781:
39:
754:
718:
763:
271:
745:
736:
183:
772:
727:
31:
245:
records that "of the nations neighbouring upon the
Celtiberians the most advanced is the people of the Vaccaei, as they are called; for this people each year divides among its members the land which it tills and making the fruits the property of all they measure out his portion to each man, and for
170:. The Vaccean civilization was the result of a process of local evolution, importing elements from other cultures, whether by new additions of people or cultural and trading contacts with neighbouring groups. It is also believed that it was from the Vaccei that the warlike
604:, with several Vacceian towns remaining loyal to his cause even after his death. In 76 BC, Sertorius' sent one of its cavalry commanders, Gaius Insteius, to the Vacceian country in search of remounts for its battered mounted troops. The backlash came in 74 BC when
210:. This is confirmed by the stratigraphic study of their settlements, where have been found elements of the Vaccean culture on top of the remains of earlier cultures. For example, at
241:, and were distinguishable by a special collectivist type social structure, which enabled them to exploit successfully the wheat- and grass-growing areas of the western plateau.
230:, when the Vaccean period arose. The necropolis at Pintia is currently being excavated by an international field school students’ team every summer under the supervision of the
520:
519:'s offensive into their respective territories, only to be brought into submission after the fall of Salmantica and Arbucala to the Carthaginians, who defeated them at the
258:, they also practiced the rite of excarnation by exposing the corpses of warriors slain in battle to the vultures, which were regarded as sacred animals, as described by
1653:
1644:
572:, the Vaccaei assumed a more important role by supporting their neighbors, despite being subjected to the punitive campaigns meted out by the Roman consul
123:, since they were celebrated fighters. However, some scholars have reasoned that the name ‘Vaccaei’ may actually derive from ‘Aued-Ceia’, a contraction of
2368:
543:
199:
321:
215:
2373:
829:
1328:, in ZEPHYRUS – revista de prehistoria y arqueologia, vol. LXIX, Enero-Junio 2012, Ediciones Universidad Salamanca, pp. 129–147.
1637:
573:
558:
361:
47:
142:
peoples. They had a strict egalitarian society practising land reform and communal food distribution. This society was part of an
1591:
628:
581:
577:
507:. The Vaccaei enter the historical record around the late 3rd century BC, when in 221-220 BC they allied themselves with the
1528:
1473:
1455:
952:
1630:
387:
Although its borders are difficult to define, and shifted from time to time, it can be said to have occupied all of the
2383:
2378:
1570:
1556:
1542:
1514:
1500:
1438:
1424:
1389:
1370:
1355:
880:
616:
585:
138:
They often acted in concert with their neighbours, the
Celtiberi, suggesting that they may have been part of the
1597:
1537:, Breviarios de la Calle del Pez n. º 33, Diputación provincial de León/Editorial Eal Terrae, Santander (1982)
1365:, Sydney, Australia: Sydney Series in Celtic Studies 2, Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Sydney (1992)
1580:, dirigido por Martín Almagro-Gorbea, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Editorial ACTAS, S.l., Madrid (1993)
146:
substrate, which explains the cultural, socio-economic, linguistic and ideological affinity of the
Vaccaei,
870:
38:
780:
107:
in the ancient sources, the
Vaccaei were probably largely of Celtic descent and probably related to the
969:
942:
753:
479:
A warrior people, the
Vaccaei were far from being the "harmless and submissive nation" portrayed by
278:
The
Vaccean homeland extended throughout the center of the northern Meseta, along both banks of the
246:
any cultivators who have appropriated some part for themselves they have set the penalty as death".
231:
1405:, Latomus: revue d'études latines, Société d'Études Latines de Bruxelles 38 (4), Bruxelles (1979)
1396:
Los
Vacceos – Estudio sobre los pobladores del valle medio del Duero durante la penetración romana
680:
676:
143:
1410:
1333:
656:
644:
388:
219:
17:
1447:
The
Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland
922:
Almagro-Gorbea, Martín; Alberto J. Lorrio (2004). "War and
Society in the Celtiberian World".
1901:
1896:
1669:
1622:
1445:
667:, an auxiliary cavalry unit raised after AD 63 and cantoned in the Roman Legionary Fortress (
640:
408:
717:
396:
8:
2309:
1838:
404:
392:
2255:
819:
762:
684:
464:
412:
400:
270:
237:
The Vaccei were considered by the Romans to be the most cultivated people west of the
2344:
2135:
1716:
1657:
1566:
1552:
1538:
1524:
1510:
1496:
1469:
1451:
1434:
1420:
1406:
1385:
1366:
1351:
1329:
1017:
948:
876:
744:
663:. Later during the imperial era, the Vaccei seemed to have provided recruits for the
601:
593:
555:
496:
259:
735:
2273:
2140:
1926:
1001:
242:
471:. It is likely that there was some contact with the latter to the west of Zamora.
2145:
814:
809:
569:
329:
92:
432:
2336:
2108:
1213:
1049:
539:
480:
460:
78:
2362:
824:
597:
524:
440:
337:
51:
1433:, Crítica, Grijalbo Mondadori, S.A., Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007)
1382:
Historia de España 2 – colonizaciones y formacion de los pueblos prerromanos
619:
and Pompey, the
Vaccaei rose again in 57-56 BC in a joint uprising with the
182:
2340:
2314:
1790:
532:
416:
377:
238:
174:
stemmed from around the late 4th Century BC to conquer the eastern meseta.
147:
139:
108:
67:
2091:
2186:
2120:
1833:
1746:
1290:
468:
353:
279:
592:
in 134-133 BC, the Vaccaei were technically submitted and included into
2208:
2059:
2049:
2039:
1946:
1941:
1843:
1731:
1711:
504:
424:
381:
291:
223:
87:
2304:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2152:
2125:
2081:
2001:
1808:
1756:
1751:
1741:
1726:
1706:
1274:
1065:
804:
771:
726:
624:
620:
605:
508:
500:
444:
420:
300:
207:
128:
73:
people of Spain, who inhabited the sedimentary plains of the central
639:
raids, the Vaccaei rebelled a last time in 29 BC, just prior to the
527:, though in 193-192 BC they joined the combined force of Carpetani,
451:
were their neighbors and allies. On the south and southeast lay the
2348:
2278:
2203:
2096:
2076:
2071:
2016:
1986:
1976:
1916:
1866:
1858:
1813:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1721:
1701:
1693:
1683:
1678:
1665:
695:
660:
636:
589:
547:
528:
516:
452:
436:
345:
287:
227:
195:
167:
159:
155:
151:
82:
43:
198:‘Douro Culture’ – which evolved from the previous early Iron Age ‘
30:
2328:
2288:
2283:
2220:
2191:
2162:
2130:
2086:
2066:
2044:
1996:
1981:
1971:
1966:
1921:
1906:
1886:
1876:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1798:
1736:
1033:
794:
632:
565:
551:
512:
492:
488:
484:
456:
448:
428:
295:
255:
171:
163:
2332:
2265:
2230:
2196:
2113:
2054:
2021:
2011:
2006:
1961:
1951:
1936:
1931:
1911:
1891:
1871:
1592:
Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
1245:
1171:
1155:
1139:
921:
799:
608:
536:
431:
in the northwest, while a line traced between the Esla and the
211:
187:
1652:
1535:
Roma contra Cantabros y Astures – Nueva lectura de las fuentes
910:
Roma contra Cantabros y Astures – Nueva lectura de las fuentes
561:
during its first incursion into the central Meseta in 179 BC.
2177:
2101:
1991:
1956:
1881:
1848:
1803:
1781:
612:
611:
besieged the Vacceian capital Pallantia, setting on fire its
203:
74:
70:
1610:
1403:
Hannibal's Battle on the Tagus (Polybius 3.14 and Livy 21.5)
2343:. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the
1617:
1229:
1123:
1107:
455:
in an area that roughly corresponds to the distribution of
222:), there is evidence of continuous human settlement since
1507:
Los pueblos célticos del soroeste de la Península Ibérica
234:
and the Federico Wattenberg Center of Vaccean Studies.
85:(specifically in Castile and León). Their capital was
1602:
e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
499:. In the early 3rd Century BC they aided the smaller
1348:
Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain
623:
and northern Celtiberians, which was crushed by the
615:
brick walls and stormed Cauca. Defeated in 73 BC by
1419:, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Murcia (1997)
495:to settle in the west and southwest regions of the
42:Painting depicting the Vaccaei going out to defend
1565:, ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, California (2006)
706:by several early medieval chronicles and authors.
523:. The Vaccaei appear to have taken no part in the
194:Archeology has identified the Vaccei with the 2nd
1443:
1340:The Vaccaei, the Vaceti, and the rise of Vasconia
384:in the late 4th century BC – to name but a few.
202:’ (c. 800-400 BC) cultural complex of the middle
111:. Their name may be derived from the Celtic word
2360:
970:"The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula:Celtiberian"
503:people in their liberation from the rule of the
459:around the highlands of Ávila and Salamanca and
1346:. Salamanca, 1988. Reprinted in Roger Collins,
1519:Berrocal-Rangel, Luis & Gardes, Philippe,
298:lists in their territory some twenty towns or
2347:in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the
1638:
1523:, Fundación Casa de Velázquez, Madrid (2001)
655:The Vaccaei were later aggregated to the new
190:in June 2008, containing many perfume bottles
113:
2351:occupied the territory until the Castilians.
1468:, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley (2013)
34:The Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC.
1789:
924:Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
2369:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
1645:
1631:
1598:Oppida and Celtic society in western Spain
1398:, Universidad Pontificia, Salamanca (1989)
830:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
483:. They participated in the 5th century BC
127:, the presumed ancient name of the modern
1563:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
944:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
665:Ala II Flavia Hispanorum civium romanorum
968:Cólera, Carlos Jordán (March 16, 2007).
868:
269:
206:basin –, being also affiliated with the
181:
37:
29:
1509:, Editorial Complutense, Madrid (1992)
864:
862:
860:
858:
629:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior
14:
2374:Celtic tribes of the Iberian Peninsula
2361:
967:
578:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus
487:migrations alongside off-shots of the
427:rivers separated the Vaccaei from the
1626:
1489:Les Celtes dans la péninsule Ibérique
659:province created in 27 BC by Emperor
131:, prefixed by the Indo-European root
1466:Sertorius and the struggle for Spain
1326:Sobre la escritura entre los Vacceos
1263:Sertorius and the struggle for Spain
940:
855:
588:in 137 BC. After the destruction of
415:. By the time of the arrival of the
372:– located at the banks of the river
1596:Álvarez-Sanchís, Jesús R. (2005), "
875:. Cork: Collins Press. p. 75.
274:Map of the territory of the Vaccaei
24:
1480:
1384:, Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989)
447:, and a little farther south, the
25:
2395:
1585:
1551:, The Collins Press, Cork (2002)
1431:Los Celtíberos – Etnias y Estados
1576:Zapatero, Gonzalo Ruiz et alli,
1444:Leonard A Curchin (5 May 2004).
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
716:
550:, they were again beaten by the
439:. To the east, the Pisuerga and
27:Pre-Roman Celtic people of Spain
1495:, Éditions Stock, Paris (1997)
1415:Lorrio Alvarado, Alberto José,
1317:
1300:
1284:
1268:
1255:
1239:
1223:
1207:
1194:
1181:
1165:
1149:
1133:
1117:
1101:
1088:
1075:
1059:
1043:
1027:
650:
643:, only to be subdued by Consul
617:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius
586:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Porcina
435:rivers was the border with the
1011:
995:
961:
934:
915:
902:
889:
842:
596:province; however, during the
13:
1:
1578:Los Celtas: Hispania y Europa
698:came to be called mistakenly
443:marked the frontier with the
7:
1450:. Routledge. pp. 37–.
1429:Motoza, Francisco Burillo,
912:(1982), p. 18, footnote 14.
788:
690:
600:they lent their support to
265:
249:
10:
2400:
1218:Historiae Adversus Paganos
1054:Historiae Adversus Paganos
709:
474:
177:
98:
2339:were not occupied by the
2325:
2297:
2264:
2248:
2175:
2030:
1857:
1780:
1692:
1664:
1611:http://www.celtiberia.net
1324:Blanco, António Bellido,
947:. ABC-CLIO. p. 481.
869:Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí (2002).
2384:Tribes conquered by Rome
2379:Ancient peoples of Spain
1618:https://pintiavaccea.es/
1487:Almagro-Gorbea, Martín,
1376:Duque, Ángel Montenegro
1130:, 40: 35, 39, 44, 47-50.
835:
576:(151-150 BC), proconsul
559:Lucius Postumius Albinus
467:), between them and the
232:University of Valladolid
48:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
1505:Berrocal-Rangel, Luis,
681:Santibanez de Vidriales
580:in 142 BC, and consuls
574:Lucius Licinius Luculus
114:
1394:González-Cobos, A.M.,
1006:Bibliothekes Istorikes
941:Koch, John T. (2006).
657:Hispania Terraconensis
645:Titus Statilius Taurus
582:Marcus Popilius Laenas
389:province of Valladolid
275:
191:
55:
35:
1902:Celtici Supertamarici
1897:Celtici Praestamarici
1521:Entre celtas e íberos
1401:Harry Morrison Hine,
641:Astur-Cantabrian wars
535:that was defeated by
306:Helmantica/Salmantica
273:
186:A grave excavated at
185:
41:
33:
1561:Koch, John T.(ed.),
1549:The Celts: A History
872:The Celts: A History
677:Rosinos de Vidriales
282:. Their capital was
1363:The Celts in Europe
1350:. Variorum (1992).
1344:Studia Historica VI
1098:, III, 13, 14, 2-9.
850:The Celts in Europe
521:battle on the Tagus
380:), seized from the
50:(151 BC). (Artist:
46:from the troops of
2256:Germani (Oretania)
1547:Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí,
1533:Martino, Eutimio,
820:Celtiberian script
276:
192:
56:
36:
2356:
2355:
2249:Germanic peoples?
2171:
2170:
1658:Iberian Peninsula
1654:Pre-Roman peoples
1529:978-84-95555-10-6
1474:978-1-84884-787-3
1464:Philip Matyszak,
1457:978-1-134-45112-8
1310:, 51: 20; 53: 23.
1072:, II, 33; IV, 49.
1018:Claudius Aelianus
954:978-1-85109-440-0
602:Quintus Sertorius
594:Hispania Citerior
584:(139-138 BC) and
556:Hispania Ulterior
544:battle of Toletum
497:Iberian Peninsula
260:Claudius Aelianus
200:Soto de Medinilla
16:(Redirected from
2391:
2236:Turdetani Proper
1787:
1786:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1461:
1361:Cremin, Aedeen,
1338:Collins, Roger,
1311:
1304:
1298:
1288:
1282:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1243:
1237:
1234:Fragmenta Librii
1227:
1221:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1147:
1137:
1131:
1121:
1115:
1105:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1063:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1031:
1025:
1015:
1009:
1002:Diodorus Siculus
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
974:
965:
959:
958:
938:
932:
931:
919:
913:
906:
900:
893:
887:
886:
866:
853:
846:
815:Celtiberian Wars
783:
774:
765:
756:
747:
738:
729:
720:
570:Celtiberian Wars
546:. Alongside the
322:Padilla de Duero
243:Diodorus Siculus
216:Padilla de Duero
117:
103:Also designated
21:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2321:
2298:Semitic peoples
2293:
2260:
2244:
2167:
2032:
2026:
1853:
1776:
1688:
1660:
1651:
1588:
1583:
1573:, 1-85109-445-8
1483:
1481:Further reading
1478:
1458:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1308:Romaïké istoría
1305:
1301:
1295:Romaïké istoría
1289:
1285:
1273:
1269:
1265:(2013), p. 145.
1260:
1256:
1244:
1240:
1228:
1224:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1170:
1166:
1154:
1150:
1146:, 6, 51-52; 54.
1138:
1134:
1128:Ab Urbe Condita
1122:
1118:
1112:Ab Urbe Condita
1106:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1083:Ab Urbe Condita
1080:
1076:
1064:
1060:
1048:
1044:
1032:
1028:
1016:
1012:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
972:
966:
962:
955:
939:
935:
920:
916:
907:
903:
894:
890:
883:
867:
856:
847:
843:
838:
810:Cantabrian Wars
791:
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
712:
693:
653:
631:. Pressured by
477:
391:, and parts of
330:Paredes de Nava
324:– Valladolid),
268:
252:
180:
101:
93:Paredes de Nava
77:valley, in the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2397:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2354:
2353:
2337:Canary Islands
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1662:
1661:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1594:
1587:
1586:External links
1584:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1559:
1545:
1531:
1517:
1503:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1462:
1456:
1441:
1427:
1417:Los Celtíberos
1413:
1399:
1392:
1374:
1359:
1336:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1299:
1283:
1267:
1254:
1238:
1222:
1214:Paulus Orosius
1206:
1193:
1180:
1164:
1148:
1132:
1116:
1100:
1087:
1085:, 21: 5, 7-17.
1074:
1058:
1050:Paulus Orosius
1042:
1026:
1022:Varia Historia
1010:
994:
960:
953:
933:
914:
901:
888:
881:
854:
852:(1992), p. 57.
840:
839:
837:
834:
833:
832:
827:
825:Sertorian Wars
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
790:
787:
786:
785:
778:
776:
769:
767:
760:
758:
751:
749:
742:
740:
733:
731:
724:
722:
715:
711:
708:
692:
689:
652:
649:
598:Sertorian Wars
564:Allies of the
540:Marcus Fulvius
481:Paulus Orosius
476:
473:
441:Arlanza rivers
267:
264:
251:
248:
179:
176:
144:Hispano-Celtic
100:
97:
79:Meseta Central
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2396:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:Carthaginians
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2109:Eastern Celts
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:Mirobrigenses
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:Proto-Basques
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:1-85109-440-7
1568:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1557:0-85115-923-0
1554:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1543:84-87081-93-2
1540:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:84-7491-447-7
1512:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1501:2-234-04844-3
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1439:84-7423-891-9
1436:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:84-7908-335-2
1422:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1390:84-249-1013-3
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1371:0-86758-624-9
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:0-86078-308-1
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1309:
1306:Cassius Dio,
1303:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1003:
998:
982:
978:
971:
964:
956:
950:
946:
945:
937:
929:
925:
918:
911:
905:
898:
892:
884:
882:0-85115-923-0
878:
874:
873:
865:
863:
861:
859:
851:
845:
841:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
782:
777:
773:
768:
764:
759:
755:
750:
746:
741:
737:
732:
728:
723:
719:
714:
713:
707:
705:
701:
697:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:2nd Punic War
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:– Palencia),
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:(Salamanca),
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
272:
263:
261:
257:
247:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
226:times to the
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
189:
184:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
116:
110:
106:
96:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
53:
52:Eugenio Oliva
49:
45:
40:
32:
19:
2157:
2031:Other Celtic
1791:Celtiberians
1604:
1601:
1577:
1562:
1548:
1534:
1520:
1506:
1492:
1488:
1465:
1446:
1430:
1416:
1402:
1395:
1381:
1377:
1362:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1325:
1318:Bibliography
1307:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1281:, II, 11, 2.
1279:Stratagemata
1278:
1270:
1262:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1005:
997:
985:. Retrieved
980:
976:
963:
943:
936:
927:
923:
917:
909:
904:
899:, III, 3, 4.
897:Geographikon
896:
891:
871:
849:
844:
703:
699:
694:
672:
668:
664:
654:
651:Romanization
627:of Citerior
563:
533:Celtiberians
478:
386:
373:
369:
365:
357:
349:
341:
340:– Segovia),
333:
325:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:, including
299:
283:
277:
253:
239:Celtiberians
236:
214:(modern-day
193:
148:Celtiberians
137:
132:
124:
120:
119:, meaning a
112:
109:Celtiberians
104:
102:
86:
81:of northern
63:
59:
57:
2305:Phoenicians
2187:Lusitanians
2121:Oestriminis
1834:Pellendones
1747:Ilercavones
1291:Cassius Dio
1191:, 6, 81-83.
1114:, 37: 7, 6.
1008:, V: 34, 3.
696:The Basques
568:during the
469:Lusitanians
280:Duero River
140:Celtiberian
66:were a pre-
2363:Categories
2345:Portuguese
2209:Bletonesii
2060:Suessetani
2050:Autrigones
2040:Allotriges
1947:Lapatianci
1942:Interamici
1844:Turboletae
1732:Contestani
1717:Castellani
1712:Bergistani
1493:Les Celtes
1261:Matyszak,
1204:, 56: 1-2.
1094:Polybius,
1040:, II, 5, 6
1038:Geographia
673:Petavonium
515:to thwart
505:Autrigones
382:Autrigones
358:Dessobriga
342:Septimanca
326:Intercatia
292:Palenzuela
224:Eneolithic
220:Valladolid
88:Intercatia
2226:Turdetani
2216:Tartessos
2153:Turmodigi
2126:Plentauri
2082:Carpetani
2002:Quaquerni
1809:Cratistii
1757:Indigetes
1752:Ilergetes
1742:Indigetes
1727:Cessetani
1707:Bastetani
1607:: 255-285
1411:0023-8856
1334:0514-7336
1297:, 39, 54.
1275:Frontinus
1252:, 1, 112.
1202:Periochae
1178:, 17, 79.
1066:Herodotus
983:: 749–750
908:Martino,
805:Bellovaci
625:Proconsul
621:Turmodigi
606:Proconsul
509:Carpetani
501:Turmodigi
445:Turmodigi
409:Salamanca
301:Civitates
284:Pallantia
254:Like the
208:Turmodigi
135:(water).
129:river Cea
105:Vaccaenas
2349:Guanches
2279:Aeolians
2274:Achaeans
2231:Mastieni
2204:Vettones
2180:peoples?
2141:Oppidani
2077:Caristii
2072:Cantabri
2017:Tamagani
1987:Nemetati
1977:Namarini
1927:Gallaeci
1917:Coelerni
1867:Albiones
1859:Gallaeci
1814:Lobetani
1772:Sedetani
1767:Laietani
1762:Lacetani
1722:Ceretani
1702:Ausetani
1694:Iberians
1684:Vascones
1679:Iacetani
1666:Aquitani
1187:Appian,
1096:Istorion
1070:Istoriai
1024:, X, 22.
977:E-Keltoi
895:Strabo,
848:Cremin,
789:See also
691:Namesake
661:Augustus
637:Cantabri
590:Numantia
548:Lusitani
529:Vettones
517:Hannibal
457:verracos
453:Vettones
437:Cantabri
433:Pisuerga
397:Palencia
370:Austraca
346:Simancas
312:(Toro),
310:Arbucala
288:Palencia
286:(either
266:Location
250:Religion
228:Iron Age
196:Iron Age
168:Callaeci
160:Cantabri
156:Lusitani
152:Vettones
83:Hispania
44:Palencia
2329:Madeira
2289:Ionians
2284:Dorians
2221:Cynetes
2192:Paesuri
2163:Varduli
2158:Vaccaei
2146:Veteres
2136:Bardili
2131:Turduli
2087:Celtici
2067:Berones
2045:Astures
2033:peoples
1997:Poemani
1982:Narbasi
1972:Luanqui
1967:Louguei
1922:Equaesi
1907:Cibarci
1887:Bracari
1877:Artabri
1829:Oretani
1824:Olcades
1819:Lusones
1799:Arevaci
1737:Edetani
1656:of the
1378:et alli
1250:Romaika
1220:, 5: 5.
1189:Romaika
1176:Romaika
1160:Iberiké
1144:Romaika
1056:, 5: 5.
1034:Ptolemy
987:16 June
795:Arevaci
710:Gallery
704:Vacceti
700:Vaccaei
669:castrum
633:Astures
566:Arevaci
552:Praetor
542:at the
513:Olcades
493:Lusones
489:Arevaci
485:Celtici
475:History
449:Arevaci
429:Astures
405:Segovia
366:Autraca
296:Ptolemy
256:Arevaci
178:Culture
172:Arevaci
164:Astures
99:Origins
60:Vaccaei
2341:Romans
2335:, and
2333:Azores
2315:Punics
2266:Greeks
2197:Tapoli
2178:Celtic
2114:Volcae
2055:Belgae
2022:Turodi
2012:Seurri
2007:Seurbi
1962:Limici
1952:Lemavi
1937:Iadovi
1932:Grovii
1912:Cileni
1892:Capori
1872:Arroni
1569:
1555:
1541:
1527:
1513:
1499:
1472:
1454:
1437:
1423:
1409:
1388:
1369:
1354:
1332:
1246:Appian
1200:Livy,
1172:Appian
1156:Appian
1140:Appian
1081:Livy,
951:
879:
800:Belgae
685:Zamora
635:' and
609:Pompey
537:Consul
531:, and
465:Zamora
461:Aliste
419:, the
417:Romans
413:Zamora
401:Burgos
364:) and
362:Oserna
318:Pintia
314:Pincia
294:) and
212:Pintia
188:Pintia
133:*aued-
121:slayer
71:Celtic
64:Vaccei
18:Vaccei
2176:Para-
2102:Sefes
1992:Nerii
1957:Leuni
1882:Baedi
1849:Uraci
1839:Titii
1804:Belli
1782:Celts
1491:, in
1236:, 91.
973:(PDF)
836:Notes
671:) of
613:adobe
374:Autra
350:Rauda
334:Cauca
204:Douro
115:vacos
75:Duero
68:Roman
2327:The
2097:Ophi
1567:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1407:ISSN
1386:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1330:ISSN
1230:Livy
1124:Livy
1108:Livy
989:2010
949:ISBN
877:ISBN
702:and
511:and
491:and
425:Esla
423:and
411:and
393:León
378:Odra
338:Coca
166:and
125:Ceia
58:The
1600:".
1162:76.
687:).
554:of
421:Cea
368:or
356:),
354:Roa
348:),
316:or
290:or
91:in
62:or
2365::
2331:,
1380:,
1342:,
1293:,
1277:,
1248:,
1232:,
1216:,
1174:,
1158:,
1142:,
1126:,
1110:,
1068:,
1052:,
1036:,
1020:,
1004:,
979:.
975:.
926:.
857:^
683:–
679:,
647:.
407:,
403:,
399:,
395:,
262:.
218:–
162:,
158:,
154:,
150:,
95:.
1672:)
1668:(
1646:e
1639:t
1632:v
1605:6
1460:.
1373:.
1358:.
991:.
981:6
957:.
930:.
928:6
885:.
675:(
463:(
376:(
360:(
352:(
344:(
336:(
328:(
320:(
54:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
