that the UN and the
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mobilised towards the border of both countries anticipating a possible Venezuelan invasion. Reports from Brazilian intelligence in early December suggested an imminent military move by the
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that it had detected an increased Venezuelan military presence along the border with Guyana, though it assessed that the buildup by itself still wasn't indicative of an imminent invasion.
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River. Schomburgk's initial sketch, which had been published in 1840, was the only version of the "Schomburgk Line" published until 1886, which led to later accusations by US President
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On 28 December, Venezuelan president Nicolas Maduro ordered over 5,600 Venezuelan military personnel to carry out "defensive" military exercises in response to the deployment of HMS
1115:, called on 4 November for a ban on Venezuelans with Guyanese citizenship from voting in elections, as well as not granting citizenship to more people from the neighbouring country.
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assured that sovereignty was not consulted, but rather exercised, and asked to suspend the referendum to form a national team with the purpose of filing a claim with the ICJ, while
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detained an oil exploration vessel conducting seafloor surveys on behalf of the government of Guyana on 10 October 2013, with the ship and its crew being escorted to the Venezuelan
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On 15 December, Brazilian Defence Minister José Múcio mentioned Brazil was prepared to "take more energetic measures if necessary" to guarantee Brazilian territorial integrity.
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1520:, Omar Khan, there were no indications the aircraft was shot down from the sky. Authorities had stated that there was "bad weather" in the area. Five GDF soldiers were killed:
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The same day, the Venezuelan government issued fourteen arrest warrants against opposition members, including for three members from the team of opposition political candidate
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at the mouth of the Orinoco, giving it undisputed control of the river, and thus the ability to levy duties on Venezuelan commerce. The second placed the border at the
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congratulated Venezuela on its referendum, saying that it demonstrated Venezuela's dedication "to peace and the future in the brotherhood of the nations of the world."
1127:(OAS) where he accused Venezuela of a military buildup near the Essequibo border, and warned of the consequences of it for Guyana's sovereignty. OAS Secretary General
787:, the United Kingdom and Venezuela attempted to settle the territorial dispute. Venezuela argued that Spain—whose territory they had acquired—controlled land from the
6466:"Comment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine regarding the International Court of Justice's Order on provisional measures in the case "Guyana v. Venezuela""
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assured Guyanese president Mohamed Irfaan Ali in a 6 December phone call that Guyana has the "unconditional support" of the United States. Pentagon Press Secretary
621:, conquered in 1581, which had been destroyed by Spaniards and local warriors around 1596. Led by Joost van der Hooge, the Zeelanders travelled to an island called
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would be in favour of giving Venezuelan nationality to the 125,000 inhabitants of the Essequibo. The government has criticised the "abuses of ExxonMobil" and the
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also attended. The leaders agreed to not use any force or escalate tension. A joint statement said that both countries will settle the dispute in accordance with
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what came to be known as the "Schomburgk Line". The line went well beyond the area of British occupation and gave British Guiana control of the mouth of the
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said on social media that Venezuela would stay "on alert following provocations that put at risk the peace and stability of the Caribbean and our America."
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an army of 15,000, an impressive air fleet of British- and American-made jets and bombers, and a navy equipped with destroyers, frigates, and a submarine.
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Perhaps the earliest incident of major consequence since independence (1966) was the Rupununi uprising in 1969 in which Venezuelan complicity was evident.
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an army of 15,000, an impressive air fleet of British- and American-made jets and bombers, and a navy equipped with destroyers, frigates, and a submarine.
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803:. The Schomburgk Line was, with two deviations, established as the border between British Guiana and Venezuela. One deviation was that Venezuela received
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in 1830, it defined its borders as those that made up the former Captaincy General of Venezuela, which included the Essequibo region. On 21 July 1831,
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to the east. In 1658, cartographer Cornelis Goliath created a map of the colony and made plans to build a city there called "New Middelburg", but the
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reached the same conclusion in its own investigation, confirming with four sources in the area that the video was not recorded in the disputed area.
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to reinforce security at the border crossing with Venezuela, seeking to impede a potential Venezuelan crossing into Guyana from Brazilian territory.
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and 185 kilometers from where Guyana raised its flag, and not in the Essequibo territory as originally claimed. The Venezuelan fact-checking group
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3395:
3307:
2974:
2201:
1921:, it "supports Guyana's territorial integrity," stressing that Suriname is in favour of "peace in the region and does not want an armed conflict."
516:
further steps to press its claim such as publishing maps showing the territory annexed to the country and announcing plans to develop the region.
1474:
1443:
2791:
Among the effects of the conflict were the use of force by Venezuela, her sponsoring of a secessionist movement in the Rupununi region of Guyana
1828:
territory comprising around 70% of Guyanese territory, it is inhabited by only 125,000 out of Guyana's already much smaller 790,000 population.
1426:
and expected "strong statements" to be made within the next 24 hours. The United States also announced military exercises with Guyanese forces.
815:, giving Venezuela substantial territory east of the line. However, Britain received most of the disputed territory, and all of the gold mines.
6788:
5869:
4624:
4593:"Maduro diz que Venezuela vai conseguir 'recuperar Essequibo'; vice-presidente da Guiana diz que país precisa estar preparado para se defender"
4165:
2812:
2701:
2578:
1754:
1686:
961:
4290:
5764:
3121:
1736:
1384:
1367:
to reinforce the border with Venezuela, sending the weapons would be a way of deterring a possible threat from the Venezuelan armored force.
941:
explanation. Maduro visited Guyana and discussed the dispute. In Georgetown, Maduro affirmed that the Geneva Agreement was signed by "an old
329:
2039:
called for a peaceful solution and to avoid unilateral actions, stressing that such actions could "put the stability of the region at risk."
1689:
reported on construction works and a troop buildup taking place in a Venezuelan military base in the border between Venezuela and Guyana in
1216:
had a phone call, at Guyana's request, and the countries agreed to "keep communication channels open", according to Venezuela's government.
1951:
1305:
5910:
4530:
847:
and surrounding islands in October 1966 with Venezuelan troops quickly constructing military installations and an airstrip. In 1969, the
5575:
5410:
6768:
6763:
2425:
2069:
1498:
350:
3337:
882:, Guyana, that he considered the dispute to be finished. In response to Chávez's nationalisation of oil assets primarily belonging to
768:
between the United Kingdom and Venezuela. In 1876, gold mines inhabited mainly by English-speaking people had been established in the
6738:
6407:
6168:
3285:
1781:
private military company, which is involved in training Venezuelan elite troops as well as providing personal security for Maduro.
965:
585:
488:
372:
30:
6353:[India stands aside in the Guyana-Venezuela dispute with underlying interests] (in Spanish). SwissInfo. 12 December 2023.
6267:
3501:"Venezuela, Guyana y el conflicto del Esequibo | El 3 de diciembre los venezolanos votan un referéndum sobre la región en disputa"
780:
as justification. The United States did not want to get involved, only going as far as suggesting the possibility of arbitration.
6783:
6758:
6753:
3615:
669:. A group of British privateers captured Essequibo and Demerara on 24 February 1781, but did not stay. In March, two sloops of a
5446:
5126:
3061:
957:(ICJ), and in 2018 Guyana initiated an arbitration proceeding against Venezuela to decide the validity of the 1899 Paris Award.
4197:"Exército reforça fronteira com Venezuela e Guiana para evitar uso do território brasileiro em disputa por petróleo, diz Múcio"
2696:
2573:
1300:
3848:
3430:
1719:
Forces, referred to the satellite imagery in the CSIS's report as being "North American imperial espionage in service of its
645:
colony was captured from the English by Abraham Crijnssen, the by-then abandoned Essequibo was occupied by Matthys Bergenaar.
4703:
1932:
1743:
5607:
5863:
1210:
1170:
629:(actually a tributary called the Mazaruni). Dutch colonisation of the Guianas occurred primarily between the mouths of the
4401:
3372:
2275:
1398:
6059:
5291:
3185:
2997:
1162:
1153:
were scheduled to visit Guyana in late November. Guyana proposed establishing foreign military bases in its country. The
1150:
1120:
191:
4320:
3749:"Venezuela: María Corina Machado dice que el referendo por el Esequibo es un "error" y considera que "debe suspenderse""
1149:
Brazil is currently trying to establish mediation between both countries to avoid an armed conflict. Two teams from the
964:
wrote that about 8 billion barrels of oil reserves were discovered in Guyana, with Guyana becoming among the top twenty
2833:
2519:, in La Reclamación Venezolana sobre la Guayana Esequiba, Biblioteca de la Academia de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales.
569:
In March 2024, Venezuela passed a law that designates Essequibo as a new state of Venezuela, governed from the city of
5018:"Múcio vê 'manobra política' de Maduro e diz que Brasil não permitirá uso de território para Venezuela invadir Guiana"
1966:
to Guyana from its homeport in Gibraltar. The Atlantic Patrol Ship will anchor off of Georgetown and conduct training.
1232:, met with soldiers who guard the border between both countries. In a video released by the government Ali raised the
3091:
2784:
2678:
1986:
said that the United States will "absolutely stand by our unwavering support for Guyana's sovereignty" on 7 December.
596:
6546:
2719:
Venezuela made a failed attempt to instigate a secession of Indigenous citizens in the Rupununi district, which the
6609:[The EU urged to find a peaceful solution to the conflict over the Esequibo between Venezuela and Guyana].
5866:"Miscalculation and Escalation over the Essequibo: New Insights into the Risks of Venezuela's Compellence Strategy"
1976:
1954:
condemned Venezuela's actions, describing them as "unjustified" and that they "should cease." On 18 December 2023,
1603:
also attended the meeting. Further talks were scheduled to be held in Brazil within three months from the meeting.
1588:
1569:
1446:, who also helped with the organisation of the opposition presidential primaries, was detained by officials of the
1299:
On 3 December, the Venezuelan government organised a referendum asking to support its position in the dispute. The
440:
4651:"Statement by the Commonwealth Secretary-General on the ICJ process regarding the Guyana-Venezuela border dispute"
3977:"Guyana acusó a Venezuela ante la OEA de haber "aumentado considerablemente sus fuerzas militares" en la frontera"
3533:
3500:
3816:
2885:
1769:
1447:
1262:
1241:
1124:
854:
By 1970, after the expiry of the Mixed Commission established according to the 1966 Geneva Agreement, Presidents
6436:[Suriname supports Guyana in its conflict with Venezuela in spite of its own border bilateral problem].
5965:
5864:
Christopher Hernandez-Roy, Henry Ziemer, Rubi Bledsoe, Joseph S. Bermudez Jr., Jennifer Jun (9 February 2024).
3215:
2772:
2064:
1758:
1549:
1423:
1198:
1066:
997:
954:
899:
702:
504:
3716:
1486:
6636:"Mercosul pede diálogo contra "iniciativas unilaterais" que possam agravar situação entre Venezuela e Guiana"
5096:
2840:
in 1969, the army and police in Guyana stopped a Venezuelan-backed secessionist rising in the Rupununi region
2074:
1631:
942:
4927:
1817:. Military movements through Roraima would be significantly less hampered by the regional geography, as the
1014:
made low passes at 1,500 feet (460 m) over the Guyanese town of Eteringbang. Guyanese Foreign Minister
945:
government and the old British Empire" as part of a "psyop, through contempt and racism, to invade Guyana".
6228:
1453:
The Venezuelan government also issued orders against opposition leaders and dissident Chavistas, including
1112:
933:
6667:"Lula se oferece como mediador da crise com a Guiana para evitar presença dos EUA na região, dizem fontes"
6577:"Statement by the Commonwealth Secretary-General on the escalation of the Guyana-Venezuela border dispute"
5999:"O Mundo Agora - Disputa entre Venezuela e Guiana pelo Essequibo coloca Brasil em situação desconfortável"
5165:"Lula diz que em 2024 visitará Etiópia e Guiana, país em que território é alvo de disputa com a Venezuela"
3028:
2729:
Mars, Perry (Summer 1984). "Destabilization and Socialist Orientation in the English-Speaking Caribbean".
1850:
6377:
4720:"Maduro assina decretos para anexar parte da Guiana e transformar região em estado venezuelano - Metro 1"
2731:
1750:
1663:
1512:
1353:
1245:
4071:
6773:
6748:
4724:
Maduro assina decretos para anexar parte da Guiana e transformar região em estado venezuelano - Metro 1
2966:
1880:
voiced support for Guyana and announced that "Guyana can continue to count on Jamaica’s support of the
1802:
1061:
1049:
737:
512:
445:
6290:"Venezuela vai anexar parte da Guiana? O que significa a vitória do sim no plebiscito sobre Essequibo"
5703:"Crise entre Maduro e Guiana pega o Brasil sem caça-tanques, estoques de munições e aposentando navio"
4432:"Engañoso: ¿Reemplazo de la bandera guyanesa por la venezolana ocurrió en el estado Guayana Esequiba?"
519:
In response to Venezuela's actions, other countries supported Guyana's position including Brazil, the
6607:"La UE instó a encontrar una solución pacífica al conflicto por el Esequibo entre Venezuela y Guyana"
4260:"Exclusivo – Venezuela inicia operações com Forças Especiais junto à fronteira com o Brasil e Guiana"
1798:
1595:, despite adding Venezuela does not recognise the ICJ jurisdiction over the case. Officials from the
819:
784:
744:
416:
404:
5478:"Helicopter carrying 5 senior Guyana military officials is missing near tense border with Venezuela"
4958:"Em meio à tensão entre Venezuela e Guiana, Brasil deve triplicar Exército na fronteira com Roraima"
2910:
In 1969, Venezuelan-trained and -equipped Guyanese secessionists declared an 'Essequibo Free State.'
2308:"Le Venezuela adopte une loi affirmant sa souveraineté sur l'Essequibo, actuel territoire du Guyana"
293:
5485:
5347:[Chavismo increases persecution with arrest warrants against María Corina Machado's team].
2404:
1809:
1682:
1620:
666:
642:
4751:"Exército brasileiro envia 20 blindados para Roraima, em meio às tensões entre Venezuela e Guiana"
4010:"Lula quiere evitar una guerra entre Venezuela y Guyana y manda a un hombre de confianza a mediar"
2883:
Miline, R. Stephen (September 1974). "Impulses and Obstacles to Caribbean Political Integration".
1278:
1072:
Opposition leaders provided different responses to the referendum. Presidential candidate for the
928:
Venezuela became more aggressive towards Guyana during the administration of Venezuelan president
6743:
5382:
3948:
3788:
2904:
2403:(1967), "Anglo-American Rivalries and the Venezuela Crisis of 1895", Presidential Address to the
2400:
2103:
2019:
2013:
1853:
raised concern about the crisis, saying "We do not want and we do not need war in South America."
1517:
1317:
1249:
1146:
met for a military exchange. Brazil has been a strong supporter of Guyana in the border dispute.
1111:
In the context of increasing tensions between the two countries, Guyana's main opposition party,
922:
839:
718:
422:
3308:"Former oil minister explains circumstances behind controversial Exxon 'signing bonus' | OilNOW"
2776:
1435:
1309:
1076:
1006:
captured two Guyanese fishing boats within the EEZ of Guyana. Months later on 2 March 2021, two
3560:"Guyana rejects Venezuela's attempt to sideline World Court in favour of direct talks | OilNOW"
1894:
1794:
1715:
1587:
On 14 December, high representatives (including the presidents) of Venezuela and Guyana met in
1143:
638:
576:
Sides agreed to participate in further talks in Brazil, however their exact timing is unknown.
434:
6698:"Mercosul deve divulgar "breve comunicado" sobre crise entre Venezuela e Guiana, dizem fontes"
6512:"US conducts flight operations in Guyana after Venezuela's referendum on the Essequibo region"
5512:"US conducts flight operations in Guyana after Venezuela's referendum on the Essequibo region"
5345:"Chavismo incrementa persecución con órdenes de arresto contra equipo de María Corina Machado"
4837:"Brasil vai enviar 28 blindados para defender a fronteira com a Venezuela; conheça os modelos"
2455:
710:
3944:"Oposición de Guyana pide prohibir votar a los venezolanos y no otorgarles más la ciudadanía"
3717:"Venezuela recurre a reguetón patriótico y videos para avivar disputa territorial con Guyana"
3534:""We have not been scared away by Venezuela" says head of Exxon's Guyana operations | OilNOW"
2932:
2855:
2614:
976:
675:
4133:"Amorim alerta Maduro que situação com a Guiana pode sair de controle, dizem interlocutores"
3912:"Oposición guyanesa pide prohibir votar a los venezolanos y no otorgarles más la ciudadanía"
3646:"Peligro de conflicto armado entre Venezuela y Guyana es "grande y real" advierten expertos"
2764:
2421:
1321:
decrees, but he stated that this process would be completed in a timeframe "up until 2030".
6434:"Surinam apoya a Guyana en su conflicto con Venezuela pese a problema fronterizo bilateral"
5947:
5943:
5706:
5675:
4754:
4351:"Gobernador venezolano cuestiona silencio de ONU y OEA tras presunta provocación de Guyana"
2720:
2650:
2079:
1983:
1877:
1732:
1608:
1504:
1349:
1139:
1011:
996:
for Venezuela, extending into where Guyana made oil discoveries. Days later on 21 January,
864:
800:
687:
500:
410:
322:
6260:"Essequibo: qual seria o papel do Brasil em uma eventual invasão da Guiana pela Venezuela"
5608:"Após falar com Lula, Maduro diz que Guiana terá que "sentar e conversar" sobre Essequibo"
3882:"Guyana asks Venezuela to explain troop buildup; informs international, regional partners"
2169:"Guyana and Brazil Military Officials meeting on border security and military cooperation"
8:
3685:"Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera"
3468:"Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera"
2004:
1998:
1881:
1818:
1681:
In response to perceived Venezuelan military buildups, Brazil reinforced its garrison in
1596:
1577:
1489:, accusing them of participating in a conspiracy to boycott and sabotage the referendum.
1225:
1132:
547:
382:
3338:"Non-disclosure of signing bonus not intended to deceive says Guyana President | OilNOW"
3275:
6259:
5783:
5650:
5580:
2867:
2846:
Taylor, Moe (2019). "Every Citizen a Soldier: The Guyana People's Militia, 1976–1985".
2806:
2765:
2748:
2626:
2605:
Taylor, Moe (2019). "Every Citizen a Soldier: The Guyana People's Militia, 1976–1985".
1762:
1613:
1576:
American civilization." It was announced that the discussions would be mediated by the
1334:
879:
722:
706:
614:
6351:"La India se pone al margen en la disputa Guyana-Venezuela con sus intereses de fondo"
2472:
Ince, Basil A. (1970). "The Venezuela-Guyana Boundary Dispute in the United Nations".
1616:-based 1st Jungle Infantry Brigade had received dozens of units of the Brazilian-made
1282:
1237:
6485:"British warship arrives in Guyana as Venezuela holds military exercises in response"
5889:
5378:"Presidente de la ONG Súmate, Roberto Abdul, fue detenido por funcionarios del Sebin"
5134:
4781:"Exército Brasileiro ativa o 18º Regimento de Cavalaria Mecanizado em Boa Vista (RR)"
4699:
3784:"Capriles participará en la consulta sobre el Esequibo: "Esto no se trata de Maduro""
3616:"Venezuela fija para 3 de diciembre referendo sobre territorio en disputa con Guyana"
2902:
Cush, Ifa Kamau (13 August 2015). "Venezuela: A 'fishbone' in the throat of Guyana".
2871:
2829:
2780:
2752:
2674:
2630:
2361:"Disputa por el Esequibo (I): Raíces históricas del reclamo entre Venezuela y Guyana"
2107:
2022:
1592:
1088:
1084:
848:
823:
618:
606:
563:
428:
5256:"Exército brasileiro detecta aumento de tropas venezuelanas na fronteira com Guiana"
5225:"Lula discutirá crise entre Guiana e Venezuela em reunião com Amorim e Mauro Vieira"
4928:"Cúpula militar brasileira prevê que Maduro invadirá a Guiana pelo mar | Metrópoles"
4898:"Tales Faria: Brasil teme nova base militar dos EUA por causa do conflito na Guiana"
1482:
1389:
1103:
near the border with Guyana's Essequibo "to develop" the region. Guyana's president
1057:
1045:
929:
867:
decided not to extend it anymore and resume the effective claim over the territory.
282:
5639:"Guyana, Venezuela Agree to Not Use Force or Escalate Tensions in Esequibo Dispute"
5127:"Venezuela orders state companies to exploit oil and gas mines in Guyana territory"
4694:
4689:
4681:
4625:"Venezuela's Maduro pledges to permit oil, mines development in disputed territory"
4228:"World Court orders Venezuela to refrain from action in border dispute with Guyana"
4166:"Venezuela's Maduro pledges to permit oil, mines development in disputed territory"
3753:
3721:
3650:
3246:"Venezuela accuses ExxonMobil of breaching international laws over Guyana drilling"
2859:
2740:
2618:
2238:"US expresses support for Guyana's sovereignty amid border tensions with Venezuela"
1786:
1662:) to the coast of Guyana without mentioning Venezuela. Venezuelan Defence Minister
1656:
1636:
1073:
937:
761:
662:
622:
542:, hosted a meeting of the leaders of Guyana and Venezuela, as an initiative of the
72:
5966:"Venezuelans back government's claim over oil-rich region of Guyana in referendum"
4371:"Presidente de Guyana negó que fuera izada la bandera de Venezuela en el Esequibo"
4042:"El Ejército de Brasil se moviliza por una posible invasión de Venezuela a Guyana"
3590:"Venezuelan electoral council approves five questions for referendum on Essequibo"
2334:"Venezuela's parliament approves creation of state in disputed oil-rich Essequibo"
2136:"Venezuelan electoral council approves five questions for referendum on Essequibo"
1466:
499:. The dispute dates back many years and the current border was established by the
6199:"Venezuela - Ex-chefe de espionagem de Maduro denuncia bases russas na Venezuela"
5672:"Exército manda dezenas de mísseis para defesa de Roraima contra ameaça blindada"
2542:
1685:
by 600 personnel and 20 armored vehicles on February 2, 2024. On February 9, the
1572:
1540:
Lieutenant Colonel Andio Michaeal Crawford and Corporal Dwayne Jackson survived.
1470:
1338:
1183:
1161:
against Guyana in the coming days, raising concerns about regional stability and
1158:
777:
626:
573:. The law was submitted to the Supreme Court to validate its constitutionality.
535:
398:
6323:"U.S. to conduct flight operations in Guyana as concerns mount over border spat"
4102:"Autoridades da Venezuela fizeram discurso de ameaça contra Guiana no Itamaraty"
812:
566:, despite adding that Venezuela does not recognise the jurisdiction of the ICJ.
503:
in 1899. Venezuela renewed its claim in 1962 and the matter was referred to the
6102:
5835:"Brazil's military reinforces border with Venezuela and Guyana due to Esequibo"
5804:"Venezuela holds military exercise after UK sends warship to waters off Guyana"
5544:"US to hold military exercises with Guyana amid border tensions with Venezuela"
5314:"US to hold military exercises with Guyana amid border tensions with Venezuela"
4868:"Lula deu ordem para blindar fronteiras ante impasse da Venezuela com a Guiana"
4682:"Um novo ensino médio para os jovens de Santana do Rio no estado de Esperança/"
3853:
3435:
3368:
2962:
2744:
2031:
1979:
1947:
1941:
1478:
1454:
1333:
vehicles to join the newly activated 18th Mechanised Cavalry Regiment based in
1313:
1270:
1258:
1187:
1154:
1135:(CARICOM) and the United States government expressed their support for Guyana.
1080:
989:
859:
855:
827:
730:
649:
559:
213:
126:
5285:
3029:"Exxon blocked from enforcing Venezuela arbitration award: U.S. appeals court"
2502:
Schoenrich, Otto, "The Venezuela-British Guiana Boundary Dispute", July 1949,
1458:
1041:
984:, similar to the two fighter jets that entered Guyanese airspace in March 2021
871:
692:
6727:
6140:
5415:
5195:"Josias: Lula sinaliza que Brasil não vai apoiar aventuras bélicas de Maduro"
5138:
4226:
Berg, Stephanie van den; Sequera, Vivian; Sequera, Vivian (1 December 2023).
2820:
Black, Jeremy (2013). "Chapter 6: Wars Between Non-Western Powers, 1945-90".
2036:
1971:
1914:
1897:
1773:
1749:
Venezuela's actions towards annexing the Essequibo have been compared to the
1690:
1363:
On 18 December it was announced that the Brazilian Army had sent hundreds of
1240:
state, where he also took an oath of national loyalty. After these acts, the
1233:
1099:
In October 2023, it was reported that the Venezuelan military was building a
993:
844:
788:
630:
235:
138:
6098:"Referendo na Venezuela traz ameaça de guerra à América do Sul após 28 anos"
4531:"Maduro vote to claim Guyana's territory backfires as Venezuelans stay home"
4355:
1375:
1304:
could use the referendum to mobilise its popular support and neutralise the
5915:
4807:"Brazil reinforces border with Venezuela and Guyana over Esequibo tensions"
4597:
4535:
4200:
1955:
1778:
1648:
1462:
1411:
1407:
1175:
1128:
1007:
981:
875:
808:
804:
792:
769:
752:
634:
617:
of the Dutch and was founded by colonists from the first Zeelandic colony,
257:
38:
6408:"Nicaragua felicitó a Venezuela tras referendo consultivo - Prensa Latina"
5447:"Guyana military helicopter crash kills 5 officers and leaves 2 survivors"
3505:
3394:
Berg, Stephanie van den; Buitrago, Deisy; Buitrago, Deisy (6 April 2023).
2863:
2622:
988:
On 7 January 2021, President Maduro issued Decree No. 4,415, claiming 200
601:
5070:"Así quedaría el "nuevo" mapa de Venezuela con el Esequibo, según Maduro"
4496:"Venezuelans approve takeover of oil-rich region of Guyana in referendum"
4465:"Venezuelans approve takeover of oil-rich region of Guyana in referendum"
4291:"Venezuela, Guyana Ministers Talk Amid Border Region Tensions: Statement"
1711:
1707:
1647:
On 17 December, United Kingdom's minister for the Americas and Caribbean
1236:
at an event on the Pakarampa mountain in the Essequibo, near Venezuela's
1069:, deploying a media campaign that has appealed to Venezuelan patriotism.
246:
5287:
Presidente da Guiana: Lula garantiu apoio ao nosso país | CNN PRIME TIME
2928:"Asamblea Nacional ratificó la soberanía de Venezuela sobre el Esequibo"
2276:"Venezuela and Guyana agree to high-level meeting amid annexation fears"
1206:
304:
6378:"Guyana Can Count on Jamaican Support in Border Dispute With Venezuela"
5259:
2099:
1918:
1884:
position in defence of its sovereign rights and territorial integrity".
1415:
1274:
1229:
1104:
918:
883:
741:
670:
180:
6516:
5911:"Venezuela building up troops on Guyana border, satellite images show"
5516:
5411:"Detienen a presidente de Súmate, Roberto Abdul-Hadi, dice Foro Penal"
5044:"Exército Envia Mísseis Contra Ameaça Blindada para Defesa de Roraima"
818:
In 1949, the US jurist Otto Schoenrich gave the Venezuelan government
5548:
3916:
3689:
3472:
3152:"Venezuela deplores incursion of vessel under Guyana's authorization"
2825:
2456:
Melville Weston Fuller – Chief Justice of the United States 1888–1910
1889:
1699:
1635:
In late December, the United Kingdom announced its deployment of the
1330:
1213:
1191:
1015:
748:
714:
496:
268:
224:
153:
48:
5101:
Orinoco Tribune - News and opinion pieces about Venezuela and beyond
2697:"New Dynamics in Northern South America's Geopolitical Neighborhood"
2671:
Latin America and Caribbean Contemporary Record: 1982-1983, Volume 2
2574:"New Dynamics in Northern South America's Geopolitical Neighborhood"
2236:
Holland, Steve; Singh, Kanishka; Singh, Kanishka (7 December 2023).
1439:
917:
Guyana has granted concessions to the multinational oil corporation
6064:
3280:
2050:
2044:
1911:
1905:
1508:
1344:
969:
913:
678:, which occurred in 1783, restored these territories to the Dutch.
657:
653:
570:
555:
528:
6029:"Lula Reluctantly Adopts Mediator Role in Venezuela-Guyana Crisis"
2018:
Responding to the Venezuelan referendum, Secretary General of the
6611:
6438:
6327:
5951:
5839:
4232:
3981:
3619:
3400:
3396:"World Court says it can rule on Guyana-Venezuela border dispute"
3369:"Guyana High Court: EPA and ExxonMobil Put Country At Grave Risk"
3033:
2520:
2517:
Análisis Crítico del Problema Fronterizo "Venezuela-Gran Bretaña"
2206:
1960:
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Americas and Caribbean
1926:
1868:
1823:
1814:
1617:
1364:
757:
726:
3216:"Venezuela-Guyana: fricciones por el Esequibo – DW – 31/12/2014"
2822:
Introduction to global military history: 1775 to the present day
1370:
6136:"Venezuela's Threats to Guyana Follow Putin's Ukraine Playbook"
5765:"UK to send naval ship to Guyana amid Venezuela border dispute"
4563:"El referéndum sobre el Esequibo en Venezuela: ¿útil para qué?"
1844:
1790:
1726:
1720:
1219:
1100:
1024:
796:
551:
492:
114:
98:
44:
6229:"Russia's Wagner Group: Where is it active? – DW – 06/25/2023"
5734:"UK minister visits Guyana amid border dispute with Venezuela"
2648:
Rau, Robert L. (April 1970). "The Venezuelan Border Dispute".
2202:"UK minister visits Guyana amid border dispute with Venezuela"
851:
occurred in an attempt by ranch owners to secede from Guyana.
531:
regional group urged the parties to find a peaceful solution.
5576:"Leaders of Venezuela and Guyana to meet amid border dispute"
4321:""Por ahora, no es guerra": Ministro de Defensa de Venezuela"
1858:
1703:
1694:
1394:
1254:
874:
eased border tensions with Guyana under advice of his mentor
491:
escalated into a crisis in 2023. The region is controlled by
3849:"Venezuela construye pista de aterrizaje cerca del Esequibo"
3431:"Venezuela y Guyana se enfrentan en La Haya por el Esequibo"
1693:. Videos from Venezuelan military social media accounts and
1655:
The UK announced on 24 December it was sending one warship (
1429:
1308:
success, as well as the growing popularity of its candidate
894:
5097:"Venezuela: FANB Deployed in Territory Bordering Essequibo"
1766:
1402:
489:
long-standing territorial dispute over the Essequibo region
1917:
said that despite Suriname's dispute with Guyana over the
764:
that the line had been extended "in some mysterious way".
652:
and its tributaries rapidly increased, resulting with the
5636:
4988:"Guyana: Lula warns Maduro against 'unilateral measures'"
2280:
1324:
1211:
Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation
3122:"Gov't protests after Venezuela holds oil research boat"
1119:
Venezuelan government rejected. Guyanese Prime Minister
5941:
5763:
Ravikumar; Sequera, Sachin; Vivian (24 December 2023).
3092:"Exxon asks US court to enforce Venezuelan ICSID award"
2414:
524:
520:
4072:"Venezuela prepares for possible invasion into Guyana"
2422:"THE BEGINNING OF THE GUYANA-VENEZUELA BORDER DISPUTE"
5637:
Wilburg; Sequera; Symmes Cobb, Kiana; Vivian; Julia.
4783:(in Portuguese). Forças Terrestres. 2 December 2023.
4195:
Mosquéra, Júlio; Barreto, Kellen (30 November 2023).
3393:
2967:"How Exxon Captured a Country Without Firing a Shot"
2763:
Davis, Harold Eugene; Wilson, Larman Curtis (1975).
3062:"Venezuela defeats bulk of resubmitted Exxon claim"
1205:On 6 December, Venezuelan Foreign Affairs Minister
5762:
4225:
2535:Venezuela reanuda su reclamación sobre el Esequibo
1138:On 23 November, senior military officers from the
540:Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3276:"Guyana scrambles to make the most of oil wealth"
2235:
1036:
665:in 1784, named after one of the directors of the
6725:
2506:. Vol. 43, No. 3. p. 523. Washington, DC. (USA).
1676:
1582:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
889:
648:After 1745, the number of plantations along the
544:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
4194:
1599:, Brazil, Colombia, the United Nations and the
1329:On 5 December, the Brazilian Army mobilised 20
909:, which captured Guyanese ships in January 2021
546:, which he currently heads. Officials from the
6541:
6539:
5870:Center for Strategic and International Studies
2723:(GDF) successfully quelled on January 2, 1969.
2702:Center for Strategic and International Studies
2579:Center for Strategic and International Studies
2498:
2496:
2129:
2127:
1755:annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
1687:Center for Strategic and International Studies
1182:On 30 November, Brazilian Minister of Defence
962:Center for Strategic and International Studies
6547:"Caricom urges respect for international law"
5942:Domingo Hernández Lárez (10 February 2024).
4402:"A War of Flags Between Guyana and Venezuela"
4108:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 27 November 2023.
1737:National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
1385:National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
1371:Venezuela authorises development in Essequibo
1348:being moved thousands of kilometers from its
656:colony. Particularly, British colonists from
468:
330:National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
6205:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 18 January 2022.
6005:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 4 December 2023.
5894:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5788:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5655:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5614:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 December 2023.
5231:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 6 December 2023.
5201:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 6 December 2023.
5171:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 5 December 2023.
4934:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 6 December 2023.
4904:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 6 December 2023.
4843:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 5 December 2023.
4601:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 4 December 2023.
4266:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 4 December 2023.
2767:Latin American Foreign Policies: An Analysis
2409:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2098:Regiments and Squadrons being equivalent to
1952:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
1727:Analysis and military capability assessments
1511:helicopter crashed en route from Georgetown-
1492:
1277:determined that the video was recorded near
1220:Raising of the Guyanese and Venezuelan flags
1094:
870:Into the 21st century, Venezuelan President
6569:
6536:
5908:
5072:(in Spanish). El Heraldo. 5 December 2023.
5024:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 December 2023
4680:Medeiros, Maria Valéria Jacques de (2023).
2762:
2493:
2231:
2229:
2124:
878:and in 2004, Chávez said during a visit in
5290:(Television production). 7 December 2023.
3817:"Sube la tensión entre Venezuela y Guyana"
3186:"How Chávez Softened Down on the Esequibo"
2961:
2811:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1626:
1543:
1499:2023 Guyana Defence Force helicopter crash
475:
461:
37:
6133:
5902:
5475:
5342:
5253:
4693:
4560:
2383:
1742:government to rally support ahead of the
1560:
1430:Venezuelan arrest warrants and detentions
5859:
5857:
5094:
4748:
4742:
4679:
4493:
4462:
3974:
2796:
2695:Griffith, Ivelaw Lloyd (28 April 2021).
2694:
2572:Griffith, Ivelaw Lloyd (28 April 2021).
2571:
2273:
2226:
1753:, including the preceding events of the
1630:
1374:
1040:
975:
912:
893:
691:
600:
6510:Liy, Macarena Vidal (7 December 2023).
6317:
6315:
6166:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6060:"US risks being dragged into third war"
5408:
5372:
5370:
5247:
4399:
3879:
3366:
3026:
2668:
2133:
1990:
1518:Chief of Staff of the Guyanese military
1401:. On the same day, Brazilian President
6734:Guyana–Venezuela crisis (2023–present)
6726:
6470:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine
5993:
5991:
4528:
4130:
3059:
2922:
2920:
2882:
2845:
2604:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2467:
2465:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2358:
2163:
2161:
2070:2015 Colombia–Venezuela migrant crisis
1933:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine
1325:Militarisation of the Brazilian border
863:expired, and the Venezuelan President
820:a memorandum written by Mallet-Prevost
709:ordered his representative in London,
6789:Diplomatic crises of the 21st century
6524:from the original on 11 December 2023
6482:
6446:from the original on 14 December 2023
6375:
6357:from the original on 14 December 2023
6257:
6239:from the original on 26 November 2023
6179:from the original on 20 December 2023
6110:from the original on 20 December 2023
6095:
6072:from the original on 20 December 2023
5923:from the original on 10 February 2024
5876:from the original on 10 February 2024
5854:
5814:from the original on 28 December 2023
5744:from the original on 19 December 2023
5731:
5713:from the original on 15 December 2023
5700:
5694:
5682:from the original on 18 December 2023
5669:
5663:
5618:from the original on 10 December 2023
5588:from the original on 10 December 2023
5556:from the original on 11 December 2023
5524:from the original on 11 December 2023
5390:from the original on 11 December 2023
5343:Antolínez, Héctor (6 December 2023).
5324:from the original on 11 December 2023
5294:from the original on 11 December 2023
5076:from the original on 11 December 2023
5050:from the original on 19 December 2023
4968:from the original on 11 December 2023
4773:
4444:from the original on 19 December 2023
4412:from the original on 19 December 2023
4381:from the original on 12 December 2023
4331:from the original on 29 November 2023
4301:from the original on 11 December 2023
4160:
4158:
4052:from the original on 30 November 2023
4022:from the original on 29 November 2023
3975:Ferreira, Gonzalo (1 November 2023).
3861:from the original on 14 November 2023
3829:from the original on 30 November 2023
3796:from the original on 29 November 2023
3778:
3776:
3761:from the original on 25 November 2023
3729:from the original on 27 November 2023
3697:from the original on 27 November 2023
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3658:from the original on 22 November 2023
3626:from the original on 15 November 2023
3513:from the original on 25 November 2023
3498:
3480:from the original on 25 November 2023
3462:
3460:
3458:
3425:
3423:
3408:from the original on 28 November 2023
3183:
3179:
3177:
3041:from the original on 26 December 2022
2995:
2957:
2955:
2819:
2799:La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba
2709:from the original on 11 November 2023
2586:from the original on 11 November 2023
2504:American Journal of International Law
2288:from the original on 10 December 2023
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2214:from the original on 19 December 2023
2196:
2194:
2179:from the original on 30 November 2023
1744:2024 Venezuelan presidential election
1273:, the investigative journalism group
1163:territorial disputes in South America
1031:
6779:Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute
6708:from the original on 8 December 2023
6677:from the original on 8 December 2023
6646:from the original on 8 December 2023
6587:from the original on 3 November 2023
6557:from the original on 3 November 2023
6414:from the original on 5 December 2023
6388:from the original on 9 December 2023
6376:Brown, Oswald T. (6 December 2023).
6312:
6300:from the original on 6 December 2023
6270:from the original on 6 December 2023
6209:from the original on 9 December 2023
6167:Klyszcz, Ivan U. (8 December 2023).
6148:from the original on 9 December 2023
6134:Stavridis, James (9 December 2023).
6122:
6084:
6057:
6039:from the original on 7 December 2023
6009:from the original on 4 December 2023
5976:from the original on 4 December 2023
5732:Smout, Alistair (17 December 2023).
5492:from the original on 7 December 2023
5457:from the original on 7 December 2023
5423:from the original on 7 December 2023
5367:
5355:from the original on 6 December 2023
5266:from the original on 7 December 2023
5235:from the original on 6 December 2023
5205:from the original on 6 December 2023
5175:from the original on 6 December 2023
5145:from the original on 6 December 2023
5107:from the original on 7 December 2023
4998:from the original on 9 December 2023
4938:from the original on 7 December 2023
4908:from the original on 6 December 2023
4878:from the original on 6 December 2023
4865:
4847:from the original on 5 December 2023
4817:from the original on 6 December 2023
4787:from the original on 5 December 2023
4761:from the original on 5 December 2023
4749:Gugliano, Monica (5 December 2023).
4730:from the original on 9 December 2023
4661:from the original on 2 December 2023
4631:from the original on 6 December 2023
4605:from the original on 5 December 2023
4573:from the original on 4 December 2023
4543:from the original on 5 December 2023
4506:from the original on 4 December 2023
4475:from the original on 4 December 2023
4400:Ramalho, Miguel (13 December 2023).
4270:from the original on 4 December 2023
4240:from the original on 2 December 2023
4207:from the original on 1 December 2023
4176:from the original on 6 December 2023
4143:from the original on 6 December 2023
4112:from the original on 3 December 2023
4082:from the original on 2 December 2023
4007:
3989:from the original on 6 November 2023
3956:from the original on 7 November 2023
3924:from the original on 5 December 2023
3892:from the original on 29 October 2023
3814:
3596:from the original on 3 November 2023
3570:from the original on 5 December 2023
3540:from the original on 7 December 2023
3443:from the original on 1 December 2023
3375:from the original on 7 December 2023
3318:from the original on 7 December 2023
3288:from the original on 1 December 2023
3256:from the original on 7 December 2023
3196:from the original on 5 December 2023
3102:from the original on 7 December 2023
3008:from the original on 9 December 2022
2977:from the original on 5 December 2023
2901:
2728:
2471:
2428:from the original on 16 October 2018
2371:from the original on 2 December 2023
2248:from the original on 9 December 2023
2146:from the original on 3 November 2023
2049:On 7 December, member states of the
586:Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute
31:Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute
6509:
6491:from the original on 1 January 2024
5988:
5701:Godoy, Marcelo (11 December 2023).
5670:Godoy, Marcelo (18 December 2023).
5476:Wilkinson, Bert (7 December 2023).
5439:
5254:Junqueira, Caio (6 December 2023).
4561:Fergusson, Alex (3 December 2023).
4522:
4494:Shortell, David (4 December 2023).
4487:
4463:Shortell, David (4 December 2023).
3531:
3499:Veiga, Gustavo (12 November 2023).
3226:from the original on 12 August 2022
2940:from the original on 3 October 2022
2917:
2647:
2598:
2552:
2462:
2440:
2359:Prieto, Nestor (28 December 2020).
2158:
1151:United States Department of Defense
13:
6664:
6483:Rueda, Manuel (30 December 2023).
6173:International Politics and Society
5409:Sarabia, Irene (7 December 2023).
4288:
4188:
4155:
4131:Landim, Raquel (4 December 2023).
4001:
3886:Demerara Waves Online News- Guyana
3880:Chabrol, Denis (18 October 2023).
3773:
3670:
3455:
3420:
3174:
3027:Stempal, Jonathan (11 July 2017).
2952:
2641:
2274:Alvarado, Abel (9 December 2023).
2260:
2191:
2140:Demerara Waves Online News- Guyana
2134:Chabrol, Denis (23 October 2023).
1530:Lieutenant Colonel Michael Charles
801:ruled largely in favour of Britain
16:Diplomatic crisis in South America
14:
6800:
6769:December 2023 events in Venezuela
6764:November 2023 events in Venezuela
6695:
6633:
5832:
5095:Perdigón, Ana (6 December 2023).
4866:Lima, Daniela (5 December 2023).
3348:from the original on 3 March 2021
3158:. 11 October 2013. Archived from
3132:from the original on 6 April 2016
3072:from the original on 21 July 2023
2673:. Holmes & Meier Publishers.
1875:Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade
1414:. The Brazilian Army reported to
1265:did not speak out on the matter.
1224:At the end of November 2023, the
681:
597:Dutch colonisation of the Guianas
590:
6689:
6658:
6627:
6599:
6503:
6476:
6458:
6442:(in Spanish). 13 December 2023.
6426:
6400:
6369:
6343:
6282:
6258:Braun, Julia (6 December 2023).
6251:
6221:
6191:
6160:
6096:Galão, Fábio (4 December 2023).
6051:
6021:
5958:
5935:
5826:
5796:
5756:
5725:
5630:
5600:
5568:
5536:
5504:
5469:
5402:
5336:
5306:
4529:Taylor, Luke (4 December 2023),
3725:(in Spanish). 21 November 2023.
3654:(in Spanish). 17 November 2023.
3532:Dey, Shikema (18 October 2023).
2043:
2030:
2012:
1997:
1977:United States Secretary of State
1970:
1940:
1925:
1904:
1888:
1867:
1857:
1843:
1589:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1570:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1242:Minister of Defence of Venezuela
1168:The Brazilian foreign ministry,
966:countries by proven oil reserves
381:
298:
287:
276:
262:
251:
240:
229:
218:
207:
196:
185:
174:
146:
131:
119:
107:
91:
43:Area in dispute in light green.
6739:2023 in international relations
6169:"Venezuela's Guyana intentions"
6058:Cook, Ellie (7 December 2023).
5909:Luke Taylor (9 February 2024).
5278:
5217:
5187:
5157:
5119:
5088:
5062:
5036:
5010:
4980:
4950:
4920:
4890:
4859:
4829:
4799:
4712:
4673:
4643:
4617:
4585:
4554:
4456:
4424:
4393:
4363:
4343:
4313:
4282:
4252:
4219:
4124:
4094:
4064:
4034:
3968:
3936:
3904:
3873:
3857:(in Spanish). 20 October 2023.
3841:
3808:
3741:
3709:
3638:
3608:
3582:
3552:
3525:
3492:
3387:
3360:
3330:
3300:
3268:
3238:
3208:
3184:Suñer, Marc (1 December 2023).
3144:
3114:
3084:
3053:
3020:
2989:
2886:International Studies Quarterly
2848:Journal of Global South Studies
2687:
2662:
2607:Journal of Global South Studies
2526:
2509:
2484:
2092:
1770:Supreme Allied Commander Europe
1533:Lieutenant Colonel Sean Welcome
1524:Brigadier (retired) Gary Beaton
1448:Bolivarian Intelligence Service
1125:Organization of American States
740:, the German-born explorer and
6759:December 2023 events in Guyana
6754:November 2023 events in Guyana
6615:(in Spanish). 13 December 2023
4695:10.4322/978-65-998181-7-2.cas2
4686:Casos de políticas de educação
2936:(in Spanish). 1 October 2019.
2773:Johns Hopkins University Press
2352:
2326:
2300:
1836:
1759:2014 Crimean status referendum
1550:United States Southern Command
1424:United States Southern Command
1199:International Court of Justice
1074:opposition political coalition
1067:United States Southern Command
1037:Venezuela announces referendum
955:International Court of Justice
703:Captaincy General of Venezuela
505:International Court of Justice
1:
3367:Wilburg, Kiana (8 May 2023).
3060:Fisher, Toby (11 July 2023).
2998:"Feature: Chavez beats Exxon"
2117:
2075:2008 Andean diplomatic crisis
1821:region is composed mostly of
1677:2024 Venezuelan troop buildup
1294:
1004:Commandante Hugo Chavez GC 24
890:Guyana discovers oil deposits
696:Map of British Guiana in 1908
579:
349:5 killed, 1 helicopter lost (
1831:
1048:, the main proponent of the
441:2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis
7:
6296:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
6266:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
6106:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
5950:) (in Spanish) – via
4964:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
4874:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
4726:(in Brazilian Portuguese).
4289:Presse, AFP-Agence France.
2732:Latin American Perspectives
2058:
1803:armoured personnel carriers
1751:Russian invasion of Ukraine
960:Between 2015 and 2021, the
613:Essequibo started off as a
10:
6805:
6784:Guyana–Venezuela relations
2745:10.1177/0094582X8401100305
2314:(in French). 23 March 2024
2065:Guyana–Venezuela relations
1799:infantry fighting vehicles
1730:
1496:
1365:MSS-1.2 anti-tank missiles
1301:National Electoral Council
1050:2023 Venezuelan referendum
738:Royal Geographical Society
685:
594:
583:
3066:Global Arbitration Review
2669:Hopkins, Jack W. (1984).
1851:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
1536:Staff Sergeant Jason Khan
1493:Guyanese helicopter crash
1095:Reported military buildup
833:
785:Venezuelan crisis of 1895
745:Robert Hermann Schomburgk
605:A map of Dutch Guiana by
417:Mallet-Prevost memorandum
343:
338:
318:
313:
169:
164:
84:
79:
67:
63:23 October 2023 – ongoing
59:
47:in light and dark green.
36:
28:
23:
2797:González, Pedro (1991).
2541:19 November 2023 at the
2533:de Rituerto, Ricardo M.
2453:King, Willard L. (2007)
2405:Royal Historical Society
2085:
1621:anti-tank guided missile
1190:would send 60 troops to
701:border with the Spanish
6382:The Washington Informer
3985:(in European Spanish).
2905:New York Amsterdam News
2824:(2. ed.). London:
2020:Commonwealth of Nations
1795:reconnaissance vehicles
1793:and T-72B1, along with
1627:UK military involvement
1544:US military involvement
1527:Colonel Michael Shahood
1318:Commonwealth of Nations
1250:Venezuelan Armed Forces
1062:consultative referendum
949:Venezuelan vessel, the
923:exclusive economic zone
907:Commandante Hugo Chavez
736:Under the aegis of the
24:Guyana–Venezuela crisis
4437:Cazadores de Fake News
2515:Paúl, Isidro Morales.
2003:In a joint statement,
1895:President of Nicaragua
1716:Cadillac Gage Commando
1644:
1561:Diplomatic discussions
1380:
1288:Cazadores de Fake News
1246:Vladímir Padrino López
1144:Brazilian Armed Forces
1091:between both nations.
1052:
985:
925:
910:
697:
639:Second Anglo-Dutch War
610:
435:Port of Spain Protocol
294:Vladimir Padrino López
4962:bandnewstv.uol.com.br
3566:. 27 September 2023.
3284:. 10 September 2023.
2864:10.1353/gss.2019.0044
2856:University of Florida
2623:10.1353/gss.2019.0044
2615:University of Florida
2365:Descifrando la Guerra
1810:King's College London
1634:
1410:and foreign minister
1378:
1279:Santa Elena de Uairén
1123:took the case to the
1121:Mark Anthony Phillips
1044:
979:
916:
897:
838:Venezuela signed the
695:
604:
534:On 14 December 2023,
446:Venezuelan referendum
339:Casualties and losses
6499:– via PBS.org.
5810:. 28 December 2023.
5707:O Estado de S. Paulo
5676:O Estado de S. Paulo
5046:. 18 December 2023.
4755:O Estado de S. Paulo
4440:. 13 December 2023.
4327:. 24 November 2023.
4048:. 29 November 2023.
3792:. 29 November 2023.
3757:. 22 November 2023.
3693:. 24 November 2023.
3476:. 24 November 2023.
3439:. 14 November 2023.
3344:. 13 December 2017.
2721:Guyana Defence Force
2651:Marine Corps Gazette
2424:. guyana.org. 2009.
2210:. 18 December 2023.
2175:. 23 November 2023.
2080:Paris Arbitral Award
1991:International bodies
1910:Foreign Minister of
1878:Kamina Johnson-Smith
1873:Jamaica Minister of
1849:President of Brazil
1733:Guyana Defence Force
1609:O Estado de S. Paulo
1505:Guyana Defence Force
1436:María Corina Machado
1310:María Corina Machado
1306:opposition primaries
1281:, in the Venezulean
1140:Guyana Defence Force
1077:María Corina Machado
1012:Venezuelan Air Force
1010:fighter jets of the
865:Luis Herrera Campins
688:Paris Arbitral Award
633:in the west and the
501:Paris Arbitral Award
411:Paris Arbitral Award
323:Guyana Defence Force
6553:. 26 October 2023.
6410:. 4 December 2023.
6035:. 7 December 2023.
5972:. 4 December 2023.
5552:. 7 December 2023.
5520:. 7 December 2023.
5453:. 7 December 2023.
5386:. 6 December 2023.
5320:. 7 December 2023.
5133:. 6 December 2023.
4994:. 9 December 2023.
4813:. 5 December 2023.
4377:. 4 December 2023.
4359:. 28 November 2023.
4172:. 6 December 2023.
4008:Taglioni, Augusto.
3952:. 4 November 2023.
3920:. 4 November 2023.
3622:. 20 October 2023.
3592:. 23 October 2023.
3128:. 12 October 2013.
2106:, respectively, in
1882:Caribbean Community
1819:Raposa Serra do Sol
1578:Caribbean Community
1226:President of Guyana
1197:On 1 December, the
1186:announced that the
1133:Caribbean Community
1113:Alliance for Change
992:of seabed from the
711:José Rafael Revenga
667:West Indian Company
548:Caribbean Community
375:territorial dispute
6472:. 4 December 2023.
5581:Al Jazeera English
4015:La Política Online
3190:Caracas Chronicles
3162:on 12 October 2013
2996:Arsenault, Chris.
2407:10 December 1966,
1763:James G. Stavridis
1645:
1612:reported that the
1580:(CARICOM) and the
1381:
1248:declared that the
1053:
1032:Timeline of events
1001:-class patrol boat
986:
943:Acción Democrática
926:
911:
903:-class patrol boat
723:Demerara-Essequibo
698:
611:
495:but is claimed by
6774:Conflicts in 2023
6749:2023 in Venezuela
6696:Prado, Gabriela.
6331:. 7 December 2023
5705:(in Portuguese).
5674:(in Portuguese).
5258:(in Portuguese).
4753:(in Portuguese).
4705:978-65-998181-7-2
4199:(in Portuguese).
4046:Escenario Mundial
3252:. 13 April 2015.
2474:Caribbean Studies
2459:, Macmillan. p249
2108:Brazilian cavalry
2023:Patricia Scotland
1787:main battle tanks
1593:international law
1503:On 6 December, a
1089:diplomatic crisis
1085:Henrique Capriles
849:Rupununi uprising
824:Friedrich Martens
607:Hendrik Hondius I
564:international law
485:
484:
429:Rupununi uprising
405:Venezuelan crisis
367:
366:
363:
362:
160:
159:
6796:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6665:Landim, Raquel.
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6634:Porto, Douglas.
6631:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6551:Jamaica Observer
6543:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6498:
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6474:
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5334:
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4308:
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4286:
4280:
4279:
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4217:
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4192:
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4183:
4181:
4162:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4106:Folha de S.Paulo
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4038:
4032:
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4005:
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3836:
3834:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3754:Voice of America
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3722:Associated Press
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3681:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3651:Voice of America
3642:
3636:
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3633:
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3612:
3606:
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3603:
3601:
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3391:
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3358:
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3353:
3334:
3328:
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3325:
3323:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2965:(18 June 2023).
2959:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2924:
2915:
2912:
2898:
2879:
2842:
2816:
2810:
2802:
2793:
2770:
2759:
2725:
2716:
2714:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2569:
2550:
2530:
2524:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2412:
2411:, 17: pp 131–164
2401:Humphreys, R. A.
2398:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2271:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2131:
2111:
2096:
2048:
2047:
2035:
2034:
2017:
2016:
2002:
2001:
1975:
1974:
1945:
1944:
1930:
1929:
1909:
1908:
1893:
1892:
1872:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1848:
1847:
1664:Vladimir Padrino
1283:state of Bolívar
1019:its patrimony."
938:Margarita Island
840:Geneva Agreement
811:rather than the
762:Grover Cleveland
725:was united with
477:
470:
463:
423:Geneva Agreement
385:
373:Guyana–Venezuela
369:
368:
345:
344:
303:
302:
301:
292:
291:
290:
281:
280:
279:
267:
266:
265:
256:
255:
254:
245:
244:
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234:
233:
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223:
222:
221:
212:
211:
210:
201:
200:
199:
190:
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188:
179:
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177:
152:
150:
149:
137:
135:
134:
125:
123:
122:
113:
111:
110:
97:
95:
94:
86:
85:
73:Essequibo region
41:
21:
20:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6711:
6709:
6694:
6690:
6680:
6678:
6663:
6659:
6649:
6647:
6632:
6628:
6618:
6616:
6605:
6604:
6600:
6590:
6588:
6575:
6574:
6570:
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6558:
6545:
6544:
6537:
6527:
6525:
6508:
6504:
6494:
6492:
6481:
6477:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6449:
6447:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6417:
6415:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6391:
6389:
6374:
6370:
6360:
6358:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6334:
6332:
6321:
6320:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6273:
6271:
6264:BBC News Brasil
6256:
6252:
6242:
6240:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6212:
6210:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6182:
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6123:
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6111:
6094:
6085:
6075:
6073:
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6052:
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6027:
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6012:
6010:
5997:
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5989:
5979:
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5959:
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5862:
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5802:
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5781:
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5773:
5771:
5761:
5757:
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5695:
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5591:
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5574:
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5509:
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5341:
5337:
5327:
5325:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5297:
5295:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5269:
5267:
5252:
5248:
5238:
5236:
5229:Valor Econômico
5223:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5176:
5163:
5162:
5158:
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5146:
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5124:
5120:
5110:
5108:
5093:
5089:
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5042:
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4909:
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4706:
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4634:
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4398:
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4369:
4368:
4364:
4349:
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4334:
4332:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4304:
4302:
4287:
4283:
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4271:
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4224:
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4113:
4100:
4099:
4095:
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4083:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4055:
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4040:
4039:
4035:
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4023:
4006:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3910:
3909:
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3895:
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3878:
3874:
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3842:
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3830:
3813:
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3799:
3797:
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3781:
3774:
3764:
3762:
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3746:
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3730:
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3714:
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3700:
3698:
3683:
3682:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3466:
3465:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3429:
3428:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3314:. 9 July 2023.
3306:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3182:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3096:latinlawyer.com
3090:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2963:Westervelt, Amy
2960:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2836:
2804:
2803:
2787:
2712:
2710:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2667:
2663:
2646:
2642:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2570:
2553:
2549:, Madrid, 1982.
2543:Wayback Machine
2531:
2527:
2523:, 2000, p. 200.
2514:
2510:
2501:
2494:
2490:King (2007:260)
2489:
2485:
2470:
2463:
2452:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2399:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2340:. 22 March 2024
2332:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2272:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2234:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2061:
2054:being prepared.
2042:
2029:
2011:
1996:
1993:
1969:
1939:
1924:
1903:
1887:
1866:
1856:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1739:
1731:Main articles:
1729:
1679:
1629:
1573:Ralph Gonsalves
1563:
1546:
1501:
1495:
1471:David Smolansky
1432:
1383:On 4 December,
1373:
1327:
1297:
1222:
1159:Venezuelan Army
1097:
1039:
1034:
934:Venezuelan Navy
905:similar to the
892:
836:
795:in present-day
778:Monroe Doctrine
690:
684:
627:Essequibo River
599:
593:
588:
582:
536:Ralph Gonsalves
507:(ICJ) in 2018.
481:
452:
399:Schomburgk Line
374:
359:
354:
334:
333:
326:
309:
308:
299:
297:
296:
288:
286:
285:
277:
275:
272:
263:
261:
260:
252:
250:
249:
241:
239:
238:
230:
228:
227:
219:
217:
216:
208:
206:
205:
197:
195:
194:
186:
184:
183:
175:
173:
156:
147:
145:
141:
132:
130:
129:
120:
118:
117:
108:
106:
105:
101:
92:
90:
75:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6802:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6744:2023 in Guyana
6741:
6736:
6720:
6719:
6688:
6657:
6626:
6598:
6568:
6535:
6502:
6475:
6457:
6425:
6399:
6368:
6342:
6311:
6281:
6250:
6220:
6190:
6159:
6121:
6103:Gazeta do Povo
6083:
6050:
6020:
5987:
5957:
5934:
5901:
5853:
5833:Kelly, Bruno.
5825:
5795:
5755:
5724:
5693:
5662:
5629:
5599:
5567:
5535:
5503:
5468:
5438:
5419:(in Spanish).
5401:
5366:
5351:(in Spanish).
5335:
5305:
5277:
5246:
5216:
5186:
5156:
5118:
5087:
5061:
5035:
5009:
4979:
4949:
4932:metropoles.com
4919:
4889:
4858:
4828:
4798:
4772:
4741:
4711:
4704:
4672:
4642:
4616:
4584:
4569:(in Spanish).
4553:
4521:
4486:
4455:
4423:
4392:
4362:
4342:
4312:
4281:
4251:
4218:
4187:
4154:
4123:
4093:
4063:
4033:
4000:
3967:
3935:
3903:
3872:
3854:Deutsche Welle
3840:
3807:
3772:
3740:
3708:
3669:
3637:
3607:
3581:
3551:
3524:
3491:
3454:
3436:Deutsche Welle
3419:
3386:
3359:
3329:
3299:
3267:
3237:
3222:(in Spanish).
3207:
3173:
3143:
3113:
3083:
3052:
3019:
2988:
2951:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2899:
2880:
2843:
2835:978-0415629201
2834:
2817:
2794:
2785:
2760:
2686:
2679:
2661:
2640:
2597:
2551:
2525:
2508:
2492:
2483:
2461:
2439:
2413:
2382:
2367:(in Spanish).
2351:
2325:
2299:
2259:
2225:
2190:
2157:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2040:
2027:
2009:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1980:Antony Blinken
1967:
1948:United Kingdom
1937:
1922:
1901:
1885:
1864:
1854:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1728:
1725:
1678:
1675:
1628:
1625:
1566:Prime Minister
1562:
1559:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1513:Camp Ayanganna
1497:Main article:
1494:
1491:
1487:Rafael Ramírez
1483:Leopoldo López
1479:Carlos Vecchio
1455:Yon Goicoechea
1431:
1428:
1390:Nicolás Maduro
1372:
1369:
1326:
1323:
1314:Bharrat Jagdeo
1296:
1293:
1259:Manuel Rosales
1221:
1218:
1188:Brazilian Army
1155:Brazilian Army
1096:
1093:
1081:Manuel Rosales
1058:Nicolás Maduro
1046:Nicolás Maduro
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
990:nautical miles
930:Nicolás Maduro
891:
888:
860:Forbes Burnham
856:Rafael Caldera
835:
832:
828:United Nations
731:British Guiana
683:
682:British Guiana
680:
676:peace of Paris
650:Demerara River
592:
591:Dutch colonies
589:
584:Main article:
581:
578:
560:United Nations
483:
482:
480:
479:
472:
465:
457:
454:
453:
451:
450:
449:
448:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
408:
402:
395:
392:
391:
387:
386:
378:
377:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
355:
348:
341:
340:
336:
335:
327:
320:
319:
316:
315:
314:Units involved
311:
310:
283:Nicolás Maduro
273:
214:Robert Persaud
171:
170:
167:
166:
162:
161:
158:
157:
144:
142:
127:United Kingdom
89:
82:
81:
77:
76:
71:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6801:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6692:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6661:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6630:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6602:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6572:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6542:
6540:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6506:
6490:
6486:
6479:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6445:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6429:
6413:
6409:
6403:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6372:
6356:
6352:
6346:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6318:
6316:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6254:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6224:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6163:
6147:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6054:
6038:
6034:
6033:Bloomberg.com
6030:
6024:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5938:
5922:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5905:
5897:
5891:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5860:
5858:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5829:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5791:
5785:
5770:
5766:
5759:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5728:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5697:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5666:
5658:
5652:
5644:
5640:
5633:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5571:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5507:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5472:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5435:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5416:Efecto Cocuyo
5412:
5405:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5281:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5190:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5023:
5019:
5013:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4707:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4222:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4004:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3971:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3822:El Economista
3818:
3811:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3495:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3390:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3255:
3251:
3250:Stabroek News
3247:
3241:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3178:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3131:
3127:
3126:Stabroek News
3123:
3117:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2976:
2972:
2971:The Intercept
2968:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2911:
2908:. p. 2.
2907:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2786:9780801816956
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2680:9780841909618
2676:
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2644:
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2213:
2209:
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2203:
2197:
2195:
2178:
2174:
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2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
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2123:
2109:
2105:
2101:
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2078:
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2071:
2068:
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2063:
2062:
2052:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2037:Josep Borrell
2033:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1915:Albert Ramdin
1913:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1898:Daniel Ortega
1896:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1865:
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1775:
1774:Chatham House
1771:
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1738:
1734:
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1722:
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1709:
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1701:
1696:
1692:
1691:Ankoko Island
1688:
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1665:
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1521:
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1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:Lester Toledo
1472:
1468:
1467:Andrés Izarra
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1444:Roberto Abdul
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
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1396:
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1276:
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1239:
1235:
1234:Guyanese flag
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
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1177:
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1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
995:
994:Orinoco Delta
991:
983:
980:A Venezuelan
978:
974:
971:
967:
963:
958:
956:
952:
946:
944:
939:
935:
931:
924:
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902:
896:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
845:Ankoko island
841:
831:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:Orinoco River
786:
781:
779:
773:
771:
765:
763:
759:
754:
750:
746:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:obtained its
716:
712:
708:
707:Simón Bolívar
704:
694:
689:
679:
677:
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668:
664:
659:
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631:Orinoco River
628:
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616:
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3160:the original
3156:El Universal
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2139:
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1950:through the
1822:
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901:Guaicamacuto
900:
876:Fidel Castro
869:
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813:Cuyuní River
809:Wenamu River
805:Barima Point
793:Amazon River
782:
774:
770:Cuyuni basin
766:
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735:
719:independence
699:
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635:Amazon River
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321:
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258:Keir Starmer
172:
165:Lead figures
102:
29:Part of the
18:
6619:13 December
6591:10 December
6487:. AP News.
6450:13 December
6418:10 December
6361:12 December
6183:20 December
6152:20 December
6114:20 December
6076:20 December
5927:11 February
5880:11 February
5846:23 February
5818:28 December
5774:24 December
5748:24 December
5717:18 December
5686:18 December
5622:10 December
5592:10 December
5383:El Nacional
5349:Crónica Uno
5054:19 December
5028:12 December
4992:Le Monde.fr
4448:19 December
4416:19 December
4385:19 December
4335:29 November
4295:barrons.com
4056:29 November
4026:29 November
3949:El Nacional
3833:29 November
3800:29 November
3789:El Nacional
3765:29 November
3733:29 November
3701:29 November
3662:29 November
3630:29 November
3600:19 December
3517:29 November
3484:29 November
3447:29 November
3412:30 November
2933:El Nacional
2858:: 279–311.
2775:. pp.
2658:(4): 42–43.
2617:: 279–311.
2312:Le Monde.fr
2292:10 December
2218:18 December
2183:30 November
2173:News Source
2110:terminology
1936:situation."
1837:Governments
1712:Scorpion 90
1708:EE-11 Urutu
1673:to Guyana.
1459:Juan Guaidó
1354:Center-West
1271:geolocation
1209:and Guyana
1060:promoted a
968:. By 2023,
898:Venezuelan
872:Hugo Chávez
783:During the
623:Kyk-Over-Al
247:Rishi Sunak
51:in orange.
6728:Categories
6712:8 December
6702:CNN Brasil
6681:8 December
6671:CNN Brasil
6650:8 December
6640:CNN Brasil
6561:9 December
6528:9 December
6392:9 December
6335:8 December
6304:8 December
6274:6 December
6243:8 December
6213:8 December
6043:7 December
6013:4 December
5980:4 December
5970:Yahoo News
5560:8 December
5528:8 December
5496:7 December
5461:7 December
5427:7 December
5394:7 December
5359:6 December
5328:8 December
5298:8 December
5270:6 December
5260:CNN Brasil
5239:6 December
5209:6 December
5179:6 December
5149:6 December
5111:7 December
5080:7 December
5002:9 December
4972:8 December
4942:7 December
4912:6 December
4882:6 December
4851:6 December
4821:6 December
4791:5 December
4765:5 December
4734:8 December
4688:: 80–106.
4665:8 December
4635:6 December
4627:. Returs.
4609:5 December
4577:9 December
4547:5 December
4510:4 December
4479:4 December
4406:bellingcat
4356:Veintitrés
4305:7 December
4274:6 December
4244:2 December
4211:1 December
4180:6 December
4147:6 December
4137:CNN Brasil
4116:6 December
4086:3 December
3993:4 November
3960:3 December
3928:3 December
3896:6 December
3865:4 November
3815:Sourtech.
3574:6 December
3544:6 December
3379:6 December
3352:6 December
3322:7 December
3292:3 December
3260:6 December
3230:6 December
3200:6 December
3166:12 October
3136:3 December
3106:6 December
3076:6 December
3045:6 December
3012:6 December
3002:Al Jazeera
2981:6 December
2944:17 January
2893:(3): 308.
2801:. Caracas.
2713:3 December
2590:3 December
2480:(4): 5–26.
2375:6 December
2252:8 December
2150:3 November
2118:References
2100:Battalions
1984:John Kirby
1919:Tigri Area
1789:, such as
1706:aircraft;
1643:to Guyana.
1416:CNN Brasil
1388:President
1339:José Múcio
1295:Referendum
1275:Bellingcat
1230:Irfaan Ali
1184:José Múcio
1105:Irfaan Ali
919:ExxonMobil
884:ExxonMobil
880:Georgetown
747:conducted
742:naturalist
729:to create
686:See also:
671:Royal Navy
595:See also:
580:Background
513:referendum
351:non-combat
181:Irfaan Ali
6495:1 January
6203:DefesaNet
6141:Bloomberg
5808:France 24
5784:cite news
5651:cite news
5549:France 24
5318:France 24
5139:0261-3077
4567:El Debate
4325:Urgente24
4264:DefesaNet
3917:Swissinfo
3690:France 24
3506:Página 12
3473:Swissinfo
2872:213967050
2826:Routledge
2807:cite book
2753:145707836
2739:(3): 95.
2631:213967050
2338:France 24
2104:Companies
1832:Responses
1808:Visiting
1765:, former
1700:IAI Arava
1683:Boa Vista
1614:Boa Vista
1356:regions.
1335:Boa Vista
1331:Iveco LMV
1214:Hugh Todd
1192:Pacaraima
1171:Itamaraty
1016:Hugh Todd
921:in their
830:in 1962.
749:botanical
715:Venezuela
625:near the
497:Venezuela
269:Joe Biden
225:Hugh Todd
203:Omar Khan
154:Venezuela
49:Venezuela
6706:Archived
6675:Archived
6644:Archived
6585:Archived
6555:Archived
6522:Archived
6489:Archived
6444:Archived
6412:Archived
6386:Archived
6355:Archived
6298:Archived
6268:Archived
6237:Archived
6207:Archived
6177:Archived
6146:Archived
6108:Archived
6070:Archived
6065:Newsweek
6037:Archived
6007:Archived
5974:Archived
5921:Archived
5890:cite web
5874:Archived
5812:Archived
5742:Archived
5711:Archived
5680:Archived
5616:Archived
5586:Archived
5554:Archived
5522:Archived
5490:Archived
5486:ABC News
5482:ABC News
5455:Archived
5421:Archived
5388:Archived
5353:Archived
5322:Archived
5292:Archived
5264:Archived
5233:Archived
5203:Archived
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5105:Archived
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4996:Archived
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4906:Archived
4876:Archived
4845:Archived
4815:Archived
4785:Archived
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4728:Archived
4659:Archived
4629:Archived
4603:Archived
4571:Archived
4541:archived
4504:Archived
4473:Archived
4442:Archived
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4238:Archived
4205:Archived
4174:Archived
4141:Archived
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3922:Archived
3890:Archived
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3827:Archived
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3727:Archived
3695:Archived
3656:Archived
3624:Archived
3594:Archived
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3538:Archived
3511:Archived
3478:Archived
3441:Archived
3406:Archived
3373:Archived
3346:Archived
3316:Archived
3286:Archived
3281:BBC News
3254:Archived
3224:Archived
3194:Archived
3130:Archived
3100:Archived
3070:Archived
3039:Archived
3006:Archived
2975:Archived
2938:Archived
2707:Archived
2584:Archived
2539:Archived
2426:Archived
2369:Archived
2344:25 March
2318:25 March
2286:Archived
2246:Archived
2212:Archived
2177:Archived
2144:Archived
2059:See also
2051:Mercosur
2026:people."
1912:Suriname
1757:and the
1509:Bell 412
1345:materiel
1207:Yván Gil
1142:and the
970:BBC News
663:Stabroek
658:Barbados
654:Demerara
643:Suriname
619:Pomeroon
571:Tumeremo
558:and the
556:Colombia
529:Mercosur
305:Yván Gil
68:Location
6612:Infobae
6517:El País
6439:Infobae
6328:Reuters
6294:Estadão
5952:Twitter
5840:Reuters
5769:Reuters
5738:Reuters
5643:US News
5517:El País
5451:AP News
4811:Reuters
4517:ballot.
4375:TalCual
4233:Reuters
4170:Reuters
3982:Infobae
3620:Reuters
3401:Reuters
3034:Reuters
2547:El País
2521:Caracas
2242:Reuters
2207:Reuters
2005:CARICOM
1824:cerrado
1815:Roraima
1618:MSS-1.2
1597:CARICOM
1238:Bolívar
951:Yakuana
791:to the
758:Orinoco
727:Berbice
390:History
80:Parties
53:details
6233:dw.com
5137:
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3564:OilNOW
3342:OilNOW
3312:OilNOW
3220:dw.com
2896:years.
2870:
2832:
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2779:-196.
2751:
2677:
2629:
1958:, the
1791:AMX-30
1721:sepoys
1641:(P224)
1507:(GDF)
1440:Súmate
1131:, the
1101:runway
1025:Guyana
932:. The
834:Guyana
797:Brazil
615:colony
609:, 1638
552:Brazil
538:, the
493:Guyana
437:(1970)
431:(1969)
425:(1966)
419:(1949)
413:(1899)
407:(1895)
401:(1840)
151:
136:
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115:Brazil
112:
99:Guyana
96:
45:Guyana
5948:Tweet
5612:Exame
2868:S2CID
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2749:S2CID
2627:S2CID
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2432:1 May
2086:Notes
1964:Trent
1704:Mi-17
1695:Maxar
1671:Trent
1659:Trent
1639:Trent
1601:CELAC
1395:PDVSA
1350:South
1255:Zulia
6714:2023
6683:2023
6652:2023
6621:2023
6593:2023
6563:2023
6530:2023
6497:2024
6452:2023
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6045:2023
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5896:link
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5241:2023
5211:2023
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3802:2023
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3602:2023
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2830:ISBN
2813:link
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2675:ISBN
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2434:2009
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