IBM System/370 - Knowledge

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because of virtual memory experience at CSC and elsewhere. The 145 microcode architecture simplified the addition of virtual storage, allowing this capability to be present in early 145s without the extensive hardware modifications needed in other models. However, IBM did not document the 145's virtual storage capability, nor annotate the relevant bits in the control registers and PSW that were displayed on the operator control panel when selected using the roller switches. The Reference and Change bits of the Storage-protection Keys, however, were labeled on the rollers, a dead giveaway to anyone who had worked with the earlier 360/67. Existing S/370-145 customers were happy to learn that they did not have to purchase a hardware upgrade in order to run DOS/VS or OS/VS1 (or OS/VS2 Release 1 – which was possible, but not common because of the limited amount of main storage available on the S/370-145).

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primary-space mode or secondary-space mode. When in primary-space mode, instructions and data are fetched from the primary address space. When in secondary-space mode, operands whose addresses defined to be logical are fetched from the secondary address space; it is unpredictable whether instructions will be fetched from the primary or secondary address space, so code must be mapped into both address spaces in the same address ranges in both address spaces. The program can switch between primary-space and secondary-space mode with the SET ADDRESS SPACE CONTROL instruction; there are also MOVE TO PRIMARY and MOVE TO SECONDARY instructions that copy a range of bytes from an address range in one address space to an address range in the other address space.

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and S/370-165-II. IBM wanted customers to upgrade their 155 and 165 systems to the widely sold S/370-158 and -168. These upgrades were surprisingly expensive ($ 200,000 and $ 400,000, respectively) and had long ship date lead times after being ordered by a customer; consequently, they were never popular with customers, the majority of whom leased their systems via a third-party

4693:– tables include model characteristics (Table 1) and announcement/shipment dates (Table 2). The S/370-155-II and -165-II are listed under the former but not the latter, because the upgraded systems were not formally announced as separate models. The "System/370 Advanced Function" announcement, including the -158 and -168, was the main public event. 5829:

from 1967 to 1972, it put in place a massive industrial complex to reverse-engineer, copy, and produce IBM mainframes and DEC minicomputers... Once a computer was reduced to its constituent bits on both a software and hardware level, industrial management designed a manufacturing process to replicate

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Such an example is that the S/370 architecture specifies that the 64-bit PSW register bit number 32 has to be set to 0 and that doing otherwise leads to an exception. Subsequently, when the S/370-XA architecture was defined, it was stated that this bit would indicate whether the program was a program

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Address spaces are identified by an address-space number (ASN). The ASN contains indices into a two-level table, structured similarly to a two-level page table, with entries containing a presence bit, various fields indicating permissions granted for access to the address space, the starting address

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The Dual Address Space (DAS) facility allows a privileged program to move data between two address spaces without the overhead of allocating a buffer in common storage, moving the data to the buffer, scheduling an SRB in the target address space, moving the data to their final destination and freeing

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Shortly after the August 2, 1972 announcement, DAT box (address relocation hardware) upgrades for the S/370-155 and S/370-165 were quietly announced, but were available only for purchase by customers who already owned a Model 155 or 165. After installation, these models were known as the S/370-155-II

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for S/370, but it became obsolete over time and was finally replaced with the S/390 backend. Although the S/370 and S/390 instruction sets are essentially the same (and have been consistent since the introduction of the S/360), GCC operability on older systems has been abandoned. GCC currently works

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evolution of the System/360 architecture from which it retains most aspects. This specification does not make any assumptions on the implementation itself, but rather describes the interfaces and the expected behavior of an implementation. The architecture describes mandatory interfaces that must be

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company. This led to the original S/370-155 and S/370-165 models being described as "boat anchors". The upgrade, required to run OS/VS1 or OS/VS2, was not cost effective for most customers by the time IBM could actually deliver and install it, so many customers were stuck with these machines running

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for the DOS compatibility feature from its first shipments in June 1971; the same hardware was used by the microcode for DAT. Although IBM famously chose to exclude virtual storage from the S/370 announcement, that decision was being reconsidered during the completion of the 145 engineering, partly

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Great care was taken in order to ensure that further modifications to the architecture would remain compatible, at least as far as non-privileged programs were concerned. This philosophy predates the definition of the S/370 architecture and started with the S/360 architecture. If certain rules are

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However, not all of the interfaces can remain compatible. Emphasis was put on having non control programs (called problem state programs) remain compatible. Thus, operating systems have to be ported to the new architecture because the control interfaces can (and were) redefined in an incompatible

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The initial System/370 architecture has a 24-bit limit on physical addresses, limiting physical memory to 16 MB. Page table entries have 12 bits of page frame address with 4 KB pages and 13 bits of page frame address with 2 KB pages, so combining a 12-bit page frame address with a 12-bit offset

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systems had become a major theme in the computer market, and the 370 was considered highly controversial as it lacked this feature. This was addressed in 1972 with the System/370 Advanced Function and its associated dynamic address translation (DAT) hardware. All future machines in the lineup

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The original System/370 line was announced on June 30, 1970, with first customer shipment of the Models 155 and 165 planned for February 1971 and April 1971 respectively. The 155 first shipped in January 1971. System/370 underwent several architectural improvements during its roughly 20-year

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The following table summarizes the major S/370 series and models. The second column lists the principal architecture associated with each series. Many models implemented more than one architecture; thus, 308x processors initially shipped as S/370 architecture, but later offered XA; and many

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The extended real addressing feature in System/370 raises this limit to 26 bits, increasing the physical memory limit to 64 MB. Two reserved bits in the page table entry for 4 KB pages were used to extend the page frame address. The extended real addressing is only available with address

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In 1981, IBM added the dual-address-space facility to System/370. This allows a program to have two address spaces; Control Register 1 contains the segment table origin (STO) for the primary address space and CR7 contains the STO for the secondary address space. The processor can run in

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The block multiplexer channel, previously available only on the 360/85 and 360/195, was a standard part of the architecture. For compatibility it could operate as a selector channel. Block multiplexer channels were available in single byte (1.5 MB/s) and double byte (3.0 MB/s) versions.

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In 1972, a very significant change was made when support for virtual storage was introduced with IBM's "System/370 Advanced Function" announcement. IBM had initially (and controversially) chosen to exclude virtual storage from the S/370 line. The August 2, 1972 announcement included:

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MVT until their lease ended. It was not unusual for this to be another four, five or even six years for the more unfortunate ones, and turned out to be a significant factor in the slow adoption of OS/VS2 MVS, not only by customers in general, but for many internal IBM sites as well.

536:, were introduced, the System/370 architecture was described as an extension, but not a redesign, of IBM's 1964-introduced System/360 architecture. The System/370 architecture incorporated only a small number of changes to the System/360 architecture. These changes included: 1253:

which was announced Jun 30, 1976 was offered with either 524,288 (512K) or 1,048,576 (1 MB) of memory. The latter was "double the maximum capacity of the Model 135," which "can be upgraded to the new computer's internal performance levels at customer locations."

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Operating system specific assist, Extended Control Program Support (ECPS). extended facility and extension features for OS/VS1, MVS and VM. Exploiting levels of these operating systems, e.g., MVS/System Extensions (MVS/SE), reduce path length for some frequent

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Furthermore, it stated its awareness of the needs of small-to-medium size businesses to be able to respond, as "computing requirements grow," adding that "the IBM 9370 system can be easily expanded by adding additional features and racks to accommodate..."

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IBM took great care to ensure that changes to the architecture would remain compatible for unprivileged (problem state) programs; some new interfaces did not break the initial interface contract for privileged (supervisor mode) programs. Some examples are

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to prevent anybody noticing the arrival of an S/370 at that hotbed of virtual memory development – since this would have signaled that the S/370 was about to receive address relocation technology). The S/370-145 had an associative memory used by the

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processors added "extended real addressing", which allowed 26-bit addressing for physical storage (but still imposed a 24-bit limit for any individual address space). This capability appeared later on other systems, such as the 4381 and

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that supported it. Smaller additions were made throughout the lifetime of the line, which led to a profusion of models that were generally referred to by the processor number. One of the last major additions to the line in 1988 were the

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Although the 168 served as IBM's "flagship" system, a 1975 newsbrief said that IBM boosted the power of the 370/168 again "in the wake of the Amdahl challenge... only 10 months after it introduced the improved 168-3 processor."

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The first System/370 to use monolithic main memory, the Model 145 was offered in six memory sizes. A portion of the main memory, the "Reloadable Control Storage" (RCS) was loaded from a prewritten disk cartridge containing

642:(Monolithic System Technology) making them third generation computers. MST provided System/370 with four to eight times the circuit density and over ten times the reliability when compared to the previous second generation 1833:

This low-end system, announced October 7, 1986, was "designed to satisfy the computing requirements of IBM customers who value System/370 affinity" and "small enough and quiet enough to operate in an office environment."

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IBM offered many Model Groups and models of the 4300 family, ranging from the entry level 4331 to the 4381, described as "one of the most powerful and versatile intermediate system processors ever produced by IBM."

4248: 376:, which IBM referred to as Monolithic System Technology, or MST. The higher density packaging allowed several formerly optional features from the 360 line to be included as standard features of the machines, 4276: 424:

The following features mentioned in the 11th edition of the System/370 Principles of Operation are either optional on S/360 but standard on S/370, introduced with S/370 or added to S/370 after announcement.

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As with the option to field-upgrade a 135, a 370/145 could be field-upgraded "at customer locations" to 148-level performance. The upgraded 135 and 145 systems were "designated the Models 135-3 and 145-3."

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and length of the segment table for the address space, and other information. The SET SECONDARY ASN instruction makes the address space identified by a given ASN value the current secondary address space.

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Early 370 systems differed from the 360 largely in their internal circuitry, moving from the individual transistors and small-scale integrated circuits to more modern devices using multiple transistors per

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respectively. IBM subsequently announced models 120, 150, 180, 300, 500 and 600 with lower, intermediate and higher capacities; the first digit of the model number gives the number of central processors.

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IBM noted about the 3033, looking back, that "When it was rolled out on March 25, 1977, the 3033 eclipsed the internal operating speed of the company's previous flagship the System/370 Model 168-3 ..."

1895:'s launch of his own company. About the same time, Japanese giants began eyeing the lucrative mainframe market both at home and abroad. One Japanese consortium focused upon IBM and two others from the 5985: 5937: 5630:

The "first to market" advantage can be summarized as "In 1972, computer designer Seymour Cray left CDC and formed a new company" as noted in Getting Up to Speed: The Future of Supercomputing, 2005,

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or parallel Bus and Tag) channel-to-control-unit cabling infrastructure and protocol onto standard FC services and infrastructure at data rates up to 16 Gigabits/sec at distances up to 100 km.

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and the Model 165 were announced Jun 30, 1970, the first of the 370s introduced. Neither had a DAT box; they were limited to running the same non-virtual-memory operating systems available for the

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Channel set switching allowed one processor in a multiprocessor configuration to take over the I/O workload from the other processor if it failed or was taken offline for maintenance.

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Note also the confusing term "System/370-compatible", which appeared in IBM source documents to describe certain products. Outside IBM, this term would more often describe systems from

6013: 5844: 5953: 3629:, the most significant design improvement since the 31-bit transition. All have retained essential backward compatibility with the original S/360 architecture and instruction set. 4445: 4308: 4349: 4381: 1371:

A tightly coupled multiprocessor (MP) model was available, as was the ability to loosely couple this system to another 360 or 370 via an optional channel-to-channel adapter.

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expecting a 24-bit address architecture or 31-bit address architecture. Thus, most programs that ran on the 24-bit architecture can still run on 31-bit systems; the 64-bit

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IBM also noted its sensitivity to "entry software prices, substantial reductions in support and training requirements, and modest power consumption and maintenance costs."

1513:, was announced March 25, 1977 and was delivered the following March, at which time a multiprocessor version of the 3033 was announced. IBM described it as "The Big One." 4511: 1860:

In the 360 era, a number of manufacturers had already standardized upon the IBM/360 instruction set and, to a degree, 360 architecture. Notable computer makers included

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the hyperlink on the words "Vector processing" point to an article that has only 2 mentions of IBM, one of which begins "In 2000, IBM, Toshiba and Sony collaborated."

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Other changes were compatible only for unprivileged programs, although the changes for privileged programs were of limited scope and well defined. Some examples are:

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The 4361 has "Programmable Power-Off -- enables the user to turn off the processor under program control"; "Unit power off" is (also) part of the 4381 feature list.

4365: 4814: 825:), first available in early 1983 on the 3081 and 3083 processors, provided a number of major enhancements, including expansion of virtual address spaces from 3602:

has an additional mode bit for 64-bit addresses, so that those programs, and programs that ran on the 31-bit architecture, can still run on 64-bit systems.

907:, and others, that could run the same S/370 software. This choice of terminology by IBM may have been a deliberate attempt to ignore the existence of those 4569:

The IBM 2880 Block-Multiplexer Channel included most of the System/370 I/O architecture extensions and was made available on System/360 Models 85 and 195.

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systems were strong competitors in both hardware and software; the media of the day carried IBM's alleged "VAX Killer" phrase, albeit often skeptically.

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compatibility features were included, and the supporting integrated emulator programs could operate concurrently with standard System/370 workloads.

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with the S/360, allowing an easy migration path for customers; this, plus improved performance, were the dominant themes of the product announcement.

4782: 5606: 6181:— Chapter 4 (pp. 111–166) describes the System/370 architecture; Chapter 5 (pp. 167–206) describes the System/370 Extended Architecture. 3618:

in the 1990s, and similarly extended the architecture from ESA/370 to ESA/390. This was a minor architectural change, and was upwards compatible.

3466:. Each instruction is wholly described and also defines the conditions under which an exception is recognized in the form of program interruption. 1283:

to implement, for example, all needed instructions, I/O channels, and optional instructions to enable the system to emulate earlier IBM machines.

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made from monolithic integrated circuits and was scheduled for delivery in the late summer of 1971. All subsequent S/370 models used such memory.

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The 370 was IBM's primary large mainframe offering from the 1970s through the 1980s. In September 1990, the System/370 line was replaced with the

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oneywell) group of IBM's competitors. The latter efforts were abandoned and eventually all Japanese efforts focused on the IBM mainframe lines.

810:, but later made it available for some 43xx, 3031 and 3032 processors. MVS/System Product (MVS/SP) Version 1 exploited DAS if it was available. 6219: 4726: 4622: 5373: 5189: 4286: 5351: 5329: 4455: 4391: 4375: 4318: 4258: 4505: 6144: 5979: 5963: 4521: 4212: 6431: 6023: 5995: 5947: 5931: 4843: 4769: 4740: 6466: 4581: 4359: 4042: 3919:

One announcement alone featured mention of "Twelve models of the 4381" for just 3 "Model Groups" and also listed 6 other Model Groups

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IBM documentation numbers the bits from high order to low order; the most significant (leftmost) bit is designated as bit number 0.

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channel with a maximum distance of 43 kilometers. Originally operating at 10 Mbyte/s, it was subsequently increased to 17 Mbyte/s.

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Despite the numbering, the least powerful was the 3083, which could be field-upgraded to a 3081; the 3084 was the top of the line.

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on machines that have the full instruction set of System/390 Generation 5 (G5), the hardware platform for the initial release of

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All of the emulator features were designed to run under the control of the standard operating systems. IBM documented the S/370

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adhered to, a program written for this architecture will run with the intended results on the successors of this architecture.

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Starting with the E models, and continuing with the J and S models, IBM offered Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 (ESA/370),

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The CPU could be configured with 65,536 (64K) or 98,304 (96K) bytes of main memory. An optional 360/20 emulator was available.

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Later architectural changes primarily involved expansions in memory (central storage) – both physical memory and virtual

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Beginning in 1977, IBM began to introduce new systems, using the description "A compatible member of the System/370 family."

5638:, by National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board 3999: 1675:(PR/SM) and a set of backward compatible MVS/Enterprise System Architecture (MVS/ESA) software replacing previous products: 3606:

way. For example, the I/O interface was redesigned in S/370-XA making S/370 program issuing I/O operations unusable as-is.

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within the page or a 13-bit page frame address with an 11-bit offset within the page produces a 24-bit physical address.

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VM/370 R2, VM/BSE, VM/SE and VM/SP exploit Virtual-Machine Assist and Shadow-Table-Bypass Assist if they are available.

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processors, such as the 4381, had microcode that allowed customer selection between S/370 or XA (later, ESA) operation.

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As part of the DAT announcement, IBM upgraded channels to have Indirect Data Address Lists (IDALs). a form of I/O MMU.

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Emulating the IBM 1401, 1440 and 1460 on the IBM System/370 Models 145 and 155 using OS/360 Program Number 360C-EU-735

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A "reading device located in the Model 135 console" allowed updates and adding features to the Model 135's microcode.

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System/370-XA introduced a channel subsystem that performed I/O queuing previously done by the operating system.

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Emulating the IBM 1410 and 7010 on the IBM System/370 Models 145 and 155 using OS/360 Program Number 360C-EU-736

3650:. However, a separately maintained version of GCC 3.2.3 that works for the S/370 is available, known as GCCMVS. 1888:. These computers were not perfectly compatible, nor (except for the Russian efforts) were they intended to be. 1392:

was described by IBM as "more powerful" compared to the "medium-scale" 370/155. It first shipped in April 1971.

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the machine... a clone of the IBM 360/40 in 1970, a Cold War coup. Later, he worked on duplicating the IBM 370

787:– to enable larger workloads and meet client demands for more storage. This was the inevitable trend as 565:

thereby permitting operations on up to 2^24-1 bytes (16 MB), vs. the 256-byte limits on the 360's MVC and CLC;

1845: 833:, expansion of real addresses from 24 or 26 bits to 31 bits, and a complete redesign of the I/O architecture. 5221: 1803:

processors were Mid/Low end systems announced Jan 30, 1979 as "compact (and).. compatible with System/370."

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Data streaming channels had a speed of 3.0 MB/s over a single byte interface, later upgraded to 4.5 MB/s.

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The plug-compatible CPU is the conception of Dr. Jared A. Anderson and his associates at Two Pi Corp., ..

4148: 1663:, began with models 200 and 400. They were announced Feb. 12, 1985, and were configured with two or four 756: 284: 5692: 3713:

became the standard IBM mainframe channel; FIbre CONnection (FICON) is the IBM proprietary name for the

848:, more addressing modes, and various facilities for working with multiple address spaces simultaneously. 397:

extensions that allowed a machine to have multiple virtual address spaces and easily switch among them.

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Emulating the IBM 7074 on the IBM System/370 Models 155 and 165 using OS/360 Program Number 360C-EU-739

708:(Multiple Virtual Storage) and planned to be available 20 months later (at the end of March 1974), and 1275:

was announced Sep 23, 1970, three months after the 155 and 165 models. It first shipped in June 1971.

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included "up to eight megabytes" of main memory, double the maximum of 4 megabytes on the 370/158.

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MVS/Extended Architecture (MVS/XA) software replacing previous products and part of OS/VS2 R3.8:

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was announced Mar 8, 1971. Options for the 370/135 included a choice of four main memory sizes;

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available on all implementations and optional interfaces which may or may not be implemented.

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IBM's offering of an optional vector facility (VF) extension for the 3090 came at a time when

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The 4331 was subsequently withdrawn on November 18, 1981, and the 4341 on February 11, 1986.

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was announced Jun 30, 1970 and, at that time, it was "IBM's most powerful computing system."

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Its introduction came about 14 months after the announcement of its direct predecessor, the

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E.g., programs that depended on getting program interrupts for alignment errors might fail.

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An Input/Output mechanism – which does not describe the devices themselves

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The same IBM web page notes the following date announced/withdrawn dates: Model Groups

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Virtual storage had in fact been delivered on S/370 hardware before this announcement:

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TSO Extensions (TSO/E), which enhances and extends the capability of TSO, is announced

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Timing facilities (Time of day clock, interval timer, CPU timer and clock comparator)

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It was delivered with "a minimum of two (of IBM's newly announced) directly-attached

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It included dynamic address translation (DAT) hardware, a pre-requisite for the new

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It included dynamic address translation (DAT) hardware, a prerequisite for the new

830: 826: 389: 54: 5782:. January 1990. chapter 5.4, "SUMMARY OF RELATIVE STRENGTH OF DEC/VMS AND IBM/VM". 1542:

Three systems comprised the next series of high end machines, IBM's 308X systems:

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eroded the unit cost of memory. As with all IBM mainframe development, preserving

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3D Rendering of computer center with IBM System/370-145 and IBM 2401 tape drives

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address relocation hardware on all S/370s except the original models 155 and 165

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support for the block multiplexer channel introduced in the System/360 Model 85.

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was announced March 13, 1973 as "an ideal System/370 entry system for users of

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used the name System/370 to announce the following eleven (3 digit) offerings:

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Manual display and modifications of the system's state (memory and processor)

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On September 5, 1990, IBM announced the Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 (

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support for instance. The 370 also added a small number of new instructions.

357: 253: 190: 5904: 3729:(FCP) allows attaching SCSI devices using the same infrastructure as FICON. 814: 807: 5578:"IBM 3090 PROCESSOR UNIT MODEL 120E, IBM 3092 PROCESSOR CONTROLLER MODEL 3" 4434: 3758: 3622: 1162: 911:(PCMs), because they competed aggressively against IBM hardware dominance. 701: 4826:. September 1981. p. 3-11-3-6,5-11-5-29. GA22-7000-7. 4556: 6441: 6436: 4894:

with surprising term 'System/370-compatible' for the 3xxx and 4xxx series

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In February 1988, IBM announced the Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 (

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to explain why the 9370 is categorized as a System/370 compatible system

4688: 4630:(Second ed.). IBM. October 1971. pp. CPU 117–129. SY24-3581-1. 3429:

A 64-bit Program status word (PSW) which describes (among other things)

658:, a third model of the System/370, which was the first model to feature 3857:

The Dynamic Address Translation on S/370 is different from that on the

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In June 1971, on the S/370-145 (one of which had to be "smuggled" into

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MVS/Extended Architecture Data Facility Product: General Information

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that allowed it to run multiple operating systems at the same time.

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That changed in the 1970s with the introduction of the IBM/370 and

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the new S/370 models 158 and 168, with address relocation hardware

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IBM Maintenance Library 3145 Processing Unit Theory - Maintenance

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IBM Maintenance Library 3145 Processing Unit Theory - Maintenance

3625:(now called IBM Z). The zSeries mainframes introduced the 64-bit 3576: 3551: 3496: 1958: 1943: 1938: 1298:

had the same announcement and withdrawal dates as the Model 138.

904: 852: 837: 405: 394: 304: 299: 145: 141: 6127: 4665:"IBM's Virtual Memory 370s," Datamation, September 1972, p.58-61 1639:

MVS/Extended Architecture Data Facility Product (DFP) Version 1

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Basic Telecommunications Access Method/System Product (BTAM/SP)

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IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 Principles of Operation

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IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 Principles of Operation

1966: 1933: 1885: 1861: 1575: 713: 686: 682: 6191: 5524: 5522: 4705: 4176: 4104:(Ninth ed.). IBM. June 2003. SA22-7201-08. Archived from 1349:

Both the 155 and the 165 were withdrawn on December 23, 1977.

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disk storage units provided "up to 400 million bytes online."

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IBM 4300 Processors Principles of Operation for ECPS:VSE Mode

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FC-SB-3 Single-Byte Command Code Sets-3 Mapping Protocol for

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Main memory was either 98,304 (96K) or 131,072 (128K) bytes.

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IBM System/360 Operating System: DOS Emulator Planning Guide

4755:(Third ed.). IBM. April 1986. p. 128. GC20·2021·2. 4533: 4062:

IBM System/370 Extended Architecture Principles of Operation

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IBM System/370 Extended Architecture Principles of Operation

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A special processor communication area starting at address 0

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model, expanded the multiple memory concept to include full

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IBM System/370 Extended Architecture Interpretive Execution

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In August 1972 IBM announced, as a field upgrade only, the

1342:

In August 1972 IBM announced, as a field upgrade only, the

890: 634:

All models of the System/370 used IBM's form of monolithic

4259:

Appendix D. Comparison Between System/370 and 370-XA Modes

580:

value by a power of 10, rounding the result when dividing;

5889:"Microprocessor-based minicomputer runs IBM 370 software" 5697: 4909: 4888: 4823: 4329: 4327: 4152: 1869: 1849: 1645:

All three 308x systems were withdrawn on August 4, 1987.

705: 44: 6114:"Removed architectures and systems removed from GCC 3.4" 5515:, Announcement Letters, IBM, November 2, 1981, ZP81-0796 3721:(FC) protocol used to map both IBM's antecedent (either 3585:

A feature to provide a new I/O interface and to support

3216:

External Mask; subject to external subclass mask in CR0

1528:

were announced Oct. 7, 1977 and withdrawn Feb. 8, 1985.

4409:

CSCI 360 Computer Programming in the Assembler Language

5608:

5685-001 MVS/System Product-JES2 Version 3 Release 1.0

5493: 5491: 4324: 3989:(Eleventh ed.). IBM. September 1987. A22-7000-10. 3499:

process (a process called Initial Program Load or IPL)

1374:

The 158 and 168 were withdrawn on September 15, 1980.

6054:

Virtual-Machine Assist and Shadow-Table-Bypass Assist

4675:

A. Padegs (September 1981). "System/360 and Beyond".

4582:"Information technology industry timeline, 1964–1974" 4204: 4202: 4019:

Virtual-Machine Assist and Shadow-Table-Bypass Assist

3673: 364:

family on June 30, 1970. The series mostly maintains

6086:(Second ed.). IBM. September 1980. GA22-7070-1. 5233: 5231: 1460:

The 370/168 was not withdrawn until September 1980.

383:

At the time of its introduction, the development of

6041:(Second ed.). IBM. November 1980. GA22-7072-1. 5488: 5105:(Second ed.). IBM. February 1971. GC27-6948-1. 4835: 4833: 4718:

Dual Address Space & Linkage-Stack Architecture

6162: 5077:(Second ed.), IBM, February 1971, GC27-6945-1 4303:Appendix D. Comparison Between ESA/370 and ESA/390 4223: 4221: 4178: 4068:(Second ed.). IBM. January 1987. SA22-7085-1. 4007:(Second ed.). IBM. October 1981. GA22-7079-1. 3459:and unmaskable interruption classes and subclasses 1509:The first of the initial high end machines, IBM's 1235:(1401, 1440 and 1460) emulation was also offered. 1188:disk drives." Up to four 3340s could be attached. 5842: 5816: 5228: 4598:VM and the VM community, past present, and future 4287:Appendix D. Comparison Between 370-XA and ESA/370 4238: 4236: 4177:Pugh, E.W.; L.R. Johnson; John H. Palmer (1991). 4134:(First ed.). IBM. January 1984. SA22-7095-0. 1487:. Both 195 machines were withdrawn Feb. 9, 1977. 6532: 5584: 5389:magazine later simply dubbed it – "The Big One." 4086:(First ed.). IBM. August 1988. SA22-7200-0. 3528:(DAT) mechanism that can be used to implement a 844:) 3090 and 4381 models. It added sixteen 32-bit 704:(Single Virtual Storage), and Release 2, termed 5862: 5792: 5777:"Report Of The SSC Computer Planning Committee" 5220:. No. 486. 1975. p. 1. Archived from 4770:Storage Addressing with Extended Address Fields 4534:Richard P. Case; Andris Padegs (January 1978). 4218: 3881:One of these is required for MVS/SE and MVS/SP 1785:The 200 and 400 were withdrawn on May 5, 1989. 1756:MVS/XA Data Facility Product (DFP) Version 2.3 1607:Graphics Access Method/System Product (GAM/SP) 806:the buffer. IBM introduced DAS in 1981 for the 19:"IBM 370" redirects here. For the printer, see 5091:(Second ed.), IBM, June 1971, GC27-6946-1 4809: 4807: 4639: 4637: 4617: 4615: 4233: 3621:In 2000, the System/390 was replaced with the 3400:Some of the aspects of this architecture are: 6213: 6038:IBM System/370 Extended Facility and ECPS:MVS 6001: 5886: 5114: 5112: 4923: 4921: 3971:(First ed.). IBM. June 1970. A22-7000-0. 3632: 1748:MVS/XA Data Facility Product (DFP) Version 1 388:received this option, along with several new 360:computers announced as the successors to the 329: 6060:(First ed.). IBM. May 1980. GA22-7074-0 4025:(First ed.). IBM. May 1980. GA22-7074-0 3936:(Oct 25, 1984 - Feb 11, 1986), Model Groups 1428:The 165 was withdrawn on December 23, 1977. 1368:operating systems (DOS/VS, OS/VS1, OS/VS2). 1361:and the 370/168 were announced Aug 2, 1972. 6194:A software implementation of IBM System/370 6101:Section 1.3.2.2 Problem-State Compatibility 5875:an acronym for Burroughs, ... and Honeywell 5735: 5733: 5710: 5708: 5468: 5466: 5443: 5441: 5280: 5278: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4804: 4714: 4634: 4612: 3932:(Sep 15, 1983 - Feb 11, 1986), Model Group 3799: 3797: 1809:Other models were the 4321, 4361 and 4381. 1286:The 145 was withdrawn on October 16, 1979. 1257:The 138 was withdrawn on November 1, 1983. 1241:The 135 was withdrawn on October 16, 1979. 872: 6220: 6206: 5352:"3033 Multiprocessor - Press announcement" 5109: 4965: 4943: 4918: 4439:Computer Structures: Readings and Examples 4264: 3659:I/O evolution from original S/360 to S/370 3614:IBM replaced the System/370 line with the 3392:specification, and is a direct and mostly 1659:The next series of high-end machines, the 1578:'s 31-bit address capability and a set of 1401:7070/7074, 7080, and 709/7090/7094/7094 II 778: 336: 322: 32: 6467:PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems 5845:"Soviet Radar Allegedly Stolen From U.S." 5140: 4677:IBM Journal of Research & Development 4674: 4661: 4659: 3575:A feature to enhance performance for the 3560:A feature to enhance performance for the 3550:A feature to enhance performance for the 3205:I/O Mask; subject to channel mask in CR2 1324:. The 155 first shipped in January 1971. 1142:Models grouped by Model number (detailed) 882:translation enabled and with 4 KB pages. 654:On September 23, 1970, IBM announced the 601:a new higher-resolution time-of-day clock 5843:Michael Weisskopf (September 24, 1985). 5805:appears to be slaying precious few Vaxes 5730: 5705: 5463: 5438: 5416: 5308:"Mainframes - Basic information sources" 5275: 5184: 5182: 4849: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 3794: 3492:Manual control operations that provide: 1490: 1467: 1219:The 125 was withdrawn on March 9, 1981. 1194:The 115 was withdrawn on March 9, 1981. 891:Models sorted by date introduced (table) 742: 734: 726: 718: 700:with virtual storage) Release 1, termed 528:When the first System/370 machines, the 5865:"Bailing Out Of The Mainframe Industry" 5841:Re the 370 (followup to 360/40 clone): 5693:"IBM Archives: DPD chronology - page 5" 5611:. IBM Sales Manual. IBM. 8 August 2001. 5497: 4041: 3940:(announced Feb 11, 1986), Model Groups 1973: 1774:/Array processing suggested names like 1463: 1431: 1377: 1352: 1305: 1289: 1260: 1244: 1222: 1197: 1152: 16:Family of mainframe computers 1970–1990 6551:Computer-related introductions in 1970 6533: 6432:Basic Assembly Language and successors 6160: 5763:"IBM 9370 INFORMATION SYSTEM OVERVIEW" 5747:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5722:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5677:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5655:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5601: 5599: 5562:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5480:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5455:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5430:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5408:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5380:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5374:"IBM's 3033 "The Big One": IBM's 3033" 5358:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5336:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5314:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5292:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5267:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5245:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5196:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5190:"IBM's 3033 "The Big One": IBM's 3033" 5171:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5126:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5045:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5023:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 5001:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 4979:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 4957:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 4935:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 4868:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 4816:IBM System/370 Principles of Operation 4789:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 4775: 4656: 4594: 4421: 4341:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 3983:IBM System/370 Principles of Operation 3965:IBM System/370 Principles of Operation 821:The System/370 Extended Architecture ( 696:with virtual storage), OS/VS2 (OS/360 6201: 5996:Program-Status Word Format in EC Mode 5948:Program-Status Word Format in BC Mode 5932:Assignment of Control-Register Fields 5179: 4159: 3837:Previously available on S/360 models 3812:Previously available on S/360 models 1819:The 4381 Model Group 3 was dual-CPU. 1209:Two, three or four directly attached 859: 625:DAT (Dynamic Address Translation) box 540:13 new instructions, among which were 6096: 5863:David E. Sanger (February 5, 1984). 5590: 4536:"Architecture of the IBM System/370" 4501: 4451: 4424:"Architecture of the IBM System/370" 4387: 4371: 4355: 4314: 4298: 4282: 4227: 4095: 4077: 3998: 3962: 3609: 1623:MVS/System Product - JES3 Version 2 1615:MVS/System Product - JES2 Version 2 885: 649: 404:. The 390, which was based on a new 249:eServer zSeries (900, 800; 990, 890) 5817:David S. Bennahum (November 1997). 5793:David E. Sanger (January 3, 1988). 5596: 5537:(Third ed.). IBM. January 1984 5212:"IBM boosts power of 370/168 again" 4652:(Fifth ed.). IBM. SY24-3581-4. 4254: 4242: 4059: 4016: 3822: 3520:Some of the optional features are: 1922:Some of the era's clones included: 629: 13: 6227: 6154: 5887:Michalopoulos, D. A. (June 1978). 5795:"The Moment of Truth for Big Blue" 4608:89 Sessions 9059-9061. p. 29. 4469:"Announcing: System/370 Model 155" 4422:Case, Richard P.; Padegs, Andris. 3764:PC-based IBM-compatible mainframes 3674:I/O evolution since original S/370 1724:TSO Extensions (TSO/E) for MVS/XA 1716:MVS/System Product-JES3 Version 3 1708:MVS/System Product-JES2 Version 3 1631:TSO Extensions (TSO/E) for MVS/XA 1567:(announced Sep 3, 1982) had 4 CPUs 1560:(announced Mar 31, 1982) had 1 CPU 855:), upward compatible with ESA/370. 665: 501:Storage-Key-Instruction Extensions 14: 6572: 6185: 6099:, pp. 1-13 –&#32, 1–14, 4749:A Guide to the IBM 4381 Processor 4486:"Announcing System/370 Model 165" 3653: 3473:memory (called storage) subsystem 1981: 1673:Processor Resource/System Manager 1331:(DOS/360 programs under OS/360), 611:programs as integrated emulators. 576:), which multiplied or divided a 523: 456:Extended-Precision Floating Point 6462:Language for Systems Development 6140: 6120: 6106: 6071: 6045: 6029: 6019: 6007: 5991: 5975: 5959: 5943: 5927: 4839: 4765: 4729:from the original on 2021-01-14. 4517: 4208: 3980: 1395:Compatibility features included 619:and did not include support for 432:Channel Indirect Data Addressing 264:zEnterprise System (z196, zEC12) 6383:2540 punched-card reader–writer 6373:270x communications controllers 6022:, pp. 1-1 –&#32, 1–4, 5994:, pp. 4-6 –&#32, 4–7, 5978:, pp. 6-7 –&#32, 6–9, 5962:, pp. 6-3 –&#32, 6–5, 5946:, pp. 4-8 –&#32, 4–9, 5880: 5856: 5835: 5810: 5786: 5769: 5755: 5685: 5663: 5641: 5624: 5615: 5570: 5548: 5503: 5394: 5366: 5344: 5322: 5300: 5253: 5204: 5157: 5134: 5095: 5081: 5067: 5053: 5031: 5009: 4987: 4897: 4876: 4733: 4696: 4668: 4588: 4574: 4527: 4478: 4461: 4415: 4397: 4270: 4181:IBM's 360 and early 370 systems 4125: 4050:. IBM. March 1983. SA22-7085-0. 3922: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3831: 3806: 3589:virtual and physical addressing 3160:S/370 EC mode PSW abbreviations 2647:Channel Masks for channels 0–5 2625:S/370 BC mode PSW abbreviations 1550:(announced Nov 12, 1980) had 2 96:Variable (2, 4 or 6 bytes long) 6378:3705 Communications Controller 6128:"GCCMVS (GCC 3.2.3 for S/370)" 5141:Jon Elson (December 5, 2014). 4905:"IBM 9370 announcement letter" 4884:"IBM timeline of S/370 series" 4141: 4001:IBM System/370 Assists for MVS 3944:(May 19, 1987 - Aug 19, 1992). 3785: 3776: 3690:The System/390 introduced the 3665:IBM System/360 § Channels 1574:These models introduced IBM's 813:In October 1981, the 3033 and 747:System/370-145 system console. 646:technology of the System/360. 450:CPU Timer and Clock Comparator 1: 6541:IBM System/360 mainframe line 4715:Dan Greiner (12 March 2012). 3951: 3502:Operator-initiated interrupts 3410:One or more processors with: 2658:I/O Mask for channels > 5 2185:Floating Point Registers 0–6 1846:Digital Equipment Corporation 909:plug compatible manufacturers 498:Start-I/O-Fast Queuing (SIOF) 6192:Hercules System/370 Emulator 3884:System/370 extended facility 3828:Available as an RPQ on S/360 3390:computer system architecture 2100:See Principles of Operation 1418:as a bridge to the 370/165. 1333:1401/1440/1460 and 1410/7010 685:(DOS with virtual storage), 681:four new operating systems: 415: 7: 4360:Modifications to System/360 3732: 3526:Dynamic Address Translation 3455:An interruption mechanism, 3419:16 32-bit Control registers 1822: 1788: 1648: 1531: 1498: 1423:IBM System/370 Model 165 II 1344:IBM System/370 Model 155 II 1206:was announced Oct 4, 1972. 757:Cambridge Scientific Center 739:System/370-145 3D Rendering 723:System/370-145 3D Rendering 10: 6577: 6452:Hexadecimal floating-point 3662: 3633:GCC and Linux on the S/370 3508:Basic debugging facilities 3413:16 32-bit General purpose 3156: 3077: 3046: 2863: 2621: 2536: 2518: 2426: 2389: 2291: 2284: 2202: 2189: 2099: 2092: 2002: 1995: 1826: 1792: 1732:TSO/E Version 1 Release 4 1652: 1535: 1502: 1435: 1381: 1309: 1264: 444:Commercial Instruction Set 269:IBM Z (z13, z14, z15, z16) 18: 6480: 6424: 6391: 6365: 6340: 6310: 6242: 6235: 5330:"3033 Press announcement" 4783:"System/390 Announcement" 4544:Communications of the ACM 4149:"System/370 Announcement" 3910:IBM used a lower case "m" 3484:Key controlled protection 2922: 2919: 2898: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2411: 2396: 2199: 1949:Magnuson Computer Systems 1882:English Electric System 4 1855: 1844:This came at a time when 1346:, which added a DAT box. 1111: 1052: 1044: 1039: 1036: 1001: 971: 968: 946: 660:semiconductor main memory 593:floating-point arithmetic 572:SHIFT AND ROUND DECIMAL ( 504:Storage-Key 4K-Byte Block 172: 162: 155: 133: 123: 113: 100: 90: 78: 68: 60: 50: 40: 31: 5556:"3090 Processor Complex" 5474:"3084 Processor Complex" 5449:"3083 Processor Complex" 5424:"3081 Processor Complex" 5402:"3032 Processor Complex" 5286:"3031 Processor Complex" 5143:"IBM 360/85 vs. 370/165" 4595:Varian, Melinda (1997). 4185:. Cambridge: MIT Press. 3782:16 FP registers in S/390 3769: 2753:Instruction-Length Code 1780:Control Data Corporation 1478:IBM System/370 Model 195 1444:IBM System/370 Model 168 1438:IBM System/370 Model 168 1406:Some have described the 1390:IBM System/370 Model 165 1384:IBM System/370 Model 165 1359:IBM System/370 Model 158 1318:IBM System/370 Model 155 1312:IBM System/370 Model 155 1296:IBM System/370 Model 148 1273:IBM System/370 Model 145 1267:IBM System/370 Model 145 1251:IBM System/370 Model 138 1229:IBM System/370 Model 135 1204:IBM System/370 Model 125 1159:IBM System/370 Model 115 873:Extended real addressing 459:Extended Real Addressing 453:Dual-Address Space (DAS) 6556:1990s disestablishments 5980:Instruction-Length Code 5905:10.1109/C-M.1978.218231 5765:. IBM. October 7, 1986. 4456:Shift and Round Decimal 4213:Appendix D. Facilities 3639:GNU Compiler Collection 3388:S/370 also refers to a 3293:1=Secondary-space mode 2088:Control Registers 0–15 2003:Two's complement value 1991:General Registers 0–15 1472:Model 195 control panel 1425:which added a DAT box. 779:Subsequent enhancements 410:hardware virtualization 6515:IBM zEnterprise System 6399:DOS/360 and successors 6024:Chapter 1 Introduction 5930:, pp. 4-10–4-11, 5261:"System/360 Model 195" 5239:"System/370 Model 195" 5165:"System/370 Model 168" 5151:alt.folklore.computers 5120:"System/370 Model 158" 5039:"System/370 Model 155" 5017:"System/370 Model 148" 4995:"System/370 Model 138" 4973:"System/370 Model 135" 4951:"System/370 Model 125" 4929:"System/370 Model 115" 4862:"System/370 Model 145" 4520:, pp. 13-4–13-5, 4335:"System/370 Model 165" 4319:Start I/O Fast Release 3890:3033 extension feature 3727:Fibre Channel Protocol 1473: 793:backward compatibility 748: 740: 732: 724: 554:COMPARE LOGICAL LONG ( 477:Limited Channel Logout 366:backward compatibility 6404:OS/360 and successors 6161:Prasad, N.S. (1989). 4557:10.1145/359327.359337 4405:"Move Character Long" 4257:, pp. D-1–D-10, 3335:Fixed-point overflow 3289:Address-Space Control 2795:Fixed-point overflow 2292:Mantissa (continued) 1576:Extended Architecture 1491:System/370-compatible 1471: 1167:1130 computing system 1093:System/370-compatible 1002:System/370-compatible 746: 738: 730: 722: 712:– the re-implemented 435:Channel-Set Switching 5580:. IBM. May 19, 1987. 5224:on December 8, 2015. 4392:Compare Logical Long 4301:, pp. D-1–D-7, 4285:, pp. D-1–D-5, 4211:, pp. D-1–D-5, 3505:Resetting the system 3374:Instruction Address 3291:0=primary-space mode 3078:Instruction Address 2834:Instruction Address 2537:Instruction Address 1974:Architecture details 1764:MVS/DFP Version 3.1 1464:System/370 Model 195 1432:System/370 Model 168 1378:System/370 Model 165 1353:System/370 Model 158 1306:System/370 Model 155 1290:System/370 Model 148 1261:System/370 Model 145 1245:System/370 Model 138 1223:System/370 Model 135 1198:System/370 Model 125 1171:System/360 Models 20 1153:System/370 Model 115 595:, introduced in the 447:Conditional Swapping 109:, indexing, counting 6546:Computing platforms 6472:Program status word 5964:Interruption Action 5849:The Washington Post 5819:"Heart of Darkness" 4822:(Eighth ed.). 4689:10.1147/rd.255.0377 4683:(5). IBM: 377–390. 3942:21, 22, 23 & 24 3938:11, 12, 13 & 14 3446:instruction address 3394:backward compatible 3351:Exponent underflow 3320: 3256:Machine-check mask 3162: 2860: 2811:Exponent underflow 2780: 2709:Machine-check mask 2627: 2386: 2186: 2089: 1992: 1985: 1983:IBM S/370 registers 1580:backward compatible 1453:operating systems. 941:System/370 (no DAT) 636:integrated circuits 623:, as they lacked a 597:System/360 Model 85 489:Recovery Extensions 474:I/O Extended Logout 28: 5899:(6). IEEE: 87–90. 5870:The New York Times 5800:The New York Times 5701:. 23 January 2003. 4892:. 23 January 2003. 4844:Page-Table Entries 4454:, pp. 25–26, 4390:, pp. 21–22, 4374:, pp. 23–25, 3316: 3158: 2850: 2776: 2742:Interruption Code 2623: 2427:Interruption Code 2376: 2184: 2087: 1990: 1963:Two Pi Corporation 1928:Amdahl Corporation 1866:UNIVAC 9000 series 1799:The first pair of 1474: 901:Amdahl Corporation 860:Dual address space 749: 741: 733: 725: 587:optional 128-bit ( 507:Suspend and Resume 492:Segment Protection 374:integrated circuit 26: 6528: 6527: 6361: 6360: 5063:. IBM. GC24-5076. 4913:. 7 October 1986. 4842:, pp. 3–26, 4725:. Session 10446. 4723:SHARE 118 Atlanta 4522:Types of Channels 4506:Time-Of_Day Clock 4317:, p. 26-27, 3803:Optional on S/360 3749:IBM System/370-XA 3739:Hercules emulator 3610:S/370 replacement 3579:operating system. 3564:operating systems 3554:operating systems 3487:24-bit addressing 3386: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3363: 3362: 3343:Decimal overflow 2842: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2823: 2822: 2803:Decimal overflow 2370: 2369: 2178: 2177: 2081: 2080: 1884:, and the Soviet 1772:Vector processing 1768: 1767: 1643: 1642: 1139: 1138: 1045:3081, 3083, 3084 1029:4331, 4341, 4361 1013:3031, 3032, 3033 950:-155, -165, -195 886:Series and models 650:Monolithic memory 615:These models had 390:operating systems 346: 345: 184: 183: 82:Register–Register 6568: 6561:32-bit computers 6240: 6239: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6199: 6198: 6180: 6168: 6148: 6145:Programming Note 6143:, p. 13-5, 6138: 6132: 6131: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6110: 6104: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6059: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6033: 6027: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5989: 5983: 5973: 5967: 5957: 5951: 5941: 5935: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5741:"4381 Processor" 5737: 5728: 5727: 5716:"4361 Processor" 5712: 5703: 5702: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5671:"4341 Processor" 5667: 5661: 5660: 5649:"4331 Processor" 5645: 5639: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5603: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5536: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5470: 5461: 5460: 5445: 5436: 5435: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5235: 5226: 5225: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5186: 5177: 5176: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5116: 5107: 5106: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4925: 4916: 4914: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4858: 4847: 4837: 4828: 4827: 4821: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4779: 4773: 4768:, pp. 3–3, 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4745: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4712: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4641: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4619: 4610: 4609: 4603: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4540: 4531: 4525: 4515: 4509: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4465: 4459: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4428: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4401: 4395: 4385: 4379: 4369: 4363: 4358:, pp. 2–5, 4353: 4347: 4346: 4331: 4322: 4312: 4306: 4296: 4290: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4231: 4225: 4216: 4206: 4197: 4196: 4184: 4174: 4157: 4156: 4155:. June 30, 1970. 4145: 4135: 4133: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4110: 4103: 4087: 4085: 4069: 4067: 4051: 4049: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4024: 4008: 4006: 3990: 3988: 3972: 3970: 3945: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3893: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3820: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3441:A condition code 3438:Privilege states 3321: 3319: 3315: 3163: 3161: 3157: 2861: 2859:ontrol mode PSW 2849: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2387: 2385:ontrol mode PSW 2375: 2200:Biased exponent 2187: 2183: 2090: 2086: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1878:English Electric 1740:TSO/E Version 2 1678: 1677: 1585: 1584: 958:System/370 (DAT) 914: 913: 846:access registers 840:) for enhanced ( 630:Logic technology 486:PSW-Key Handling 462:External Signals 356:) is a range of 338: 331: 324: 186: 185: 36: 29: 25: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6476: 6420: 6387: 6357: 6336: 6314: 6306: 6244: 6231: 6226: 6188: 6177: 6169:. McGraw-Hill. 6157: 6155:Further reading 6152: 6151: 6139: 6135: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6018: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5990: 5986: 5974: 5970: 5958: 5954: 5942: 5938: 5926: 5922: 5909: 5907: 5885: 5881: 5861: 5857: 5840: 5836: 5815: 5811: 5791: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5739: 5738: 5731: 5714: 5713: 5706: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5605: 5604: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5520: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5489: 5472: 5471: 5464: 5447: 5446: 5439: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5384:on 2023-09-28. 5372: 5371: 5367: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5284: 5283: 5276: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5237: 5236: 5229: 5217:Computer Weekly 5210: 5209: 5205: 5188: 5187: 5180: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5139: 5135: 5118: 5117: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5015: 5014: 5010: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4927: 4926: 4919: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4860: 4859: 4850: 4838: 4831: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4805: 4796: 4794: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4635: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4613: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4516: 4512: 4500: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4450: 4446: 4431:Bell, C. Gordon 4426: 4420: 4416: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4386: 4382: 4370: 4366: 4354: 4350: 4333: 4332: 4325: 4313: 4309: 4297: 4293: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4234: 4226: 4219: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4175: 4160: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4131: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4083: 4065: 4047: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4004: 3986: 3968: 3954: 3949: 3948: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3735: 3676: 3667: 3661: 3656: 3635: 3612: 3478:8 bits per byte 3464:instruction set 3317: 3304:Condition Code 3292: 3290: 3159: 3047: 2924: 2895: 2890: 2864: 2777: 2764:Condition Code 2624: 2533: 2519: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2390: 2285: 2190: 2093: 1996: 1976: 1971: 1858: 1831: 1825: 1797: 1791: 1657: 1651: 1540: 1534: 1507: 1501: 1493: 1466: 1440: 1434: 1386: 1380: 1355: 1314: 1308: 1292: 1269: 1263: 1247: 1233:IBM 1400 series 1225: 1200: 1155: 1144: 926: 918: 893: 888: 875: 862: 795:was paramount. 781: 668: 666:Virtual storage 652: 632: 621:virtual storage 526: 483:Multiprocessing 429:Branch and Save 418: 342: 206:700/7000 series 164:General-purpose 85: 84:Register–Memory 83: 24: 21:IBM 370 printer 17: 12: 11: 5: 6574: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6495:IBM System/390 6492: 6487: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6350: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6318: 6316: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6229:IBM System/370 6225: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6187: 6186:External links 6184: 6183: 6182: 6175: 6165:IBM Mainframes 6156: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6133: 6119: 6105: 6089: 6070: 6044: 6028: 6012: 6000: 5984: 5968: 5952: 5936: 5920: 5879: 5855: 5834: 5809: 5785: 5768: 5754: 5751:on 2023-07-19. 5729: 5726:on 2023-09-14. 5704: 5684: 5681:on 2023-07-19. 5662: 5659:on 2023-12-09. 5640: 5623: 5614: 5595: 5583: 5569: 5566:on 2023-12-04. 5547: 5518: 5502: 5487: 5484:on 2023-12-10. 5462: 5459:on 2023-07-19. 5437: 5434:on 2023-07-19. 5415: 5412:on 2023-07-19. 5393: 5365: 5362:on 2023-07-19. 5343: 5340:on 2023-07-19. 5321: 5318:on 2023-09-22. 5299: 5296:on 2023-07-19. 5274: 5271:on 2023-07-29. 5252: 5249:on 2023-07-29. 5227: 5203: 5200:on 2023-09-28. 5178: 5175:on 2023-12-05. 5156: 5133: 5130:on 2021-03-01. 5108: 5094: 5080: 5066: 5052: 5049:on 2023-05-16. 5030: 5027:on 2023-07-19. 5008: 5005:on 2023-07-19. 4986: 4983:on 2023-07-19. 4964: 4961:on 2023-07-19. 4942: 4939:on 2023-07-19. 4917: 4896: 4875: 4872:on 2023-07-29. 4848: 4829: 4803: 4774: 4758: 4732: 4704: 4695: 4667: 4655: 4633: 4611: 4587: 4573: 4526: 4510: 4494: 4477: 4460: 4444: 4414: 4396: 4380: 4364: 4348: 4345:on 2023-07-29. 4323: 4307: 4291: 4275: 4263: 4247: 4232: 4217: 4198: 4191: 4158: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4123: 4120: 4093: 4088: 4075: 4070: 4057: 4052: 4039: 4034: 4014: 4009: 3996: 3991: 3978: 3973: 3960: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3830: 3821: 3805: 3793: 3784: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3744:IBM System/360 3741: 3734: 3731: 3709:Subsequently, 3675: 3672: 3663:Main article: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3654:I/O evolutions 3652: 3634: 3631: 3627:z/Architecture 3611: 3608: 3600:z/Architecture 3591: 3590: 3583: 3580: 3573: 3566: 3565: 3558: 3555: 3548: 3540: 3539: 3536:Floating point 3533: 3530:virtual memory 3518: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3490: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3427: 3424:Floating-point 3420: 3417: 3408: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3278:Problem state 3276: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2731:Problem state 2729: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2669:External Mask 2667: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1924: 1874:RCA Spectra 70 1857: 1854: 1848:(DEC) and its 1827:Main article: 1824: 1821: 1793:Main article: 1790: 1787: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1653:Main article: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1569: 1568: 1561: 1554: 1536:Main article: 1533: 1530: 1503:Main article: 1500: 1497: 1492: 1489: 1465: 1462: 1451:virtual memory 1436:Main article: 1433: 1430: 1382:Main article: 1379: 1376: 1366:virtual memory 1354: 1351: 1310:Main article: 1307: 1304: 1291: 1288: 1265:Main article: 1262: 1259: 1246: 1243: 1224: 1221: 1199: 1196: 1163:IBM's System/3 1154: 1151: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1135:-90, -91, -92 1133: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1053:System/370-XA 1051: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1006: 1003: 1000: 996: 995: 994:-138 and -148 992: 988: 987: 986:-115 and -125 984: 980: 979: 978:-158 and -168 976: 973: 970: 966: 965: 964:-145 and -135 962: 959: 956: 952: 951: 948: 947:System/370-xxx 945: 942: 939: 935: 934: 931: 928: 923: 920: 892: 889: 887: 884: 874: 871: 861: 858: 857: 856: 849: 834: 819: 811: 802: 801: 780: 777: 767: 766: 717: 716: 679: 676: 667: 664: 651: 648: 631: 628: 613: 612: 605: 602: 599: 584: 583: 582: 581: 578:packed decimal 569: 568: 567: 566: 560: 559: 552: 542: 541: 525: 524:Initial models 522: 521: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 495:Service Signal 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 468:Floating Point 466: 463: 460: 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 433: 430: 417: 414: 385:virtual memory 378:floating point 350:IBM System/370 344: 343: 341: 340: 333: 326: 318: 315: 314: 313: 312: 310:z/Architecture 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 279: 278: 274: 273: 272: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 223: 218: 213: 208: 200: 199: 195: 194: 193:, 1952–present 191:IBM mainframes 182: 181: 176: 174:Floating point 170: 169: 166: 160: 159: 153: 152: 150:z/Architecture 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 117: 111: 110: 107:Condition code 104: 98: 97: 94: 88: 87: 80: 76: 75: 72: 66: 65: 62: 58: 57: 52: 48: 47: 42: 38: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6573: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6216: 6211: 6209: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6178: 6172: 6167: 6166: 6159: 6158: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6129: 6123: 6115: 6109: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6082: 6081: 6074: 6056: 6055: 6048: 6040: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6021: 6016: 6009: 6004: 5997: 5993: 5988: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5917: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5859: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5789: 5778: 5772: 5764: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5734: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5618: 5610: 5609: 5602: 5600: 5592: 5587: 5579: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5533: 5532: 5525: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5492: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5442: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5390: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5183: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5104: 5098: 5090: 5084: 5076: 5070: 5062: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4900: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4834: 4825: 4818: 4817: 4810: 4808: 4793:on 2023-10-26 4792: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4751: 4750: 4742: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4711: 4709: 4699: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4662: 4660: 4648: 4647: 4640: 4638: 4626: 4625: 4618: 4616: 4607: 4600: 4599: 4591: 4583: 4577: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4507: 4504:, p. 6, 4503: 4498: 4487: 4481: 4470: 4464: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4435:Newell, Allen 4432: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4203: 4194: 4192:0-262-16123-0 4188: 4183: 4182: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4140: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4121: 4111:on 2023-01-29 4107: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3845:, and on the 3844: 3840: 3834: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3800: 3798: 3788: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719:Fibre Channel 3716: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3696:optical fiber 3693: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3671: 3666: 3651: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3607: 3603: 3601: 3595: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407:byte ordering 3406: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3359:Significance 3358: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2893: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2819:Significance 2818: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2406: 2401: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1979: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1796: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1646: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1506: 1496: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1470: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1439: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1385: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1268: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1150: 1148: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1085:-120 to -600 1084: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1049: 1048: 1042: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1004: 998: 997: 993: 990: 989: 985: 982: 981: 977: 974: 967: 963: 960: 957: 954: 953: 949: 943: 940: 937: 936: 932: 929: 924: 921: 916: 915: 912: 910: 906: 902: 897: 883: 879: 870: 866: 854: 850: 847: 843: 839: 835: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 809: 804: 803: 798: 797: 796: 794: 790: 786: 785:address space 776: 773: 763: 758: 754: 753: 752: 745: 737: 729: 721: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 692: 688: 684: 680: 677: 674: 673: 672: 663: 661: 657: 647: 645: 641: 637: 627: 626: 622: 618: 610: 606: 603: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 585: 579: 575: 571: 570: 564: 563: 562: 561: 557: 553: 550: 546: 545: 544: 543: 539: 538: 537: 535: 531: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 443: 441:Command Retry 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 427: 426: 422: 413: 411: 407: 403: 398: 396: 391: 386: 381: 379: 375: 369: 367: 363: 359: 358:IBM mainframe 355: 351: 339: 334: 332: 327: 325: 320: 319: 317: 316: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 281: 280: 276: 275: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 239: 235: 231: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 203: 202: 201: 197: 196: 192: 188: 187: 180: 177: 175: 171: 167: 165: 161: 158: 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 136: 132: 129: 126: 122: 118: 116: 112: 108: 105: 103: 99: 95: 93: 89: 86:Memory–Memory 81: 77: 73: 71: 67: 63: 59: 56: 53: 49: 46: 43: 39: 35: 30: 22: 6489: 6228: 6164: 6136: 6122: 6108: 6092: 6079: 6073: 6062:. Retrieved 6053: 6047: 6037: 6031: 6015: 6003: 5987: 5971: 5955: 5939: 5923: 5915: 5908:. Retrieved 5896: 5892: 5882: 5874: 5868: 5858: 5847: 5837: 5828: 5822: 5812: 5804: 5798: 5788: 5771: 5757: 5749:the original 5745:IBM Archives 5744: 5724:the original 5720:IBM Archives 5719: 5696: 5687: 5679:the original 5675:IBM Archives 5674: 5665: 5657:the original 5653:IBM Archives 5652: 5643: 5626: 5617: 5607: 5586: 5572: 5564:the original 5560:IBM Archives 5559: 5550: 5539:. Retrieved 5530: 5511: 5505: 5482:the original 5478:IBM Archives 5477: 5457:the original 5453:IBM Archives 5452: 5432:the original 5428:IBM Archives 5427: 5418: 5410:the original 5406:IBM Archives 5405: 5396: 5386: 5385: 5382:the original 5378:IBM Archives 5377: 5368: 5360:the original 5356:IBM Archives 5355: 5346: 5338:the original 5334:IBM Archives 5333: 5324: 5316:the original 5312:IBM Archives 5311: 5302: 5294:the original 5290:IBM Archives 5289: 5269:the original 5265:IBM Archives 5264: 5255: 5247:the original 5243:IBM Archives 5242: 5222:the original 5215: 5206: 5198:the original 5194:IBM Archives 5193: 5173:the original 5169:IBM Archives 5168: 5159: 5136: 5128:the original 5124:IBM Archives 5123: 5102: 5097: 5088: 5083: 5074: 5069: 5060: 5055: 5047:the original 5043:IBM Archives 5042: 5033: 5025:the original 5021:IBM Archives 5020: 5011: 5003:the original 4999:IBM Archives 4998: 4989: 4981:the original 4977:IBM Archives 4976: 4967: 4959:the original 4955:IBM Archives 4954: 4945: 4937:the original 4933:IBM Archives 4932: 4908: 4899: 4887: 4878: 4870:the original 4866:IBM Archives 4865: 4815: 4795:. Retrieved 4791:the original 4787:IBM Archives 4786: 4777: 4761: 4748: 4735: 4717: 4698: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4645: 4623: 4597: 4590: 4576: 4568: 4551:(1): 73–96. 4548: 4542: 4529: 4513: 4497: 4480: 4463: 4447: 4438: 4417: 4408: 4399: 4383: 4367: 4351: 4343:the original 4339:IBM Archives 4338: 4310: 4294: 4278: 4266: 4250: 4180: 4143: 4127: 4113:. Retrieved 4106:the original 4097: 4090: 4079: 4072: 4061: 4054: 4043: 4036: 4027:. Retrieved 4018: 4011: 4000: 3993: 3982: 3975: 3964: 3957: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3877: 3869:Only on the 3865: 3853: 3833: 3824: 3808: 3787: 3778: 3759:IBM System z 3708: 3694:channel, an 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3668: 3641:(GCC) had a 3636: 3620: 3613: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3567: 3541: 3538:instructions 3519: 3399: 3387: 3318:Program Mask 3245:ontrol mode 3242: 3238: 2856: 2852: 2778:Program Mask 2698:ontrol mode 2695: 2691: 2382: 2378: 1982: 1977: 1921: 1916: 1915:ontrol Data/ 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1859: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1784: 1769: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1644: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1557: 1547: 1541: 1525: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1494: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1459: 1455: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1405: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1373: 1370: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1317: 1315: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1285: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1256: 1250: 1248: 1240: 1237: 1228: 1226: 1218: 1215: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1193: 1190: 1183: 1158: 1156: 1145: 922:Architecture 898: 894: 880: 876: 867: 863: 841: 782: 768: 750: 669: 653: 633: 614: 573: 555: 548: 527: 519:31-Bit IDAWs 480:Move Inverse 465:Fast Release 423: 419: 399: 382: 370: 353: 349: 347: 289: 277:Architecture 220: 6500:IBM zSeries 6442:Channel I/O 6437:Bus and Tag 6366:Peripherals 6353:9370 models 6348:43xx models 6327:308X series 6322:303X series 6315:(1977–1990) 6245:(1970–1977) 5498:S370-XA-1st 4037:S370-XA-1st 3754:IBM ESA/390 3700:half-duplex 3267:Wait state 2720:Wait state 1893:Gene Amdahl 1700:GAM/SP 2.0 789:Moore's Law 617:core memory 589:hexadecimal 547:MOVE LONG ( 513:Translation 471:Halt Device 226:30XX series 211:1400 series 198:Market name 189:History of 124:Predecessor 6535:Categories 6510:System z10 6490:System/370 6485:System/360 6243:System/370 6176:0070506868 6064:2024-09-19 5636:0309165512 5541:2024-09-19 4797:2017-01-29 4115:2021-01-01 4029:2024-09-19 3952:References 3616:System/390 3405:Big endian 1954:Mitsubishi 1930:470 series 1412:microcoded 1410:'s use of 1322:System/360 1104:9370, ... 972:System/370 917:First year 800:functions. 510:Test Block 421:lifetime. 402:System/390 362:System/360 290:System/370 285:System/360 259:System z10 244:System/390 221:System/370 216:System/360 168:16× 32-bit 128:System/360 115:Endianness 61:Introduced 27:System/370 6505:System z9 6302:Model 195 6297:Model 168 6292:Model 165 6287:Model 158 6282:Model 155 6277:Model 148 6272:Model 145 6267:Model 138 6262:Model 135 6257:Model 125 6252:Model 115 5147:Newsgroup 4565:207581262 4376:Move Long 4091:S/390-ESA 3930:1 & 2 3648:Linux/390 3497:bootstrap 3444:A 24-bit 3433:Interrupt 3426:registers 3422:4 64-bit 3415:registers 3194:DAT mode 3183:PER Mask 2203:Mantissa 1903:urroughs/ 1880:with the 1872:with the 1864:with the 1761:5665-XA3 1753:5665-XA2 1745:5665–284 1737:5685–025 1729:5685–285 1721:5665–293 1713:5685–002 1705:5685–001 1697:5668–978 1689:5685–279 1636:5665–284 1628:5665–293 1620:5685–291 1612:5740-XC6 1604:5668–978 1416:hardwired 1397:emulation 1337:7070/7074 1281:microcode 1129:mid-range 1061:mid-range 1021:entry/mid 991:mid-range 961:mid-range 919:of series 762:microcode 656:Model 145 534:Model 165 530:Model 155 438:Clear I/O 416:Evolution 254:System z9 179:4× 64-bit 157:Registers 134:Successor 102:Branching 6457:Hercules 6392:Software 6097:S390-ESA 5893:Computer 5591:S370-ESA 4727:Archived 4502:S370-1st 4452:S370-1st 4437:(eds.). 4388:S370-1st 4372:S370-1st 4356:S370-1st 4315:S370-1st 4299:S390-ESA 4283:S370-ESA 4228:S370-MVS 4073:S370-ESA 3994:S370-MVS 3958:S370-1st 3887:ECPS:MVS 3733:See also 3643:back end 3582:S/370-XA 3572:ECPS:VSE 3547:ECPS:MVS 3457:maskable 3327:Meaning 3241:xtended 3227:PSW key 3172:Meaning 2855:xtended 2787:Meaning 2680:PSW key 2637:Meaning 1876:series, 1829:IBM 9370 1823:IBM 9370 1801:IBM 4300 1795:IBM 4300 1789:IBM 4300 1692:BTAM/SP 1661:IBM 3090 1655:IBM 3090 1649:IBM 3090 1596:565–279 1538:IBM 308X 1532:IBM 308X 1524:and IBM 1520:The IBM 1505:IBM 303X 1499:IBM 303X 1211:IBM 3333 1186:IBM 3340 1121:ES/3090 1115:high-end 1077:high-end 1037:high-end 1005:high-end 975:high-end 944:high-end 823:S/370-XA 609:emulator 532:and the 295:S/370-XA 138:S/370-XA 92:Encoding 41:Designer 6425:Related 6416:TSS/370 6341:Low-end 5910:July 1, 5149:: 4255:S370-XA 4243:S370-VM 4055:S370-XA 4012:S370-VM 3623:zSeries 3577:DOS/VSE 3557:ECPS:VM 3552:MVS/370 2923:Program 2532:Program 1959:Siemens 1944:Hitachi 1939:Fujitsu 1782:(CDC). 1681:Number 1588:Number 1485:360/195 1132:ES/4381 1118:ES/3090 1112:ESA/370 933:Models 905:Hitachi 853:ESA/390 838:ESA/370 831:31-bits 827:24-bits 772:leasing 638:called 406:ESA/390 395:ESA/370 305:ESA/390 300:ESA/370 146:ESA/390 142:ESA/370 6447:ES EVM 6409:OS/VS1 6236:Models 6173: 5634: 4563: 4491:. IBM. 4474:. IBM. 4189: 3859:360/67 3704:serial 3587:31-bit 3532:system 3475:with: 3368:40–63 3309:20–23 3298:18–19 3169:Field 2851:S/370 2828:40–63 2769:36–39 2758:34–35 2747:32–33 2736:16–31 2634:Field 2377:S/370 1967:Univac 1934:ES EVM 1907:nivac/ 1886:ES EVM 1862:Univac 1856:Clones 1408:360/85 1329:OS/DOS 930:Series 925:Market 714:CP/CMS 710:VM/370 691:OS/360 687:OS/VS1 683:DOS/VS 516:Vector 70:Design 55:32-bit 6520:IBM Z 6084:(PDF) 6058:(PDF) 5824:Wired 5780:(PDF) 5535:(PDF) 5387:THINK 4820:(PDF) 4753:(PDF) 4744:(PDF) 4650:(PDF) 4628:(PDF) 4606:SHARE 4602:(PDF) 4561:S2CID 4539:(PDF) 4489:(PDF) 4472:(PDF) 4429:. 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