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gods, that neither they nor their forefathers nor the kings of Judah had ever known, and because they have filled this place with the blood of the innocent and have built the high places of Baal to burn their sons in the fire as burnt offerings to Baal, a thing which I never commanded or spoke of, nor did it ever enter My mind; therefore, behold, days are coming", declares the Lord, "when this place will no longer be called
Topheth or the valley of Ben-Hinnom, but rather the valley of Slaughter". J. Day, Heider, and Mosca believe that the
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685:"And he defiled Topheth, which is in the valley of the children of Hinnom, that no man might make his son or his daughter to pass through the fire to Molech." (2 Kings 23). A minority of scholars have attempted to argue that the Bible does not portray actual child sacrifice, but only dedication to the god by fire; however, they are judged to have been "convincingly disproved" (Hay, 2011).
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1361:/ Hades (abode of the dead), and instead uses the word "Qabr" (قبر, meaning grave). In Muslim tradition, graves are considered gates to the otherworld, both paradise and hell. Muslim authors proposed that Hell co-exist with the contemporary world somewhere underground, and tried to locate an entrance to hell, and proposed that one of its gates lies in the Valley of Hinnom.
1251:) also maintain the distinction. In modern Russian, the concept of Hell (Ад) is directly derived from Hades (Аид), separate and independent of Gehenna. Fire imagery is attributed primarily to Gehenna, which is most commonly mentioned as Gehenna the Fiery (Геенна огненная), and appears to be synonymous to the lake of fire.
1953:
Christopher B. Hays Death in the Iron Age II & in First Isaiah 2011 p. 181 "Efforts to show that the Bible does not portray actual child sacrifice in the Molek cult, but rather dedication to the god by fire, have been convincingly disproved. Child sacrifice is well attested in the ancient world,
1235:
and New
American Standard Bible reserve the term "Hell" only for when Gehenna or Tartarus is used. All translate Sheol and Hades in a different fashion. For a time the exception to this was the 1984 edition of the New International Version's translation in Luke 16:23, which was its singular rendering
1943:
Richard S. Hess, Gordon J. Wenham Zion, City of Our God. 1999, p. 182 "The sacrifices of children and the cult of Molech are associated with no other place than the Hinnom Valley. ... of
Jerusalem, the Jebusites (brackets mine). As yet, no trace has been located through archaeological search in Ben-
692:) was a burial location with numerous burial chambers that were reused by generations of families from as early as the seventh until the fifth century BCE. The use of this area for tombs continued into the first centuries BCE and CE. By 70 CE, the area was not only a burial site but also a place for
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No archaeological evidence such as mass children's graves has been found; however, it has been suggested that such a find may be compromised by the heavy population history of the
Jerusalem area compared to the Tophet found in Tunisia. The site would also have been disrupted by the actions of Josiah
673:
had "filled this place with the blood of innocents", is literal. Yet, the biblical words in the Book of
Jeremiah describe events taking place in the seventh century in the place of Ben-Hinnom: "Because they have forsaken Me and have made this an alien place and have burned sacrifices in it to other
746:, also “caused his children to pass through the fire in the valley of the son of Hinnom”. Debate remains as to whether the phrase "cause his children to pass through the fire" referred to a religious ceremony in which the Moloch priest would walk the child between two lanes of fire, or to literal
1878:
Geoffrey W. Bromiley
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q–Z, 1995 p. 259 "Stager and Wolff have convincingly demonstrated that child sacrifice was practiced in Phoenecian Carthage (Biblical Archaeology Review, 10 , 30–51). At the sanctuary called Tophet, children were sacrificed to the
1888:
Hays 2011 "..(Lev 18:21–27; Deut 12:31; 2 Kgs 16:3; 21:2), and there is indeed evidence for child sacrifice in ancient Syria-Palestine." "Day, Molech, 18, esp. n. 11. See also A. R. W. Green, The Role of Human
Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East (SBLDS 1; Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press,
1934:(J. Day:83; Heider:405; Mosca: 220, 228), ... Many no doubt did as Heider allows (269, 272, 406) though J. Day denies it (85). ... Heider and Mosca conclude, in fact, that a form of child sacrifice was a part of state-sponsored ritual until the reform of the ..."
1922:"Jeremiah 19:4 Context: Because they have forsaken me, and have estranged this place, and have burned incense in it to other gods, that they didn't know, they and their fathers and the kings of Judah; and have filled this place with the blood of innocents"
626:
Wadi ar-Rababi: Dalman (1930), Bailey (1986) and Watson (1992) identify the Wadi al-Rababi, which fits the description of Joshua that the Hinnom Valley ran east to west and lay outside the city walls. According to Joshua, the valley began at
1173:, New Living Translation, New American Standard Bible (among others) all reserve the term "hell" for the translation of Gehenna or Tartarus (see above), transliterating Hades as a term directly from the equivalent Greek term.
851:
Gehinnom became a figurative name for the place of spiritual purification for the wicked dead in
Judaism. According to most Jewish sources, the period of purification or punishment is limited to only 12 months and every
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day is excluded from punishment, while the fires of
Gehinnom are banked and its tortures are suspended. For the duration of Shabbat, the spirits who are serving time there are released to roam the earth. At
669:, and also child sacrifice in ancient Syria-Palestine. Scholars such as Mosca (1975) have concluded that the sacrifice recorded in the Hebrew Bible, such as Jeremiah's comment that the worshippers of
1331:
Christians, however, imagine
Gehenna to be a place where sinners are tormented until they are eventually destroyed, soul and all. Some Christian scholars, however, have suggested that Gehenna may
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Jahannam itself is only the name of the upper most layer of hell, preserved for Muslim sinners. Even those who uphold the eternity of hell believe that Jahannam will be eventually destroyed.
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Gardet, L., “D̲j̲ahannam”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 18 January 2023
1944:
Hinnom or in the Kidron Valley. ... Carthage was found in an area of Tunis that has had little occupation on the site to eradicate the evidence left of a cult of child sacrifice there."
1262:, maintains a distinction between Gehenna and Hades by transliterating Gehenna, and by rendering "Hades" (or "Sheol") as "the Grave". Earlier editions left all three names untranslated.
1714:, as a name for the place of punishment of the damned.... held in abomination by the Jews, who, accordingly, used the name of this valley to designate the abode of the damned (
935:
The traditional explanation that a burning rubbish heap in the Valley of Hinnom south of Jerusalem gave rise to the idea of a fiery Gehenna of judgment is attributed to Rabbi
928:(he who deviates from the customs of the community). It is said that all these groups are consigned to Gehinnom for all eternity and have no possibility of a portion in the
2602:
548:
1214:
transliterates the Greek Γέεννα "gehenna" with "gehennæ" (e.g. Matt 5:22) while using "infernus" ("coming from below, of the underworld") to translate ᾅδης (Hades]).
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Christian usage of Gehenna often serves to admonish adherents of the religion to live righteous lives. Examples of Gehenna in the Christian New Testament include:
1323:
The 17th century King James Version of the Bible is the only English translation in modern use to translate Sheol, Hades, and Gehenna by calling them all "Hell."
831:
supply the term "Gehinnom" frequently to verses touching upon resurrection, judgment, and the fate of the wicked. This may also include addition of the phrase "
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1672:: "It is frequently said that certain sins will lead man into Gehenna. The name 'Gehenna' itself is explained to mean that unchastity will lead to Gehenna (
761:) in which the Assyrian army is to be destroyed, may be read "Topheth", and the final verse of Isaiah which concerns those that have rebelled against God (
968:, that the descriptions of Gehinnom as a place of punishment in rabbinic literature, were pedagogically motivated inventions to encourage respect of the
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Treatment of Gehenna in Christianity is significantly affected by whether the distinction in Hebrew and Greek between Gehenna and Hades was maintained:
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commandments by mankind, which had been regarded as immature. Instead of being sent to Gehenna, the souls of the wicked would actually get annihilated.
839:, where the Hebrew version does not mention either Gehinnom or the Second Death, whereas the Targums add both. In this the Targums are parallel to the
529:
1898:
P. Mosca, 'Child Sacrifice in Canaanite and Israelite Religion: A Study on Mulk and "pa' (PhD dissertation. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 1975)
1652:
894:). The law "You shall not cut yourselves" (לא תתגדדו) is interpreted by the rabbis: "You shall not form divisions , but shall form one bond" (after
2155:
13:5; compare ib. 12:9, apparently belonging to 13:5: "He who casts off the yoke , and he who severs the Abrahamic covenant; he who interprets the
861:, the angel Dumah, who has charge over the souls of the wicked, herds them back for another week of torment. After this the soul will move on to
537:
1647:. "The place where children were sacrificed to the god Moloch was originally in the 'valley of the son of Hinnom,' to the south of Jerusalem (
965:
950:). He maintained that in this loathsome valley fires were kept burning perpetually to consume the filth and cadavers thrown into it. However,
153:
1911:
1995 p. 48 "An ancient Near Eastern parallel for the cult of Molech is provided by Punic epigraphic and archaeological evidence (Heider:203)
792:). Despite Josiah's ending of the practice, Jeremiah also included a prophecy that Jerusalem itself would be made like Gehenna and Topheth (
2027:
The place of spiritual punishment and/or purification for the wicked dead in Judaism is not referred to as Hell, but as Gehinnom or She'ol.
1255:
2284:
1221:
tries to be as literal a translation as possible and does not use the word Hell at all, keeping the words Hades and Gehenna untranslated.
1207:), which surprisingly is the opposite to modern translations that translate Gehenna into Hell and leave Hades untranslated (see below).
17:
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1511:
954:
and Paul Billerbeck state that there is neither archaeological nor literary evidence in support of this claim, in either the earlier
1655:). For this reason the valley was deemed to be accursed, and 'Gehenna' therefore soon became a figurative equivalent for 'hell.'"
82:
69:
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1109::43: "It is better for you to enter life crippled, than having your two hands, to go into Gehenna into the unquenchable fire."
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from the west and southwest that has acquired various theological connotations, including as a place of divine punishment, in
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as a place distinct from Gehenna. Unlike Gehenna, Hades typically conveys neither fire nor punishment but forgetfulness. The
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1068:: "....it is better for you that one of the parts of your body perish, than for your whole body to be thrown into Gehenna."
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Mark 9:47: "It is better for you to enter the Kingdom of God with one eye, than having two eyes, to be cast into Gehenna."
1158:
1040:). The term is used 11 times in these writings. In certain usage, the Christian Bible refers to it as a place where both
958:
or the later rabbinic sources. Also, Lloyd R. Bailey's "Gehenna: The Topography of Hell" from 1986 holds a similar view.
386:
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2451:"JAHANNAM From the Hebrew ge-hinnom, which refers to a valley outside Jerusalem, Jahannam is the Islamic word for hell."
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1985:
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615:. However, the Tyropoeon Valley is usually no longer associated with the Valley of Hinnom because during the period of
623:, the Tyropoeon lay within the city walls and child sacrifice would have been practiced outside the walls of the city.
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271:
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addition of "Gehenna" to the quotation of the Isaiah verses describing the corpses "where their worm does not die".
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603:): Many commentaries give the location as below the southern wall of ancient Jerusalem, stretching from the foot of
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Matthew 23:33, to the Pharisees: "You serpents, you brood of vipers, how shall you escape the sentence of Gehenna?"
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metaphor for the horrible fate that awaited the many civilians killed in the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE.
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1121::5: "....fear the One who, after He has killed has authority to cast into Gehenna; yes, I tell you, fear Him."
1074:: "....better for you that one of the parts of your body perish, than for your whole body to go into Gehenna."
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1472:
290:
1817:
1049:
1037:
1469:, location in Gehenna (Gehinnom) where the souls of Jews who committed certain sins are sent for punishment
1086::9: "It is better for you to enter life with one eye, than with two eyes to be thrown into the Gehenna...."
865:(the world to come), be destroyed, or continue to exist in a state of consciousness of remorse. In classic
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146:
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3:6: "And the tongue is a fire,...and sets on fire the course of our life, and is set on fire by Gehenna."
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which lies to the southeastern corner of Ancient Jerusalem. The northwestern part of the valley is now an
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tradition, and he who pronounces in full the Ineffable Name—all these have no share in the world to come"
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1225:
1112:
Mark 9:45: "It is better for you to enter life lame, than having your two feet, to be cast into Gehenna."
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1665:
1281:," itself a translation of "sheol." "Gehenna" is untranslated, "Hades" either untranslated or rendered "
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1199:, and maintains a distinction between Hades and Gehenna. However, unlike later translations, Halja (
738:, “burnt incense in the valley of the son of Hinnom, and burnt his children in the fire”. Later, in
30:
This article is about the valley located in Jerusalem, and the biblical term analogous to Christian
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1415:
1161:). The King James Version is the only English translation in modern use to translate Sheol, Hades,
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31:
2365:"BibleGateway – hell [search] – New American Bible (Revised Edition) (NABRE), 4th Edition"
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730:) which describe tribal boundaries. The following reference to the valley is at the time of King
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The specific rabbinical term for heresies, or religious divisions due to an unlawful spirit, is
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424:, "Gehinnom" became associated with divine punishment as the destination of the wicked for the
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sources, Gehinnom occasionally occurs as a place of punishment or destruction of the wicked.
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1997:
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contains 77 references to the Islamic interpretation of Gehenna (جهنم), but does not mention
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have been established, such as the bones of children sacrificed at the Tophet to the goddess
347:
1005:
In the King James Version of the Bible, the term appears 13 times in 11 different verses as
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1830:
Dalman, G. 1930. Jerusalem und sein Gelande. Schriften des Deutschen Palastina-Instituts 4
8:
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2018:
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Mitchell, Hinckley G. (1903). "The Wall of Jerusalem According to the Book of Nehemiah".
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wrote in 1907 that there are three possible locations considered by historical writers:
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a call came from Jeremiah to destroy the shrines in Topheth and to end the practice (
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The oldest historical reference to “the Valley of the Son of Hinnom” is found in the
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at other Tophets contemporary with the Bible accounts (700–600 BCE) of the reigns of
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Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70
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Lloyd R. Bailey, "Gehenna: The Topography of Hell," Biblical Archeologist 49 : 189
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Jesus and the Victory of God: Christian Origins and the Question of God, Volume 2
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1080::28: "....rather fear Him who is able to destroy both soul and body in Gehenna."
1062:: "....whoever shall say, 'You fool', shall be guilty enough to go into Gehenna."
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19a); so also will adultery, idolatry, pride, mockery, hypocrisy, anger, etc. (
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Many modern Christians consider Gehenna to be a place of eternal punishment.
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2239:"Blue Letter Bible. "Dictionary and Word Search for geenna (Strong's 1067)""
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The ancient Aramaic paraphrase-translations of the Hebrew Bible known as
508:
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382:
2522: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1243:, the distinctions present in the originals were often maintained. The
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1768:"Bible Gateway passage: 2 Chronicles 28:3 - New International Version"
700:, who were the only group known to practice cremation in this region.
688:
There is evidence however that the southwest shoulder of this valley (
2715:
2580:
2039:
1786:"Bible Gateway passage: 2 Chronicles 28:3 - English Standard Version"
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1336:
1203:) is reserved for Hades, and Gehenna is transliterated to Gaiainnan (
1196:
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1093:
929:
808:
693:
628:
450:
425:
336:
39:
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The Valley of Hinnom identified with the Wadi er Rababi, in a 1940s
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refers to the valley as the "Valley of the son of Hinnom" (Hebrew:
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2749:
2744:
2727:
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2130:
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1802:
Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter, James Hartman and Jane Setter, eds.
1439:
1317:
1313:
1270:
1211:
1188:
1118:
635:
is Ein Rogel, then Wadi ar-Rababi, which begins there, is Hinnom.
2808:
541:
Valley of Hinnom identified with the Wadi er Rababi in the 1865
428:
of their sins. The term is different from the more neutral term
3138:
3066:
2997:
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2884:
2764:
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Frequent references to "Gehenna" are also made in the books of
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translated both Gehenna and Hades as same English word, Hell.
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969:
662:
512:
441:
429:
332:
2554:
Short guide to today's Valley of Hinnom, with biblical story
2210:
Maimonides’ Introduction to Perek Helek, ed. and transl. by
2197:
Maimonides’ Introduction to Perek Helek, ed. and transl. by
880:, for "heretic" or "Gnostic," is coined idiomatically, like
3133:
2973:
2889:
2867:
1041:
757:
does not mention Gehenna by name, but the "burning place" (
731:
670:
654:
616:
358:, the other principal valley around the Old City, near the
295:
263:
257:
2231:
1909:
War in the Hebrew Bible: A Study in the Ethics of Violence
2427:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 454–55, fn. #47.
788:
on Topheth to prevent anyone sacrificing children there (
248:
245:
2468:. Cambridge United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
584:
The exact location of the Valley of Hinnom is disputed.
2600:
What is Gehenna Like?: Rabbinic Descriptions of Gehenna
1852:
Watson, Duane F. Hinnom. In Freedman, David Noel, ed.,
1722:, c. xxvi). And Christ adopted this usage of the term."
1236:
of Hades as Hell. The 2011 edition renders it as Hades.
354:
from the west and south. It meets and merges with the
2177:
Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud and Midrasch
1195:
is the first Bible to use Hell's Proto-Germanic form
405:). Thereafter, it was cursed by the biblical prophet
272:
260:
319:
230:
218:
1653:
II Kings 23:10; Jeremiah 2:23; 7:31–32; 19:6, 13–14
1316:and later translators had access to the Greek, but
1100:...twice as much a child of Gehenna as yourselves."
1044:(Greek: ψυχή, psyche) and body could be destroyed (
980:
681:took place in the valley of Hinnom at the Topheth.
254:
251:
2496:First published online: 2012 First print edition:
1796:
1169:), and Gehenna as Hell. In the New Testament, the
807:to the exiles returning from Babylon camping from
803:A final purely geographical reference is found in
27:Historic valley in Jerusalem and religious concept
2619:A Christian Conditionalist perspective on Gehenna
2449:Death and the Afterlife: A Cultural Encyclopedia.
814:
3163:
2402:. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. pp. 86–98.
2264:"G5590 – psychē – Strong's Greek Lexicon (NKJV)"
2006:Gehinnom is the Hebrew name; Gehenna is Yiddish.
924:(he who denies the fundamentals of faith); also
533:1631 map showing the "Valée des enfans d'Ennon".
2528:Hyvernat, Henry; Kohler, Kaufmann (1901–1906).
2285:"G1067 – geenna – Strong's Greek Lexicon (KJV)"
1580:. New York and London: Continuum. p. 230.
1396:, the realm of punishment for the evil in Islam
2527:
1963:Gabriel Barkay, "The Riches of Ketef Hinnom."
1730:
1728:
1613:Watson E. Mills; Roger Aubrey Bullard (1990).
592:East of the Old City (today identified as the
2640:
2564:Biblical Proper Names on the Valley of Hinnom
2559:Columbia Encyclopedia on the Valley of Hinnom
2459:
2457:
2204:
2191:
1140:
599:Within the Old City (today identified as the
2225:"Torah of Yeshuah: Book of Meqabyan I - III"
1734:
1578:Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land
1231:The 20th century New International Version,
499:
489:
471:
373:as part of the border between the tribes of
224:
124:
1725:
1567:
1522:– via InternationalStandardBible.com.
1402:, the final abode of the righteous in Islam
1335:be synonymous with the lake of fire, but a
1239:In texts in Greek, and consistently in the
750:wherein the child is thrown into the fire.
2647:
2633:
2454:
703:
696:of the dead with the arrival of the Tenth
1867:International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
1710:is used more frequently in preference to
1512:International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
335:'), is a historic valley surrounding
2609:Ariela Pelaia, About religion, about.com
2596:Ariela Pelaia, About religion, about.com
2319:
2040:"Judaism 101: Olam Ha-Ba: The Afterlife"
1804:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
1619:. Mercer University Press. p. 319.
1532:
1500:
1498:
1032:to describe the opposite to life in the
818:
742:, it is said that Ahaz's grandson, king
575:
567:
559:
547:
536:
528:
2466:Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions
1664:Kohler, Kaufmann; Ludwig Blau (1906). "
1608:
1606:
1604:
1285:," and "sheol" rendered "nether world."
14:
3164:
2571:from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia
2422:
2378:
1639:Kohler, Kaufmann; Ludwig Blau (1906).
1096:, hypocrites, because you... make one
2628:
2463:
2397:
2328:Early Germanic Literature and Culture
1504:
1495:
1353:, directly derives from Gehenna. The
846:
2613:A Christian Universalist perspective
1601:
1561:
1411:Hell in the arts and popular culture
1289:Translations without a distinction:
1153:describes Hades being cast into the
1028:, who was Jewish, as using the word
507:The name "Gehenna" derives from the
369:The place is first mentioned in the
1806:. 17th edition. Cambridge UP, 2006.
1273:, in which the word corresponds to
1265:The word "hell" is not used in the
1165:(Greek ταρταρώσας; lemma: ταρταρόω
898:, A. V. "troop"). Besides the term
500:
490:
472:
467:
309:
225:
208:
125:
24:
995:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
835:", as in the final chapter of the
25:
3183:
2547:
2530:"ABSALOM ("The Father of Peace")"
1347:The name given to Hell in Islam,
1228:distinguishes Gehenna from Sheol.
1179:Translations with a distinction:
1145:The New Testament also refers to
2807:
2664:
2542:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
2517:
2494:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1930
1856:, New York Doubleday 1997, 1992.
1744:University of Pennsylvania Press
1706:: "n the New Testament the term
1456:Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)
1426:Gehenna (Dungeons & Dragons)
1015:Valley of the children of Hinnom
1000:
981:Ethiopian Orthodox Old Testament
241:
88:
81:
68:
2654:
2482:
2441:
2416:
2400:All You Want to Know About Hell
2391:
2357:
2344:"YLT Search Results for "hell""
2336:
2298:
2277:
2256:
2217:
2182:
2166:
2143:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2077:
2046:
2032:
2011:
1990:
1970:
1957:
1954:especially in times of crisis."
1947:
1937:
1928:
1914:
1901:
1892:
1882:
1872:
1859:
1846:
1841:Gehenna: The Topography of Hell
1833:
1824:
1809:
1129:in the New Testament is James:
975:
713:
484:, the name was contracted into
89:
1965:Biblical Archaeological Review
1778:
1760:
1658:
1633:
1616:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
1526:
1210:The late fourth century Latin
1092::15: "Woe to you, scribes and
815:Targums (Aramaic translations)
639:
13:
1:
2386:Oxford Companion to the Bible
1967:35:4–5 (2005): 22–35, 122–26.
1740:Jewish Magic and Superstition
1483:
1473:World of Darkness (Mandaeism)
1125:Another book to use the word
1024:the various authors describe
944:
876:(lit. 'kinds '; the singular
631:. If the modern Bir Ayyub in
580:Tombs in the Valley of Hinnom
393:, where some of the kings of
2384:Metzger & Coogan (1993)
1488:
1247:(and one translation by the
734:of Judah, who, according to
543:Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem
524:
457:
296:
7:
1854:The Anchor Bible Dictionary
1535:Journal of Bible Literature
1432:Gehenna (World of Darkness)
1367:
1219:Young's Literal Translation
1011:Valley of the son of Hinnom
320:
231:
219:
10:
3188:
2511:
2447:Richard P. Taylor (2000).
2325:Murdoch & Read (2004)
2306:"Translations for 2Pe 2:4"
2212:Maimonides Heritage Center
2199:Maimonides Heritage Center
1141:New Testament translations
1048:) in "unquenchable fire" (
966:his 13 principles of faith
708:
643:
513:
470:), or "Valley of Hinnom" (
285:
29:
18:Valley of Hinnom (Gehenna)
3121:
3013:
2959:
2900:
2853:
2816:
2805:
2671:
2662:
2581:Olam Ha-Ba: The Afterlife
2464:Lange, Christian (2016).
1171:New International Version
902:(מין) for "heretic," the
444:translates both with the
399:sacrificed their children
389:, it was the site of the
346:The valley surrounds the
185:
145:
140:
120:
115:
76:
67:
56:
51:
1879:goddess Tank and her .."
1821:, pages 170-180. London.
1505:Masterman, Ernest W. G.
1416:Gehenna (disambiguation)
1342:
1224:The 19th century Arabic
784:destroyed the shrine of
44:Gehenna (disambiguation)
2575:The Jewish view of Hell
2539:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1379:Christian views on Hell
1293:The late tenth century
1241:Eastern Orthodox Church
989:, which are considered
926:poresh mi-darke tzibbur
780:). It is recorded that
704:The concept of Gehinnom
482:Judeo-Aramaic languages
169:31.768417°N 35.230444°E
102:Location in Jerusalem,
2536:; et al. (eds.).
2423:Wright, N. T. (1996).
1865:Geoffrey W. Bromiley,
1666:Gehenna: Sin and Merit
1389:Heaven in Christianity
1301:render both the Latin
1233:New Living Translation
824:
823:Valley of Hinnom, 1854
581:
573:
565:
557:
545:
534:
42:. For other uses, see
2398:Gregg, Steve (2013).
2175:and Paul Billerbeck,
1978:Targums and Testament
1704:Catholic Encyclopedia
1297:and the 14th century
1256:New World Translation
1245:Russian Synodal Bible
822:
579:
572:Valley of Hinnom 2007
571:
564:Valley of Hinnom 1948
563:
551:
540:
532:
348:Old City of Jerusalem
189:Gey Ben Hinnom Stream
2621:from Afterlife.co.nz
2179:, 5 vols. , 4:2:1030
2074:16b:7a, Berachot 28b
1839:Bailey, L. R. 1986.
1736:Trachtenberg, Joshua
1574:"Hinnom (Valley of)"
1463:, New Testament term
1447:, New Testament term
174:31.768417; 35.230444
3129:Davy Jones's locker
1815:Smith, G. A. 1907.
1670:Jewish Encyclopedia
1645:Jewish Encyclopedia
1507:"Hinnom, Valley of"
1260:Jehovah's Witnesses
1249:Old Church Slavonic
1183:The fourth century
554:Survey of Palestine
422:rabbinic literature
387:First Temple period
385:). During the late
331:'Valley of the
165: /
2873:Gate of the Ghosts
2615:from Tentmaker.org
2605:2016-07-16 at the
2592:2016-07-16 at the
1406:Jewish eschatology
1267:New American Bible
1151:Book of Revelation
847:Rabbinical Judaism
825:
607:eastward past the
594:Valley of Josaphat
582:
574:
566:
558:
546:
535:
438:King James Version
341:Jewish eschatology
3159:
3158:
2797:World of Darkness
2475:978-0-521-50637-3
2173:Hermann L. Strack
2069:Babylonian Talmud
1718:, Gen., iii, 24;
1626:978-0-86554-373-7
1461:Spirits in prison
1384:Heaven in Judaism
1312:The 16th century
1217:The 19th century
939:'s commentary on
744:Manasseh of Judah
736:2 Chronicles 28:3
586:George Adam Smith
511:transliteration (
434:abode of the dead
350:and the adjacent
330:
318:
300:), also known as
294:
217:
193:
192:
16:(Redirected from
3179:
3057:Asphodel Meadows
2811:
2760:Bosom of Abraham
2668:
2649:
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2587:What Is Gehenna?
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1421:Gehenna (comics)
1159:Revelation 20:14
1022:synoptic Gospels
1007:Valley of Hinnom
956:intertestamental
949:
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859:Motza'ei Shabbat
774:Jeremiah 7:31–32
768:In the reign of
609:Tyropoeon Valley
601:Tyropoeon Valley
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2063:1.5, 5.19, 20;
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1370:
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1329:Annihilationist
1143:
1003:
983:
978:
947:
906:uses the words
849:
817:
748:child sacrifice
716:
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706:
651:Child sacrifice
648:
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527:
517:) found in the
478:Mishnaic Hebrew
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2993:Zoroastrianism
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2785:Tzoah Rotachat
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2711:Outer darkness
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2548:External links
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1907:Susan Niditch
1900:
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1871:
1869:: "E–J." 1982.
1858:
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1746:. p. 66.
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1570:Gibson, Shimon
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1478:World of Light
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952:Hermann Strack
948: 1200 CE
922:kofer ba-ikkar
918:kofer ba-Torah
848:
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841:Gospel of Mark
837:Book of Isaiah
816:
813:
755:Book of Isaiah
720:Book of Joshua
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665:in Phoenician
644:Main article:
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964:declares, in
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910:(outsiders),
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2681:Christianity
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2368:. Retrieved
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2347:. Retrieved
2338:
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2309:. Retrieved
2300:
2288:. Retrieved
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2258:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:the original
2233:
2219:
2214:, pp. 22–23.
2206:
2193:
2184:
2168:
2159:against the
2145:
2138:Rosh Hashana
2126:
2114:
2107:Rosh Hashana
2102:
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2013:
2005:
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1843:. BA 49: 187
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1591:. Retrieved
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1516:. Retrieved
1510:
1374:Araf (Islam)
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1193:Gothic Bible
1178:
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1166:
1155:lake of fire
1144:
1126:
1124:
1072:Matthew 5:30
1066:Matthew 5:29
1060:Matthew 5:22
1054:
1038:Mark 9:43–48
1029:
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1004:
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941:Psalms 27:13
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833:second death
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763:Isaiah 66:24
752:
717:
714:Hebrew Bible
698:Roman Legion
690:Ketef Hinnom
687:
683:
649:
583:
506:
495:
485:
464:Hebrew Bible
461:
449:
419:
371:Hebrew Bible
368:
345:
310:وادي الربابة
301:
236:
200:
196:
194:
160:35°13′49.6″E
126:גיא בן הינום
61:
57:
2656:Underworlds
2583:Judaism 101
2504:, 1960-2007
2370:10 November
2349:10 November
2311:10 November
2290:10 November
2023:Judaism 101
2002:Judaism 101
1649:Joshua 15:8
1283:netherworld
937:David Kimhi
887:am ha'aretz
811:to Hinnom.
640:Archaeology
509:Koine Greek
446:Anglo-Saxon
383:Joshua 15:8
172: /
157:31°46′6.3″N
147:Coordinates
121:Native name
3003:Hamistagan
2855:East Asian
2331:, p. 160.
2269:9 November
2249:2008-03-25
1998:"Gehinnom"
1976:McNamara,
1716:Targ. Jon.
1690:'Ab. Zarah
1688:10b, 78b;
1651:, passim;
1541:(2): 108.
1484:References
1258:, used by
1201:Matt 11:23
1090:Matthew 23
1084:Matthew 18
1078:Matthew 10
962:Maimonides
892:Gnosticism
863:Olam Ha-Ba
805:Neh. 11:30
605:Mount Zion
501:גֵיהִינָּם
491:גֵיהִינֹּם
473:גֵי־הִנֹּם
364:urban park
352:Mount Zion
226:גֵי־הִנֹּם
106:Mount Zion
2961:Near East
2792:Mandaeism
2716:Purgatory
2673:Abrahamic
2388:, p. 243.
2201:, p. 3–4.
2153:Sanhedrin
2134:Sanhedrin
2057:Kiddushin
1738:(2004) .
1680:4b, 41b;
1641:"Gehenna"
1489:Citations
1451:Purgatory
1337:prophetic
1205:Matt 5:30
1098:proselyte
1094:Pharisees
1050:Mark 9:43
991:canonical
809:Beersheba
694:cremation
629:Ein Rogel
525:Geography
458:Etymology
426:atonement
420:In later
401:by fire (
337:Jerusalem
315:romanized
291:romanized
232:Gē-Hīnnōm
214:romanized
141:Geography
104:south of
40:Purgatory
3166:Category
3087:Tartarus
3036:Niflheim
3031:Náströnd
3014:European
2969:Egyptian
2927:Hinduism
2910:Buddhism
2818:American
2733:Jahannam
2603:Archived
2590:Archived
2161:halakhic
2119:Pesachim
1572:(2001).
1394:Jahannam
1368:See also
1350:Jahannam
1309:as Hell.
1226:Van Dyck
1167:tartaroō
1163:Tartarus
987:Meqabyan
913:apikoros
908:ḥitzonim
896:Amos 9:6
867:rabbinic
798:19:11–14
667:Carthage
659:Manasseh
621:Manasseh
496:Gēhīnnām
486:Gēhīnnōm
407:Jeremiah
379:Benjamin
201:Gehinnom
58:Gehinnom
3172:Gehenna
3111:Tuonela
3062:Elysium
3041:Niflhel
2986:Irkalla
2944:Jainism
2863:Chinese
2843:Xibalba
2831:Mictlān
2770:Gehenna
2750:Abaddon
2745:Judaism
2728:Barzakh
2569:Gehenna
2526::
2512:Sources
2150:Tosefta
2131:Tosefta
2121:24 168b
2065:Tosefta
2054:Mishnah
1889:1975)."
1708:Gehenna
1593:17 July
1555:3259194
1518:17 July
1440:Matarta
1318:Tyndale
1314:Tyndale
1307:gehenna
1303:inferno
1279:inferos
1271:Vulgate
1212:Vulgate
1189:Wulfila
1185:Ulfilas
1127:Gehenna
1119:Luke 12
1034:Kingdom
1030:Gehenna
1020:In the
993:in the
854:Sabbath
829:Targums
709:Judaism
611:to the
440:of the
329:
317::
293::
237:Gehenna
216::
181:
96:Gehenom
52:Gehenom
3144:Turkic
3139:Naraka
3122:Others
3106:Finnic
3067:Erebus
2998:Duzakh
2949:Naraka
2937:Patala
2932:Naraka
2920:Naraka
2902:Indian
2885:Shinto
2765:Dudael
2755:Azazel
2738:Sijjin
2500:
2472:
2431:
2406:
2136:13:5;
2059:4.14,
2019:"Hell"
1984:
1750:
1720:Henoch
1696:22a)."
1682:Ta'an.
1623:
1584:
1553:
1400:Jannah
1275:Jerome
1107:Mark 9
916:, and
904:Talmud
890:; see
794:19:2–6
786:Moloch
782:Josiah
770:Josiah
676:Moloch
646:Tophet
633:Silwan
514:Γέεννα
476:). In
436:. The
432:, the
391:Tophet
306:Arabic
297:Géenna
286:Γέεννα
205:Hebrew
186:Rivers
133:Hebrew
129:
116:Naming
3149:Tamag
3099:Annwn
3094:Welsh
3082:Orcus
3077:Hades
3052:Roman
3048:Greek
3021:Norse
2915:Bardo
2878:Youdu
2826:Aztec
2780:Tehom
2775:Sheol
2723:Islam
2706:Limbo
2691:Hades
2686:Abyss
2532:. In
2157:Torah
2095:Sifre
2052:e.g.
1712:hades
1692:18b;
1686:B. B.
1678:Soṭah
1551:JSTOR
1359:Sheol
1355:Quran
1343:Islam
1197:Halja
1191:) or
1147:Hades
1134:James
1026:Jesus
970:Torah
920:, or
874:minim
778:32:35
759:30:33
728:18:16
663:Tanit
494:) or
448:word
442:Bible
430:Sheol
395:Judah
375:Judah
333:Rebab
235:) or
223:, or
32:Hades
3134:Hell
2974:Duat
2890:Yomi
2868:Diyu
2838:Maya
2696:Hell
2498:ISBN
2470:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2372:2017
2351:2017
2313:2017
2292:2017
2271:2017
2061:Avot
1982:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1700:Hell
1694:Ned.
1684:5a;
1674:'Er.
1621:ISBN
1595:2021
1582:ISBN
1520:2021
1434:game
1428:game
1305:and
1277:'s "
1254:The
1042:soul
884:and
753:The
740:33:6
732:Ahaz
726:and
724:15:8
679:cult
671:Baal
657:and
655:Ahaz
619:and
617:Ahaz
480:and
462:The
451:hell
397:had
377:and
327:lit.
273:ghi-
195:The
36:Hell
3026:Hel
2490:doi
2140:17a
2109:17a
1702:".
1543:doi
1333:not
1052:).
1013:or
900:min
882:goy
878:min
800:).
765:).
556:map
504:).
417:).
275:HEN
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3168::
3050:/
2456:^
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1980:,
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