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42:
669:
202:
1107:. According to McBrien, the majority of the bishops were not so much interested in a formal definition of papal infallibility as they were in strengthening papal authority and, because of this, were willing to accept the agenda of the fallibilists. A minority, some 10% of the bishops, McBrien says, opposed the proposed definition of papal infallibility on both ecclesiastical and pragmatic grounds, because, in their opinion, it departed from the ecclesiastical structure of the
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1268:, that is, when, in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church, he possesses, by the divine assistance promised to him in blessed Peter, that infallibility which the divine Redeemer willed his Church to enjoy in defining doctrine concerning faith or morals.
1196:
There was stronger opposition to the draft constitution on the nature of the church, which at first did not include the question of papal infallibility, but the majority party in the council, whose position on this matter was much stronger, brought it forward. It was decided to postpone discussion of
1111:
church. From a pragmatic perspective, they feared that defining papal infallibility would alienate some
Catholics, create new difficulties for union with non-Catholics, and provoke interference by governments in ecclesiastical affairs. Those who held this view included most of the German and
592:
resident in Rome to tender him their opinions as to the advisability of a council. The majority pronounced in favour of the scheme, dissenting voices being rare. After March 1865, the convocation of the council was no longer in doubt. Special bulls were reportedly issued with invitations to
1208:, Archbishop of Bologna, proposed adding that the pope is assisted by "the counsel of the bishops manifesting the tradition of the churches". Pius IX rejected Guidi's view of the bishops as witnesses to the tradition, maintaining: "I am the tradition."
1852:
1095:, in 1854. However, the proposal to define papal infallibility itself as dogma met with resistance, not because of doubts about the substance of the proposed definition, but because some considered it inopportune to take that step at that time.
968:
1229:). This made evident what the final outcome would be, and some 60 members of the opposition left Rome so as not to be associated with approval of the document. The final vote, with a choice only between
1148:
was adopted unanimously. The draft presented to the council on 8 March drew no serious criticism, but a group of 35 English-speaking bishops, who feared that the opening phrase of the first chapter, "
1039:
813:
1272:
None of the bishops who had argued that proclaiming the definition was inopportune refused to accept it. Some
Catholics, mainly of German language and largely inspired by the historian
1070:
periodical. It claimed, as the view of many
Catholics in France, that the council would be of very brief duration, since the majority of its members were in agreement, and mentioned
4067:
5206:
4672:
1425:, which had maintained a somewhat precarious existence in separation from Rome since the 18th century but had preserved an episcopal succession recognized by Rome as
631:
what had been going on, he answered: "Well, we meet, and we look at one another, and then we talk a little, but when we want to know what we have been doing, we read
3956:
1167:" ('Holy Catholic Apostolic Roman Church'). The constitution thus set forth the teaching of the "Holy Catholic Apostolic Roman Church" on God, revelation and faith.
1258:
The dogmatic constitution states, in chapter 4:9, that the pope has "full and supreme power of jurisdiction over the whole Church" (chapter 3:9); and that, when he:
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Discussion of the rest of the document on the nature of the church was to continue when the bishops returned after a summer break. In the meanwhile, the
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the proclamation of papal infallibility. Factions around the proposal arose across Europe, and some
Italians even proposed setting up a rival council in
1025:
3607:
3087:
2642:
295:
2095:
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Even though the
Council was moved to Ferrara in 1438 and later to Florence, some bishops refused to move and remained in a parallel Council at Basel.
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1429:. The first consecration of the new order was that of Joseph H. Reinkens, who was made bishop in Germany by a sympathetic Jansenist bishop
3640:
3133:
1241:, was taken on 18 July 1870, with 533 votes in favour and only 2 against defining as a dogma the infallibility of the pope when speaking
624:
2259:
1099:
divides the bishops attending
Vatican I into three groups. The first group, which McBrien calls the "active infallibilists", was led by
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4352:
4341:
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3321:
1645:
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4784:
1853:"The Infallibility of the Papal Magisterium as Presented in the Pastoral Letters of the Bishops of the United States after Vatican I"
1473:
1211:
On 13 July 1870, a preliminary vote on the section on infallibility was held in a general congregation: 451 voted simply in favour (
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Following the council's decision, a minority of clergy and laity opposed to the newly proclaimed dogma united with the
1058:
The object of the council was a mystery for a while. The first revelation was given in
February 1869 by an article in
4885:
4321:
3311:
2531:
2286:
This contains a detailed account of the course of the
Council, and some commentary on the immediate political impact.
2486:
Verhoeven, Timothy. "Transatlantic
Connections: American Anti-Catholicism and the First Vatican Council (1869–70)."
1006:
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3099:
2877:
2822:
2790:
2771:
2635:
2604:
2572:
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Portier, William L. "The First
Vatican Council, John Henry Newman, and the Making of a Post-Christendom Church."
1489:
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on 8 December 1869. Preliminary sessions dealt with general administrative matters and committee assignments.
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The dogma of papal infallibility raised considerable opposition in some liberal theological circles in the
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889:
367:
321:
311:
218:
210:
1320:, adjourning the council indefinitely. While some proposed to continue the council in the Belgian city of
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everything in the draft except infallibility. The decree did not go forward without controversy; Cardinal
5234:
5074:
4930:
4425:
4116:
3486:
3259:
1948:
1488:, formed by more theologically conservative Old Catholics, was formed in 2008 and currently includes the
5431:
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4808:
4795:
4677:
4534:
4367:
4125:
3150:
2920:
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1252:
1080:. However, before the council met all became quiet in view of the studied vagueness of the invitation.
942:
589:
2065:
2005:
1976:
1953:
1369:(an emphasis on the powers of the pope), that Republican France took steps to curb it by revoking the
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2159:
653:
17:
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989:
5310:
5268:
4995:
4869:
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4512:
4017:
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3109:
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2612:
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1113:
949:
290:
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4779:
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4712:
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4414:
4357:
3635:
3491:
3218:
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2814:
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1343:, some of the European kingdoms and republics took rapid action against the Catholic Church. The
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249:
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99:
1402:
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Austro-Hungarian bishops, nearly half of the Americans, one third of the French, most of the
1092:
1088:
742:
331:
4052:
1653:
1161:, later succeeded in having an additional adjective inserted, so that the final text read: "
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2588:
2374:
The Catholic Church in the Modern World: A Survey from the French Revolution to the Present
2171:
1100:
916:
856:
628:
616:
498:
357:
264:
148:
5050:
2154:
8:
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2714:
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clerics as well as to other non-Catholics, but apparently none accepted the invitations.
487:
362:
152:
5172:
482:. It opened on 8 December 1869 and was adjourned on 20 September 1870 after the Italian
5445:
5418:
5045:
4973:
4762:
4707:
4524:
4457:
4295:
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3346:
3207:
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2860:
2830:
2580:
2547:
2395:
2385:
2271:
2134:
1971:
1880:
1450:
1352:
1314:, Pope Pius IX, who then considered himself a prisoner in the Vatican, issued the bull
1108:
459:
409:
259:
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5386:
5334:
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4767:
4578:
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4146:
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3755:
3685:
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3377:
3341:
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2046:
2022:
1884:
1872:
1815:
1485:
1406:
1370:
1348:
1288:
494:
341:
2180:. Vol. 15. New York: The Encyclopedia Press (published 1913). pp. 303–309.
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2730:
1996:
1864:
1430:
1308:
1067:
768:
698:
475:
467:
372:
86:
1335:
In reaction to the political implications of the doctrine of infallibility on the
757:
41:
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5182:
5105:
4725:
4654:
4583:
4189:
4156:
4100:
4094:
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3066:
3031:
2321:
2212:
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1390:
1344:
1336:
1325:
1311:
1180:
1096:
707:
680:
649:
571:
557:
483:
463:
223:
178:
74:
619:
complained of rainy weather, inadequate heating facilities, and boredom. Bishop
568:), which it defined in the First Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ (
501:
trends of the 19th century. In the Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith (
5060:
4933:
4880:
4627:
4490:
4452:
4420:
4252:
4077:
3871:
3846:
3810:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3728:
3582:
3567:
3506:
3382:
3372:
3128:
2964:
2435:
Noether, Emiliana P. "Vatican Council I: Its Political and Religious Setting."
2369:
2163:
2153:
2039:
2000:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1366:
1248:
883:
561:
3445:
2302:
1868:
5534:
5251:
5241:
4730:
4642:
4607:
4136:
4062:
4028:
4012:
3972:
3655:
3630:
3406:
3316:
3301:
3223:
2361:
2263:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 947–951.
2254:
2241:
1876:
1675:
1522:
1394:
1340:
1158:
1001:
737:
702:
676:
553:
1550:
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4925:
4855:
4437:
4378:
4337:
4246:
4121:
3977:
3941:
3680:
3602:
3446:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3170:
2928:
1301:
1011:
894:
842:
822:
796:
585:
479:
471:
110:
911:
668:
201:
5008:
4951:
4047:
3876:
3851:
3826:
3799:
3786:
3695:
3597:
3284:
2034:
1398:
1386:
1357:
1155:
899:
877:
530:
510:
144:
136:
4306:
2125:
1756:
1619:
1401:; the most notable theologian opposing the formulation of the dogma was
3831:
3416:
2429:
2246:
1280:
in protest; von Döllinger did not formally join the new group himself.
1137:
1124:. Only a few bishops appear to have had doubts about the dogma itself.
605:
598:
546:
526:
504:
169:
140:
5521:
2516:
2440:
2397:
How the Pope Became Infallible: Pius IX and the Politics of Persuasion
2120:
Hennesey, James. "National Traditions and the First Vatican Council."
1780:
1324:, it was never reconvened. The council was formally closed in 1960 by
1304:, French troops protecting papal rule in Rome withdrew from the city.
1154:" ('Holy Roman Catholic Church'), might be construed as favouring the
4983:
2980:
1422:
633:
542:
522:
518:
514:
2273:
The Vatican Council: Eight Months at Rome during the Vatican Council
1300:
broke out. With the swift German advance and the capture of Emperor
5440:
5413:
5296:
4362:
4290:
3645:
3399:
3387:
404:
54:
2320:
2240:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1528:
1142:
On 24 April 1870, the dogmatic constitution on the Catholic faith
3902:
3516:
3138:
3009:* Ecumenical status disputed within the Eastern Orthodox Church.
2424:
Kadić, Ante. "Bishop Strossmayer and the First Vatican Council."
2136:
The Church in Crisis: A History of the General Councils, 325–1870
2100:
2059:
1910:
1561:
1321:
62:
2293:
Vatican I: the council and the making of the ultramontane church
2029:. Translated by Laughland, John. Leominster, England: Gracewing.
1587:
Vatican I: the council and the making of the ultramontane church
4068:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
3511:
3421:
3326:
2045:(4th ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
1460:
The Union of Utrecht still exists to this day and includes the
1077:
1682:. Vol. II. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 504.
5463:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
4498:
4922:
4374:
2328:(6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. 2001.
641:
623:
of Newark, New Jersey, noted the high prices in Rome. When
565:
1768:
1686:
509:), the council condemned what it considered the errors of
5055:
3957:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
2463:
The Church Unfinished: Ecclesiology through the Centuries
1445:
in Switzerland). Old Catholics in Europe united into the
470:
which was adjourned in 1563. The council was convoked by
2717:(Basel/Lausanne: 1431–1449; Ferrara/Florence: 1438–1445)
1744:
1223:), and 62 in favour but on condition of some amendment (
1732:
1722:
1720:
1705:
2479:
Raymond, John. "The First Vatican Council 1869–1870."
2415:
Hoppen, K. Theodore. "First Vatican Council, 1869–70"
1597:
1595:
1307:
On 20 October 1870, one month after the newly founded
5429:
3988:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
2490:
100.4 (2014): 695–720. Anti-Catholics were outraged.
1192:
of several countries gathered in Rome for the council
1929:
1891:
1796:
1717:
1449:
in 1889, which entered into full communion with the
4758:
Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici
1607:
1592:
1247:. The two votes in opposition were cast by Bishops
3061:
2394:
2269:
2211:
2038:
1625:
1567:
1413:, for refusing to accept the council's decision.
640:Unlike the five earlier general councils held in
5532:
4058:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
2419:(Oct 1969), Vol. 19 Issue 10, pp. 713–720 online
1478:Polish-Catholic Church of the Republic of Poland
1466:Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics in Germany
748:Apiarius of Sicca § Appeal to the bishop of Rome
474:on 29 June 1868, under the rising threat of the
1405:, who was excommunicated in 1871 by Archbishop
1380:
1375:completely separating the Church from the state
608:on 29 June 1868. The first session was held in
486:. Its best-known decision is its definition of
1994:
1699:
815:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
4322:
3047:
2532:
2214:The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism
2083:Hales, E. E. Y. "The First Vatican Council."
1540:E. E. Y. Hales, "The First Vatican Council."
1361:broke out immediately afterwards, and in the
1059:
1033:
818:§ The Third Wall: Authority to Call a Council
427:
236:Renaissance depiction of the Council of Trent
2498:The Papacy and European Diplomacy, 1869–1878
1007:Josip Juraj Strossmayer § Catholic diplomacy
995:Old Catholic Church § First Vatican Council,
5561:Religious organizations established in 1869
1816:"French Military Forces in Rome, 1849–1870"
1437:. Such new group referred to itself as the
1315:
1283:
1263:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1171:
1164:Sancta catholica apostolica romana Ecclesia
1162:
1149:
1143:
1128:
1071:
718:First Vatican Council § Papal infallibility
569:
502:
497:in response to the rising influence of the
466:, held three centuries after the preceding
176:
167:
4329:
4315:
4073:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
4023:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
3054:
3040:
2539:
2525:
2041:Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes
1040:
1026:
763:Gregory II Youssef § First Vatican Council
604:The council was summoned by the pope by a
552:Its other concern was the doctrine of the
493:The council's main purpose was to clarify
434:
420:
230:
4785:Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri
4336:
2353:
2021:
1750:
1640:
1638:
1474:Old Catholic Church of the Czech Republic
1292:Drawing showing the First Vatican Council
190:Chronological list of ecumenical councils
2913:Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)
2093:
1850:
1802:
1482:Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland
1287:
1184:
971:Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox
717:
27:Synod of the Catholic church (1869–1870)
5596:1869 establishments in the Papal States
3013:
2546:
2364:. London: Archibald Constable & Co.
2206:
2184:
1738:
1711:
907:bishops § Centralization of papal power
448:First Ecumenical Council of the Vatican
14:
5566:Catholic Church councils held in Italy
5533:
2460:
2392:
2300:
2270:Nobili-Vitelleschi, Francesco (1876).
2139:. Garden City, New York: Hanover House
2132:
1786:
1774:
1635:
1629:
1573:
1462:Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands
1416:
1365:the synod so accentuated the power of
969:Ecclesiastical differences between the
753:Pentarchy § After the East–West Schism
659:
5551:19th-century Catholic Church councils
4310:
3035:
2520:
2368:
2245:
2151:
2033:
1966:
1964:
1935:
1897:
1790:
1762:
1726:
1613:
1601:
978:Ignaz von Döllinger § Papal authority
52:8 December 1869 – 20 September 1870 (
5470:
5220:
2483:(Nov 1962) 12#11 pp 759–767. online.
2401:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
1674:
5556:Catholic Church ecumenical councils
3927:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
2376:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
2303:"First Vatican Council (1869–1870)"
1949:"Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger"
24:
3482:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
2384:(1954) biography of Pope Pius IX;
2346:
2307:Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils
2190:Encyclopedia of Christian Theology
1961:
1903:
1832:from the original on 16 March 2012
1652:. 8 September 1962. Archived from
1170:
802:Conciliarism § Modern conciliarism
25:
5607:
5066:Postage stamps and postal history
2505:
2426:Slavonic and East European Review
2332:from the original on 18 June 2001
2295:(Harvard University Press, 2018).
2188:(2004). "Vatican I, Council of".
2152:Kirch, J. M. Konrad (1912).
1589:(Harvard University Press, 2018).
5513:
5496:
5479:
5451:
5439:
5412:
5400:
5207:Philatelic and Numismatic Office
4289:
4277:
3608:Fourth Council of Constantinople
3563:Second Council of Constantinople
2941:State church of the Roman Empire
2393:Hasler, August Bernhard (1981).
2233:
1328:, prior to the formation of the
1151:Sancta romana catholica Ecclesia
990:Papal infallibility § Objections
667:
656:in the Vatican, hence its name.
403:
363:Basel–Ferrara–Florence (1431–42)
200:
40:
3578:Third Council of Constantinople
3502:First Council of Constantinople
2772:First seven ecumenical councils
2636:First seven ecumenical councils
2556:First seven ecumenical councils
2301:Tanner, Norman P., ed. (1990).
2069:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014
1987:
1941:
1844:
1808:
1668:
1490:Polish National Catholic Church
807:Ecumenical council § Acceptance
743:Episcopal see § Catholic Church
60:8 December 1869 – 5 June 1960 (
4595:Stufetta del cardinal Bibbiena
4391:Vicar General for Vatican City
3817:Dissolution of the monasteries
3083:History of the Catholic Church
2500:(U North Carolina Press, 1948)
2122:Archivum Historiae Pontificiae
1579:
1534:
1470:Old Catholic Church of Austria
13:
1:
4552:Monument to the Royal Stuarts
4448:Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi
3691:Fourth Council of the Lateran
3666:Second Council of the Lateran
3275:Apostles in the New Testament
1529:"Vatican Council, First" 2001
1511:
1127:
997:Old Catholic Union of Utrecht
579:
160:Documents and statements
4846:Santo Stefano degli Abissini
3805:Catholic Counter-Reformation
3671:Third Council of the Lateran
3661:First Council of the Lateran
3117:Catholic ecumenical councils
2512:Text of the council's ruling
2354:De Cesare, Raffaele (1909).
1562:"First Vatican Council" 2014
1381:Controversies and opposition
983:Ultramontanism § Position of
286:Constantinople III (680–681)
7:
5235:Vatican Information Service
5075:Secretariat for the Economy
4931:Cardinal Secretary of State
4673:Modern and Contemporary Art
2465:. New York: Paulist Press.
2461:Prusak, Bernard P. (2004).
2357:The Last Days of Papal Rome
2218:. New York: HarperCollins.
2104:. Microsoft. Archived from
1646:"The First Vatican Council"
1499:
835:Catholic episcopal councils
775:Eastern Orthodox opposition
560:) and infallibility of the
296:Constantinople IV (869–870)
10:
5612:
5365:Amateur Sports Association
4809:San Pellegrino in Vaticano
4736:Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri
3151:History of the Roman Curia
2488:Catholic Historical Review
1851:Hennessy, Paul K. (1996).
1700:Burton & Woodruff 2014
1178:
1135:
1051:
963:Objections and controversy
943:Cum ex apostolatus officio
5395:
5357:
5327:
5309:
5257:Vatican Television Center
5129:
5120:
5088:
5036:
5027:
4994:
4942:
4915:
4877:
4868:
4775:Mater Ecclesiae Monastery
4653:
4564:
4489:
4485:
4476:
4399:
4348:
4272:
4172:
4038:
3965:
3900:
3887:European wars of religion
3784:
3719:
3621:
3543:
3434:
3357:
3217:
3206:
3198:Eastern Catholic Churches
3073:
3007:
2989:Conference of Addis Ababa
2904:
2857:
2802:
2757:
2623:
2554:
2437:Journal of Modern History
2432:; he played a major role.
2370:Hales, E. E. Y.
2326:The Columbia Encyclopedia
2174:; Wynne, John J. (eds.).
2085:Studies in Church History
2009:. Encyclopædia Britannica
1869:10.1017/S0360966900029820
1542:Studies in Church History
1443:Christian Catholic Church
1093:Mary, the mother of Jesus
188:
158:
132:
124:
116:
106:
93:
80:
70:
48:
39:
34:
5269:Vatican Publishing House
4574:Redemptoris Mater Chapel
4426:Old St. Peter's Basilica
4018:Mary of the Divine Heart
3641:Clash against the empire
3593:Second Council of Nicaea
3487:Old St. Peter's Basilica
2806:Oriental Orthodox Church
2428:49.116 (1971): 382–409.
2322:"Vatican Council, First"
2094:Hennesey, James (2009).
1664:– via Conciliaria.
1516:
1284:Suspension and aftermath
985:other apostolic churches
973:Church § Papal authority
950:Pascendi Dominici gregis
450:, commonly known as the
5407:Vatican City portal
4819:Via della Conciliazione
4415:Prisoner in the Vatican
4284:Vatican City portal
3636:Investiture Controversy
3492:First Council of Nicaea
2981:Synod of Constantinople
2762:Eastern Orthodox Church
2260:Encyclopædia Britannica
2192:. New York: Routledge.
2155:"Vatican Council"
2133:Hughes, Philip (1961).
2096:"First Vatican Council"
2066:Encyclopædia Britannica
2061:"First Vatican Council"
2006:Encyclopædia Britannica
1977:Encyclopædia Britannica
1954:Encyclopædia Britannica
1626:Nobili-Vitelleschi 1876
937:Development of doctrine
905:Appointment of Catholic
584:As early as late 1864,
281:Constantinople II (553)
5546:1870 disestablishments
5419:Catholicism portal
5381:National football team
5375:National football team
5275:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
4967:For Vatican City State
4296:Catholicism portal
4107:Second Vatican Council
3993:Our Lady of La Salette
3800:Protestant Reformation
3787:Protestant Reformation
3706:Second Council of Lyon
3095:Ecclesiastical history
2452:17.1 (2020): 123–144.
2450:Newman Studies Journal
2439:40.2 (1968): 218–233.
2160:Herbermann, Charles G.
1765:, loc. 5428–5439.
1506:Second Vatican Council
1494:Nordic Catholic Church
1330:Second Vatican Council
1316:
1293:
1276:, formed the separate
1270:
1264:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1193:
1190:Catholic ecclesiastics
1172:
1163:
1150:
1144:
1129:
1105:Ignatius von Senestrey
1072:
1060:
654:Saint Peter's Basilica
621:James Roosevelt Bayley
570:
503:
410:Catholicism portal
255:Constantinople I (381)
177:
168:
100:Second Vatican Council
5541:First Vatican Council
5466:First Vatican Council
5230:Holy See Press Office
5015:Corps of Firefighters
4790:Paul VI Audience Hall
4741:Domus Sanctae Marthae
4513:St. Peter's Baldachin
4443:Cortile del Belvedere
4409:History of the papacy
4003:First Vatican Council
3701:First Council of Lyon
3465:Constantine the Great
3161:Christian monasticism
2276:. London: John Murray
2177:Catholic Encyclopedia
1972:"Old Catholic church"
1789:, pp. 364, 381;
1363:French Third Republic
1291:
1260:
1188:
1089:Immaculate Conception
1083:Pope Pius defined as
588:had commissioned the
452:First Vatican Council
35:First Vatican Council
5591:1870 in Christianity
5586:1869 in Christianity
5291:L'Osservatore Romano
5200:Sistine Chapel Choir
5004:Corps of Gendarmerie
4829:Porta San Pellegrino
4780:Sant'Egidio in Borgo
4508:Chair of Saint Peter
4500:St. Peter's Basilica
4468:Piazza Scossacavalli
4180:Sexual abuse scandal
4089:Mit brennender Sorge
3932:Age of Enlightenment
3711:Bernard of Clairvaux
3588:Byzantine Iconoclasm
3527:Council of Chalcedon
3307:Council of Jerusalem
3176:Role in civilization
3156:Religious institutes
3088:By country or region
2997:Pan-Orthodox Council
2251:Vatican Council, The
1777:, pp. 342, 362.
1680:The Story of My Life
1656:on 15 September 2015
1453:in 1931 through the
1427:valid though illicit
1355:, the anti-Catholic
1101:Henry Edward Manning
1062:La Civiltà Cattolica
917:Papal deposing power
857:The Ratzinger Report
758:Pope John XIX § Life
617:Bernard John McQuaid
610:St. Peter's Basilica
499:modern philosophical
394:Vatican II (1962–65)
149:biblical inspiration
5282:Annuario Pontificio
5134:Academy of Sciences
4693:Gregoriano Egiziano
4008:Papal infallibility
3998:Our Lady of Lourdes
3947:Shimabara Rebellion
3791:Counter-Reformation
2894:Synod of Beth Lapat
2548:Ecumenical councils
2247:Mirbt, Carl Theodor
2208:McBrien, Richard P.
2087:7 (1971): 329–344.
1544:7 (1971): 329–344.
1439:Old Catholic Church
1417:Old Catholic schism
1411:Munich and Freising
1403:Ignaz von Döllinger
1317:Postquam Dei munere
1298:Franco-Prussian War
1278:Old Catholic Church
1274:Ignaz von Döllinger
1199:Filippo Maria Guidi
1054:Papal infallibility
789:Ecumenical councils
713:Papal infallibility
660:Papal infallibility
644:, which met in the
488:papal infallibility
478:encroaching on the
389:Vatican I (1869–70)
381:19th–20th centuries
368:Lateran V (1512–17)
358:Constance (1414–18)
350:15th–16th centuries
304:12th–14th centuries
219:Ecumenical councils
164:Two constitutions:
153:papal infallibility
5046:Vatican euro coins
4841:Saint John's Tower
4814:St. Peter's Square
4763:Collegio Teutonico
4746:Holy Spirit Chapel
4708:Bramante Staircase
4688:Gregoriano Etrusco
4530:Saint Peter's tomb
4525:Vatican Necropolis
4384:List of sovereigns
4053:Our Lady of Fátima
3842:Ignatius of Loyola
3766:Catherine of Siena
3734:Pope Boniface VIII
3553:Benedict of Nursia
3522:Council of Ephesus
3359:Ante-Nicene period
3312:Split with Judaism
3146:Crusading movement
2973:Synod of Jerusalem
2886:Seleucia-Ctesiphon
2861:Church of the East
2605:Constantinople III
2291:O'Malley, John W.
2186:Lacoste, Jean-Yves
2108:on 31 October 2009
2023:De Mattei, Roberto
1585:John W. O'Malley,
1451:Anglican Communion
1353:Kingdom of Prussia
1294:
1226:placet iuxta modum
1194:
777:to papal supremacy
460:ecumenical council
322:Lateran III (1179)
5427:
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5387:Vatican Athletics
5353:
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5161:Apostolic Archive
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4886:Foreign relations
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4836:Ricciolo d'Italia
4804:Passetto di Borgo
4768:Teutonic Cemetery
4721:
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4579:Borgia Apartments
4560:
4559:
4540:Tomb of the Julii
4304:
4303:
4264:COVID-19 pandemic
4242:Pope Benedict XVI
4147:Pope John Paul II
3922:Pope Benedict XIV
3908:French Revolution
3892:Thirty Years' War
3882:Robert Bellarmine
3867:John of the Cross
3771:Pope Alexander VI
3756:Council of Vienne
3686:Francis of Assisi
3676:Pope Innocent III
3545:Early Middle Ages
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3477:Arian controversy
3430:
3429:
3378:Apostolic Fathers
3029:
3028:
2957:Quinisext Council
2858:Recognized by the
2803:Recognized by the
2780:Constantinople IV
2758:Recognized by the
2643:Constantinople IV
2625:Recognized by the
2597:Constantinople II
2472:978-0-8091-4286-6
2316:– via EWTN.
2225:978-0-06-065338-5
2199:978-1-57958-250-0
2172:Shahan, Thomas J.
2124:(1969): 491–512.
2052:978-0-300-11597-0
1997:Woodruff, Douglas
1995:Burton, Ivor F.;
1486:Union of Scranton
1407:Gregor von Scherr
1371:Concordat of 1801
1349:Concordat of 1855
1312:had occupied Rome
1253:Edward Fitzgerald
1050:
1049:
931:compared to popes
872:compared to popes
837:compared to popes
791:compared to popes
732:compared to popes
648:and are known as
495:Catholic doctrine
444:
443:
327:Lateran IV (1215)
317:Lateran II (1139)
273:6th–9th centuries
242:4th–5th centuries
195:
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16:(Redirected from
5603:
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5264:Vatican News App
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4957:Apostolic Camera
4875:
4874:
4851:Vatican Pharmacy
4796:The Resurrection
4613:Niccoline Chapel
4603:Cappella Paolina
4589:Papal apartments
4566:Apostolic Palace
4547:Vatican Grottoes
4496:
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4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4331:
4324:
4317:
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4307:
4294:
4293:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4259:Patriarch Kirill
4132:Pope John Paul I
3937:Anti-clericalism
3917:Pope Innocent XI
3837:Society of Jesus
3822:Council of Trent
3776:Age of Discovery
3721:Late Middle Ages
3623:High Middle Ages
3613:East–West Schism
3497:Pope Sylvester I
3443:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3342:General epistles
3337:Pauline epistles
3270:John the Baptist
3253:Great Commission
3215:
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3166:Catholic culture
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2878:Constantinople I
2873:
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2823:Constantinople I
2818:
2795:
2791:Constantinople V
2785:
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2534:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2476:
2412:
2400:
2380:Hales, E. E. Y.
2377:
2365:
2360:. Translated by
2341:
2339:
2337:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2264:
2239:
2237:
2236:
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2203:
2181:
2168:Pallen, Condé B.
2157:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2056:
2044:
2030:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1982:
1981:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1945:
1939:
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1901:
1895:
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1599:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1548:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1447:Union of Utrecht
1431:Johannes Heykamp
1373:, and therefore
1319:
1309:Kingdom of Italy
1267:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1207:
1175:
1166:
1153:
1147:
1132:
1075:
1065:
1042:
1035:
1028:
912:Concordat § List
870:Political rulers
849:Christus Dominus
769:Ravenna Document
699:Primacy of Peter
671:
664:
663:
650:Lateran councils
646:Lateran Basilica
629:Cardinal Manning
595:Eastern Orthodox
575:
508:
476:Kingdom of Italy
468:Council of Trent
436:
429:
422:
408:
407:
342:Vienne (1311–12)
312:Lateran I (1123)
234:
204:
197:
196:
182:
173:
107:Convoked by
87:Council of Trent
82:Previous council
71:Accepted by
44:
32:
31:
21:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5519:
5514:
5512:
5508:from Wikisource
5502:
5497:
5495:
5485:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5471:sister projects
5468:at Knowledge's
5462:
5452:
5450:
5438:
5430:
5428:
5423:
5411:
5401:
5399:
5391:
5349:
5323:
5319:Catholic Church
5301:
5216:
5212:Public holidays
5112:
5084:
5019:
4990:
4938:
4911:
4906:Fundamental Law
4860:
4726:Gregorian Tower
4717:
4655:Vatican Museums
4649:
4584:Clementine Hall
4556:
4472:
4395:
4344:
4335:
4305:
4300:
4288:
4278:
4276:
4268:
4190:World Youth Day
4168:
4157:World Youth Day
4101:Pacem in terris
4095:Pope John XXIII
4034:
3961:
3952:Edict of Nantes
3910:
3906:
3896:
3862:Teresa of Ávila
3857:Tridentine Mass
3793:
3789:
3780:
3761:Knights Templar
3715:
3617:
3573:Gregorian chant
3531:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3438:
3426:
3353:
3222:
3210:
3202:
3069:
3067:Catholic Church
3060:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2939:
2927:
2911:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2859:
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2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
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2798:
2788:
2777:
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2759:
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2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2634:
2627:Catholic Church
2626:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2550:
2545:
2508:
2503:
2496:Wallace, L. P.
2473:
2409:
2349:
2347:Further reading
2344:
2335:
2333:
2311:
2309:
2279:
2277:
2234:
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2164:Pace, Edward A.
2142:
2140:
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2012:
2010:
1990:
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1970:
1969:
1962:
1947:
1946:
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1934:
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1809:
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1797:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:, p. 1666.
1737:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1714:, p. 1297.
1710:
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1527:
1523:
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1514:
1502:
1419:
1383:
1345:Austrian Empire
1326:Pope John XXIII
1286:
1217:), 88 against (
1201:
1183:
1181:Pastor aeternus
1177:
1173:Pastor aeternus
1140:
1134:
1109:early Christian
1097:Richard McBrien
1056:
1046:
1017:
1016:
996:
984:
972:
970:
964:
956:
955:
932:
930:
922:
921:
906:
873:
871:
863:
862:
838:
836:
828:
827:
817:
809:of the councils
808:
792:
790:
782:
781:
776:
733:
731:
723:
722:
708:Papal supremacy
694:
662:
582:
572:Pastor aeternus
484:Capture of Rome
464:Catholic Church
458:, was the 20th
440:
402:
373:Trent (1545–63)
291:Nicaea II (787)
265:Chalcedon (451)
237:
224:Catholic Church
221:
179:Pastor aeternus
161:
96:
83:
75:Catholic Church
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5609:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
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5548:
5543:
5528:
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5464:
5461:
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5259:
5254:
5249:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5226:
5224:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5168:Climate Forest
5165:
5164:
5163:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5092:
5090:
5089:Infrastructure
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5061:Poste Vaticane
5058:
5051:Communications
5048:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5011:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4959:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4934:Pietro Parolin
4928:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4678:Pio-Clementino
4675:
4670:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4628:Sistine Chapel
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4522:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4493:
4491:Major basilica
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4453:Lateran Treaty
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4423:
4421:Circus of Nero
4418:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4286:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4097:
4092:
4085:
4080:
4078:Lateran Treaty
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3903:Baroque period
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3872:Peter Canisius
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3847:Francis Xavier
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3811:Exsurge Domine
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3751:Pope Clement V
3748:
3747:
3746:
3744:Avignon Papacy
3739:Western Schism
3736:
3731:
3729:Thomas Aquinas
3725:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3583:Saint Boniface
3580:
3575:
3570:
3568:Pope Gregory I
3565:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3507:Biblical canon
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3461:
3459:
3440:
3436:Late antiquity
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:Pope Clement I
3373:Church Fathers
3370:
3364:
3362:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3229:
3227:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3134:Biblical canon
3129:Catholic Bible
3126:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2965:Synod of Jassy
2961:
2953:
2937:
2925:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2775:
2767:
2765:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2715:Basel-Florence
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2506:External links
2504:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2457:
2456:
2445:
2444:
2433:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2408:978-0385158510
2407:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2366:
2362:Zimmern, Helen
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2318:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2266:
2265:
2255:Chisholm, Hugh
2230:
2224:
2210:, ed. (1995).
2204:
2198:
2182:
2149:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2091:
2080:
2079:
2057:
2051:
2031:
2019:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1960:
1940:
1938:, p. 951.
1928:
1902:
1900:, p. 307.
1890:
1843:
1807:
1795:
1793:, p. 307.
1779:
1767:
1755:
1753:, p. 137.
1751:De Mattei 2004
1743:
1731:
1729:, p. 305.
1716:
1704:
1685:
1676:Hare, Augustus
1667:
1634:
1618:
1616:, p. 303.
1606:
1604:, p. 947.
1591:
1578:
1566:
1549:
1533:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1455:Bonn Agreement
1418:
1415:
1382:
1379:
1367:ultramontanism
1341:secular states
1285:
1282:
1249:Aloisio Riccio
1179:Main article:
1176:
1169:
1136:Main article:
1133:
1126:
1052:Main article:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
992:
987:
980:
975:
965:
962:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
946:
939:
933:
929:Existing dogma
928:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
914:
909:
902:
897:
892:
887:
884:Patronato real
880:
874:
869:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
853:
845:
839:
834:
833:
830:
829:
826:
825:
820:
811:
804:
799:
793:
788:
787:
784:
783:
780:
779:
772:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
734:
729:
728:
725:
724:
721:
720:
715:
710:
705:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
673:
672:
661:
658:
581:
578:
562:Bishop of Rome
442:
441:
439:
438:
431:
424:
416:
413:
412:
399:
398:
397:
396:
391:
383:
382:
378:
377:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
352:
351:
347:
346:
345:
344:
339:
337:Lyon II (1274)
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
306:
305:
301:
300:
299:
298:
293:
288:
283:
275:
274:
270:
269:
268:
267:
262:
257:
252:
250:Nicaea I (325)
244:
243:
239:
238:
235:
227:
226:
215:
214:
206:
205:
193:
192:
186:
185:
184:
183:
174:
162:
159:
156:
155:
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
97:
94:
91:
90:
84:
81:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5608:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5525:from Wikidata
5524:
5523:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5467:
5459:
5449:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5408:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5252:Vatican Radio
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5242:Vatican Media
5240:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4979:Congregations
4977:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:Vicar General
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:Casina Pio IV
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4698:Pio Cristiano
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4644:
4643:Room of Tears
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:Raphael Rooms
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:Borgo Vecchio
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Mother Teresa
4135:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:Pope Pius XII
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4029:Rerum novarum
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4013:Pope Leo XIII
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3983:United States
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3973:Pope Pius VII
3971:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3777:
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3769:
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3759:
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3754:
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3749:
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3727:
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3709:
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3699:
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3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Scholasticism
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:Pope Urban II
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
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3546:
3542:
3528:
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3508:
3505:
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3500:
3498:
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3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:Justin Martyr
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3317:New Testament
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3280:Commissioning
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:Apostolic Age
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:Papal primacy
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
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2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2887:
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2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2866:
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2862:
2856:
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2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
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2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:History Today
2478:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2417:History Today
2414:
2410:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2242:public domain
2231:
2227:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1917:. 22 May 2018
1916:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1804:
1803:Hennesey 2009
1799:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1631:
1628:, p. 1;
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1347:annulled the
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1159:branch theory
1157:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:Sedevacantism
1000:
998:
993:
991:
988:
986:
981:
979:
976:
974:
967:
966:
960:
959:
952:
951:
947:
945:
944:
940:
938:
935:
934:
926:
925:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
885:
881:
879:
876:
875:
867:
866:
859:
858:
854:
852:
851:§ Controversy
850:
846:
844:
841:
840:
832:
831:
824:
823:Ultrajectines
821:
819:
816:
812:
810:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
786:
785:
778:
773:
771:
770:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
738:Papal primacy
736:
735:
727:
726:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
703:Papal primacy
700:
697:
696:
690:
689:
686:
685:infallibility
682:
678:
677:Papal primacy
675:
674:
670:
666:
665:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
635:
630:
626:
625:Lord Houghton
622:
618:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
591:
587:
577:
574:
573:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
506:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
437:
432:
430:
425:
423:
418:
417:
415:
414:
411:
406:
401:
400:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
385:
384:
380:
379:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
353:
349:
348:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
332:Lyon I (1245)
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
308:
307:
303:
302:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
277:
276:
272:
271:
266:
263:
261:
260:Ephesus (431)
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
246:
245:
241:
240:
233:
229:
228:
225:
220:
217:
216:
212:
208:
207:
203:
199:
198:
191:
187:
181:
180:
175:
172:
171:
166:
165:
163:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
101:
98:
92:
88:
85:
79:
76:
73:
69:
65:
64:
57:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5571:Pope Pius IX
5520:
5503:
5491:from Commons
5486:
5465:
5458:Vatican City
5370:Cricket team
5340:Coat of arms
5289:
5280:
5273:
5247:Vatican News
5173:Demographics
5151:Architecture
5139:AT telescope
4856:Vatican Hill
4794:
4703:Ethnographic
4593:
4517:
4438:Leonine City
4338:Vatican City
4251:
4247:Pope Francis
4173:21st century
4122:Pope Paul VI
4099:
4087:
4040:20th century
4027:
4002:
3978:Pope Pius IX
3966:19th century
3942:Pope Pius VI
3809:
3681:Latin Empire
3651:Universities
3603:Pope Leo III
3470:Christianity
3455:state church
3447:Great Church
3248:Resurrection
3211:(30–325/476)
3208:Early Church
3193:Latin Church
3188:Papal States
3183:Vatican City
3015:
2929:Great Church
2794:(1341–1351)*
2789:
2779:
2738:
2497:
2487:
2480:
2462:
2449:
2436:
2425:
2416:
2396:
2381:
2373:
2356:
2334:. Retrieved
2325:
2310:. Retrieved
2306:
2292:
2278:. Retrieved
2272:
2258:
2213:
2189:
2175:
2141:. Retrieved
2135:
2121:
2110:. Retrieved
2106:the original
2099:
2084:
2071:. Retrieved
2064:
2040:
2035:Duffy, Eamon
2026:
2011:. Retrieved
2004:
1988:Bibliography
1975:
1952:
1943:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1914:
1905:
1893:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1822:
1810:
1798:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1739:Lacoste 2004
1734:
1712:McBrien 1995
1707:
1679:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:the original
1649:
1621:
1609:
1586:
1581:
1569:
1541:
1536:
1524:
1459:
1420:
1384:
1356:
1334:
1306:
1302:Napoleon III
1295:
1271:
1261:
1257:
1210:
1195:
1141:
1120:, and a few
1082:
1057:
1012:Ultrajectine
948:
941:
895:Febronianism
882:
855:
848:
843:Febronianism
814:
797:Conciliarity
767:
652:, it met in
639:
632:
603:
586:Pope Pius IX
583:
551:
492:
480:Papal States
472:Pope Pius IX
455:
451:
447:
445:
388:
120:Pope Pius IX
111:Pope Pius IX
95:Next council
61:
53:
29:
5446:Catholicism
5144:observatory
5009:Swiss Guard
4984:Dicasteries
4962:Commissions
4952:Roman Curia
4683:Chiaramonti
4623:Scala Regia
4535:Papal tombs
4458:Borgo Nuovo
4431:Papal tombs
4253:Laudato si'
4048:Pope Pius X
3877:Philip Neri
3852:Pope Pius V
3827:Thomas More
3696:Inquisition
3598:Charlemagne
3558:Monasticism
3368:Persecution
3260:Holy Spirit
3243:Crucifixion
3122:First seven
2847:Ephesus III
2749:(1962–1965)
2741:(1869–1870)
2733:(1545–1563)
2725:(1512–1517)
2709:(1414–1418)
2701:(1311–1312)
2667:Lateran III
1921:25 February
1915:Vatican.com
1911:"Vatican I"
1863:(1): 7–28.
1787:Hughes 1961
1775:Hughes 1961
1630:Tanner 1990
1574:Tanner 1990
1399:Switzerland
1387:Netherlands
1358:Kulturkampf
1337:sovereignty
1265:ex cathedra
1244:ex cathedra
1202: [
900:Cisalpinism
890:Josephinism
878:Gallicanism
531:materialism
511:rationalism
145:materialism
137:Rationalism
102:(1962–1965)
89:(1545–1563)
5535:Categories
5013:See also:
4944:Government
4916:Governance
4663:Historical
4633:altarpiece
4618:Sala Regia
4368:Properties
4126:coronation
3832:Pope Leo X
3417:Tertullian
3347:Revelation
3322:Background
2839:Ephesus II
2747:Vatican II
2675:Lateran IV
2659:Lateran II
1936:Mirbt 1911
1898:Kirch 1912
1791:Kirch 1912
1763:Duffy 2014
1727:Kirch 1912
1614:Kirch 1912
1602:Mirbt 1911
1512:References
1423:Jansenists
1238:non placet
1220:non placet
1145:Dei Filius
1138:Dei Filius
1130:Dei Filius
1114:Chaldaeans
1073:inter alia
730:Patriarchs
599:Protestant
580:Background
547:secularism
539:naturalism
527:liberalism
505:Dei Filius
170:Dei Filius
141:liberalism
125:Attendance
5178:Languages
5096:Transport
4881:Elections
4824:Fountains
4668:Paintings
4478:Geography
4142:Communism
4112:Ecumenism
3458:(380–451)
3450:(180–451)
3439:(313–476)
3361:(100–325)
2782:(879–880)
2739:Vatican I
2723:Lateran V
2707:Constance
2651:Lateran I
2645:(869–870)
2613:Nicaea II
2607:(680–681)
2589:Chalcedon
2249:(1911). "
2001:"Pius IX"
1885:170213488
1877:0360-9669
1351:. In the
1122:Armenians
681:supremacy
634:The Times
590:cardinals
558:supremacy
543:pantheism
535:modernism
523:socialism
519:communism
515:anarchism
456:Vatican I
117:President
18:Vatican I
5311:Religion
5297:Pope2you
5156:Archives
5101:Heliport
4996:Military
4974:Councils
4870:Politics
4363:Holy See
4342:articles
4152:HIV/AIDS
3646:Crusades
3400:Irenaeus
3393:Ignatius
3388:Polycarp
3238:Ministry
3226:(30–100)
3100:Timeline
2905:See also
2870:Nicaea I
2815:Nicaea I
2565:Nicaea I
2382:Pio Nono
2372:(1958).
2330:Archived
2037:(2014).
2025:(2004).
1999:(2014).
1857:Horizons
1836:7 August
1827:Archived
1678:(1896).
1500:See also
1492:and the
1480:and the
1441:(or the
1156:Anglican
1118:Melkites
693:Overview
211:a series
209:Part of
55:de facto
5432:Portals
5383:(Women)
5328:Symbols
5183:Library
5122:Culture
5080:Tourism
5041:Banking
5029:Economy
4926:Francis
4753:Gardens
4638:ceiling
4401:History
4379:Francis
4358:Outline
4117:Judaism
3517:Vulgate
3327:Gospels
3302:Stephen
3219:Origins
3139:Vulgate
3075:General
3065:of the
3063:History
2831:Ephesus
2691:Lyon II
2581:Ephesus
2492:excerpt
2454:excerpt
2336:3 March
2312:2 March
2280:3 March
2257:(ed.).
2244::
2143:3 March
2112:2 March
2101:Encarta
2073:2 March
2027:Pius IX
2013:2 March
1823:Frajola
1660:2 March
1650:America
1435:Utrecht
1395:Germany
1391:Austria
1322:Mechlin
1262:speaks
554:primacy
462:of the
222:of the
63:de jure
5358:Sports
5335:Anthem
4340:
4083:Nazism
3905:to the
3512:Jerome
3422:Origen
3105:Papacy
2999:(2016)
2991:(1965)
2983:(1872)
2975:(1672)
2967:(1642)
2699:Vienne
2693:(1274)
2685:(1245)
2683:Lyon I
2677:(1215)
2669:(1179)
2661:(1139)
2653:(1123)
2469:
2441:online
2430:online
2405:
2386:online
2253:". In
2238:
2222:
2196:
2126:online
2089:online
2049:
1883:
1875:
1546:online
1484:. The
1476:, the
1472:, the
1468:, the
1464:, the
1232:placet
1214:placet
1078:Naples
1068:Jesuit
701:&
627:asked
614:Bishop
545:, and
213:on the
133:Topics
5505:Texts
5488:Media
5377:(Men)
5222:Media
5195:Music
4901:Crime
4519:Pietà
4353:Index
4185:Islam
3453:Roman
3412:Canon
3285:Peter
3233:Jesus
2959:(692)
2931:(180–
2919:/155–
2896:(484)
2888:(410)
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2731:Trent
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2158:. In
1881:S2CID
1830:(PDF)
1819:(PDF)
1517:Notes
1206:]
1085:dogma
564:(the
5522:Data
5345:Flag
5188:film
5106:Rail
5056:.va
4923:Pope
4713:Maps
4375:Pope
4235:2023
4230:2019
4225:2016
4220:2013
4215:2011
4210:2008
4205:2005
4200:2002
4195:2000
4162:1995
3332:Acts
3295:Paul
3290:John
3265:Mary
2467:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2338:2018
2314:2018
2282:2018
2220:ISBN
2194:ISBN
2145:2018
2114:2018
2075:2018
2047:ISBN
2015:2018
1923:2019
1873:ISSN
1838:2022
1662:2018
1397:and
1251:and
1235:and
1116:and
1103:and
1087:the
1066:, a
683:and
642:Rome
606:bull
597:and
566:Pope
446:The
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4896:Law
3221:and
3171:Art
2949:451
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1865:doi
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