VM (operating system)

1113:, or another layer of VM/370 itself (see below)) can be loaded and run without modification. The VM hypervisor treats guest operating systems as application programs with exceptional privileges – it prevents them from directly using privileged instructions (those which would let applications take over the whole system or significant parts of it), but simulates privileged instructions on their behalf. Most mainframe operating systems terminate a normal application which tries to usurp the operating system's privileges. The VM hypervisor can simulate several types of console terminals for the guest operating system, such as the hardcopy line-mode 3215, the graphical 1593:

IBM 4381). With VM/SP HPO installed, the new limit was 64 MB; however, a single user (or virtual machine) could not use more than 16 MB. The functions of the spool filesystem were also improved, allowing 9900 spool files to be created per user, rather than 9900 for the whole system. The architecture of the spool filesystem was also enhanced, each spool file now had a unique user ID associated with it, and reader file control blocks were now held in virtual storage. The system could also be configured to deny certain users access to the vector facility (by means of user directory entries).

1641:

using a dialup modem or leased line), a user could remotely connect to either system by entering "DIAL PVM" on the VM login screen, then entering the system node name (or choosing it from a list of available nodes). Alternatively, a user running CMS could use the PASSTHRU program that was installed alongside PVM, allowing for quick access to remote systems without having to log out of the user's session. PVM also supported accessing non-VM systems, by utilizing a 3x74 emulation technique. Later releases of PVM also featured a component that could accept connections from a

1490: 827: 1478: 1574: 1549: 1509:. SFS directories can have much more granular access controls when compared to minidisks (which, as mentioned above, can often only have a read password, a write password, and a multi-write password). SFS directories also solve the issues that may arise when two users write to the same CMS minidisk at the same time, which may cause disk corruption (as the CMS VM performing the writes may be unaware that another CMS instance is also writing to the minidisk). 4502: 4232: 1561:

community-support model of early CP/CMS users. In the meantime, the system struggled with political infighting within IBM over what resources should be available to the project, as compared with other IBM efforts. A basic problem with the system was seen at IBM's field sales level: VM/CMS demonstrably reduced the amount of hardware needed to support a given number of time-sharing users. IBM was, after all, in the business of selling computer systems.

1457: 1545:. This policy ended in 1977 with the chargeable VM/SE and VM/BSE upgrades and in 1980 with VM/System Product (VM/SP). However, IBM continued providing updates in source form for existing code for many years, although the upgrades to all but the free base required a license. As with CP-67, privileged instructions in a virtual machine cause a program interrupt, and CP simulated the behavior of the privileged instruction. 2148:, which provides POSIX compatibility for CMS. The stand-out feature was a UNIX shell for CMS. The C compiler for this UNIX environment is provided by either C/370 or C for VM/ESA. Neither the CMS filesystem nor the standard VM Shared File System has any support for UNIX-style files and paths; instead, the Byte File System is used. Once a BFS extent is created in an SFS file pool, the user can mount it using the 1426: 2672:

the system Program Status Words (PSW) with its own, became the interrupt handler for the entire system. After determining which partition had initiated the event causing the interrupt, control was transferred accordingly. The Hypervisor required dedicated I/O devices fore each partition and, because of this, the I/O configurations were usually quite large, and, therefore, prohibitive to the majority of uses.

48: 1589:(and later on the AT/370) is called VM/PC. VM/PC 1.1 was based on VM/SP release 3. When IBM introduced the P/370 and P/390 processor cards, a PC could now run full VM systems, including VM/370, VM/SP, VM/XA, and VM/ESA (these cards were fully compatible with S/370 and S/390 mainframes, and could run any S/370 operating system from the 31-bit era, e.g., MVS/ESA, VSE/ESA). 1604:, customers were faced with the need to run a production MVS/370 system while testing MVS/XA on the same machine. IBM's solution was VM/XA Migration Aid, which used the new Start Interpretive Execution (SIE) instruction to run the virtual machine. SIE automatically handled some privileged instructions and returned to CP for cases that it couldn't handle. The 1652:, as the RSCS system available for VM provided a simple network that was easy to implement, and somewhat reliable. VM sites were interlinked by means of an RSCS VM on each VM system communicating with one another, and users could send and receive messages, files, and batch jobs through RSCS. The "NOTE" command used 1597:

same as MP mode, except the second processor lacks I/O capability. System/370-XA releases of VM (such as VM/XA) supported more. System/390 releases (such as VM/ESA) almost removed the limit entirely, and some modern z/VM systems can have as many as 80 processors. The per-VM limit for defined processors is 64.

1065:). Most virtual machines run CMS, a lightweight, single-user operating system. Its interactive environment is comparable to that of a single-user PC, including a file system, programming services, device access, and command-line processing. (While an earlier version of CMS was uncharitably described as " 2798:

In a real processor, the DIAGNOSE instruction performs processor-dependent diagnostic functions. In a virtual machine, you use the DIAGNOSE interface to request that CP perform services for your virtual machine. When your virtual machine attempts to execute a DIAGNOSE instruction, control is returned

2171:

Starting with z/VM Version 3, IBM integrated OpenEdition into z/VM and renamed it OpenExtensions. OpenEdition and OpenExtensions provide POSIX.2 compliance to CMS. Programs compiled to run under the OpenExtensions shell are stored in the same format as standard CMS executable modules. Visual editors,

1640:

There was also a fourth networking option, known as VM/Pass-Through Facility (or more commonly called, PVM). PVM, like VTAM, allowed for connections to remote VM/CMS systems, as well as other IBM systems. If two VM/CMS nodes were linked together over a channel-to-channel link or bisync link (possibly

1623:

networking. ACF/VTAM for VM was fully compatible with ACF/VTAM on MVS and VSE. Like RSCS, VTAM on VM ran under the specialized GCS operating system. However, VM also supported TCP/IP networking. In the late 1980s, IBM produced a TCP/IP stack for VM/SP and VM/XA. The stack supported IPv4 networks, and

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The marketing forecasts for VM/370 predicted that no more than one 168 would ever run VM during the entire life of the product. In fact, the first 168 delivered to a customer ran only CP and CMS. Ten years later, ten percent of the large processors being shipped from Poughkeepsie would be destined to

1158:

Several non-CMS systems run within VM-CP virtual machines, providing services to CMS users such as spooling, interprocess communications, specialized device support, and networking. They operate behind the scenes, extending the services available to CMS without adding to the VM-CP control program. By

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The Hypervisor concept was relatively simple. It consisted of an addendum to the emulator program and a hardware modification on a Model 65 having a compatibility feature. The hardware modification divided the Model 65 into partitions, each addressable from 0-n. The program addendum, having overlaid

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connections, from either simple line-mode terminal emulators or VT100-compatible emulators, or proper IBM 3270 terminal emulators. The stack also provided an FTP server. IBM also produced an optional NFS server for VM; early versions were rather primitive, but modern versions are much more advanced.

1592:

In addition to the base VM/SP releases, IBM also introduced VM/SP HPO (High Performance Option). This add-on (which is installed over the base VM/SP release) improved several key system facilities, including allowing the usage of more than 16 MB of storage (RAM) on supported models (such as the

1512:

The file pool server machines also serve a closely related filesystem: the Byte File System. BFS is used to store files on a UNIX-style filesystem. Its primary use is for the VM OpenExtensions POSIX environment for CMS. The CMS user virtual machines themselves communicate with the SFS server virtual

1473:

The SFS is provided by service virtual machines. On a modern VM system, there are usually three that are required: VMSERVR, the "recovery machine" that does not actually serve any files; VMSERVS, the server for the VMSYS filepool; and VMSERVU, the server for the VMSYSU (user) filepool. The file pool

1117:

family, and the integrated console on newer System/390 and System Z machines. Other users can then access running virtual machines using the DIAL command at the logon screen, which will connect their terminal to the first available emulated 3270 device, or the first available 2703 device if the user

961:

VM/ESA provides the facilities of VM/SP, VM/SP HPO and VM/XA SP. VM/ESA version 1 can run in S/370, ESA/370 or ESA/390 mode; it does not support S/370 XA mode. Version 2 only runs in ESA/390 mode. The S/370-capable versions of VM/ESA were actually their own separate version from the ESA/390 versions

2204:

mascot at SHARE 60, when teddy bear stickers were attached to the nametags of "cuddlier oldtimers" to flag them for newcomers as "friendly if approached". The bears were a hit and soon appeared widely. Bears were awarded to inductees of the "Order of the Knights of VM", individuals who made "useful

1596:

Releases of VM since VM/SP Release 1 supported multiprocessor systems. System/370 versions of VM (such as VM/SP and VM/SP HPO) supported a maximum of two processors, with the system operating in either UP (uniprocessor) mode, MP (multiprocessor) mode, or AP (attached processor) mode. AP mode is the

1452:

to assign the volume to a specific virtual machine. In addition, "full-pack links" are often defined for every DASD on the system, and are owned by the MAINT userid. These are used for backing up the system using the DASD Dump/Restore program, where the entire contents of a DASD are written to tape

1281:

originally intended by IBM to perform "built-in diagnostic functions, or other model-dependent functions." IBM repurposed DIAG for "communication between a virtual machine and CP." The instruction contains two four-bit register numbers, called Rx and Ry, which can "contain operand storage addresses

1469:

VM/SP Release 6 introduced the Shared File System which vastly improved CMS file storage capabilities. The CMS minidisk file system does not support directories (folders) at all, however, the SFS does. SFS also introduces more granular security. With CMS minidisks, the system can be configured to

1433:

CMS and other operating systems often have DASD requirements much smaller than the sizes of actual volumes. For this reason CP allows an installation to define virtual disks of any size up to the capacity of the device. For CKD volumes, a minidisk must be defined in full cylinders. A minidisk has

111: 2213:

While VM was relatively light-weight (when compared to its counterparts, such as MVS), VM was somewhat unstable in its early days. It was considered quite a feat to keep a VM/370 system up for more than a week. Users also criticized the CMS file system, noting that other operating systems in the

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IBM, used for operating system development and time-sharing use; but for customers it remained IBM's "other operating system". The OS and DOS families remained IBM's strategic products, and customers were not encouraged to run VM. Those that did formed close working relationships, continuing the

1151:

In the mainframe environment, these operating systems often run under VM, and are handled like other guest operating systems. (They can also run as 'native' operating systems on the bare hardware.) There was also the short-lived IX/370, as well as S/370 and S/390 versions of AIX (AIX/370 and

1660:, the email file would be delivered to RSCS, which would then deliver it to the target user on the target system. If the site has TCP/IP installed, RSCS could work with the SMTP service machine to deliver notes (emails) to remote systems, as well as receive them. If the user specified 1024:

of the physical machine – including all I/O and other privileged operations. It performs the system's resource-sharing, including device management, dispatching, virtual storage management, and other traditional operating system tasks. Each VM user is provided with a separate

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platform has finally achieved the recognition within IBM that VM users long felt it deserved. Some z/VM sites run thousands of simultaneous virtual machine users on a single system. z/VM was first released in October 2000 and remains in active use and development.

935:

VM/SP HPO adds additional device support and functionality to VM/SP, and allows certain S/370 machines that can utilize more than 16 MB of real storage to do so, up to 64 MB. This version was intended for users that would be running multiple S/370 guests at

1033:, virtual devices, etc., and which is capable of running any software that could be run on a stand-alone machine. A given VM mainframe typically runs hundreds or thousands of virtual machine instances. VM-CP began life as CP-370, a reimplementation of 1132:

virtualization of the hardware). This technique was used to develop S/370 software before S/370 hardware was available, and it has continued to play a role in new hardware development at IBM. The literature cites practical examples of virtualization

900:

VM/BSE (BSEPP) is an enhancement to VM/370 that adds support for more devices (such as 3370-type fixed-block-architecture DASD drives), improvements to the CMS environment (such as an improved editor), and some stability enhancements to

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server machines own several minidisks, usually including a CMS A-disk (virtual device address 191, containing the file pool configuration files), a control disk, a log disk, and any number of data disks that actually store user files.

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With modern VM versions, most of the system can be installed to SFS, with the few remaining minidisks being the ones absolutely necessary for the system to start up, and the ones being owned by the filepool server machines.

954:

VM/XA SP is an upgraded VM/XA MA with improved functionality and performance, offered as a replacement for VM/SP HPO on machines supporting S/370-XA. It includes a version of CMS that can run in either S/370 or S/370-XA

3196: 1743:

As of release 6, the VM/370 Control Program has a number of commands for General Users, concerned with defining and controlling the user's virtual machine. Lower-case portions of the command are optional

2214:

mid-1980s had directories, symbolic links, and other key features; CMS had none of these until 1988 when VM/SP release 6 came out, which introduced the Shared File System and alleviated these issues.

2200:

users selecting the turkey as a mascot (chosen, according to legend, by the MVS Performance Group in the early days of MVS, when its performance was a sore topic). In 1983, the teddy bear became VM's

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the same attributes as the underlying real disk, except that it is usually smaller and the beginning of each minidisk is mapped to cylinder or block 0. The minidisk may be accessed using the same

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or return codes passed to the DIAGNOSE interface," and a two-byte code "that CP uses to determine what DIAGNOSE function to perform." A few of the available diagnose functions are listed below.

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to CP. CP uses information provided in the code portion of the instruction to determine what service it should perform. Once this service is provided, control returns to the virtual machine.

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An example of a non-CMS guest operating system running under VM/370: DOS/VS Release 34. The DOS/VS system is now prompting the operator to enter a supervisor name to continue loading.

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run VM, as would a very substantial portion of the mid-range machines that were built in Endicott. Before fifteen years had passed, there would be more VM licenses than MVS licenses.

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in the name refers to the Conversational Monitor System, a component of the product that is a single-user operating system that runs in a virtual machine and provides conversational

1219:– A simplified user directory management system (the directory is a listing of every account on the system, including virtual hardware configuration, user passwords, and minidisks). 3255: 3225: 3058: 2503: 2475: 2447: 2419: 2697: 2356: 3285: 3020: 1470:

allow or deny users read-only or read-write access to a disk, but single files cannot have the same security. SFS alleviates this, and vastly improves performance.

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instance of VM can be fully virtualized inside a virtual machine. This is how VM development and testing is done (a second-level VM can potentially implement a

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associated with a spooled device or file. The tag is usually used by VM's Remote Spooling Communications Subystem (RSCS) to identify the destination of a file

2381: 2308: 799: 2725: 2655: 1624:

a variety of network interface systems (such as inter-mainframe channel-to-channel links, or a specialized IBM RT PC that would relay traffic out to a

1390:, as a true operating system (though such a configuration would be unusual). It now runs only as a guest OS under VM. This is because CMS relies on a 1167:(Remote Spooling and Communication Subsystem, aka VNET) – communication and information transfer facilities between virtual machines and other systems 976:

solutions for the mainframe market. z/VM 4.4 was the last version that could run in ESA/390 mode; subsequent versions only run in z/Architecture mode.

1441:

A minidisk that has been initialized with a CMS file system is referred to as a CMS minidisk, although CMS is not the only system that can use them.

2937: 1801:

Alter attributes of a spool file or files. For example, the output class or the name of the file can be changed, or printer-specific attributes set

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made the VM approach much more attractive. VM was also utilized in data centers converting from DOS/VSE to MVS and is useful when running mainframe

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Send a one-line special message to another virtual machine (usually used to control the operation of the virtual machine; commonly used with RSCS)

629: 515: 2811: 3895: 1529:. VM/370 is a reimplementation of CP/CMS, and was made available in 1972 as part of IBM's System/370 Advanced Function announcement (which added 1664:, the NOTE program would deliver the email to the SMTP service machine, which would then route it out to the destination site on the Internet. 634: 2732: 1761:

Allows the user to issue a CP command from a command environment, or any other virtual machine after pressing the break key (defaults to PA1)

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of VM/ESA, as the S/370 versions are based on the older VM/SP HPO codebase, and the ESA/390 versions are based on the newer VM/XA codebase.

3747: 2579: 657: 651: 645: 544: 283: 1159:

running in separate virtual machines, they receive the same security and reliability protections as other VM users. Examples include:

3521:― a seminal paper describing implementation of the virtual machine concept, with descriptions of the customized CSC S/360-40 and the 942:

VM/XA MA is intended to ease the migration from MVS/370 to MVS/XA by allowing both to run concurrently on the same processor complex.

3247: 3221: 3045: 2497: 2469: 2441: 2413: 4532: 3307: 538: 2533: 4527: 4506: 4252: 2782: 309: 3115: 2869: 2608: 909:

VM/SE (SEPP) is an enhancement to VM/370 that includes the facilities of VM/BSE, as well as a few additional fixes and features.

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Connect your terminal at the logon screen to a logged-on multi-access virtual machine's simulated 3270 or typewriter terminals

1229:

database and programming language which could run as guest on VM/370. MUMPS/VM was introduced in 1987 and discontinued in 1991.

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to display a dialog to create an email, from which the user could send it. If the user specified an address in the form of

4547: 3888: 3350: 4080: 1995:

Display status information for your virtual machine, or the message of the day, or number or names of logged-in users

4327: 3464: 87: 4542: 4347: 3667: 3645:

R. P. Parmelee, T. I. Peterson, C. C. Tillman, and D. J. Hatfield, "Virtual Storage and Virtual Machine Concepts",

3634: 3546:

R. P. Parmelee, T. I. Peterson, C. C. Tillman, and D. J. Hatfield, "Virtual storage and virtual machine concepts,"

2643: 58: 4352: 4035: 3740: 694: 4537: 4322: 4235: 3881: 3777: 3449: 327: 2196:(the IBM user group) sought a mascot or logo for the community to adopt. This was in part a response to IBM's 4467: 4437: 4357: 4342: 4289: 3161: 2246: 1058: 2634: 1497:

If a user account is configured to only use SFS (and does not own any minidisks), the user's A-disk will be

1667:

VM's role changed within IBM when hardware evolution led to significant changes in processor architecture.

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also used SIE. There were several VM/XA products before it was eventually supplanted by VM/ESA and z/VM.

688: 387: 179: 3733: 1818: 427: 360: 1837:

Alter the current virtual machine configuration. Add virtual devices or change available storage size

4427: 4367: 4337: 4144: 4085: 4040: 3934: 3420: 1699:

IBM and third parties have offered many applications and tools that run under VM. Examples include

1083:), which provides a limited simulation of the MVS API. IBM originally provided GCS in order to run 784: 372: 65: 2894: 4302: 3841: 1444:

It is common practice to define full volume minidisks for use by such guest operating systems as

1267: 1181:(SFS), which organizes shared files in a directory tree (the servers are commonly named "VMSERVx" 2130:

Dump your virtual machine in a format readable by the Interactive Problem Control System (IPCS)

4452: 4387: 4075: 3986: 3981: 3971: 3924: 2471:

VIRTUAL MACHINE/ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE VERSION 1 RELEASE 1.0 AND VERSION 1 RELEASE 1.1

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virtual machine and VTAM Communications Network Application (VCNA). RSCS V2 also ran under GCS.

1046: 490: 468: 462: 419: 366: 315: 237: 17: 2849: 2766: 1809:

Closes an open printer, punch, reader, or console file and releases it to the spooling system

1793:

Continue or resume execution of the user's virtual machine, optionally at a specified address

1137:. Levels of VM below the top are also treated as applications but with exceptional privileges. 4412: 4167: 3993: 2571: 2131: 2054:

Place your virtual machine in a dormant state indefinitely or for a specified period of time

482: 2160:. Unlike the normal SFS, access to BFS filesystems is controlled by POSIX permissions (with 1412:

Uses a non-virtualized, model-dependent machine instruction as a signal between CMS and CP:

3929: 3704: 3617:

T. Kilburn, D. B. G. Edwards, M. J. Lanigan, and F. H. Sumner, "One-Level Storage System",

1821:(CTCA) to another. Also used to connect simulated QDIO Ethernet cards to a virtual switch. 1538: 1332: 1080: 778: 758: 254: 150: 3569:

F. J. Corbató, M. Merwin-Daggett, and R. C. Daley, "An Experimental Time-sharing System,"

1921:

Attach a device from another virtual machine, if that machine's definition allows sharing

1481:

Invoking the System/360 COBOL compiler on VM/370 CMS, then loading and running the program

1394:

interface to VM-CP, to perform file system operations and request other VM services. This

8: 4432: 3837: 3481: 1735:

servers, database managers, analysis tools, engineering packages, and financial systems.

1213:– a SQL database system, the servers are often named similarly to "SQLMACH" and "SQLMSTR" 1021: 973: 871: 3315: 3948: 3944: 3719: 2526: 2266: 1489: 1395: 1197:(VM/Pass-Through Facility) – a facility that provides remote access to other VM systems 3576:

F. J. Corbató and V. A. Vyssotsky, "Introduction and Overview of the MULTICS System",

2856: 2773: 1564:

Melinda Varian provides this fascinating quote, illustrating VM's unexpected success:

4025: 3956: 3460: 3128: 2601: 2279: 2193: 1526: 1246: 592: 321: 37: 1877:

Print a snapshot dump of the current virtual machine on the virtual spooled printer

1187:(Virtual Telecommunications Access Method) – a facility that provides support for a 4402: 4278: 4198: 4193: 4095: 3904: 2647: 2177: 2173: 848: 826: 378: 244: 215: 210: 3594:

J. B. Dennis, "Segmentation and the Design of Multi-Programmed Computer Systems,"

1943:

Terminate execution of the current virtual machine and disconnect from the system

4244: 2975: 2043:

Set various attributes for your virtual machine, including messaging or terminal

1861:

Disconnect your terminal while allowing your virtual machine to continue running

1435: 1026: 1017: 845: 3389:

E. C. Hendricks and T. C. Hartmann, "Evolution of a Virtual Machine Subsystem",

1675:

family, which still uses the basic instruction set introduced with the original

737: 731: 64:

The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

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Starting with VM/ESA Version 2, IBM introduced the chargeable optional feature

1712: 1530: 917:

VM/SP, a milestone version, replaces VM/370, VM/BSE and VM/SE. Release 1 added

764: 69: 4139: 4521: 4312: 4154: 4065: 3916: 3676: 3342: 2044: 2032: 1672: 1542: 1030: 948:

VM/XA SF is an upgraded VM/XA MA with improved functionality and performance.

852: 250: 202: 154: 1477: 4275: 4219: 4188: 4003: 3873: 3865: 3845: 3519:

IBM Corporation, Cambridge Scientific Center Report No. 320‐2007 (May 1966)

3472:) treatment of IBM's offerings during this period; the limited coverage of 1728: 1387: 1238: 1070: 985: 526: 3537:

R. A. Meyer and L. H. Seawright, "A virtual machine time-sharing system,"

2651: 1731:. Current VM offerings run the gamut of mainframe applications, including 1573: 4099: 4045: 3786: 3640: 3500: 2443:

VIRTUAL MACHINE/EXTENDED ARCHITECTURE SYSTEM PRODUCT (VM/XA SP) RELEASE 1

1429:

CMS starting up after the user MAINT (system administrator) has logged in

110: 3222:"Availability: VM/ESA Version 2 Release 1.0 with OpenEdition for VM/ESA" 3185:

IBM Virtual Machine Facility/370: CP Command Reference for General Users

1548: 1402:

Provides a fast path to VM-CP, to avoid the overhead of full simulation.

4317: 4162: 4112: 3684: 3532:, Program 360D-05.2.005, IBM Program Information Department (June 1969) 2150:

OPENVM MOUNT /../VMBFS:fileservername:filepoolname /path/to/mount/point

1676: 1625: 1582: 1534: 1391: 1069:

on a mainframe", the comparison is an anachronism; the author of CP/M,

1001: 885: 859: 855: 725: 508: 297: 229: 225: 118: 2345:

Virtual Machine/System Product High Performance Option Release 5 Guide

2217:

Some users also noted that VM OpenEdition was somewhat "unnecessary."

3794: 3543:― describes the CP-67/CMS system, outlining features and applications 3522: 3445: 2823:. July 1988. Chapter 4 (Using the Shared File System). SC19-6210-05. 2070:

Set options for a spooled virtual device (printer, reader, or punch)

1456: 1038: 718: 599: 3629:

R. A. Nelson, "Mapping Devices and the M44 Data Processing System,"

3278:"IBM z/VM: OpenExtensions POSIX Conformance Document (GC24-6298-01)" 1691:, platforms that were to become increasingly important. The current 1537:

series). Early releases of VM through VM/370 Release 6 continued in

4377: 4183: 4107: 4070: 3009:

VTAM Reference Summary Version 3 Release 3 for MVS, VM, and VSE/ESA

2078:

Alter the contents of registers or storage of your virtual machine

1629: 1609: 1601: 1352: 1114: 1044:

Running within each virtual machine is another operating system, a

867: 744: 399: 393: 3153: 2176:

are unavailable, as 3270 terminals are not capable. Users can use

1845:

Remove a virtual device or channel from the current configuration

4447: 4442: 4397: 4372: 4129: 4055: 3966: 3961: 3861: 3829: 3714: 1716: 1684: 1680: 1142: 1110: 863: 562: 456: 439: 354: 233: 1869:

Display virtual machine storage or (virtual) hardware registers

1600:

When IBM introduced the System/370 Extended Architecture on the

1425: 4482: 4477: 4422: 4407: 4392: 4332: 4013: 3998: 3821: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3605: 3488: 3473: 3437: 3117:

VM/Pass-Through Facility Administration and Operation Version 2

1963:

Send a one-line message to the system operator or another user

1649: 1633: 1586: 1522: 1406: 1250: 1242: 1204: 1106: 1088: 1062: 889: 617: 611: 602: 568: 556: 550: 502: 496: 450: 433: 33: 3083: 2415:

VIRTUAL MACHINE/EXTENDED ARCHITECTURE (VM/XA) SYSTEMS FACILITY

2114:

Start or stop tracing of specified virtual machine activities

4487: 4457: 4382: 4124: 4117: 4050: 2181: 2165: 2161: 1987:

Delete closed spool files for a device by class,m ID, or ALL

1704: 1700: 1688: 1653: 1605: 1501:

and any subsequent directories that the user creates will be

1460:

The CMS editor on VM/370, editing a COBOL program source file

1409:

release 2.1, an important early milestone in CP's efficiency.

1351:

3270 Virtual Console Interface—perform full-screen I/O on an

1226: 1146: 1034: 922: 918: 700: 608: 303: 3604:― virtual memory requirements for Project MAC, destined for 972:

z/VM, the last version still widely used as one of the main

4462: 4134: 4018: 3853: 3813: 2939:

Virtual Machine/System Product Installation Guide Release 5

2734:

IBM Virtual Machine Facility/370: System Programmer's Guide

1732: 1724: 1720: 1708: 1692: 1620: 1616: 1445: 1372: 1184: 1171: 1163: 1084: 1066: 965: 926: 714: 669: 574: 521: 3515:

R. J. Adair, R. U. Bayles, L. W. Comeau and R. J. Creasy,

2767:"Chapter 1. The DIAGNOSE Instruction in a Virtual Machine" 2152:. The user must also mount the root filesystem, done with 4203: 4008: 3908: 3849: 3709: 3564:

The Compatible Time-Sharing System, A Programmer’s Guide,

3432: 3251: 3192: 3124: 3088: 3054: 3016: 2980: 2946: 2927:

30 – extent of VM use; more VM licenses than MVS licenses

2865: 2820: 2813:

VIrtual Machine/System Product CMS User's Guide Release 6

2693: 2474:. Announcement Letters. IBM. September 5, 1990. 290-499. 2418:. Announcement Letters. IBM. February 12, 1985. 285-044. 2387: 2352: 2314: 2197: 1098: 842: 532: 123: 1577:

Using DASD Dump/Restore (DDR) to back up a VM/370 system

265: 3808:→ VM/SE versions → VM/SP versions → VM/XA versions → 2502:. Announcement Letters. IBM. October 3, 2000. 200-358. 2086:

Reset or restart your virtual machine or clear storage

1913:

IPL (boot) an operating system on your virtual machine

932:

Virtual Machine/System Product High Performance Option

3658: 3571:

Proc. Spring Joint Computer Conference (AFIPS) 21, pp.

1773:

to halt the virtual machine at a specific instruction

1175:(Resource Access Control Facility) — a security system 945:

Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture System Facility

3224:. Announcement Letters. IBM. June 12, 1995. 295-240. 2858:

CMS File Pool Planning, Administration, and Operation

2446:. Announcement Letters. IBM. June 11, 1987. 287-239. 1785:

allowing CP to take control in a command environment

1521:

The early history of VM is described in the articles

1405:

Was first developed as a performance improvement for

951:

Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture System Product

3578:

Proc. Fall Joint Computer Conference (AFIPS) 27, pp.

2527:"VM AND THE VM COMMUNITY: Past, Present, and Future" 1541:

through 1981, and today are considered to be in the

1016:. It runs on the physical hardware, and creates the 939:

Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture Migration Aid

2868:. November 12, 2021. pp. 18–23. SC24-6261-02. 2383:

VIRTUAL MACHINE/EXTENDED ARCHITECTURE MIGRATION AID

2310:

VM/SYSTEM PRODUCT HIGH PERFORMANCE OPTION ANNOUNCED

1905:Display current system load or your resource usage 4274: 2146:OpenEdition for VM/ESA Shell and Utilities Feature 3674:www.multicians.org — Tom Van Vleck's short essay 3482:VM and the VM community, past present, and future 2976:"Vm66265: Z/Vm Support for 80 Logical Processors" 2781:. IBM. August 12, 2020. p. 3. SC24-6272-04. 2740:(Eighth ed.). IBM. March 1979. GC20-1807-7. 2578:. Vol. XXI, no. 48. November 30, 1987. 1270:and later used it for the DIAG handler of CP-67. 333:7040/7044 Operating System (16/32K) (7040-PR-150) 4519: 2775:z/VM Version 7 Release 2 CP Programming Services 2636:System/370 integrated emulation under OS and DOS 1648:VM was also the cornerstone operating system of 958:Virtual Machine/Enterprise Systems Architecture 1679:; but the need for efficient use of the 64-bit 1061:, renamed from the Cambridge Monitor System of 2632: 2122:Transfer a spool file to or from another user 1315:Virtual Console Function—Execute a CP command 1097:IBM's mainstream operating systems (e.g., the 897:VM/370 Basic System Extensions Program Product 4260: 3889: 3741: 3528:International Business Machines Corporation, 3455:E.W. Pugh, L.R. Johnson, and John H. Palmer, 3404:IBM Virtual Machine Facility/370 Introduction 2602:"Licensed Products Migration Matrix for z/VM" 2233:CMS can use DIAG for I/O on CMS file systems. 1386:At one time, CMS was capable of running on a 807: 3903: 3555: 3508: 3421:The origin of the VM/370 time-sharing system 1885:Set the virtual machine to echo typed lines 830:The default login screen on VM/370 Release 6 3541:Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 199–218 (September 1970) 3248:"z/VM V3R1 Enabled for 64-bit Architecture" 2726:"DIAGNOSE Instruction in a Virtual Machine" 2015:Cause an interrupt on your virtual console 1971:Cause a virtual device to appear not ready 1235:A user-written or modified operating system 771: 751: 4267: 4253: 3896: 3882: 3748: 3734: 3386:– a fairly detailed user's guide to VM/CMS 3382:Operating Systems Handbook, Part 5: VM/CMS 2720: 2718: 2646:. Vol. 38. AFIPS Press. p. 164. 2023:Clear all pending interrupts for a device 1979:Reorder closed spool files by ID or class 1829:Execute a CP command in a CMS environment 814: 800: 284:History of IBM mainframe operating systems 3619:IRE Trans. Electron. Computers EC-11, pp. 3425:IBM Journal of Research & Development 3412: 3127:. June 1993. SC24-5557-01. Archived from 3047:IBM 9370 LAN Volume 2 - IEE 802.3 Support 2499:z/VM V3R1 Enabled for 64-bit Architecture 2139: 1632:network). The stack provided support for 1619:networking, IBM also provided users with 1203:– a set of service machines that provide 88:Learn how and when to remove this message 3705:IBM Redbooks Publication – z/VM textbook 3610:C. A. R. Hoare and R. H. Perrott, Eds., 3517:A Virtual Machine System for the 360/40, 2192:In the early 1980s, the VM group within 1572: 1547: 1488: 1476: 1455: 1424: 1371:Virtual Machine Communication Facility ( 996:The heart of the VM architecture is the 929:; Release 6 added the shared filesystem. 906:VM/370 System Extensions Program Product 825: 3764: >> 3685:Short history of IBM's virtual machines 3614:, Academic Press, Inc., New York (1972) 2715: 2703:from the original on September 29, 2019 2264: 1505:where the equivalent UNIX file path is 1363:Determine Virtual Machine Storage Size 1257: 925:System Product Editor; Release 3 added 184:IBM z/VM V7.3 / September 16, 2022 14: 4520: 3288:from the original on February 28, 2024 3258:from the original on December 17, 2021 3154:"IBM: About the z/VM Operating System" 2686:IBM System/370 Principles of Operation 2524: 2506:from the original on December 17, 2021 2478:from the original on December 17, 2021 2450:from the original on December 17, 2021 2422:from the original on December 17, 2021 2394:from the original on December 17, 2021 2321:from the original on December 17, 2021 2268:The Evolution of IBM Mainframes and VM 1533:hardware and operating systems to the 1381: 1118:is DIALing from a typewriter terminal. 870:and compatible systems, including the 4323:Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) 4248: 3877: 3692:short description of the "Blaauw Box" 3228:from the original on October 28, 2021 2289:from the original on October 13, 2006 2106:Set characteristics of your terminal 1513:machines through the IUCV mechanism. 1464: 1277:instruction ('83'x—no mnemonic) is a 1201:TCPIP, SMTP, FTPSERVE, PORTMAP, VMNFS 3476:in such a definitive work is telling 3459:MIT Press, Cambridge MA and London, 3064:from the original on August 19, 2021 3026:from the original on August 19, 2021 2988:from the original on August 19, 2021 2875:from the original on October 6, 2022 2614:from the original on August 10, 2022 2539:from the original on August 23, 2022 2338: 2336: 2154:OPENVM MOUNT /../VMBFS:VMSYS:ROOT/ / 41: 3768: > 3659:Additional on-line CP/CMS resources 3573:335–44 (1962) — description of CTSS 3427:, Vol. 25, No. 5 (September 1981), 3096:from the original on April 26, 2021 2788:from the original on April 30, 2021 2156:, a shell can then be started with 1299:Store Extended-Identification Code 1141:A copy of the mainframe version of 24: 3698: 3690:www.cap-lore.com — Norman Hardy's 3682:www.cap-lore.com — Norman Hardy's 3485:, SHARE 89 Sessions 9059–61, 1997; 3353:from the original on March 4, 2016 3202:from the original on April 2, 2020 3158:IBM z/VM virtualization technology 2956:from the original on June 17, 2022 2905:from the original on July 31, 2022 2830:from the original on June 17, 2022 2747:from the original on April 2, 2020 2661:from the original on July 25, 2018 2582:from the original on March 6, 2023 2362:from the original on June 17, 2022 2276:Linux for S/390 Linux for Big Iron 1556:VM remained an important platform 877:The following versions are known: 25: 4564: 3583:P. J. Denning, "Virtual Memory", 3368: 3164:from the original on July 3, 2015 2333: 2205:contributions" to the community. 1606:Processor Resource/System Manager 4501: 4500: 4231: 4230: 3720:VM/PC documentation on bitsavers 3635:Thomas J. Watson Research Center 3457:IBM's 360 and early 370 systems, 3399:– RSCS design and implementation 3019:. September 1990. LY43--0047-1. 2644:Spring Joint Computer Conference 2265:Elliott, Jim (August 17, 2004). 109: 46: 4533:IBM mainframe operating systems 4338:Cray Time Sharing System (CTSS) 3668:Information Technology Timeline 3335: 3322: 3300: 3270: 3240: 3214: 3176: 3146: 3108: 3076: 3038: 3000: 2968: 2930: 2917: 2887: 2842: 2804: 2759: 2677: 2626: 2594: 2564: 2551: 2390:. October 21, 1981. ZP81-0811. 2317:. October 21, 1981. ZP81-0805. 2227: 1335:chain on a tape or disk device 1073:, was an experienced CMS user.) 1037:, itself a reimplementation of 884:VM/370, released in 1972, is a 29:Family of IBM operating systems 4528:Time-sharing operating systems 3084:"VM TCP/IP NFS Server Support" 2949:. December 1986. SC24-5237-3. 2525:Varian, Melinda (April 1991). 2518: 2490: 2462: 2434: 2406: 2374: 2301: 2258: 1738: 1671:remained a cornerstone of the 1503:FILEPOOL:USERID.DIR1.DIR2.DIR3 1331:General I/O—Execute any valid 1095:A mainstream operating system. 914:Virtual Machine/System Product 13: 1: 4553:IBM ESA/390 operating systems 4290:Time-sharing system evolution 3373: 3343:"Explain "official VM teddy"" 2252: 2247:Time-sharing system evolution 1585:version that runs CMS on the 1552:OS/VS1 starting under VM/370 1059:Conversational Monitor System 349:Miscellaneous S/360 line OSes 292:Early mainframe computer OSes 3612:Operating Systems Techniques 3487:― an outstanding source for 3254:. October 3, 2000. 200-358. 2724: 2208: 2187: 2031:Rewind a real (non virtual) 1933:(FCB) for a virtual printer 1420: 1343:Update the VM/370 directory 1189:Systems Network Architecture 1020:environment. VM-CP provides 1012:and sometimes, ambiguously, 888:reimplementation of earlier 881:Virtual Machine Facility/370 535:(OS/VS2R2 and later) (1974) 7: 4308:Berkeley Timesharing System 3729:CP/CMS family relationships 3057:. April 1988. GG24-3227-0. 2850:"File Pool Server Machines" 2633:Gary R. Allred (May 1971). 2572:"Two versions of MUMPS out" 2240: 1453:(or another DASD) exactly. 1225:— an implementation of the 1156:A specialized VM subsystem. 991: 166:; 52 years ago 10: 4569: 4548:Assembly language software 3550:Vol. 11, No. 2 (June 1972) 3501:Index of /pdf/ibm/360/cp67 2355:. July 1987. SC23-0189-3. 2007:interruption for a device 1819:channel-to-channel adapter 1516: 336:1410/7010 Operating System 31: 4496: 4298: 4285: 4228: 4212: 4176: 4153: 4094: 3943: 3915: 3859: 3835: 3827: 3792: 3784: 3775: 3770:some influence/precedence 3759: 3727: 3677:The IBM 360/67 and CP/CMS 3556:Background CP/CMS sources 3509:Additional CP/CMS sources 2607:. IBM. December 2, 2009. 260: 243: 221: 209: 198: 178: 160: 145: 137: 129: 117: 108: 4145:Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4086:Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3935:Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3534:― IBM's reference manual 3332:2 – the teddy bear story 3308:"Gallery of VM web GIFs" 3250:. Announcement Letters. 2386:. Announcement Letters. 2313:. Announcement Letters. 2220: 874:for personal computers. 4543:Virtualization software 4303:BBN Time-Sharing System 3631:Research Report RC 1303 3562:F. J. Corbató, et al., 1897:to the virtual machine 3982:DOS/360 and successors 3623:― Manchester/Ferranti 3468:― extensive (819 3413:Primary CP/CMS sources 3349:. Alanflavell.org.uk. 2696:. 1987. p. 10-5. 2140:OpenEdition Extensions 1953:Sign on to the system 1783:attention interruption 1669:Backward compatibility 1662:user at some.host.name 1578: 1571: 1553: 1494: 1482: 1461: 1430: 1279:privileged instruction 1047:guest operating system 831: 420:DOS/360 and successors 298:GM OS & GM-NAA I/O 238:IBM zEnterprise System 4538:VM (operating system) 3994:OS/360 and successors 3448:project lead, also a 3408:– the original manual 2652:10.1109/AFIPS.1971.58 2274:. SHARE August 2004. 1608:(PR/SM) of the later 1576: 1566: 1551: 1492: 1480: 1459: 1428: 1307:Examine Real Storage 829: 483:OS/360 and successors 186:; 2 years ago 3548:IBM Systems Journal, 3539:IBM Systems Journal, 3318:on October 18, 2006. 1931:forms control buffer 1262:IBM coined the term 1258:Hypervisor interface 1207:networking to VM/CMS 1081:Group Control System 779:UNIX System Services 759:UNIX System Services 3647:IBM Systems Journal 3406:, GC20-1800, (1972) 3391:IBM Systems Journal 3347:Mr. Alan J. Flavell 3284:. August 21, 2020. 2984:. August 27, 2020. 2561:483 — role of RSCS. 1382:CMS use of DIAGNOSE 1122:Another copy of VM. 1022:full virtualization 974:full virtualization 105: 3566:M.I.T. Press, 1963 3195:. August 1, 1979. 3134:on August 19, 2021 1895:external interrupt 1817:Connect a virtual 1579: 1554: 1495: 1483: 1465:Shared File System 1462: 1438:as the real disk. 1431: 1396:paravirtualization 1323:Standard DASD I/O 1179:Shared File System 1087:without a service 832: 103: 4515: 4514: 4279:operating systems 4242: 4241: 3905:Operating systems 3872: 3871: 3715:IBM: z/VM manuals 3585:Computing Surveys 3436:― perspective on 3402:IBM Corporation, 2137: 2136: 1527:History of CP/CMS 1448:instead of using 1379: 1378: 1247:Boston University 1211:Db2 Server for VM 1050:. This might be: 892:operating system. 872:Hercules emulator 849:operating systems 841:) is a family of 824: 823: 278: 277: 98: 97: 90: 38:History of CP/CMS 16:(Redirected from 4560: 4504: 4503: 4403:ORVYL and WYLBUR 4269: 4262: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4234: 4233: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3766:strong influence 3750: 3743: 3736: 3725: 3724: 3710:IBM: z/VM portal 3665:febcm.club.fr — 3479:Melinda Varian, 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3339: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3314:. Archived from 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3201: 3190: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3133: 3122: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3063: 3052: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3025: 3014: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2955: 2944: 2934: 2928: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2874: 2863: 2854: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2829: 2818: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2771: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2746: 2739: 2730: 2722: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2702: 2691: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2668: 2666: 2660: 2641: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2613: 2606: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2568: 2562: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2538: 2531: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2361: 2350: 2340: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2288: 2282:. Session 9140. 2273: 2262: 2234: 2231: 2159: 2155: 2151: 1747: 1746: 1663: 1659: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499:FILEPOOL:USERID. 1451: 1436:channel programs 1288:Hexadecimal code 1285: 1284: 1135:five levels deep 816: 809: 802: 553:Version 1 (1980) 280: 279: 274: 271: 269: 267: 261:Official website 199:Marketing target 194: 192: 187: 174: 172: 167: 113: 106: 102: 100:Operating system 93: 86: 82: 79: 73: 50: 49: 42: 21: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4492: 4294: 4281: 4273: 4243: 4238: 4224: 4208: 4172: 4149: 4090: 3939: 3911: 3902: 3864:and most other 3755: 3754: 3701: 3699:Other resources 3696: 3661: 3656: 3638: 3622: 3603: 3558: 3553: 3542: 3533: 3520: 3511: 3506: 3486: 3467: 3444:history by the 3435: 3419:R. J. Creasy, " 3415: 3407: 3398: 3385: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3327: 3323: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2895:"IUCV Overview" 2893: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2861: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2737: 2728: 2723: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2243: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2211: 2190: 2184:instead of vi. 2157: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2132:program product 1959: 1949: 1939: 1741: 1661: 1657: 1615:In addition to 1519: 1507:/dir1/dir2/dir3 1506: 1502: 1498: 1467: 1449: 1423: 1384: 1260: 1029:having its own 1027:virtual machine 1018:virtual machine 998:Control Program 994: 846:virtual machine 820: 791: 790: 721: 707: 706: 684: 676: 675: 595: 585: 584: 486: 475: 474: 423: 412: 411: 350: 342: 341: 337: 293: 264: 253:, 1976–present 190: 188: 185: 170: 168: 165: 161:Initial release 153:, 1977–present 101: 94: 83: 77: 74: 63: 57:has an unclear 51: 47: 40: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4566: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4272: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3921: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3870: 3869: 3857: 3856: 3833: 3832: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3816: 3802: 3790: 3789: 3782: 3781: 3773: 3772: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3730: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3688: 3680: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3643: 3627: 3615: 3608: 3602:589–602 (1965) 3592: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3496: 3477: 3453: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3400: 3397:111–142 (1979) 3387: 3379:Bob DuCharme, 3375: 3372: 3370: 3369:External links 3367: 3365: 3364: 3334: 3321: 3299: 3269: 3239: 3213: 3175: 3160:. Vm.ibm.com. 3145: 3107: 3075: 3037: 2999: 2967: 2929: 2916: 2886: 2841: 2803: 2758: 2714: 2676: 2625: 2593: 2563: 2550: 2532:. p. 55. 2517: 2489: 2461: 2433: 2405: 2373: 2332: 2300: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2210: 2207: 2189: 2186: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1740: 1737: 1531:virtual memory 1518: 1515: 1466: 1463: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1410: 1403: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1198: 1192: 1182: 1176: 1168: 1153: 1138: 1119: 1092: 1074: 993: 990: 978: 977: 969: 968: 963: 959: 956: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 933: 930: 915: 911: 910: 907: 903: 902: 898: 894: 893: 882: 853:IBM mainframes 822: 821: 819: 818: 811: 804: 796: 793: 792: 789: 788: 782: 775: 772:OpenExtensions 768: 762: 755: 748: 741: 735: 729: 722: 713: 712: 709: 708: 705: 704: 698: 692: 685: 682: 681: 678: 677: 674: 673: 667: 661: 655: 649: 643: 637: 632: 630:VM/BSE (BSEPP) 627: 621: 615: 606: 596: 591: 590: 587: 586: 583: 582: 581: 580: 579: 578: 572: 566: 560: 554: 548: 542: 530: 524: 513: 512: 511: 506: 494: 487: 481: 480: 477: 476: 473: 472: 466: 460: 454: 448: 447: 446: 437: 431: 424: 418: 417: 414: 413: 410: 409: 408: 407: 406: 405: 404: 403: 382: 376: 370: 364: 358: 351: 348: 347: 344: 343: 340: 339: 334: 331: 325: 319: 313: 307: 301: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 276: 275: 262: 258: 257: 247: 241: 240: 223: 219: 218: 213: 207: 206: 200: 196: 195: 182: 180:Latest release 176: 175: 162: 158: 157: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 121: 115: 114: 99: 96: 95: 59:citation style 54: 52: 45: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4565: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4313:Burroughs MCP 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4237: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4155:Point of sale 4152: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3917:Supercomputer 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3831: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3693: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3653:99–130 (1972) 3652: 3648: 3644: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3626: 3621:223–35 (1962) 3620: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3591:153–89 (1970) 3590: 3586: 3582: 3580:185–96 (1965) 3579: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3465:0-262-16123-0 3462: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3377: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3331: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3312:IBM z/VM site 3309: 3303: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3118: 3111: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3079: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3048: 3041: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3010: 3003: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2971: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2920: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2859: 2851: 2845: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2784: 2777: 2776: 2768: 2762: 2743: 2736: 2735: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2610: 2603: 2597: 2581: 2577: 2576:Computerworld 2573: 2567: 2560: 2554: 2535: 2528: 2521: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2493: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2465: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2437: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2409: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2377: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2346: 2339: 2337: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2304: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2215: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2147: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2045:function keys 2042: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2033:magnetic tape 2030: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673:IBM mainframe 1670: 1665: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1543:public domain 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1514: 1510: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1458: 1454: 1447: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1427: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031:address space 1028: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 989: 987: 983: 975: 971: 970: 967: 964: 960: 957: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 934: 931: 928: 924: 920: 916: 913: 912: 908: 905: 904: 899: 896: 895: 891: 887: 883: 880: 879: 878: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 854: 850: 847: 844: 840: 836: 828: 817: 812: 810: 805: 803: 798: 797: 795: 794: 786: 783: 780: 776: 773: 769: 766: 763: 760: 756: 753: 749: 746: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 723: 720: 716: 711: 710: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 686: 680: 679: 671: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 597: 594: 589: 588: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 536: 534: 531: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 517: 514: 510: 507: 504: 501: 500: 498: 495: 492: 489: 488: 484: 479: 478: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 445:VSE/AF (1979) 444: 443: 441: 438: 435: 432: 429: 426: 425: 421: 416: 415: 401: 398: 397: 395: 392: 391: 389: 386: 385: 383: 380: 377: 374: 371: 368: 365: 362: 359: 356: 353: 352: 346: 345: 338:(1410-PR-155) 335: 332: 329: 326: 323: 320: 317: 314: 311: 308: 305: 302: 299: 296: 295: 289: 288: 285: 282: 281: 273: 263: 259: 256: 252: 251:Public domain 248: 246: 242: 239: 235: 231: 227: 224: 220: 217: 214: 212: 208: 204: 203:IBM mainframe 201: 197: 183: 181: 177: 163: 159: 156: 155:Closed source 152: 148: 144: 140: 138:Working state 136: 132: 128: 125: 122: 120: 116: 112: 107: 92: 89: 81: 71: 67: 61: 60: 55:This article 53: 44: 43: 39: 35: 27: 19: 4472: 4276:Time-sharing 4220:Fedora Linux 4189:Workplace OS 4046:System/88 OS 3866:time-sharing 3852:→ ... → for 3769: 3765: 3761: 3683: 3675: 3666: 3650: 3646: 3639:― about the 3630: 3618: 3611: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3570: 3563: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3516: 3499: 3492: 3480: 3469: 3456: 3441: 3428: 3424: 3403: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3355:. Retrieved 3346: 3337: 3330:op. cit., p. 3329: 3324: 3316:the original 3311: 3302: 3290:. Retrieved 3281: 3272: 3260:. Retrieved 3242: 3230:. Retrieved 3216: 3204:. Retrieved 3184: 3178: 3166:. Retrieved 3157: 3148: 3136:. Retrieved 3129:the original 3116: 3110: 3098:. Retrieved 3087: 3078: 3066:. Retrieved 3046: 3040: 3028:. Retrieved 3008: 3002: 2990:. Retrieved 2979: 2970: 2958:. Retrieved 2938: 2932: 2925:op. cit., p. 2924: 2919: 2907:. Retrieved 2898: 2889: 2877:. Retrieved 2864:. z/VM 7.2. 2857: 2844: 2832:. Retrieved 2812: 2806: 2797: 2790:. Retrieved 2774: 2761: 2749:. Retrieved 2733: 2705:. Retrieved 2685: 2679: 2670: 2663:. Retrieved 2635: 2628: 2616:. Retrieved 2596: 2584:. Retrieved 2575: 2566: 2559:op. cit., p. 2558: 2553: 2541:. Retrieved 2520: 2510:December 17, 2508:. Retrieved 2498: 2492: 2482:December 17, 2480:. Retrieved 2470: 2464: 2454:December 17, 2452:. Retrieved 2442: 2436: 2426:December 17, 2424:. Retrieved 2414: 2408: 2398:December 17, 2396:. Retrieved 2382: 2376: 2364:. Retrieved 2344: 2325:December 17, 2323:. Retrieved 2309: 2303: 2291:. Retrieved 2275: 2267: 2260: 2229: 2216: 2212: 2201: 2191: 2170: 2158:OPENVM SHELL 2145: 2143: 2095: 2004: 1930: 1894: 1782: 1771:address stop 1770: 1753:Description 1742: 1729:OfficeVision 1698: 1666: 1658:user at node 1647: 1639: 1614: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1580: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1520: 1511: 1496: 1484: 1472: 1468: 1443: 1440: 1432: 1413: 1388:bare machine 1385: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1263: 1261: 1239:National CSS 1234: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1200: 1194: 1178: 1170: 1162: 1155: 1140: 1134: 1129: 1126:second level 1125: 1121: 1094: 1076: 1071:Gary Kildall 1054: 1045: 1043: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1004:abbreviated 997: 995: 986:time-sharing 981: 979: 876: 838: 834: 833: 663: 639: 635:VM/SE (SEPP) 623: 529:(SVS) (1972) 453:(1983, 1985) 384:RACS (1965) 211:Available in 146:Source model 84: 75: 56: 26: 4100:workstation 3787:IBM M44/44X 3649:, Vol. 11, 3641:IBM M44/44X 3498:Bitsavers, 3282:www.ibm.com 3262:January 31, 3232:October 28, 2899:www.ibm.com 2293:October 21, 1739:CP commands 1539:open source 1416:(diagnose). 1398:interface: 785:OpenSolaris 752:OpenEdition 745:OpenEdition 255:Proprietary 151:Open source 4522:Categories 4318:CDC Kronos 3868:platforms 3762:derivation 3374:VM sources 3206:August 15, 3138:August 19, 3100:August 19, 3068:August 19, 3030:August 19, 2992:August 19, 2960:August 19, 2834:August 19, 2751:August 17, 2707:August 17, 2366:August 19, 2253:References 2005:device end 1929:Specify a 1781:Causes an 1677:System/360 1626:Token Ring 1535:System/370 1392:hypervisor 1264:hypervisor 1237:, such as 1105:families, 1002:hypervisor 886:System/370 860:System/390 856:System/370 509:OS/VS1 BPE 249:1972–1981 230:System/390 226:System/370 191:2022-09-16 149:1972–1986 70:footnoting 32:See also: 3949:mainframe 3860:>> 3795:CP-40/CMS 3793:>> 3670:, 1964–74 3598:Vol. 12, 3530:CP-67/CMS 3393:Vol. 18, 2209:Criticism 2188:VM mascot 1893:Cause an 1645:network. 1421:Minidisks 1355:terminal 1291:Function 1152:AIX/ESA). 1130:different 719:Unix-like 222:Platforms 205:computers 133:VM family 130:OS family 119:Developer 4507:Category 4378:MUSIC/SP 4236:Category 4199:Trillian 4194:Monterey 4184:Taligent 4177:Projects 4108:Textpack 3587:Vol. 2, 3431:483–90, 3351:Archived 3328:Varian, 3292:July 31, 3286:Archived 3256:Archived 3226:Archived 3197:Archived 3162:Archived 3094:Archived 3059:Archived 3021:Archived 2986:Archived 2951:Archived 2923:Varian, 2909:July 31, 2903:Archived 2879:June 10, 2870:Archived 2825:Archived 2783:Archived 2742:Archived 2698:Archived 2665:June 12, 2656:Archived 2609:Archived 2580:Archived 2557:Creasy, 2534:Archived 2504:Archived 2476:Archived 2448:Archived 2420:Archived 2392:Archived 2357:Archived 2319:Archived 2284:Archived 2241:See also 2202:de facto 2172:such as 2119:TRANsfer 2103:TERMinal 2003:Cause a 1968:NOTReady 1926:LOADVFCB 1902:INDicate 1890:EXTernal 1769:Sets an 1630:Ethernet 1450:DEDICATE 1353:IBM 3270 1275:Diagnose 1266:for the 1223:MUMPS/VM 1217:DIRMAINT 992:Overview 868:System z 851:used on 837:(often: 743:MVS/ESA 683:TPF line 658:VM/XA SP 652:VM/XA SF 646:VM/XA MA 545:MVS/SE 2 527:OS/VS2R1 400:MUSIC/SP 328:MIT CTSS 78:May 2012 66:citation 4448:TOPS-20 4443:TOPS-10 4398:OpenVMS 4373:Multics 4213:Related 4168:4690 OS 4163:4680 OS 4096:Desktop 4026:VM line 3972:TSS/360 3967:TOS/360 3962:BOS/360 3862:MULTICS 3830:TSS/360 3801: 3780: 3760:→ 3495:history 3357:July 2, 3168:July 2, 2642:. 1971 2618:July 9, 2586:July 9, 2543:June 9, 2012:REQuest 1958:Message 1866:Display 1858:DISConn 1750:Command 1681:zSeries 1517:History 1191:network 1111:TSS/370 1103:DOS/VSE 988:in VM. 864:zSeries 757:OS/390 750:VM/ESA 738:AIX/ESA 732:AIX/370 593:VM line 563:MVS/ESA 518:(1967) 499:(1968) 457:VSE/ESA 442:(1979) 440:DOS/VSE 428:DOS/360 396:(1972) 390:(1966) 367:TSS/360 361:TOS/360 355:BOS/360 245:License 234:zSeries 216:English 189: ( 169: ( 141:Current 4505: 4483:VPS/VM 4478:VP/CSS 4423:RSTS/E 4408:OS4000 4393:NOS/VE 4333:CP/CMS 4113:PC DOS 4061:zLinux 4014:OS/390 3999:OS/VS1 3945:Server 3848:→ for 3846:OS/VS2 3844:→ for 3822:VP/CSS 3810:VM/ESA 3806:VM/370 3799:CP/CMS 3776: 3637:(1964) 3633:, IBM 3606:GE 645 3525:design 3489:CP/CMS 3474:CP/CMS 3463: 3452:author 3438:CP/CMS 2792:May 9, 2127:VMDUMP 2094:Set a 2083:SYStem 2028:REWind 1940:LOGout 1938:LOGoff 1842:DETach 1834:DEFine 1814:COUPLE 1798:CHange 1766:ADSTOP 1727:, and 1650:BITNET 1634:Telnet 1587:XT/370 1583:PC DOS 1558:within 1523:CP/CMS 1407:CP/CMS 1268:360/65 1251:VPS/VM 1205:TCP/IP 1107:OS/VS1 1089:OS/VS1 1063:CP/CMS 890:CP/CMS 839:VM/CMS 787:(2008) 781:(2001) 774:(2000) 767:(1999) 761:(1996) 754:(1995) 747:(1993) 740:(1991) 734:(1990) 728:(1981) 703:(2005) 697:(1979) 691:(1967) 672:(2000) 666:(1990) 664:VM/ESA 660:(1988) 654:(1985) 648:(1984) 642:(1980) 626:(1972) 624:VM/370 620:(1968) 618:VP/CSS 614:(1967) 605:(1967) 577:(2000) 571:(1995) 569:OS/390 565:(1988) 559:(1983) 557:MVS/XA 551:MVS/SP 547:(1979) 541:(1978) 539:MVS/SE 505:(1972) 503:OS/VS1 497:MFT II 493:(1966) 485:(1966) 471:(2021) 465:(2005) 459:(1991) 451:VSE/SP 436:(1972) 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1147:Linux 1039:CP-40 1035:CP-67 1010:VM-CP 955:mode. 936:once. 923:XEDIT 919:EXEC2 777:z/OS 770:z/VM 765:Linux 701:z/TPF 640:VM/SP 609:CP-67 600:CP-40 463:z/VSE 394:MUSIC 379:ORVYL 322:IBSYS 304:BESYS 4463:Unix 4438:TSOS 4413:Pick 4358:LTSS 4348:EMAS 4343:DTSS 4135:OS/2 4071:DPPX 4066:DPCX 4019:z/OS 3854:z/OS 3840:for 3814:z/VM 3778:CTSS 3596:JACM 3589:pp. 3491:and 3461:ISBN 3450:CTSS 3440:and 3359:2015 3294:2022 3264:2022 3234:2021 3208:2019 3170:2015 3140:2021 3102:2021 3070:2021 3032:2021 2994:2021 2962:2021 2911:2022 2881:2022 2836:2021 2794:2021 2753:2019 2709:2019 2667:2022 2620:2022 2588:2022 2545:2022 2512:2021 2484:2021 2456:2021 2428:2021 2400:2021 2368:2021 2327:2021 2295:2007 2164:and 2059:SMsg 1918:LINK 1882:ECHO 1874:DUMP 1850:DIAL 1778:ATTN 1733:HTTP 1725:RACF 1721:REXX 1709:SPSS 1693:z/VM 1687:and 1621:VTAM 1617:RSCS 1610:3090 1602:3081 1525:and 1446:z/OS 1414:DIAG 1373:VMCF 1368:0068 1360:0060 1348:0058 1340:003C 1328:0020 1320:0018 1312:0008 1304:0004 1296:0000 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