Public domain - Knowledge

1322:. This is achieved by a public domain waiver statement and a fallback all-permissive license, in case the waiver is not possible. Unlike in the US, where author's moral rights are generally not specifically regulated, in some countries where moral rights are protected separately in law it is not possible to waive those rights, but only the rights related to the exploitation of the work. A solution to this issue (as found in the Creative Commons Zero dedication) is to interpret the license by setting "three different layers of action. First, the right holder waives any copyright and related rights that can be waived in accordance with the applicable law. Secondly, if there are rights that the right holder cannot waive under applicable law, they are licensed in a way that mirrors as closely as possible the legal effect of a waiver. And finally, if there are any rights that the right holders cannot waive or license, they affirm that they will not exercise them and they will not assert any claim with respect to the use of the work, once again within the limits of applicable law. (...) In countries where moral rights exist but where they can be waived or not asserted, they are waived if asserted (e.g. the UK). In countries where they cannot be waived they will remain into full effect in accordance to the applicable law (think of France, Spain or Italy where moral rights cannot be waived)." The same occurs in Switzerland. 1206:, a German art museum, sued Wikimedia Commons in 2016 over photographs uploaded to the database depicting pieces of art in the museum. The museum claimed that the photos were taken by their staff, and that photography within the museum by visitors was prohibited. Therefore, photos taken by the museum, even of material that itself had fallen into the public domain, were protected by copyright law and would need to be removed from the Wikimedia image repository. The court ruled that the photographs taken by the museum would be protected under the German Copyright Act, stating that since the photographer needed to make practical decisions about the photograph that it was protected material. The Wikimedia volunteer was ordered to remove the images from the site, as the museum's policy had been violated when the photos were taken. 1306:. These give authors of works (that would qualify for copyright) the ability to decide which protections they would like to place on their material. As copyright is the default license for new material, Creative Commons licenses offer authors a variety of options to designate their work under whichever license they wish, as long as this does not violate standing copyright law. For example, a CC BY license allows for re-users to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon material, while also agreeing to provide attribution to the author in any of these cases. In 2009 the 55: 1078: 1461: 36: 5094: 812:

performing copyrighted pieces and creating derivative works were not restricted by early copyright laws. Copying was widespread, in compliance with the law, but expansions of those laws intended to benefit literary works and responding to commercial music recording technology's reproducibility have led to stricter rules. Relatively recently, a normative view that copying in music is not desirable and lazy has become popular among professional musicians.

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threatened such expression". Patterson and Lindberg described the public domain not as a "territory", but rather as a concept: "here are certain materials – the air we breathe, sunlight, rain, space, life, creations, thoughts, feelings, ideas, words, numbers – not subject to private ownership. The materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival." The term

637: 561: 839: 1442: 1199:. Consequently, in the US, foreign-sourced works and US-sourced works are now treated differently, with foreign-sourced works remaining under copyright regardless of compliance with formalities, while domestically sourced works may be in the public domain if they failed to comply with then-existing formalities requirements—a situation described as odd by some scholars, and unfair by some US-based rightsholders. 816:

file. Musical compositions fall under the same general rules as other works, and anything published before 1925 is considered public domain. Sound recordings, on the other hand, are subject to different rules and are not eligible for public domain status until 2021–2067, depending on the date and location of publishing, unless explicitly released beforehand.

1482:. As of 1 January 2010, there is as Public Domain Day website lists the authors whose works are entering the public domain. There are activities in countries around the world by various organizations all under the banner Public Domain Day, this can help people around the world celebrate works written a while ago. 948:, which became public domain in the US in 1977 and most of the rest of the world in 1995. By 1999, the plays of Shakespeare, all public domain, had been used in more than 420 feature-length films. In addition to straightforward adaptation, they have been used as the launching point for transformative retellings such as 1392:

Because trademarks are registered with governments, some countries or trademark registries may recognize a mark, while others may have determined that it is generic and not allowable as a trademark in that registry. For example, the drug acetylsalicylic acid (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is better known as

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was applied retroactively, restoring and extending the terms of copyright on material previously in the public domain. Term extensions by the US and Australia generally have not removed works from the public domain, but rather delayed the addition of works to it. However, the United States moved away

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introduced Latin musical notation in the 10th century. This laid the foundation for the preservation of global music in the public domain, a distinction formalized alongside copyright systems in the 17th century. Musicians copyrighted their publications of musical notation as literary writings, but

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A trademark registration may remain in force indefinitely, or expire without specific regard to its age. For a trademark registration to remain valid, the owner must continue to use it. In some circumstances, such as disuse, failure to assert trademark rights, or common usage by the public without

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In most countries, the term of rights for patents is 20 years, after which the invention becomes part of the public domain. In the United States, the contents of patents are considered valid and enforceable for 20 years from the date of filing within the United States or 20 years from the earliest

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of a work, as well as other forms of transformation or adaptation. Copyrighted works may not be used for derivative works without permission from the copyright owner, while public domain works can be freely used for derivative works without permission. Artworks that are public domain may also be

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US copyright laws distinguish between musical compositions and sound recordings, the former of which refers to melody, notation or lyrics created by a composer or lyricist, including sheet music, and the latter referring to a recording performed by an artist, including a CD, LP, or digital sound

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As rights vary by country and jurisdiction, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required, gives rise to public-domain

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Works of various governments around the world may be excluded from copyright law and may therefore be considered to be in the public domain in their respective countries. They may also be in the public domain in other countries as well. The legal scholar Melville Nimmer has written that "it is

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that have never been subject to copyright, are still subject to royalties payable to the state or to an authors' association. The user does not have to seek permission to copy, present or perform the work, but does have to pay the fee. Typically the royalties are directed to support of living

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rights and limitation on ownership. A conceptual definition comes from Lange, who focused on what the public domain should be: "it should be a place of sanctuary for individual creative expression, a sanctuary conferring affirmative protection against the forces of private appropriation that

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project records music in the public domain for the purposes of making the music available to the general public in a high-quality audio format. Online musical archives preserve collections of classical music recorded by Musopen and offer them for download/distribution as a public service.

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Definitions of the boundaries of the public domain in relation to copyright, or intellectual property more generally, regard the public domain as a negative space; that is, it consists of works that are no longer in copyright term or were never protected by copyright law. According to

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equated the expiration of copyright with a work falling "into the sink hole of public domain" and if the public domain receives any attention from intellectual property lawyers it is still treated as little more than that which is left when intellectual property rights, such as

847: 846: 844: 843: 842: 845: 1183:, to a term extending to 50, then 70, years after the death of the author. The claim that "pre-1929 works are in the public domain" is correct only for published works; unpublished works are under federal copyright for at least the life of the author plus 70 years. 841: 749:

A notable exception is the United States, where every book and tale published before 1929 is in the public domain; US copyrights last for 95 years for books originally published between 1929 and 1978 if the copyright was properly registered and maintained.

548:, expire or are abandoned. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a, "little coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain." Copyright law differs by country, and the American legal scholar 1174:

In the United States, determining whether a work has entered the public domain or is still under copyright depends upon what the law or regulation was at creation, and whether new regulations have grandfathered in certain older works. Because

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existed, or by their copyright term having expired. Some works are not covered by a country's copyright laws, and are therefore in the public domain; for example, in the United States, items excluded from copyright include the formulae of

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within a patent, provided the illustrations are essentially line drawings and do not in any substantive way reflect the "personality" of the person drawing them, are not subject to copyright protection. This is separate from the

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in relation to computer products, despite that Hormel's trademark is only registered in reference to food products (a trademark claim is made within a particular field). Such defences have failed in the United Kingdom.

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Listings of ingredients, as in recipes, labels, or formulas. When a recipe or formula is accompanied by an explanation or directions, the text directions may be copyrightable, but the recipe or formula itself remains

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of copyright expires on the first day of January, 70 years after the death of the latest living author. The longest copyright term is in Mexico, which has life plus 100 years for all deaths since July 1928.

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Enabling low cost access to information without the need to locate the owner or negotiate rights clearance and pay royalties, through for example expired copyrighted works or patents, and non-original data

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Note on the Meanings of the Term "Public Domain" in the Intellectual Property System with special reference to the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions/Expressions of

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meant things that were owned by the municipalities of Rome. When looking at it from a historical perspective, one could say the construction of the idea of "public domain" sprouted from the concepts of

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The observance of a "Public Domain Day" was initially informal; the earliest known mention was in 2004 by Wallace McLean (a Canadian public domain activist), with support for the idea echoed by

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is public domain in the United States because its theatrical distributor failed to place a copyright indication on the prints, as would have been required to obtain a copyright at that time.

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in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the 18th century. Instead of "public domain", they used terms such as

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message. The Unlicense offers a public domain waiver text with a fallback public domain-like license inspired by permissive licenses but without attribution. Another option is the

2893: 454:, "as a preset system included in the property right system". The Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined "many things that cannot be privately owned" as 418:

is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as "under license" or "with permission".

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expire and works enter into the public domain. This legal transition of copyright works into the public domain usually happens every year on 1 January based on the individual

1141:). Mathematical formulae will therefore generally form part of the public domain, to the extent that their expression in the form of software is not covered by copyright. 4587: 3261:"Validity of the Creative Commons Zero 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication and its usability for bibliographic metadata from the perspective of German Copyright Law" 3153: 1649: 4666: 3708: 3417: 4428: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 1559: 1765:

Serpent is now completely in the public domain, and we impose no restrictions on its use. This was announced on 21 August at the First AES Candidate Conference.

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Enabling competitive imitation, through for example expired patents and copyright, or publicly disclosed technologies that do not qualify for patent protection.

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An alternative is for copyright holders to issue a license which irrevocably grants as many rights as possible to the general public. Real public domain makes

3237: 1043:(Schedule 6) that requires royalties to be paid for commercial performances, publications and broadcasts of the story of Peter Pan within the UK, as long as 738:

A public-domain book is a book with no copyright, a book that was created without a license, or a book where its copyrights expired or have been forfeited.

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Michel, Stefan (1 June 2019). "Digitisation of art in the public domain–museum urges Wikimedia to take down reproductions of out-of-protection artworks".

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reproduced photographically or artistically or used as the basis of new, interpretive works. Works derived from public domain works can be copyrighted.

3260: 4656: 3914: 4237: 2252: 1407:, while aspirin, with a lowercase "a", is not. Bayer lost the trademark in the United States, the UK and France after World War I, as part of the 314: 4676: 4562: 2277: 3568: 3416:

Vollmer, Timothy; Vézina, Brigitte; Miyara, Jocelyn; Benedict, Connor; Wetzler, Jennryn; Hollich, Shanna; Murray, Corrine (27 December 2013).

2599: 569: 4661: 4644: 3618: 1029: 3329: 4614: 4512: 3701: 2846: 350:, or may be inapplicable. Because no one holds the exclusive rights, anyone can legally use or reference those works without permission. 4790: 4624: 4597: 4577: 3080: 1240:, which went into effect in 1978), all works were by default copyright protected and needed to be actively given into public domain by a 938:

Once works enter into the public domain, derivative works such as adaptations in book and film may increase noticeably, as happened with

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The underlying idea that is expressed or manifested in the creation of a work generally cannot be the subject of copyright law (see

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license to dedicate content to the public domain, and the Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL) for data.

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axiomatic that material in the public domain is not protected by copyright, even when incorporated into a copyrighted work".

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Before 1 March 1989, in the US, works could be easily given into the public domain by just releasing it without an explicit

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Legal traditions differ on whether a work in the public domain can have its copyright restored. In the European Union, the

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Building blocks for the creation of new knowledge, examples include data, facts, ideas, theories, and scientific principle.

237: 139: 673: 4609: 4502: 3956: 1756: 307: 1778: 1311: 1167:, copyright term is based on the life of the author, and extends to 50 or 70 years beyond the death of the author. (See 5133: 4990: 4842: 3106: 3030: 2511: 1596: 3489: 4905: 4815: 4810: 2476: 1411:. So many copycat products entered the marketplace during the war that it was deemed generic just three years later. 1152:

are in the public domain. However, translations or new formulations of these works may be copyrighted in themselves.

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A public-domain film is a film that was never under copyright, was released to public domain by its author, or whose

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Determination of whether a copyright has expired depends on an examination of the copyright in its source country.

1059: 623:, including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons". 438:, including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons". 269: 94: 3233: 3131: 1144:

Works created before the existence of copyright and patent laws also form part of the public domain. For example,

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Pamela Samuelson has identified eight "values" that can arise from information and works in the public domain.

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Access to cultural heritage through information resources such as ancient Greek texts and Mozart's symphonies.

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was defined as "things that could be commonly enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight and ocean." The term

411: 406:); examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms, and the image-processing software 2411:

March Perry; Thomas Margoni (2010). "From music tracks to Google maps: who owns Computer Generated Works?".

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The phrase "fall in the public domain" can be traced to mid-19th-century France to describe the end of

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has described the public domain as being "different sizes at different times in different countries".

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and cooking recipes. Other works are actively dedicated by their authors to the public domain (see

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Promoting the democratic process and values, through news, laws, regulation, and judicial opinion.

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restrictions and therefore in the public domain. The public domain mark is a combination of the

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did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the concept can be traced back to the ancient

5123: 5118: 5097: 4985: 4832: 4795: 4694: 4009: 3994: 3869: 3836: 3742: 1601: 1581: 1282:"). There are multiple licenses which aim to release works into the public domain. In 2000 the 1203: 1179:

shifted over the course of the 20th century from a fixed-term based on first publication, with

579: 200: 2678: 2614: 2416: 1881: 1248:. Not all legal systems have processes for reliably donating works to the public domain, e.g. 4960: 4755: 4747: 4686: 4619: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4004: 3909: 3874: 3717: 2746: 2468: 2462: 1534: 1386: 1315: 1245: 1237: 1196: 1055: 343: 46: 1913:"Romans, Roads, and Romantic Creators: Traditions of Public Property in the Information Age" 5138: 5045: 4980: 4975: 4537: 3949: 3944: 3924: 2785: 1576: 1408: 1051: 927: 804: 694: 599: 358: 3072: 2814: 2808: 2201:"Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States | Copyright Information Center" 980:, one of thousands of derivative works based on the public domain painting. The 2018 film 8: 4925: 4527: 3864: 3732: 3654: 3418:"Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition" 3058: 2500:. World Intellectual Property Organisation, Kluwer Law International. 1997. p. 313. 1544: 999: 959: 891:

Promoting education, through the spread of information, ideas, and scientific principles.

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regime, works that have entered the public domain after their copyright has expired, or

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For the content guidelines regarding the use of public domain content on Knowledge, see

4472: 4182: 4128: 4032: 3458: 3190: 2563: 2527: 2253:"The National Emergency Library is offering free ebooks — but is it lending or piracy?" 2129: 1932: 1862: 1523: 1279: 1253: 1093: 1082: 1072: 833: 274: 84: 64: 2616:

Constructing the canon of children's literature: beyond library walls and ivory towers

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In some countries, certain works may never fully lapse into the public domain. In the

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may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the

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may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the

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can be more granular, including for example uses of works in copyright permitted by

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Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment

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Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment

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Informal uses of trademarks are not covered by trademark protection. For example,

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Promoting public health and safety, through information and scientific principles.

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When the first early copyright law was originally established in Britain with the

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in February 2016 2.9 million works (~10% of all works) are listed with the mark.

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Enabling follow-on innovation, through for example expired patents and copyright.

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Public domain: how to find and use copyright-free writings, music, art and more

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are in the public domain either by virtue of their having been created before

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Labastida, Ignasi; Margoni, Thomas (2020). "Licensing FAIR Data for Reuse".

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The future of the public domain: identifying the commons in information law

1897: 1882:"Revue juridique de l'Ouest, 2011-1: Les choses communes (Première partie)" 1571: 1529: 1024: 949: 564: 462: 290: 259: 254: 227: 149: 109: 3515: 2664:

Janespotting and Beyond: British Heritage Retrovisions Since the Mid-1990s

1460: 5000: 4827: 4822: 4215: 4153: 4148: 3968: 3939: 3804: 3297: 1757:"SERPENT - A Candidate Block Cipher for the Advanced Encryption Standard" 1735: 1419: 1299: 1295: 923: 766: 754: 468: 456: 249: 175: 144: 3123: 2781:"Everything you need to know about the 1937 version of 'A Star Is Born'" 2490: 2488: 1936: 1725:"Copyright Protection Not Available for Names, Titles, or Short Phrases" 1513:

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are in the public domain worldwide as they all died over 100 years ago.

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rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly

3402: 1039:) in the United Kingdom, it was granted a special exception under the 4857: 3809: 2953: 2714:"Frame my face to all occasions": Shakespeare's Richard III on screen 2485: 2331:"Copyright Registration of Musical Compositions and Sound Recordings" 1502: 1470: 1450: 1423: 1326: 1145: 1117: 1113: 1101: 976: 863: 537: 451: 394: 378: 374: 366: 210: 154: 74: 636: 4895: 4775: 3884: 1507: 603: 560: 286: 232: 69: 1403:, with an uppercase A, is still a trademark of the German company 1278:

unnecessary, as no owner/author is required to grant permission ("

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make tens of thousands of public domain books available online as

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referred to things that were shared by all citizens, and the term

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date of filing if under 35 USC 120, 121, or 365(c). However, the

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before January 1st, 1929 have been entered in the Public Domain.

820: 619: 541: 434: 2227:"Cover to Cover: Access thousands of books on Project Gutenberg" 1441: 3440:"Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)" 2929:"Improving Access to the Public Domain: the Public Domain Mark" 1415: 1241: 1097: 990:, which is in the public domain due to an unrenewed copyright. 407: 403: 370: 347: 114: 4862: 2901: 2438:. The George Washington University Law School. Archived from 2166:

Graber, Christoph Beat; Nenova, Mira Burri (1 January 2008).

1404: 1302:) has introduced several public-domain-like licenses, called 1283: 1017: 788: 3415: 3073:"Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States" 2356:"Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States" 1023:

While the copyright has expired for the Peter Pan works by

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Introduction to intellectual property: theory and practice

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to describe works that were not covered by copyright law.

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in the United States—a generic term. In Canada, however,

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People have been creating music for millennia. The first

3374:"BSD 0-Clause License (0BSD) Explained in Plain English" 1892:(1). Ecole de Avocats du Grand Quest de Rennes: 59–112. 1218: 1047:(to whom Barrie gave the copyright) continues to exist. 39:

Public domain icon, which is in the public domain itself

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The copyright handbook: what every writer needs to know

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List of films in the public domain in the United States

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was defined as things not yet appropriated. The term

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Comparison of open-source and closed-source software

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The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind

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The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind

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The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind

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this definition underlines common usage of the term

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Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice

2894:"Creative Commons announces the Public Domain Mark" 1223: 4876: 3716: 3456:Manual of Patent Examining Procedure available at 2562: 2526: 2379: 2128: 2007:Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research 1980:Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research 1953:Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research 1445:An English logo of the 2023/2024 Public Domain Day 4487: 2839:"Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48)" 2060: 2058: 5110: 3283: 2867: 2744: 2375: 2373: 1800: 1798: 1796: 3077:Cornell University Copyright Information Center 2748:The Cambridge companion to literature on screen 2099:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language 2068:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language 2034:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language 1808:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language 1464:Visual created for Public Domain Day. Features 3565:"Happy Public Domain Day! Here's to many more" 3062:, section 13.03(F)(4). Albany: Matthew Bender. 2661: 2432:"L.H.O.O.Q. Internet related Derivative Works" 2055: 1923:(1/2). Duke University School of Law: 89–110. 1663:Graber, Christoph B.; Nenova, Mira B. (2008). 1263: 1163:In most countries that are signatories to the 4473: 4231: 3702: 3619:"Public domain day - in Canada (Lessig Blog)" 3484:Officer, Office of the Chief Communications. 2370: 1956:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 134–135. 1793: 1474:, as it is famously part of the public domain 1385:regard for its intended use, it could become 308: 4513:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities 3444:Open Data Commons: legal tools for open data 2745:Cartmell, Deborah; Whelehan, Imelda (2007). 2165: 1662: 1236:Implementation Act of 1988 (and the earlier 422:status for a work in that country. The term 3234:"11/17: Lulan Artisans Textile Competition" 3179:. Yale University Press. pp. 179–204. 3105:", U.S. Copyright Office Circular 3, 2008. 1879: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1449:Public Domain Day is an observance of when 1389:, and therefore part of the public domain. 1329:, published around 2010, has a focus on an 513: 105:Integrated circuit layout design protection 4480: 4466: 4245: 4238: 4224: 3709: 3695: 3558: 3556: 2751:. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. 2380:Guibault, Lucy; Hugenholtz, Bernt (2006). 1337:, released in 2006 and aimed at software. 1318:with law domains which have no concept of 1155: 1120:databases use it, and for instance on the 1030:Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up 626: 315: 301: 3672:Center for the Study of the Public Domain 3330:"The Unlicense: A License for No License" 3305: 2598:. Public Domain Works That Are Modified. 2250: 2003: 1976: 1949: 1498:Center for the Study of the Public Domain 1100:to indicate that a work is free of known 721:Learn how and when to remove this message 3880:Business models for open-source software 3562: 3528: 3352:"Unlicense Yourself: Set Your Code Free" 3258: 3175:Boyle, J. (2008). "A Creative Commons". 2680:Directing Shakespeare: a scholar onstage 2102:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 105. 2071:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 104. 2037:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 102. 2010:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 137. 1983:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 154. 1811:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 103. 1669:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 173. 1620: 1459: 1440: 1076: 837: 559: 34: 16:Works outside the scope of copyright law 3553: 2972: 2813:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 2806: 2560: 2524: 2460: 2224: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1550:Limitations and exceptions to copyright 1290:. Creative Commons (created in 2002 by 1041:Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 974:is a derivative of Leonardo da Vinci's 223:Limitations and exceptions to copyright 5111: 3616: 3589: 3492:from the original on 25 September 2009 3083:from the original on 26 September 2010 2994: 2926: 2778: 2710: 2683:. Ohio University Press. p. 101. 2612: 2596:Stanford Copyright and Fair Use Center 2436:Supplemental material Computer Law 484 2400:from the original on 18 December 2014. 2116:from the original on 19 November 2011. 2085:from the original on 19 November 2011. 2051:from the original on 19 November 2011. 1825:from the original on 19 November 2011. 1652:from the original on 14 February 2015. 1418:, producer of the canned meat product 993: 4461: 4219: 4069:Organization for Transformative Works 3690: 3594:. American University. Archived from 3590:McLean, Wallace J. (1 January 2004). 3240:from the original on 31 December 2016 3174: 2868:WIPO Secretariat (24 November 2010), 2676: 2429: 2126: 2095: 2064: 2030: 1844: 1804: 1631: 1286:was released as a public domain like 1219:Dedicating works to the public domain 1066: 955:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead 807:system, was created 4,000 years ago. 181:Artificial intelligence and copyright 5036:Microsoft Open Specification Promise 3529:McCarthy, Kieren (31 January 2005). 2935:from the original on 14 October 2010 2779:Lenker, Maureen Lee (10 July 2022). 2589: 1910: 1829: 1703:"Works Unprotected by Copyright Law" 1555:List of countries' copyright lengths 1430: 1169:List of countries' copyright lengths 1008:, for example, there is a perpetual 659:adding citations to reliable sources 630: 140:Supplementary protection certificate 4503:Alternative terms for free software 3617:Lessig, Lawrence (1 January 2004). 3531:"Hormel Spam trademark case canned" 3483: 2843:Office of Public Sector Information 2525:Fishman, Stephen (September 2008). 1209: 13: 4843:Python Software Foundation License 3563:Richmond, Shane (1 January 2010). 3465:from the original on 18 April 2015 3428:from the original on 4 March 2016. 3336:. 24 February 2016. Archived from 3134:from the original on 28 April 2013 3124:"About CC0 — "No Rights Reserved"" 2225:Preston, Sherry (9 October 2023). 1597:Public domain in the United States 1133:Works not covered by copyright law 1128:Application to copyrightable works 912:Relationship with derivative works 14: 5150: 4906:Definition of Free Cultural Works 4523:Free software project directories 3665: 3567:. Telegraph Blogs. Archived from 3486:"Terms of Use for USPTO Websites" 3362:from the original on 8 July 2018. 2927:Peters, Diane (11 October 2010). 2904:. 12 October 2010. Archived from 2810:The Oxford companion to the Bible 2666:. Gunter Narr Verlag. p. 92. 2649:The Guinness Book of Records 1999 2646: 2613:Lundin, Anne H. (2 August 2004). 2602:from the original on 18 May 2016. 2302: 1880:Foures-Diop, Anne-Sophie (2011). 1785:. 28 January 2016. Archived from 594:. However, the usage of the term 586:and equates the public domain to 5093: 5092: 5082: 4543:Open-source software development 3890:Commercial use of copyleft works 3541:from the original on 7 July 2008 2849:from the original on 1 June 2008 2662:Voigts-Virchow, Eckartm (2004). 2336:. United States Copyright Office 2251:Robertson, Adi (31 March 2020). 1344:recommends the Creative Commons 1270:Public-domain-equivalent license 1224:Release without copyright notice 1060:traditional cultural expressions 635: 270:Outline of intellectual property 95:Indigenous intellectual property 53: 5129:Copyright law legal terminology 4901:Debian Free Software Guidelines 4733:Free Software Movement of India 3870:Alternative compensation system 3637: 3610: 3583: 3522: 3504: 3477: 3450: 3432: 3409: 3387: 3366: 3344: 3322: 3277: 3252: 3226: 3201: 3168: 3146: 3116: 3095: 3065: 3047: 3023: 2988: 2966: 2947: 2920: 2886: 2861: 2831: 2800: 2772: 2738: 2704: 2670: 2655: 2640: 2606: 2583: 2554: 2518: 2454: 2423: 2404: 2348: 2323: 2296: 2270: 2244: 2218: 2193: 2159: 2127:Boyle, James (1 January 2008). 2120: 2089: 2024: 1997: 1970: 1943: 1904: 646:needs additional citations for 4054:Electronic Frontier Foundation 3514:. Hormel Foods. Archived from 3512:"SPAM® Brand and the Internet" 2152:– via Internet Archive. 1873: 1770: 1749: 1717: 1695: 1656: 1455:copyright laws of each country 1246:anti-copyright can call notice 866:has expired. All films in the 21:Public domain (disambiguation) 1: 4891:Contributor License Agreement 4705:Open-source-software movement 4489:Free and open-source software 3895:Commons-based peer production 3763:Legal aspects of file sharing 2592:"Public Domain Trouble Spots" 2461:Leaffer, Marshall A. (1995). 1917:Law and Contemporary Problems 1613: 1592:Public domain image resources 1587:Public Domain Enhancement Act 1379: 1320:dedicating into public domain 1191:from that tradition with the 1014:Authorized King James Version 555: 412:National Institutes of Health 5062:The Cathedral and the Bazaar 4916:The Free Software Definition 3990:Access to Knowledge movement 3621:. Lessig.org. Archived from 3160:. March 2000. Archived from 2978:Northern Kentucky Law Review 2651:. Bantam Books. p. 358. 2386:. Kluwer Law International. 1518:Copyright Term Extension Act 1193:Uruguay Round Agreements Act 1188:Copyright Duration Directive 1045:Great Ormond Street Hospital 7: 4966:Mozilla software rebranding 4931:Permissive software license 3056:, and David Nimmer (1997). 2590:Stim, Rich (4 April 2013). 2464:Understanding copyright law 2305:"The Catholic Encyclopedia" 2282:The University of Edinburgh 2172:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 1485: 1264:Public-domain-like licenses 218:Idea–expression distinction 10: 5155: 4971:Proprietary device drivers 4921:The Open Source Definition 3592:"Happy Public Domain Day!" 2807:Metzger, Bruce M. (2006). 2717:. Braumüller. p. 17. 2619:. Routledge. p. 138. 2569:. Nolo. pp. 124–125. 2430:Stern, Richard H. (2001). 1886:Revue Juridique de l'Ouest 1434: 1355: 1351: 1267: 1070: 997: 988:1937 film of the same name 915: 831: 753:For example: the works of 590:and works in copyright to 441: 353:As examples, the works of 25: 18: 5134:Intellectual property law 5078: 5056:Source-available software 5014: 4956:Digital rights management 4948: 4746: 4723: 4685: 4561: 4495: 4437: 4376: 4315: 4254: 4167: 4116: 4104:Students for Free Culture 4041: 4025: 4018: 4000:Cultural environmentalism 3982: 3957:Prizes instead of patents 3857: 3753:Digital rights management 3725: 3109:26 September 2012 at the 3031:"Copyright Office Basics" 2561:Fishman, Stephen (2008). 2311:. Robert Appleton Company 2189:– via Google Books. 2135:. Yale University Press. 1859:10.1007/s11463-009-0011-6 1847:Frontiers of Law in China 1342:Open Knowledge Foundation 1304:Creative Commons licenses 1112:, with the international 922:Derivative works include 881:Possible values include: 5051:Shared Source Initiative 4848:Shared Source Initiative 4801:Free Software Foundation 4738:Free Software Foundation 4588:Configuration management 4059:Free Software Foundation 3645:"Public Domain Day 2010" 2004:Torremans, Paul (2007). 1977:Torremans, Paul (2007). 1950:Torremans, Paul (2007). 1607:Rule of the shorter term 1314:, which was created for 1197:formalities requirements 873: 855:Night of the Living Dead 827: 794: 733: 4986:SCO/Linux controversies 4190:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto 3900:Electronic sell-through 3795:Monopolies of knowledge 3738:Censorship by copyright 3259:Kreutzer, Till (2011). 2711:Kossak, Saskia (2005). 2096:Ronan, Deazley (2006). 2065:Ronan, Deazley (2006). 2031:Ronan, Deazley (2006). 1911:Rose, Carol M. (2003). 1805:Ronan, Deazley (2006). 1376:rights just mentioned. 1335:Zero Clause BSD license 1181:a possible renewal term 1156:Expiration of copyright 940:Frances Hodgson Burnett 627:Public domain by medium 130:Plant genetic resources 100:Industrial design right 90:Geographical indication 28:Knowledge:Public domain 4886:Comparison of licenses 4695:Free software movement 4204:The Internet's Own Boy 4010:Free software movement 3837:software patent debate 3743:Copyright infringement 2677:Homan, Sidney (2004). 1898:10.3406/juro.2011.4336 1759:. 1999. Archived from 1602:Public domain software 1582:Protection of Classics 1475: 1446: 1204:Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen 1148:and the inventions of 1139:idea–expression divide 1085: 859: 741:In most countries the 574: 514: 335:) consists of all the 201:Criticism of copyright 125:Plant breeders' rights 40: 4961:License proliferation 4005:Free-culture movement 3915:Libertarian positions 3910:Free-software license 3875:Anti-copyright notice 3718:Intellectual property 3395:"Conformant Licenses" 2959:12 March 2016 at the 2533:. Nolo. p. 178. 2278:"What is Wikisource?" 2205:copyright.cornell.edu 1632:Boyle, James (2008). 1535:Free-culture movement 1463: 1444: 1340:In October 2014, the 1238:Copyright Act of 1976 1080: 1056:traditional knowledge 852:The 1968 horror film 851: 563: 344:intellectual property 47:Intellectual property 38: 5046:Open-source hardware 4981:Proprietary software 4976:Proprietary firmware 4677:Formerly open-source 4672:Formerly proprietary 4538:Open-source software 3925:Open-design movement 3298:10.1162/dint_a_00042 3043:on 25 February 2009. 3009:10.1093/jiplp/jpz042 2954:Category:CC-PD-Mark 2931:. Creative Commons. 2845:. 1988. p. 28. 2786:Entertainment Weekly 2358:. Cornell University 1763:on 13 January 2013. 1638:. CSPD. p. 38. 1577:Paying public domain 1409:Treaty of Versailles 1052:paying public domain 928:musical arrangements 805:Music of Mesopotamia 655:improve this article 600:copyright exceptions 505:in early Roman law. 359:Ludwig van Beethoven 19:For other uses, see 4926:Open-source license 4528:Gratis versus libre 3865:All rights reversed 3733:Artificial scarcity 3657:on 14 October 2012. 3518:on 13 October 2009. 3209:"About CC Licenses" 3059:Nimmer on Copyright 3054:Nimmer, Melville B. 2647:Young, Mark (ed.). 1779:"ImageJ Disclaimer" 1683:on 20 December 2014 1545:Freedom of panorama 1000:Perpetual copyright 994:Perpetual copyright 986:is a remake of the 968:. Marcel Duchamp's 960:Troma Entertainment 363:Miguel de Cervantes 355:William Shakespeare 191:Copyright abolition 4183:Good Copy Bad Copy 4129:Alexandra Elbakyan 4033:Copyright Alliance 3625:on 7 November 2011 3399:opendefinition.com 3358:. 4 January 2010. 2908:on 16 October 2010 1524:Eldred v. Ashcroft 1476: 1447: 1280:Permission culture 1254:continental Europe 1094:Public Domain Mark 1086: 1083:Public Domain Mark 1081:Creative Commons' 1073:Public Domain Mark 1067:Public domain mark 860: 834:Public domain film 743:term of protection 575: 531:. The French poet 522:propriété publique 446:Although the term 283:Higher categories: 275:Outline of patents 41: 5106: 5105: 5006:Trusted Computing 4996:Software security 4944: 4943: 4625:Operating systems 4533:Long-term support 4455: 4454: 4442:Public Domain Day 4213: 4212: 4112: 4111: 4064:Open Rights Group 3340:on 24 March 2016. 3286:Data Intelligence 3186:978-0-300-14275-4 2758:978-0-521-61486-3 2724:978-3-7003-1492-9 2690:978-0-8214-1550-4 2626:978-0-8153-3841-3 2576:978-1-4133-0858-7 2540:978-1-4133-0893-8 2507:978-90-411-0938-5 2442:on 19 August 2018 2179:978-1-84844-391-4 2142:978-0-300-13740-8 2109:978-1-84542-282-0 2078:978-1-84542-282-0 2044:978-1-84542-282-0 2017:978-1-84542-487-9 1990:978-1-84542-487-9 1963:978-1-84542-487-9 1818:978-1-84542-282-0 1741:on 5 April 2016. 1676:978-1-84720-921-4 1645:978-0-300-13740-8 1466:Leonardo da Vinci 1451:copyrighted works 1437:Public Domain Day 1431:Public Domain Day 1122:Wikimedia Commons 965:Tromeo and Juliet 945:The Secret Garden 849: 777:Project Gutenberg 731: 730: 723: 705: 503:res universitatis 490:res universitatis 474:res universitatis 400:Newtonian physics 387:Leonardo da Vinci 325: 324: 5146: 5096: 5095: 5086: 4991:Software patents 4874: 4873: 4786:Creative Commons 4645:Web applications 4482: 4475: 4468: 4459: 4458: 4447:Creative Commons 4240: 4233: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4144:Richard Stallman 4089:Public Knowledge 4049:Creative Commons 4023: 4022: 3930:Open music model 3711: 3704: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3659: 3658: 3653:. Archived from 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3560: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3422:Creative Commons 3413: 3407: 3406: 3405:on 1 March 2016. 3401:. Archived from 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3309: 3292:(1–2): 199–207. 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3266:. Archived from 3265: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3236:. 17 June 2009. 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3213:Creative Commons 3205: 3199: 3198: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3158:anonscm - Debian 3150: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3128:Creative Commons 3120: 3114: 3103:Copyright Notice 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3069: 3063: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3036:. 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Archived from 1660: 1654: 1653: 1629: 1308:Creative Commons 1288:software license 1234:Berne Convention 1230:copyright notice 1210:Government works 1165:Berne Convention 1110:copyright notice 1108:, which acts as 1106:copyright symbol 1090:Creative Commons 850: 801:musical notation 781:Internet Archive 763:Machado de Assis 726: 719: 715: 712: 706: 704: 663: 639: 631: 592:private property 567:own copy of his 550:Pamela Samuelson 519: 410:(created by the 317: 310: 303: 186:Brand protection 120:Peasants' rights 57: 43: 42: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5074: 5041:Open-core model 5016: 5010: 4940: 4878: 4872: 4742: 4719: 4681: 4564: 4557: 4491: 4486: 4456: 4451: 4433: 4372: 4311: 4250: 4244: 4214: 4209: 4176:Steal This Film 4163: 4139:Lawrence Lessig 4108: 4037: 4014: 3978: 3974:Video on demand 3853: 3748:Copyright troll 3721: 3715: 3676:Duke University 3668: 3663: 3662: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 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664: 662: 652: 640: 629: 588:public property 558: 533:Alfred de Vigny 510:Statute of Anne 444: 321: 285: 281: 196:Copyright troll 85:Farmers' rights 65:Authors' rights 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5152: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5090: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5020: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4882: 4880: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4752: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4578:Bioinformatics 4575: 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quote 240: 235: 230: 220: 215: 214: 213: 206:Bioprospecting 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 170: 169: 168:Related topics 165: 164: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 135:Related rights 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 80:Database right 77: 72: 67: 59: 58: 50: 49: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5151: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5124:Copyright law 5122: 5120: 5119:Public domain 5117: 5116: 5114: 5099: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5069:Revolution OS 5066: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5030:GNU Manifesto 5027: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4936:Public domain 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 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Frank Baum 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 349: 345: 342: 338: 337:creative work 334: 330: 329:public domain 318: 313: 311: 306: 304: 299: 298: 296: 295: 292: 288: 284: 276: 273: 272: 271: 268: 266: 265:Public domain 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 225: 224: 221: 219: 216: 212: 209: 208: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 173: 172: 171: 167: 166: 161: 160:Utility model 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 62: 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 48: 45: 44: 37: 33: 29: 22: 5067: 5060: 5028: 4935: 4911:Free license 4657:Android apps 4247: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4159:Aaron Swartz 4084:Pirate Party 4042:Pro-copyleft 3920:Open content 3905:Free content 3848: 3805:Orphan works 3800:Music piracy 3655:the original 3648: 3639: 3627:. Retrieved 3623:the original 3612: 3600:. 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Barrie 1022: 1003: 981: 975: 969: 963: 953: 950:Tom Stoppard 943: 937: 924:translations 921: 898:compilation. 880: 877: 861: 853: 818: 814: 803:system, the 798: 775: 752: 748: 740: 737: 717: 708: 698: 691: 684: 677: 665: 653:Please help 648:verification 645: 618: 612: 608: 595: 583: 576: 568: 526: 521: 507: 502: 499:res publicae 498: 495:res communes 494: 489: 486:res publicae 485: 482:res communes 481: 477: 473: 469:res publicae 467: 463:res communes 461: 455: 447: 445: 433: 427: 423: 420: 415: 414:). 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