215:
438:
309:
2333:
2313:
565:
2323:
242:("EDP"). IBM had two model categories: one (701, 704, 709, 7030, 7090, 7094, 7040, 7044) for engineering and scientific use, and one (702, 705, 705-II, 705-III, 7080, 7070, 7072, 7074, 7010) for commercial or data processing use. The two categories, scientific and commercial, generally used common peripherals but had completely different
473:
capability to emulate the more popular older models. Thus 360/30s with this added cost feature could run 1401 programs and the larger 360/65s could run 7094 programs. To run old programs, the 360 had to be halted and restarted in emulation mode. Many customers kept using their old software and one of
664:
These are essentially identical, but distinguished for software cost control: all but CP are slightly restricted such they cannot be used to run arbitrary operating systems, and thus do not count in software licensing costs (which are typically based on the number of CPs). There are other supporting
272:
for IBM computers were written by IBM customers who did not wish to have their very expensive machines (US$ 2M in the mid-1950s) sitting idle while operators set up jobs manually. These first operating systems were essentially scheduled work queues. It is generally thought the first operating system
461:. Among these were supervisor and application mode programs and instructions, as well as built-in memory protection facilities. Hardware memory protection was provided to protect the operating system from the user programs (tasks) and user tasks from each other. The new machine also had a larger
367:
IBM had difficulty getting customers to upgrade from the smaller machines to the mainframes because so much software had to be rewritten. The 7010 was introduced in 1962 as a mainframe-sized 1410. The later
Systems 360 and 370 could emulate the 1400 machines. A desk-size machine with a different
457:). Some of the arithmetic units and addressing features were optional on some models of the System/360. However, models were upward compatible and most were also downward compatible. The System/360 was also the first computer in wide use to include dedicated hardware provisions for the use of
468:
The smaller models in the System/360 line (e.g. the 360/30) were intended to replace the 1400 series while providing an easier upgrade path to the larger 360s. To smooth the transition from the second generation to the new line, IBM used the 360's
531:, which, unlike the earlier virtual-memory operating systems, ran separate programs in separate address spaces, rather than running all programs in a single virtual address space. The virtual memory capabilities also allowed the system to support
453:," or "all-around" computer system. System/360 incorporated features which had previously been present on only either the commercial line (such as decimal arithmetic and byte addressing) or the engineering and scientific line (such as
684:
Software to allow users to run "traditional" workloads on zIIPs and zAAPs was briefly marketed by Neon
Enterprise Software as "zPrime" but was withdrawn from the market in 2011 after a lawsuit by IBM.
296:
The second generation (transistor-based) products were a mainstay of IBM's business and IBM continued to make them for several years after the introduction of the System/360. (Some
289:. As software became more complex and important, the cost of supporting it on so many different designs became burdensome, and this was one of the factors which led IBM to develop
445:
IBM announced the System/360 (S/360) line of mainframes in April 1964. The System/360 was a single series of compatible models for both commercial and scientific use. The number "
319:
Prior to System/360, IBM also sold computers smaller in scale that were not considered mainframes, though they were still bulky and expensive by modern standards. These included:
1045:
2598:
249:
IBM initially sold its computers without any software, expecting customers to write their own; programs were manually initiated, one at a time. Later, IBM provided
2593:
2552:
2926:
1127:
1075:
3186:
2547:
1015:
2581:
2576:
1498:
482:
3217:
670:
2277:
674:
1302:
2777:
219:
1523:
1038:
909:
All supported IBM operating systems test the type of processor they are running on and restrict usage in accordance with license terms.
3089:
2564:
2535:
1655:
1633:
817:
2616:
949:
170:
3050:
2919:
2798:
1297:
1769:
542:
would run one or more virtual machines running either standard System/360 or System/370 operating systems or the single-user
527:
variant of OS/360 MVT, and the DOS/VS variant of DOS/360 were introduced to use the virtual memory capabilities, followed by
3191:
2411:
474:
the features of the later System/370 was the ability to switch to emulation mode and back under operating system control.
1513:
2912:
2376:
2266:
890:
2997:
2989:
2000:
1914:
1575:
1204:
1184:
1166:
3212:
3162:
1846:
1101:
550:
VM system could run multiple virtual machines, one per user, with each virtual machine running an instance of CMS.
976:
423:
is a designation used by IBM for a class of computer systems which fall in between mainframes and microcomputers.
3002:
2356:
2346:
2336:
1873:
930:
2351:
2046:
2036:
1934:
1123:
1071:
3181:
3174:
2239:
2005:
1267:
789:
600:
543:
372:, was released concurrently with the System/360 to address the niche occupied by the 1620. It used the same
2366:
2361:
1970:
885:
753:
214:
163:
1240:
1230:
465:
than the older mainframes, 24 bits addressing 8-bit bytes vs. a typical 18 bits addressing 36-bit words.
1863:
1755:
1005:
983:
636:
226:
From 1952 into the late 1960s, IBM manufactured and marketed several large computer models, known as the
119:
1235:
3031:
2234:
2218:
1760:
1715:
1643:
841:
239:
1348:
454:
816:
There are software-based emulators for the System/370, System/390, and System z hardware, including
2404:
2371:
2152:
1960:
1815:
749:
737:
60:
3122:
3075:
3019:
2213:
1919:
1793:
852:. IBM offers an emulator called zPDT (System z Personal Development Tool) which runs on Linux on
765:
313:
156:
2244:
2015:
1831:
1533:
777:
729:
348:
282:
98:
3099:
2260:
2225:
1851:
1810:
1441:
875:
717:
709:
536:
418:
357:(business data processing; very successful and many 1400 peripherals were used with the 360s)
625:
SAP, System Assist
Processor: designed to handle various system accounting, management, and
206:
in IBM's line of business computers are developments of the basic design of the System/360.
3169:
2080:
1990:
1944:
1939:
1745:
1543:
1488:
1471:
1314:
865:
761:
649:, System z Integrated Information Processor: dedicated to run specific workloads including
619:
327:
254:
8:
3157:
2397:
2254:
2116:
2051:
1856:
1799:
1765:
829:
227:
191:
40:
961:
2859:
2760:
2420:
2229:
2204:
2104:
2086:
1750:
1193:
870:
437:
203:
3140:
2682:
2588:
2341:
2288:
2182:
2177:
2041:
1965:
1560:
1528:
1436:
1368:
1353:
1260:
1200:
1180:
1162:
1155:
849:
615:
593:
269:
129:
2879:
2783:
2509:
2271:
2074:
2066:
1995:
1897:
1825:
1426:
1383:
1378:
693:
470:
458:
190:
since 1952. During the 1960s and 1970s, IBM dominated the computer market with the
2885:
2873:
2718:
2706:
2569:
2540:
2497:
2491:
2249:
2162:
1985:
1924:
1570:
1493:
1363:
801:
532:
354:
308:
243:
45:
2867:
2298:
2172:
2167:
2128:
2056:
2010:
1929:
1638:
1518:
1292:
1284:
741:
580:, which extends the architecture used by the System/390 mainframes to 64 bits.
577:
516:
450:
432:
278:
144:
124:
93:
78:
55:
50:
2848:
281:' Research division in 1956. IBM enhanced one of GM-NAA I/O's successors, the
3206:
2944:
2147:
2122:
2092:
1878:
1599:
1538:
1446:
1421:
666:
462:
337:
88:
2904:
2316:
2110:
2098:
1703:
1698:
1677:
1253:
880:
547:
524:
512:
446:
411:
396:
387:
341:
1220:
2637:
2326:
2187:
2157:
1980:
1868:
1592:
1587:
1358:
626:
331:
231:
83:
2842:
1097:
380:, which was relatively easy to adapt to larger machines when necessary.
2824:
2742:
1909:
1902:
1836:
1582:
1403:
1393:
635:, System z Application Assist Processor: currently limited to run only
539:
519:
capabilities in all models other than the first System/370 models; the
505:
501:
290:
274:
235:
199:
195:
3083:
2836:
2830:
2818:
2754:
2748:
2730:
2503:
1667:
1660:
1476:
1398:
1388:
934:
793:
390:(semiconductor memory, process control, incompatible replacement for
250:
3064:
2812:
2724:
2676:
2283:
2031:
1975:
1740:
1725:
1708:
1553:
1481:
1451:
821:
805:
781:
757:
406:
401:
391:
369:
360:
297:
72:
68:
64:
383:
IBM also introduced smaller machines after S/360. These included:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2712:
2670:
2559:
2434:
2293:
1735:
1730:
1672:
1503:
1431:
837:
797:
701:
650:
564:
494:
490:
486:
377:
323:
261:
257:
139:
134:
808:
subsystems can run on more than one mainframe operating system.
3107:
2806:
2736:
2694:
2688:
2658:
2652:
2530:
2451:
1720:
1693:
1650:
1628:
1548:
853:
745:
721:
705:
520:
509:
478:
373:
363:(decimal architecture, engineering, scientific, and education)
246:, and there were incompatibilities even within each category.
3058:
3039:
2474:
2468:
2389:
1341:
845:
833:
825:
733:
725:
678:
658:
604:
573:
559:
286:
265:
103:
1225:
2700:
2664:
1565:
1508:
785:
713:
697:
646:
632:
608:
376:
character encoding as the 360 and was mostly programmed in
1276:
1010:
665:
processors typically installed inside mainframes such as
654:
640:
528:
187:
1236:
IBM Archives: IBM Mainframe Family tree & chronology
588:
The different processors on current IBM mainframes are:
941:
736:(a successor of Transaction Processing Facility in the
1245:
764:. In October 2008, Sine Nomine Associates introduced
477:
Operating systems for the System/360 family included
776:
Current IBM mainframes run all the major enterprise
576:family, introduced in 2000 with the z900, supports
1192:
1154:
968:
16:Large computer systems produced by IBM since 1952
3204:
1499:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
238:. These machines established IBM's dominance in
234:, while the later, second-generation 7000s used
285:, and provided it to customers under the name
209:
3187:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
2934:
2920:
2405:
1261:
923:
164:
2927:
2913:
2412:
2398:
1268:
1254:
1175:Prasad, Nallur and Savit, Jeffrey (1994).
230:. The first-generation 700s were based on
171:
157:
1036:
696:in use on current IBM mainframes include
1124:"IBM System z Personal Development Tool"
563:
436:
340:(vacuum tube logic, first computer with
307:
213:
1177:IBM Mainframes: Architecture and Design
1153:Bashe, Charles J.; et al. (1986).
1069:
1006:"IBM Archives: System/360 Announcement"
974:
312:IBM 1401 undergoing restoration at the
186:are large computer systems produced by
3218:Computer-related introductions in 1952
3205:
1191:Pugh, Emerson W.; et al. (1991).
500:The System/360 later evolved into the
2908:
2393:
1634:Center for The Business of Government
1249:
1179:, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Osborne Media.
1152:
300:remained in service into the 1980s.)
253:for the newly developed higher-level
3192:List of pioneers in computer science
2645:
2322:
1190:
1018:from the original on January 2, 2021
947:
931:"IBM 7090/94 IBSYS Operating System"
687:
84:eServer zSeries (900, 800; 990, 890)
1226:IBM Mainframe Resources & Forum
1221:Official IBM mainframe page (IBM Z)
303:
13:
1146:
1130:from the original on March 4, 2016
1078:from the original on June 30, 2012
891:Input/Output Configuration Program
768:; it has since been discontinued.
583:
553:
513:zSeries, System z, and zEnterprise
14:
3229:
3090:Computers built 1955 through 1978
1303:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
1241:IBM Archives: IBM Mainframe album
1214:
1104:from the original on May 18, 2015
1051:from the original on July 8, 2012
986:from the original on July 1, 2023
426:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2001:Sabre airline reservation system
1847:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
515:machines. System/370 introduced
99:zEnterprise System (z196, zEC12)
1514:Information Management Software
1195:IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems
2419:
2267:International chess tournament
2047:Globally integrated enterprise
2037:Commercial Processing Workload
1116:
1090:
1070:Radding, Alan (June 6, 2011).
1063:
1039:"Mainframe concepts (page 31)"
1030:
998:
903:
1:
3182:History of computing hardware
2006:Scanning tunneling microscope
1098:"Technical Overview: FLEX-ES"
916:
771:
681:Express disk I/O processors.
601:Integrated Facility for Linux
544:Conversational Monitor System
1231:IBM Archives: IBM Mainframes
1072:"Bye bye zPrime on System z"
886:IBM Secure Service Container
811:
754:SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
7:
1874:Canada Head Office Building
1864:Cambridge Scientific Center
1756:Science Research Associates
1524:Mainframe operating systems
948:Gray, George (March 1999).
859:
828:, and the freely available
596:: general-purpose processor
523:variant of OS/360 MFT, the
414:(Introduced 96 column card)
293:and its operating systems.
210:First and second generation
10:
3234:
3032:University of Pennsylvania
1935:Virtual Universe Community
1656:International subsidiaries
1576:Service Automation Manager
677:networking processor, and
557:
430:
334:, business and scientific)
240:electronic data processing
104:IBM Z (z13, z14, z15, z16)
3150:
3133:
3117:
3098:
3074:
3049:
3030:
3017:
2988:
2940:
2935:IBM vacuum tube computers
2902:
2895:
2858:
2797:
2770:
2636:
2629:
2609:
2526:
2519:
2484:
2461:
2444:
2427:
2307:
2196:
2138:
2065:
2024:
1953:
1887:
1783:
1686:
1621:
1612:
1464:
1414:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1283:
954:Unisys History Newsletter
455:floating-point arithmetic
1961:Automated teller machine
1915:The Great Mind Challenge
1298:Mergers and acquisitions
896:
750:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
738:Airlines Control Program
3213:IBM mainframe computers
3123:UNIVAC family computers
3076:Sperry Rand Corporation
2617:Soviet computer systems
1920:Linux Technology Center
1275:
766:OpenSolaris on System z
607:OSes (optionally under
441:IBM System/360 Model 50
314:Computer History Museum
273:used for real work was
2799:University of Illinois
2245:Dynamic infrastructure
2210:Big Blue sports teams
2016:Universal Product Code
804:. In many cases these
778:transaction processing
618:: designed to support
569:
442:
349:Early IBM disk storage
316:
283:SHARE Operating System
223:
2377:Vacuum tube computers
2261:IBM and the Holocaust
2226:Common Public License
2111:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
1894:Academy of Technology
1349:Power microprocessors
1157:IBM's Early Computers
876:IBM midrange computer
567:
440:
368:instruction set, the
311:
255:programming languages
218:IBM 704 mainframe at
217:
3170:Vacuum-tube computer
1991:Magnetic stripe card
1940:World Community Grid
1816:Toronto Software Lab
1472:Carbon Design System
1427:Cell microprocessors
1014:. January 23, 2003.
977:"The 360 Revolution"
866:List of IBM products
796:Application Server,
762:UTS (Mainframe UNIX)
756:). Some systems run
720:and VM/XA SP in the
481:(with PCP, MFT, and
328:decimal architecture
326:(vacuum tube logic,
3158:Transistor computer
2594:Electronika SS VLSI
2255:GUIDE International
2117:Samuel J. Palmisano
1976:Electronic keypunch
1800:One Atlantic Center
1770:Weather Underground
1766:The Weather Company
1074:. DancingDinosaur.
960:(3). Archived from
832:, which runs under
820:, which runs under
449:" suggested a "360
228:IBM 700/7000 series
204:mainframe computers
2860:Harvard University
2357:Personal computers
2347:Midrange computers
2337:Navigational boxes
2230:IBM Public License
2205:A Boy and His Atom
2163:Michelle J. Howard
2105:John Fellows Akers
2087:T. Vincent Learson
1794:1250 René-Lévesque
1534:Planning Analytics
1037:IBM corp. (2005).
964:on August 9, 2017.
937:on April 24, 2021.
871:Amdahl Corporation
570:
443:
317:
224:
198:, followed by the
3200:
3199:
3141:Colossus computer
3129:
3128:
3026:
3025:
3011:
3010:
2793:
2792:
2625:
2624:
2387:
2386:
2352:Operating systems
2214:American football
2183:Joseph R. Swedish
2178:Martha E. Pollack
2081:Thomas Watson Jr.
2042:Customer engineer
1966:Cynefin framework
1852:Hakozaki Facility
1811:Rome Software Lab
1779:
1778:
1608:
1607:
1561:Rational Software
1460:
1459:
1442:Personal Computer
1437:Midrange computer
850:Microsoft Windows
780:environments and
728:(which is in the
694:operating systems
688:Operating systems
616:Coupling Facility
594:central processor
459:operating systems
420:Midrange computer
270:operating systems
181:
180:
3225:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2880:Harvard Mark III
2643:
2642:
2634:
2633:
2602:
2585:
2573:
2556:
2544:
2524:
2523:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2335:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2075:Thomas J. Watson
1996:Relational model
1945:Think conference
1826:330 North Wabash
1746:Microelectronics
1619:
1618:
1544:Quantum Platform
1489:Cognos Analytics
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1210:
1198:
1172:
1160:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
991:
981:
972:
966:
965:
945:
939:
938:
933:. Archived from
927:
910:
907:
716:(which followed
700:(which followed
620:Parallel Sysplex
614:ICF, Integrated
533:virtual machines
471:microprogramming
304:Smaller machines
244:instruction sets
173:
166:
159:
21:
20:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3146:
3125:
3113:
3094:
3070:
3045:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3007:
2984:
2936:
2933:
2891:
2886:Harvard Mark IV
2874:Harvard Mark II
2854:
2789:
2766:
2621:
2605:
2596:
2579:
2567:
2550:
2538:
2515:
2480:
2457:
2440:
2423:
2418:
2388:
2383:
2303:
2289:SHARE computing
2250:GlobalFoundries
2192:
2140:
2134:
2061:
2020:
2011:Financial swaps
1986:Hard disk drive
1949:
1883:
1857:Yamato Facility
1775:
1682:
1614:
1604:
1571:Tivoli Software
1456:
1410:
1309:
1279:
1274:
1217:
1207:
1169:
1149:
1147:Further reading
1144:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
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1064:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1004:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
979:
973:
969:
946:
942:
929:
928:
924:
919:
914:
913:
908:
904:
899:
862:
814:
774:
730:DOS/360 lineage
690:
603:: dedicated to
586:
584:Processor units
568:IBM System z800
562:
556:
554:Today's systems
435:
429:
355:IBM 1400 series
306:
212:
177:
41:700/7000 series
17:
12:
11:
5:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3134:United Kingdom
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:IBM mainframes
3018:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2868:Harvard Mark I
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2240:Deep Thought
2203:
2131:(since 2020)
2099:John R. Opel
2057:Think slogan
1898:Deep Thunder
1704:Kaleida Labs
1699:AIM alliance
1384:Q System Two
1379:Q System One
1336:
1194:
1176:
1156:
1132:. Retrieved
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1032:
1022:December 22,
1020:. Retrieved
1009:
1000:
990:December 22,
988:. Retrieved
970:
962:the original
957:
953:
943:
935:the original
925:
905:
881:IBM LinuxONE
815:
784:, including
775:
692:The primary
691:
683:
663:
587:
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548:time-sharing
525:OS/VS2 (SVS)
499:
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444:
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412:IBM System/3
397:IBM Series/1
388:IBM System/7
382:
366:
345:
342:disk storage
318:
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268:. The first
248:
232:vacuum tubes
225:
183:
182:
112:Architecture
25:
18:
2597: [
2580: [
2568: [
2551: [
2539: [
2372:Typewriters
2278:Mathematica
2219:Rugby union
2158:Alex Gorsky
2125:(2012–2020)
2119:(2002–2011)
2113:(1993–2002)
2107:(1985–1993)
2101:(1981–1985)
2095:(1973–1981)
2089:(1971–1973)
2083:(1956–1971)
2077:(1914–1956)
2025:Terminology
1981:Floppy disk
1925:SkillsBuild
1888:Initiatives
1869:IBM Hursley
1843:Facilities
1494:Connections
1364:FlashSystem
1134:January 27,
675:OSA-Express
627:I/O channel
332:drum memory
236:transistors
192:7000 series
61:30XX series
46:1400 series
33:Market name
24:History of
3207:Categories
3088:See also:
2825:ILLIAC III
2743:MUSASINO-1
2638:IAS family
2421:Mainframes
2367:System/370
2362:System/360
2153:David Farr
2052:e-business
1954:Inventions
1903:Develothon
1784:Facilities
1644:Promontory
1639:Consulting
917:References
856:machines.
772:Middleware
724:lineage),
712:lineage),
643:processing
629:operations
622:operations
540:hypervisor
508:, and the
506:System/390
502:System/370
291:System/360
275:GM-NAA I/O
264:and later
202:. Current
200:System/370
196:System/360
125:System/370
120:System/360
94:System z10
79:System/390
56:System/370
51:System/360
3084:UNIVAC II
2945:305 RAMAC
2831:ILLIAC IV
2819:ILLIAC II
2778:FACOM 201
2731:MANIAC II
2428:Australia
2235:Deep Blue
2141:directors
1600:WebSphere
1539:PureQuery
1447:Selectric
1422:Blue Gene
1337:Mainframe
950:"EXEC II"
812:Emulators
794:WebSphere
782:databases
546:(CMS). A
298:IBM 7094s
251:compilers
89:System z9
3118:See also
3100:Raytheon
3065:UNIVAC I
3003:AN/FSQ-8
2998:AN/FSQ-7
2843:ILLIAC 6
2813:ILLIAC I
2725:MANIAC I
2677:JOHNNIAC
2610:See also
2317:Category
2284:IBM Plex
2139:Board of
2032:Big Blue
1832:Honolulu
1741:Merative
1726:EduQuest
1709:Taligent
1678:Research
1615:entities
1613:Business
1554:OpenQASM
1482:Cloudant
1452:ThinkPad
1375:Quantum
1323:Hardware
1315:Products
1128:Archived
1102:Archived
1076:Archived
1046:Archived
1016:Archived
984:Archived
860:See also
830:Hercules
822:UnixWare
806:software
758:MUSIC/SP
407:IBM 8100
402:IBM 3790
392:IBM 1800
370:IBM 1130
361:IBM 1620
130:S/370-XA
3151:Related
2761:Cyclone
2755:EDB-2/3
2713:SILLIAC
2671:IBM 701
2565:PS-3000
2560:PS-2000
2536:ES-2701
2435:SILLIAC
2327:Commons
2294:ScicomP
1837:Seattle
1790:Towers
1736:Lexmark
1731:Kyndryl
1673:Red Hat
1622:Current
1593:Granite
1588:Watsonx
1504:Fortran
1432:PowerPC
1359:Storage
1330:Current
1293:History
1285:History
1199:. MIT.
1161:. MIT.
1126:. IBM.
982:. IBM.
842:Solaris
838:FreeBSD
818:FLEX-ES
798:IBM Db2
744:(e.g.,
708:in the
702:MVS/ESA
673:), the
651:IBM Db2
495:DOS/360
491:TOS/360
487:BOS/360
378:Fortran
324:IBM 650
262:COMTRAN
258:Fortran
222:in 1957
140:ESA/390
135:ESA/370
3143:(1943)
3110:(1953)
3108:RAYDAC
3067:(1951)
3061:(1949)
3042:(1945)
2888:(1952)
2882:(1949)
2876:(1947)
2870:(1944)
2851:(2006)
2845:(2005)
2839:(1988)
2833:(1965)
2827:(1966)
2821:(1958)
2815:(1952)
2809:(1952)
2807:ORDVAC
2786:(1964)
2780:(1960)
2763:(1959)
2757:(1957)
2751:(1957)
2745:(1957)
2739:(1957)
2737:MISTIC
2733:(1956)
2727:(1956)
2721:(1956)
2715:(1956)
2709:(1957)
2703:(1955)
2697:(1955)
2695:WEIZAC
2691:(1952)
2689:ORDVAC
2685:(1953)
2683:ORACLE
2679:(1953)
2673:(1953)
2667:(1953)
2661:(1953)
2659:AVIDAC
2655:(1952)
2653:ILLIAC
2589:Elbrus
2531:BESM-6
2512:(1964)
2506:(1957)
2500:(1956)
2494:(1957)
2485:Sweden
2477:(1949)
2471:(1954)
2454:(1955)
2452:WEIZAC
2445:Israel
2437:(1956)
2299:Unions
1910:Fellow
1721:Cognos
1694:AdStar
1687:Former
1651:Kenexa
1629:Apptio
1583:Watson
1549:Qiskit
1415:Former
1404:Condor
1394:Osprey
1369:DS8000
1203:
1183:
1165:
1108:May 8,
1082:May 5,
1055:May 5,
854:x86-64
802:Oracle
800:, and
746:Debian
718:VM/ESA
710:OS/360
706:OS/390
657:, and
537:VM/370
535:; the
521:OS/VS1
510:64-bit
504:, the
493:, and
479:OS/360
451:degree
374:EBCDIC
3059:EDVAC
3040:ENIAC
2837:CEDAR
2784:TRASK
2771:1960s
2749:EDB-1
2646:1950s
2601:]
2584:]
2572:]
2555:]
2543:]
2510:TRASK
2504:EDB-1
2475:FUJIC
2469:FACOM
2462:Japan
2197:Other
1668:Press
1661:India
1477:Cloud
1465:Other
1399:Heron
1389:Eagle
1342:IBM Z
1049:(PDF)
1042:(PDF)
980:(PDF)
897:Notes
846:macOS
834:Linux
826:Linux
734:z/TPF
726:z/VSE
722:CP-40
679:FICON
659:IPSec
605:Linux
599:IFL,
574:IBM Z
560:IBM Z
287:IBSYS
266:COBOL
3175:list
3163:list
3051:EMCC
2990:SAGE
2719:SMIL
2707:SARA
2701:DASK
2665:BESK
2548:Mars
2498:SMIL
2492:SARA
2342:FOSS
2067:CEOs
1971:DRAM
1566:SPSS
1509:ILOG
1201:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1136:2016
1110:2015
1084:2012
1057:2012
1024:2020
992:2020
848:and
786:CICS
714:z/VM
704:and
698:z/OS
647:zIIP
639:and
637:Java
633:zAAP
609:z/VM
592:CP,
572:The
346:see:
220:NACA
73:3090
69:308X
65:303X
2980:709
2975:705
2970:704
2965:702
2960:701
2955:650
2950:610
2896:IBM
2577:SVS
1277:IBM
1011:IBM
824:or
790:IMS
732:),
655:XML
641:XML
529:MVS
485:),
483:MVT
447:360
188:IBM
3209::
2599:ru
2582:ru
2570:ru
2553:ru
2541:ru
1100:.
1044:.
1008:.
956:.
952:.
844:,
840:,
836:,
792:,
788:,
752:,
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344:;
330:,
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67:,
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