Copyright - Knowledge

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protected unless they have been fixed in some material form." Some countries do not require that a work be produced in a particular form to obtain copyright protection. For instance, Spain, France, and Australia do not require fixation for copyright protection. The United States and Canada, on the other hand, require that most works must be "fixed in a tangible medium of expression" to obtain copyright protection. US law requires that the fixation be stable and permanent enough to be "perceived, reproduced or communicated for a period of more than transitory duration". Similarly, Canadian courts consider fixation to require that the work be "expressed to some extent at least in some material form, capable of identification and having a more or less permanent endurance".

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transferred their economic rights. In some EU countries, such as France, moral rights last indefinitely. In the UK, however, moral rights are finite. That is, the right of attribution and the right of integrity last only as long as the work is in copyright. When the copyright term comes to an end, so too do the moral rights in that work. This is just one reason why the moral rights regime within the UK is often regarded as weaker or inferior to the protection of moral rights in continental Europe and elsewhere in the world. The Berne Convention, in Article 6bis, requires its members to grant authors the following rights:

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which they alone could profit from their works, they would be enabled and encouraged to invest the time required to create them, and this would be good for society as a whole. A right to profit from the work has been the philosophical underpinning for much legislation extending the duration of copyright, to the life of the creator and beyond, to their heirs. Yet scholars like Lawrence Lessig have argued that copyright terms have been extended beyond the scope imagined by the Framers. Lessig refers to the Copyright Clause as the "Progress Clause" to emphasize the social dimension of intellectual property rights.

624:. In many modern day publications the terms copyright and authors' rights are being mixed, or used as translations, but in a juridical sense the legal concepts do essentially differ. Authors' rights are, generally speaking, from the start absolute property rights of an author of original work that one does not have to apply for. The law is automatically connecting an original work as intellectual property to its creator. Although the concepts throughout the years have been mingled globally, due to international treaties and contracts, distinct differences between jurisdictions continue to exist. 407: 501:, extended federal copyright to works as soon as they are created and "fixed", without requiring publication or registration. State law continues to apply to unpublished works that are not otherwise copyrighted by federal law. This act also changed the calculation of copyright term from a fixed term (then a maximum of fifty-six years) to "life of the author plus 50 years". These changes brought the US closer to conformity with the Berne Convention, and in 1989 the United States further revised its copyright law and joined the Berne Convention officially. 57: 1386:

right" means that only the copyright holder is free to exercise those rights, and others are prohibited from using the work without the holder's permission. Copyright is sometimes called a "negative right", as it serves to prohibit certain people (e.g., readers, viewers, or listeners, and primarily publishers and would be publishers) from doing something they would otherwise be able to do, rather than permitting people (e.g., authors) to do something they would otherwise be unable to do. In this way it is similar to the

1712:, although it is still a breach of copyright to copy, reproduce or adapt copyright material for personal or private use without permission from the copyright owner, owners of a legitimate copy are permitted to "format shift" that work from one medium to another for personal, private use, or to "time shift" a broadcast work for later, once and only once, viewing or listening. Other technical exemptions from infringement may also apply, such as the temporary reproduction of a work in machine readable form for a computer. 1345:, the Copyright Office concluded that many diverse aspects of the current moral rights patchwork – including copyright law's derivative work right, state moral rights statutes, and contract law – are generally working well and should not be changed. Further, the Office concludes that there is no need for the creation of a blanket moral rights statute at this time. However, there are aspects of the US moral rights patchwork that could be improved to the benefit of individual authors and the copyright system as a whole. 1122:, amending the 1976 Copyright Act to conform to most of the provisions of the Berne Convention. As a result, the use of copyright notices has become optional to claim copyright, because the Berne Convention makes copyright automatic. However, the lack of notice of copyright using these marks may have consequences in terms of reduced damages in an infringement lawsuit – using notices of this form may reduce the likelihood of a defense of "innocent infringement" being successful. 1289:

the owner of a copyright-protected work may decide how to use the work, and may prevent others from using it without permission. National laws usually grant copyright owners exclusive rights to allow third parties to use their works, subject to the legally recognised rights and interests of others. Most copyright laws state that authors or other right owners have the right to authorise or prevent certain acts in relation to a work. Right owners can authorise or prohibit:

1470:, and whether the work was created by an individual or a corporation. In most of the world, the default length of copyright is the life of the author plus either 50 or 70 years. In the United States, the term for most existing works is a fixed number of years after the date of creation or publication. Under most countries' laws (for example, the United States and the United Kingdom), copyrights expire at the end of the calendar year in which they would otherwise expire. 2147: 695:. Specially, for educational and scientific research purposes, the Berne Convention provides the developing countries issue compulsory licenses for the translation or reproduction of copyrighted works within the limits prescribed by the convention. This was a special provision that had been added at the time of 1971 revision of the convention, because of the strong demands of the developing countries. The United States did not sign the Berne Convention until 1989. 691:

automatically entitled to all intellectual property rights in the work, and to any derivative works unless and until the author explicitly disclaims them, or until the rights expires. The Berne Convention also resulted in foreign authors being treated equivalently to domestic authors, in any country signed onto the convention. The UK signed the Berne Convention in 1887 but did not implement large parts of it until 100 years later with the passage of the

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licenses are available (although some of them are not properly free per the above definitions and per Creative Commons' own advice). These are based upon copyright-holder stipulations such as whether they are willing to allow modifications to the work, whether they permit the creation of derivative works and whether they are willing to permit commercial use of the work. As of 2009 approximately 130 million individuals had received such licenses.

1280:, copyright protects two types of rights. Economic rights allow right owners to derive financial reward from the use of their works by others. Moral rights allow authors and creators to take certain actions to preserve and protect their link with their work. The author or creator may be the owner of the economic rights or those rights may be transferred to one or more copyright owners. Many countries do not allow the transfer of moral rights. 1903:, because under this scheme, anyone who wishes to copy a covered work does not need the permission of the copyright holder, but instead merely files the proper notice and pays a set fee established by statute (or by an agency decision under statutory guidance) for every copy made. Failure to follow the proper procedures would place the copier at risk of an infringement suit. Because of the difficulty of following every individual work, 510:

period, to view knowledge as the product and expression of the collective, rather than to see it as individual property. However, with copyright laws, intellectual production comes to be seen as a product of an individual, with attendant rights. The most significant point is that patent and copyright laws support the expansion of the range of creative human activities that can be commodified. This parallels the ways in which

560: 1051: 5412: 1884:. They can be oral or even implied by the behavior of the parties. Transfers of copyright ownership, including exclusive licenses, may and should be recorded in the U.S. Copyright Office. (Information on recording transfers is available on the Office's web site.) While recording is not required to make the grant effective, it offers important benefits, much like those obtained by recording a deed in a 1043: 1483:

copyrights renewed 28 years after first publication year also are in the public domain. Hirtle points out that the great majority of these works (including 93% of the books) were not renewed after 28 years and are in the public domain. Books originally published outside the US by non-Americans are exempt from this renewal requirement, if they are still under copyright in their home country.

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of such Copies, during the Times therein mentioned." The act also alluded to individual rights of the artist. It began, "Whereas Printers, Booksellers, and other Persons, have of late frequently taken the Liberty of Printing ... Books, and other Writings, without the Consent of the Authors ... to their very great Detriment, and too often to the Ruin of them and their Families:".

3676:, 102 Stat. 2853, 2857. One of the changes introduced by the BCIA was to section 401, which governs copyright notices on published copies, specifying that notices "may be placed on" such copies; prior to the BCIA, the statute read that notices "shall be placed on all" such copies. An analogous change was made in section 402, dealing with copyright notices on phonorecords. 1927:) have been formed to collect royalties for hundreds (thousands and more) works at once. Though this market solution bypasses the statutory license, the availability of the statutory fee still helps dictate the price per work collective rights organizations charge, driving it down to what avoidance of procedural hassle would justify. 1079:), the abbreviation "Copr.", or the word "Copyright", followed by the year of the first publication of the work and the name of the copyright holder. Several years may be noted if the work has gone through substantial revisions. The proper copyright notice for sound recordings of musical or other audio works is a 1880:

effective, must be granted in a written instrument signed by the grantor. No special form of transfer or grant is required. A simple document that identifies the work involved and the rights being granted is sufficient. Non-exclusive grants (often called non-exclusive licenses) need not be in writing under

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authors even after the authors have transferred their economic rights. This means that even where, for example, a film producer or publisher owns the economic rights in a work, in many jurisdictions the individual author continues to have moral rights. Recently, as a part of the debates being held at the

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L.J. 991, 999–1002 (2003) ("Thus, both the text of the Act and its legislative history demonstrate that Congress intended that a derivative work does not need to be fixed in order to infringe."). The legislative history of the 1976 Copyright Act says this difference was intended to address transitory

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Sigismund Hermbstädt, for example, a chemistry and pharmacy professor in Berlin, who has long since disappeared into the oblivion of history, earned more royalties for his "Principles of Leather Tanning" published in 1806 than British author Mary Shelley did for her horror novel "Frankenstein," which

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attempts to provide promotion and marketing for the artist and their work so it can reach a much larger audience. A copyright holder need not transfer all rights completely, though many publishers will insist. Some of the rights may be transferred, or else the copyright holder may grant another party

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Section 1008. Prohibition on certain infringement actions No action may be brought under this title alleging infringement of copyright based on the manufacture, importation, or distribution of a digital audio recording device, a digital audio recording medium, an analog recording device, or an analog

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c) Effect of Berne Convention.—No right or interest in a work eligible for protection under this title may be claimed by virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United States thereto. Any rights in a work eligible for protection under this title

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do not have to be asserted or declared, as they are automatically in force at creation: an author need not "register" or "apply for" these protective rights in countries adhering to the Berne Convention. As soon as a work is "fixed", that is, written or recorded on some physical medium, its author is

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It is legal in several countries including the United Kingdom and the United States to produce alternative versions (for example, in large print or braille) of a copyrighted work to provide improved access to a work for blind and visually impaired people without permission from the copyright holder.

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But if the intended exploitation of the work includes publication (or distribution of derivative work, such as a film based on a book protected by copyright) outside the US, the terms of copyright around the world must be considered. If the author has been dead more than 70 years, the work is in the

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The length and requirements for copyright duration are subject to change by legislation, and since the early 20th century there have been a number of adjustments made in various countries, which can make determining the duration of a given copyright somewhat difficult. For example, the United States

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The basic right when a work is protected by copyright is that the holder may determine and decide how and under what conditions the protected work may be used by others. This includes the right to decide to distribute the work for free. This part of copyright is often overseen. The phrase "exclusive

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Statistics regarding the effects of copyright infringement are difficult to determine. Studies have attempted to determine whether there is a monetary loss for industries affected by copyright infringement by predicting what portion of pirated works would have been formally purchased if they had not

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the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 provides that if a copyrighted work is made by an employee in the course of that employment, the copyright is automatically owned by the employer which would be a "Work for Hire". Typically, the first owner of a copyright is the person who created the work

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of the United States, Constitution (1787) authorized copyright legislation: "To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries." That is, by guaranteeing them a period of time in

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Copyright laws allow products of creative human activities, such as literary and artistic production, to be preferentially exploited and thus incentivized. Different cultural attitudes, social organizations, economic models and legal frameworks are seen to account for why copyright emerged in Europe

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recordings in exchange for royalties and other considerations. The creator (and original copyright holder) benefits, or expects to, from production and marketing capabilities far beyond those of the author. In the digital age of music, music may be copied and distributed at minimal cost through the

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which indicates that the copyright holder reserves, or holds for their own use was once required to assert copyright, but that phrase is now legally obsolete. Almost everything on the Internet has some sort of copyright attached to it. Whether these things are watermarked, signed, or have any other

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standards apply, copyright is automatic, and need not be obtained through official registration with any government office. Once an idea has been reduced to tangible form, for example by securing it in a fixed medium (such as a drawing, sheet music, photograph, a videotape, or a computer file), the

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gave authors and the publishers to whom they did chose to license their works, the right to publish the author's creations for a fixed period, after which the copyright expired. It was "An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or the Purchasers

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the copyright itself must be expressly transferred in writing. Under the US Copyright Act, a transfer of ownership in copyright must be memorialized in a writing signed by the transferor. For that purpose, ownership in copyright includes exclusive licenses of rights. Thus exclusive licenses, to be

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In the US there is a Religious Service Exemption (1976 law, section 110), namely "performance of a non-dramatic literary or musical work or of a dramatico-musical work of a religious nature or display of a work, in the course of services at a place of worship or other religious assembly" shall not

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In many jurisdictions, copyright law makes exceptions to these restrictions when the work is copied for the purpose of commentary or other related uses. United States copyright law does not cover names, titles, short phrases or listings (such as ingredients, recipes, labels, or formulas). However,

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With any kind of property, its owner may decide how it is to be used, and others can use it lawfully only if they have the owner's permission, often through a license. The owner's use of the property must, however, respect the legally recognised rights and interests of other members of society. So

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allows member countries to decide whether creative works must be "fixed" to enjoy copyright. Article 2, Section 2 of the Berne Convention states: "It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to prescribe that works in general or any specified categories of works shall not be

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A right to benefit financially from the work is articulated, and court rulings and legislation have recognized a right to control the work, such as ensuring that the integrity of it is preserved. An irrevocable right to be recognized as the work's creator appears in some countries' copyright laws.

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Terms of use have traditionally been negotiated on an individual basis between copyright holder and potential licensee. Therefore, a general CC license outlining which rights the copyright holder is willing to waive enables the general public to use such works more freely. Six general types of CC

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These and other similar rights granted in national laws are generally known as the moral rights of authors. The Berne Convention requires these rights to be independent of authors' economic rights. Moral rights are only accorded to individual authors and in many national laws they remain with the

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Copyrights can be granted by public law and are in that case considered "territorial rights". This means that copyrights granted by the law of a certain state do not extend beyond the territory of that specific jurisdiction. Copyrights of this type vary by country; many countries, and sometimes a

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In the United States, all books and other works, except for sound recordings, published before 1929 have expired copyrights and are in the public domain. The applicable date for sound recordings in the United States is before 1923. In addition, works published before 1964 that did not have their

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after 28 years to stay in force, and formerly required a copyright notice upon first publication to gain coverage. In Italy and France, there were post-wartime extensions that could increase the term by approximately 6 years in Italy and up to about 14 in France. Many countries have extended the

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gives creators both economic rights and moral rights. While 'copying' someone else's work without permission may constitute an infringement of their economic rights, that is, the reproduction right or the right of communication to the public, whereas, 'mutilating' it might infringe the creator's

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as of 1 January 2000: the dates given in the document are dates of ratification, not dates of coming into force. The Geneva Act came into force on 16 September 1955, for the first twelve to have ratified (which included four non-members of the Berne Union as required by Art. 9.1), or three

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held in a 6–3 decision that the first-sale doctrine applies to goods manufactured abroad with the copyright owner's permission and then imported into the US without such permission. The case involved a plaintiff who imported Asian editions of textbooks that had been manufactured abroad with the

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In most jurisdictions the copyright holder must bear the cost of enforcing copyright. This will usually involve engaging legal representation, administrative or court costs. In light of this, many copyright disputes are settled by a direct approach to the infringing party in order to settle the

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A copyright, or aspects of it (e.g. reproduction alone, all but moral rights), may be assigned or transferred from one party to another. For example, a musician who records an album will often sign an agreement with a record company in which the musician agrees to transfer all copyright in the

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Later acts amended US Copyright law so that for certain purposes making 10 copies or more is construed to be commercial, but there is no general rule permitting such copying. Indeed, making one complete copy of a work, or in many cases using a portion of it, for commercial purposes will not be

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in Europe, there was generally a lack of any concept of literary property due to the general relations of production, the specific organization of literary production and the role of culture in society. The latter refers to the tendency of oral societies, such as that of Europe in the medieval

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Moral rights are concerned with the non-economic rights of a creator. They protect the creator's connection with a work as well as the integrity of the work. Moral rights are only accorded to individual authors and in many national laws they remain with the authors even after the authors have

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states that "online criminals who offer stolen movies, TV shows, games, and live events through websites and apps are reaping $ 1.34 billion in annual advertising revenues." This comes as a result of users visiting pirate websites who are then subjected to pirated content, malware, and fraud.

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and the economic historian Eckhard Höffner argues that the absence of possibilities to maintain copyright laws in all these states in the early 19th century, encouraged the publishing of low-priced paperbacks for the masses. This was profitable for authors and led to a proliferation of books,

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prohibits the manufacture, importation, or distribution of devices whose intended use, or only significant commercial use, is to bypass an access or copy control put in place by a copyright owner. An appellate court has held that fair use is not a defense to engaging in such distribution. In

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for reading matter. Prices of reprints were low, so publications could be bought by poorer people, creating a mass audience. In German-language markets before the advent of copyright, technical materials, like popular fiction, were inexpensive and widely available; it has been suggested this

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Copyright law does not restrict the owner of a copy from reselling legitimately obtained copies of copyrighted works, provided that those copies were originally produced by or with the permission of the copyright holder. It is therefore legal, for example, to resell a copyrighted book or

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Some jurisdictions require "fixing" copyrighted works in a tangible form. It is often shared among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work, and who are commonly referred to as rights holders. These rights normally include reproduction, control over

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With older technology like paintings, books, phonographs, and film, it is generally not feasible for consumers to make copies on their own, so producers can simply require payment when transferring physical possession of the storage medium. The equivalent for digital online content is a

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came into use in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was associated with a common law and rooted in the civil law system. The printing press made it much cheaper to produce works, but as there was initially no copyright law, anyone could buy or rent a press and print any text.

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enhanced knowledge, and was ultimately an important factor in the ascendency of Germany as a power during that century. After the introduction of creator's rights, German publishers started to follow English customs, in issuing only expensive book editions for wealthy customers.

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for example, asked his publisher in 1854: "Due to the tremendously high prices you have established, I will hardly see a second edition of the book anytime soon. But you must set lower prices, dear Campe, for otherwise I really don't see why I was so lenient with my material

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as 17 U.S.C. Section 107, permits some copying and distribution without permission of the copyright holder or payment to same. The statute does not clearly define fair use, but instead gives four non-exclusive factors to consider in a fair use analysis. Those factors are:

1704:(Cth) are a limited set of circumstances under which copyrighted material can be legally copied or adapted without the copyright holder's consent. Fair dealing uses are research and study; review and critique; news reportage and the giving of professional advice (i.e. 1417:

moral rights. In the UK, moral rights include the right to be identified as the author of the work, which is generally identified as the right of attribution, and the right not to have your work subjected to 'derogatory treatment', that is the right of integrity.

341:, usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work, but not the idea itself. A copyright is subject to 743: 2122:, is subject to a statutorily determined term. Once the term of a copyright has expired, the formerly copyrighted work enters the public domain and may be used or exploited by anyone without obtaining permission, and normally without payment. However, in 1244:

been freely available. Other reports indicate that copyright infringement does not have an adverse effect on the entertainment industry, and can have a positive effect. In particular, a 2014 university study concluded that free music content, accessed on

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In addition, copyright, in most cases, does not prohibit one from acts such as modifying, defacing, or destroying one's own legitimately obtained copy of a copyrighted work, so long as duplication is not involved. However, in countries that implement

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Copyright laws and authors' right laws are standardized somewhat through these international conventions such as the Berne Convention and Universal Copyright Convention. These multilateral treaties have been ratified by nearly all countries, and

5699: 486:, enacted in 1710 in England and Scotland, provided the first legislation to protect copyrights (but not authors' rights). The Copyright Act of 1814 extended more rights for authors but did not protect British from reprinting in the US. The 5869: 936:

in order to qualify for copyright, and the copyright expires after a set period of time (some jurisdictions may allow this to be extended). Different countries impose different tests, although generally the requirements are low; in the

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that derive from this title, other Federal or State statutes, or the common law, shall not be expanded or reduced by virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United States thereto.

763: 497:, modeling it after the Statute of Anne. While the national law protected authors' published works, authority was granted to the states to protect authors' unpublished works. The most recent major overhaul of copyright in the US, the 1749:

affirmed the lower court decision, holding that "fair use is 'authorized by the law' and a copyright holder must consider the existence of fair use before sending a takedown notification" under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.

1588:. This may mean for example that a copy of a book that does not infringe copyright in the country where it was printed does infringe copyright in a country into which it is imported for retailing. The first-sale doctrine is known as 5382: 1531:

The idea–expression divide differentiates between ideas and expression, and states that copyright protects only the original expression of ideas, and not the ideas themselves. This principle, first clarified in the 1879 case of

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The original length of copyright in the United States was 14 years, and it had to be explicitly applied for. If the author wished, they could apply for a second 14‑year monopoly grant, but after that the work entered the

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made it easier for consumers to copy materials like books and music, but each time a copy was made, it lost some fidelity. Digital media like text, audio, video, and software (even when stored on physical media like

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Copyright subsists for a variety of lengths in different jurisdictions. The length of the term can depend on several factors, including the type of work (e.g. musical composition, novel), whether the work has been

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For a work to be considered to infringe upon copyright, its use must have occurred in a nation that has domestic copyright laws or adheres to a bilateral treaty or established international convention such as the

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the right to object to any distortion or modification of a work, or other derogatory action in relation to a work, which would be prejudicial to the author's honour or reputation (sometimes called the right of

1164:"... by 1978, the scope was expanded to apply to any 'expression' that has been 'fixed' in any medium, this protection granted automatically whether the maker wants it or not, no registration required." 2126:

regimes the user may still have to pay royalties to the state or to an authors' association. Courts in common law countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, have rejected the doctrine of a

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in this context is not as much of a reference to price as it is to freedom. What constitutes free licensing has been characterised in a number of similar definitions, including by order of longevity the

1398:. The rights of the copyright holder also permit them to not use or exploit their copyright, for some or all of the term. There is, however, a critique which rejects this assertion as being based on a 1494:. This legislation was the subject of substantial criticism following allegations that the bill was strongly promoted by corporations which had valuable copyrights which otherwise would have expired. 979:

copyright holder is entitled to enforce their exclusive rights. However, while registration is not needed to exercise copyright, in jurisdictions where the laws provide for registration, it serves as

2011:(CC) is a non-profit organization which aims to facilitate the legal sharing of creative works. To this end, the organization provides a number of generic copyright license options to the public, 739: 435:

and re-published by competitors, so printers needed a constant stream of new material. Fees paid to authors for new works were high, and significantly supplemented the incomes of many academics.

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to the US economy "continues to exceed $ 225 billion in counterfeit goods, pirated software, and theft of trade secrets and could be as high as $ 600 billion." A 2019 study sponsored by the

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discusses the technique and notes that the technique (as well as commercial registries) does not constitute dispositive proof that the work is original or establish who created the work.

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In many jurisdictions of the European continent, comparable legal concepts to copyright did exist from the 16th century on but did change under Napoleonic rule into another legal concept:

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and the United Kingdom it has been held that a single word is insufficient to comprise a copyright work. However, single words or a short string of words can sometimes be registered as a

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are kept in some countries which aid in proving claims of ownership, registering does not necessarily prove ownership, nor does the fact of copying (even without permission) necessarily

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length of their copyright terms (sometimes retroactively). International treaties establish minimum terms for copyrights, but individual countries may enforce longer terms than those.

1233: 975: 732: 724: 674:, 1886, satirizes the then-existing situation where a publisher could profit by simply copying newly published works from one country, and publishing them in another, and vice versa. 1142:

that copyright was infringed. Criminal sanctions are generally aimed at serious counterfeiting activity, but are now becoming more commonplace as copyright collectives such as the

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Copyright has developed into a concept that has a significant effect on nearly every modern industry, including not just literary work, but also forms of creative work such as

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mouse, but does not prohibit the creation of other works about anthropomorphic mice in general, so long as they are different enough not to be judged copies of Disney's.

5121: 960:; two authors may own copyright on two substantially identical works, if it is determined that the duplication was coincidental, and neither was copied from the other. 5726: 5341: 3026: 1700:

concluded that limited copying for educational purposes could also be justified under the fair dealing exemption. In Australia, the fair dealing exceptions under the

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large group of countries, have made agreements with other countries on procedures applicable when works "cross" national borders or national rights are inconsistent.

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recording medium, or based on the noncommercial use by a consumer of such a device or medium for making digital musical recordings or analog musical recordings.

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to establishing copyright, others recognize copyright in any completed work, without a formal registration. When the copyright of a work expires, it enters the

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In the US, the Constitution grants Congress the right to establish copyright and patent laws. Shortly after the Constitution was passed, Congress enacted the

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of 1886 finally provided protection for authors among the countries who signed the agreement, although the US did not join the Berne Convention until 1989.

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rights. While this doctrine permits the transfer of the particular legitimate copy involved, it does not permit making or distributing additional copies.

2240: 4022: 5243: 639:) in Napoleonic Italy shows that "basic copyrights increased both the number and the quality of operas, measured by their popularity and durability". 6217: 2037:. Particularly to the background of uploading content to internet platforms and the digital exchange of original work, there is discussion about the 1760:

photographic reproductions on paper or any similar medium of works (excluding sheet music) provided that the rightholders receives fair compensation;

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are obliged to establish minimum levels of copyright protection. Nevertheless, important differences between the national regimes continue to exist.

3232: 2135:, for example, are publicly available, but are not generally in the public domain. Copying such works may therefore violate the author's copyright. 5370: 4735:

Copyrighting Couture: An Examination of Fashion Design Protection and Why the DPPA and IDPPPA are a Step Towards the Solution to Counterfeit Chic

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Copyrighting Couture: An Examination of Fashion Design Protection and Why the DPPA and IDPPPA are a Step Towards the Solution to Counterfeit Chic

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Garfinkle, Ann M; Fries, Janet; Lopez, Daniel; Possessky, Laura (1997). "Art conservation and the legal obligation to preserve artistic intent".

2015:. These licenses allow copyright holders to define conditions under which others may use a work and to specify what types of use are acceptable. 316: 902:

Copyright does not cover ideas and information themselves, only the form or manner in which they are expressed. For example, the copyright to a

657: 5687: 2220: 2038: 3099: 2282: 2042: 1263:"estimates that global online piracy costs the U.S. economy at least $ 29.2 billion in lost revenue each year." An August 2021 report by the 833: 554: 6004: 986: 3285: 4237: 4050: 3357: 3000: 2669: 1005: 106: 5346: 1439:(UNESCO). The Indian system provides both the economic and moral rights under different provisions of its Indian Copyright Act of 1957. 2867: 5184: 5128: 5010: 4916: 4184: 4602:

Rubin, R. E. (2010) 'Foundations of Library and Information Science: Third Edition', Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc., New York, p. 341

3606: 2389: 6182: 1432: 1359:

to determine and decide how, and under what conditions, the work may be marketed, publicly displayed, reproduced, distributed, etc.

1277: 747: 4612: 5997: 5913: 5271: 4081: 3082: 1875:

A transfer or licence may have to meet particular formal requirements in order to be effective, for example under the Australian

1605: 1503: 1457: 989:

and attorney's fees. (In the US, registering after an infringement only enables one to receive actual damages and lost profits.)

751: 692: 381: 342: 224: 4435: 2584: 5236: 4400: 4374: 3574: 1475: 1452: 4768: 3012:

The Italian state of Venetia, adopting Napoleon's law, calls it "diritto d’autore" as part of the "proprietà intellettuale": "

1756:

recognise the right of EU member states to implement some national exceptions to copyright. Examples of those exceptions are:

1626:, a copyright holder can in some cases successfully prevent the mutilation or destruction of a work that is publicly visible. 6371: 5051: 4971: 4958: 4889: 4787: 4556: 4530: 4504: 4138: 3766: 3695: 3486: 3410: 3333: 2948: 1614:

publisher-plaintiff's permission. The defendant, without permission from the publisher, imported the textbooks and resold on

182: 4287: 3044: 3018: 3889: 239: 141: 5358: 4869:(Southern Illinois University Press; 2013) 222 pages; Examines legal, pedagogical, and other aspects of online authorship. 3614:

Copyright, Derivative Works and Fixation: Is Galoob a Mirage, or Does the Form(GEN) of the Alleged Derivative Work Matter?

1876: 1000:

to establish the date. This technique has not been recognized in any published opinions of the United States courts. The

6259: 5940: 5718: 5456: 5394: 4319: 3858:

Tobias Kretschmer; Christian Peukert (2014). "Video Killed the Radio Star? Online Music Videos and Digital Music Sales".

1753: 1719:

Codified in Section 10, 1992) prohibits action against consumers making noncommercial recordings of music, in return for

1649: 1119: 795:

The original holder of the copyright may be the employer of the author rather than the author themself if the work is a "

309: 3925: 6538: 5493: 4220: 4098: 2718: 2251: 1349: 1342: 1252: 716:

was drafted in 1952 as another less demanding alternative to the Berne Convention, and ratified by nations such as the

648: 3836: 3718: 5978: 5908: 5229: 4999: 4947: 4856: 4837: 4717: 3525: 3449: 2924: 2652: 2625: 1969: 4659: 3962:"Advertising Fuels $ 1.34 Billion Illegal Piracy Market, Report by Digital Citizens Alliance and White Bullet Finds" 6192: 5811: 5743: 5652: 5526: 5276: 4466: 1734: 1080: 522: 271: 96: 5314: 5161:

Free self-study course with video lectures as offered during the January 2006, Independent Activities Period (IAP)

1362:

to produce copies or reproductions of the work and to sell those copies; (including, typically, electronic copies)

1328:

the right to claim authorship of a work (sometimes called the right of paternity or the right of attribution); and

6075: 5068: 4634: 2089: 1961: 1912: 1872:

a non-exclusive license to copy or distribute the work in a particular region or for a specified period of time.

1256: 1240:. Improper use of materials outside of legislation is deemed "unauthorized edition", not copyright infringement. 758:, which enacted greater restrictions on the use of technology to copy works in the nations that ratified it. The 472: 219: 5731: 2773:

Joanna Kostylo, "From Gunpowder to Print: The Common Origins of Copyright and Patent", in Ronan Deazley et al.,

1895:. Some jurisdictions may provide that certain classes of copyrighted works be made available under a prescribed 820:

410:

European output of books before the advent of copyright, 6th century to 18th century. Blue shows printed books.

6356: 5503: 5466: 5179: 4750: 3227: 3225: 1001: 713: 302: 4011: 6543: 6197: 6065: 5657: 5401: 2393: 1836: 1740: 1153: 1150:

home Internet user. Thus far, however, most such cases against file sharers have been settled out of court. (

3417:

Praeger is part of the Greenwood Publishing Group. Hardcover. Possible alternative ISBN 978-0-275-98883-8.

3222: 1618:. The Supreme Court's holding severely limits the ability of copyright holders to prevent such importation. 996:. It proposes that the creator send the work to themself in a sealed envelope by registered mail, using the 6292: 5965: 5925: 5598: 5593: 5473: 5153: 4067: 2119: 1920: 1844: 1832: 1623: 1491: 1428: 1407: 712:), and permitted signatory nations to limit the duration of copyrights to shorter and renewable terms. The 1763:

reproduction made by libraries, educational establishments, museums or archives, which are non-commercial;

6548: 5881: 5804: 5672: 5588: 5536: 5531: 4779: 3236: 2561: 2131:. Public domain works should not be confused with works that are publicly available. Works posted in the 1899:(e.g. musical works in the United States used for radio broadcast or performance). This is also called a 1610: 771: 2235: 2092:. In Europe consumers are acting up against the raising costs of music, film and books, and as a result 2033:

Some sources are critical of particular aspects of the copyright system. This is known as a debate over

744:

Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations

6558: 5960: 5662: 5556: 5546: 5510: 5426: 5266: 4960:

The Copy/South Dossier: Issues in the Economics, Politics and Ideology of Copyright in the Global South

4816:

International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law (IIC) 4 (2012) 401–426, available at

3664: 3643: 3622:

works such as ballets, pantomimes, improvised performances, dumb shows, mime performances, and dancing.

2292: 1981: 1526: 1213:

can be used to trace copies, deterring infringement with a more credible threat of legal consequences.

3155: 1823:

brands may reproduce clothing designs from smaller companies without violating copyright protections.

6506: 6406: 6302: 6124: 6055: 5677: 5647: 5615: 5478: 5326: 5087: 2257: 1989: 1585: 1387: 1264: 1206: 759: 126: 5213: 3305: 899:

and industrial designs may have separate or overlapping laws applied to them in some jurisdictions.

635:

Empirical evidence derived from the exogenous differential introduction of author's right (Italian:

6533: 6361: 6264: 5898: 5876: 5847: 5821: 5765: 5755: 5632: 5436: 5389: 5321: 5293: 2215: 2179: 1957: 1881: 1716: 1260: 933: 927: 779: 728: 628: 620: 3370: 337:

that gives its owner the exclusive legal right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a

6553: 6492: 6202: 6097: 6040: 5930: 5920: 5903: 5831: 5816: 5760: 5750: 5583: 5483: 5446: 5441: 5124:

List of the 164 members of the Berne Convention for the protection of literary and artistic works

4924: 2363: 2317: 2312: 2085: 1697: 1675: 1402:

that is not universally shared. There is also debate on whether copyright should be considered a

1399: 1131: 993: 911: 703: 131: 101: 91: 4180:

See Peter B. Hirtle, "Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States 1 January 2015"

6528: 6312: 6297: 6172: 6139: 6045: 5826: 5770: 5667: 5637: 5578: 5551: 5541: 5451: 5336: 5331: 5261: 4039: 3282: 3042: 2501: 2287: 2277: 2246: 2230: 2210: 2028: 1996: 1965: 1815: 1420: 1226: 992:

A widely circulated strategy to avoid the cost of copyright registration is referred to as the

969: 202: 5099: 4539: 4513: 4489: 4487: 4248: 3991: 3875: 3550: 2685: 2681: 2471: 6307: 6212: 6177: 6020: 5642: 5488: 4422:"General Guide to the Copyright Act of 1976", US Copyright Office, ch.8, p.11, September 1977 2824: 1539: 494: 468: 385: 334: 48: 1490:

In 1998, the length of a copyright in the United States was increased by 20 years under the

1293:

reproduction of the work in various forms, such as printed publications or sound recordings;

406: 6252: 6247: 6227: 5935: 5431: 5207: 4911: 4740: 4484: 4467:"Dupes offer cheap fashion to Canadians, but small businesses say they're paying the price" 4421: 4349: 4181: 2333: 2262: 2128: 2123: 1908: 1904: 1589: 1581: 1555: 518:

of many aspects of social life that earlier had no monetary or economic value per se.

401: 35: 4162: 4114: 3428: 3303:

165 Parties to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works

1690:, private copying for personal use has been expressly permitted by statute since 1999. In 1592:

in other countries and is a principle which also applies, though somewhat differently, to

1352:, several exclusive rights are granted to the holder of a copyright, as are listed below: 8: 6167: 6035: 4827: 2528: 2397: 2272: 2200: 2166: 2097: 2066: 2012: 1942: 1855: 1566: 1551: 1338: 1110: 1058:

Before 1989, United States law required the use of a copyright notice, consisting of the

952:

708: 663: 475:, which required all intended publications to be registered with the government-approved 192: 2543: 735:

agreement (1995), thus giving the Berne Convention effectively near-global application.

6485: 6431: 6335: 4167: 3805: 3612: 2898: 2859: 2419: 2358: 2205: 2171: 2080: 2075: 1977: 1900: 1840: 1701: 1135: 957: 606: 498: 276: 86: 66: 3590: 3071: 1461:

Expansion of US copyright law (currently based on the date of creation or publication)

1134:

court, but there are also criminal infringement statutes in some jurisdictions. While

6366: 6129: 5561: 5136:

The Multi-Billion-Dollar Piracy Industry with Tom Galvin of Digital Citizens Alliance

5047: 4995: 4967: 4943: 4885: 4852: 4833: 4783: 4713: 4552: 4526: 4500: 4382: 4144: 4134: 3871: 3863: 3809: 3762: 3691: 3482: 3445: 3406: 3348:

17 U.S.C. § 201(b); Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730 (1989)

3329: 2944: 2920: 2863: 2851: 2677: 2648: 2621: 2592: 2348: 2297: 2267: 1951:

or free licenses seek to grant several rights to licensees, either for a fee or not.

1896: 1666:

the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

1210: 892: 877: 362: 56: 3745: 3673: 3571: 2917:

Copyrighting Culture: The Political Economy of Intellectual Property. Westview Press

686:, rather than merely bilaterally. Under the Berne Convention, protective rights for 6446: 6391: 6351: 6232: 6070: 4660:"Revealed: How copyright law is being misused to remove material from the internet" 3795: 3652: 3437: 3209: 2843: 2338: 2185: 2101: 2100:

stance. The perceived inability to enforce copyright online leads some to advocate

2008: 1709: 1413: 1059: 1037: 1017: 809: 679: 584: 487: 187: 31: 27: 4977: 4040:"authors, attribution, and integrity: examining moral rights in the united states" 3315: 3043:

Philipp Otto Aktualisierung; Valie Djordjevic Sebastian Deterding (15 July 2013).

1644:

1509:

there are protections available for those areas copyright does not cover, such as

6478: 6441: 6276: 6134: 6050: 5989: 5041: 4989: 4920: 4900:

Thin But Not Anorexic: Copyright Protection for Compilations and Other Fact Works

4823: 4546: 4520: 4494: 4294: 4265: 4188: 4128: 4102: 3632: 3578: 3476: 3323: 3321: 3309: 3289: 3202:"Copyright and Creativity. Evidence from Italian Opera During the Napoleonic Age" 2938: 2642: 2615: 2424: 2327: 2161: 2071: 2000: 1868: 1534: 1424: 1369: 1214: 915: 907: 857: 670: 572: 564: 550: 515: 483: 358: 197: 5193: 5082: 4942:(4th ed.). London and New Castle: The British Library and Oak Knoll Press. 3833:"Urheberrechtsverletzungen im Internet: Der bestehende rechtliche Rahmen genügt" 1248:, does not necessarily hurt sales, instead has the potential to increase sales. 6436: 6401: 6376: 6117: 6090: 6080: 3186: 2930: 2743: 2368: 2175: 2053: 2049: 1972:. Further refinements to these definitions have resulted in categories such as 1723:

on both media and devices plus mandatory copy-control mechanisms on recorders.

1671: 1448: 1403: 1341:

on the question of inclusion of Moral Rights as a part of the framework of the

1209:

technology to restrict non-playback access through encryption and other means.

938: 775: 687: 424: 377: 244: 207: 136: 81: 4814:

Is Creative use of Musical Works without a licence acceptable under Copyright?

4327: 4288:"The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 - U.S. Copyright Office Summary" 3800: 3783: 3270: 3233:"Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works Article 5" 479:, giving the Stationers the right to regulate what material could be printed. 6522: 6426: 6151: 4213: 3867: 3711: 3128: 2855: 2777:(Cambridge: Open Book, 2010), 21-50; online at books.openedition.org/obp/1062 2707: 2307: 2302: 2113: 1693:

Alberta (Education) v. Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright)

1185: 953: 941:

there has to be some "skill, labour, and judgment" that has gone into it. In

796: 699: 593: 439: 389: 350: 338: 266: 161: 6381: 5118:; global database of treaties and statutes relating to intellectual property 4148: 3514: 2964: 2226:

6461: 6386: 6222: 6207: 6144: 6102: 6085: 5221: 5009:

Abbott, Alden; Madigan, Kevin; Mossoff, Adam; Osenga, Kristen; Rosen, Zvi.

4763: 4745: 2889:

2343: 2322: 2093: 1936: 1820: 1705: 1639: 1562: 1395: 1318: 1194: 1147: 903: 888: 849: 821: 717: 538: 411: 366: 292: 261: 256: 229: 151: 111: 4399:. Royal National Institute of Blind People. 1 January 2011. Archived from 3403:

Intellectual property and information wealth: copyright and related rights

1813:

such as clothing designs are exempted from copyright protection under the

778:

require their member states to comply with them. All member states of the

6456: 6451: 6271: 6242: 6107: 5216:(Issued April 2000, amended 25 November 2020) at the UK Copyright Service 3160: 2004: 1985: 1885: 1683: 1467: 1429:

Geneva Convention for the Protection of Rights of Producers of Phonograms

1391: 1181: 1139: 1105: 981: 873: 800: 683: 506: 432: 251: 177: 146: 20: 3441: 3426: 2902: 740:

United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property

6237: 6060: 4956: 4113:

3759:

The People's Platform: Taking Back Power and Culture in the Digital Age

3156:"No Copyright Law: The Real Reason for Germany's Industrial Expansion?" 2806:"No Copyright Law: The Real Reason for Germany's Industrial Expansion?" 2152: 2061: 985:

evidence of a valid copyright and enables the copyright holder to seek

906:

cartoon restricts others from making copies of the cartoon or creating

885: 530: 511: 467:. In reaction to the printing of "scandalous books and pamphlets", the 3688:

The People's Platform:Taking Back Power and Culture in the Digital Age

2096:

have been created. Some groups reject copyright altogether, taking an

1849: 6112: 5198:

Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

5175: 4802: 4700:'Alexander the Great': Dumas's Conquest of Early-Victorian England". 4436:"More Than Just a Trend: The Copyright Protection of Fashion Designs" 3742: 3201: 3079:

University of Amsterdam, Institute for Information Law / Publications

2190: 2057: 2034: 1720: 1597: 1574: 1510: 1189: 1100:), which indicates a sound recording copyright, with the letter 946: 942: 869: 212: 156: 4899: 4817: 4734: 2146: 1520: 1205:, creating a much bigger threat to producer revenue. Some have used 1004:

says the technique is not a substitute for actual registration. The

6187: 5197: 5111: 4930:

Sorce Keller, Marcello. "Originality, Authenticity and Copyright",

4807: 4772:(Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights, 1995) 3674:

100–568: The Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 (BCIA)

3214: 2847: 2353: 2195: 2132: 1973: 1864: 1678:

countries, a similar notion of fair dealing was established by the

1645: 1635: 1545: 1202: 997: 861: 534: 443: 346: 288: 234: 71: 3857: 2736: 1308:

adaptation of the work, such as turning a novel into a screenplay.

1115:

sort of indication of the copyright is a different story however.

746:. In 1996, this organization was succeeded by the founding of the 559: 6499: 6396: 5169: 4769:

Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure

4613:"MEPs ignore expert advice and vote for mass internet censorship" 1892: 1245: 1174: 1050: 896: 865: 808:. But when more than one person creates the work, then a case of 464: 4266:"17 U.S. Code § 107 - Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use" 3273:, U.S. Copyright Office Circular No. 38a, August 2003. 2780: 2617:

Sports Marketing Agreements: Legal, Fiscal and Practical Aspects

1437:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

706:

in 1910, which required a copyright notice on the work (such as

5148: 4575: 3283:

Parties to the Geneva Act of the Universal Copyright Convention

1779: 1687: 1593: 1514: 1436: 829: 805: 451: 447: 116: 4758:

Piracy: the intellectual property wars from Gutenberg to Gates

4551:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2004. p. 16. 4499:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2004. p. 15. 4117:, Amendments of the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 3322:

MacQueen, Hector L; Charlotte Waelde; Graeme T Laurie (2007).

1423:

is at parity with the international standards as contained in

1302:

broadcasting or other communication of the work to the public;

5154:

A Bibliography on the Origins of Copyright and Droit d'Auteur

4691:

Before copyright: the French book-privilege system, 1498-1526

4525:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2004. p. 8. 3302: 1924: 1916: 1679: 1570: 881: 853: 837: 571:

Often seen as the first real copyright law, the 1709 British

1584:

restrictions that allow the copyright holder to control the

1217:

is used for both digital and pre-Internet electronic media.

1042: 5115: 4548:

WIPO Guide on the Licensing of Copyright and Related Rights

4522:

WIPO Guide on the Licensing of Copyright and Related Rights

4496:

WIPO Guide on the Licensing of Copyright and Related Rights

3258: 1615: 1143: 845: 841: 825: 526: 26:

This article is about the legal right. For the symbol, see

4957:

Story, Alan; Darch, Colin; Halbert, Deborah, eds. (2006).

4795:

The author's due: printing and the prehistory of copyright

3690:. New York City, New York, US: Picador. pp. 144–145. 3235:. World Intellectual Property Organization. Archived from 2775:

Privilege and Property: Essays on the History of Copyright

1573:

to clarify the legality of reselling books in second-hand

455:

contributed to Germany's industrial and economic success.

414:; a straight line therefore shows an exponential increase. 4163:

3206:

National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series

1251:

According to the IP Commission Report the annual cost of

1198: 5040:

Goldstein, Paul; Hugenholtz, P. Bernt (30 August 2019).

4635:"Copyright Week 2019: Copyright as a tool of censorship" 3601: 3599: 3271:"International Copyright Relations of the United States" 3019:"Governare istruzione e stampa. Le riforme Napoleoniche" 2589:

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law

1686:. The concept is sometimes not well defined; however in 1663:

what amount and proportion of the whole work was taken;

682:

first established recognition of authors' rights among

5159:

MIT OpenCourseWare 6.912 Introduction to Copyright Law

5043:

International Copyright: Principles, Law, and Practice

5008: 1257:

US Chamber of Commerce Global Innovation Policy Center

3596: 2985:

Lawrence Lessig, Free Culture (Penguin, 2004), 131ff.

2764:, p. 136-137, Patterson, 1968, Vanderbilt Univ. Press 1826: 1130:

Copyrights are generally enforced by the holder in a

653:

List of parties to international copyright agreements

345:

based on public interest considerations, such as the

3470: 3468: 3375:

The Center for Internet and Society Fair Use Project

3362: 2506:

The Center for Internet and Society Fair Use Project

2142: 1747:

United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

5039: 2786: 2241:

Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market

1381:

to transmit or display by radio, video or internet.

642: 6019: 4937: 4822: 3665: 3644: 3325:Contemporary Intellectual Property: Law and Policy 16:Legal concept regulating rights of a creative work 5011:"Holding States Accountable for Copyright Piracy" 4293:. Copyright Office. December 1998. Archived from 3992:"World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)" 3465: 3427:World Intellectual Property Organization (2016). 3072:"Lessen uit de geschiedenis van het auteursrecht" 1769:uses for the benefit of people with a disability; 1521:Idea–expression dichotomy and the merger doctrine 1305:translation of the work into other languages; and 567:(the Copyright Act 1709) came into force in 1710. 6520: 4702:Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 4397:"Copyright (Visually Impaired Persons) Act 2002" 4238:"11-697 Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc" 4130:Copyright: Sacred Text, Technology, and the DMCA 3655:, 90 Stat. 2541, § 401(a) (19 October 1976) 2888: 1546:The first-sale doctrine and exhaustion of rights 596:, so it could be used and built upon by others. 380:expires 50 to 100 years after the creator dies, 4902:" UGA Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08-001; 4884:. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. 4851:. Online Version. Vanderbilt University Press. 4068:"Are Patents and Copyrights Morally Justified?" 3926:"Impacts of Digital Piracy on the U.S. Economy" 3200:Giorcelli, Michela; Moser, Petra (March 2020). 3129:"Copyright | Definition, Examples, & Facts" 2940:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language 1487:public domain in most, but not all, countries. 1054:A copyright symbol embossed on a piece of paper 4874:Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright 4746:Advanced Peer-Based Technology Business Models 4707: 4350:"Lenz v. Universal Music Corp., 815 F.3d 1145" 3712:"U.S. Copyright Office – Information Circular" 3293:months after ratification for other countries. 3199: 3153: 3014:la più preziosa e la più sacra delle proprietà 2221:Copyright in architecture in the United States 2048:Concerns are often couched in the language of 2039:copyright aspects of downloading and streaming 1795: 1201:) can be copied losslessly, and shared on the 6005: 5237: 5100:"Copyright Law In 2020 Explained In One Page" 3593:, United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office 3581:, United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office 2283:Intellectual property protection of typefaces 2043:copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing 1775:for non-commercial research or private study; 1497: 1400:philosophical interpretation of copyright law 555:History of copyright law of the United States 423:The concept of copyright developed after the 310: 5251: 5170:Copyright Law of the United States Documents 4320:"DMCA: The Digital Millennium Copyright Act" 3822:Butler, S. Piracy Losses "Billboard" 199(36) 3761:. New York, New York: Picador. p. 148. 2757: 2755: 2753: 2526: 2472:"Understanding Copyright and Related Rights" 1629: 1565:. In the United States this is known as the 1167: 812:can be made provided some criteria are met. 463:The concept of copyright first developed in 3358:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid 2670:"Significance of Fixation in Copyright Law" 2667: 1980:. Common examples of free licences are the 1046:A copyright symbol used in copyright notice 1006:United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office 107:Integrated circuit layout design protection 6012: 5998: 5244: 5230: 4867:Convention, Copyright, and Digital Writing 3430:Understanding Copyright and Related Rights 3396: 3394: 3392: 2541: 317: 303: 4846: 4433: 3799: 3213: 3069: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2750: 2620:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2613: 2544:"Legal Protection of Digital Information" 2445:Nimmer on Copyright, vol. 2, § 8.01. 1772:for demonstration or repair of equipment; 1220: 627:Creator's law was enacted rather late in 6183:Business models for open-source software 5122:Copyright Berne Convention: Country List 4598: 4596: 4133:. Kluwer Law International. p. 63. 3862:. Social Science Electronic Publishing. 2803: 2550:, Section II.E. Ideas Versus Expression. 2479:World Intellectual Property Organization 1848: 1606:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1456: 1433:World Intellectual Property Organization 1375:to perform or display the work publicly; 1278:World Intellectual Property Organisation 1049: 1041: 748:World Intellectual Property Organization 656: 558: 488:Berne International Copyright Convention 405: 4938:Steinberg, S.H.; Trevitt, John (1996). 4912:Music Downloads: Pirates- or Customers? 4615:. European Digital Rights. 20 June 2018 3515:"Subject Matter and Scope of Copyright" 3389: 3328:. Oxford University Press. p. 39. 2943:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 13. 2640: 2102:ignoring legal statutes when on the web 1657:the purpose and character of one's use; 1504:Limitations and exceptions to copyright 1378:to sell or cede these rights to others; 785: 752:WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty 693:Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 225:Limitations and exceptions to copyright 6521: 5210:at the UK Intellectual Property Office 5129:Copyright and State Sovereign Immunity 5097: 4987: 4434:Monastero, Alessia (5 December 2019). 4126: 4080:Dalmia, Vijay Pal (14 December 2017). 4079: 3756: 3685: 3405:. Westport, Connecticut, US: Praeger. 3029:from the original on 14 December 2023. 2792: 2668:Ahmad, Tabrez; Snehil, Soumya (2011). 1801:constitute infringement of copyright. 1372:; (works that adapt the original work) 1118:In 1989 the United States enacted the 662:The Pirate Publisher—An International 544: 505:and not, for example, in Asia. In the 431:Popular new works were immediately re- 6372:Organization for Transformative Works 5993: 5225: 5131:", August 2021, U.S. Copyright Office 4879: 4593: 4570: 4568: 4464: 4006: 4004: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3502:Express Newspaper Plc v News (UK) Plc 3474: 3401:Yu, Peter K, ed. (30 December 2006). 3371:"Copyright Ownership: Who Owns What?" 3123: 3121: 3038: 3036: 2936: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2829:: Licensing of the Press Act of 1662" 2822: 2614:Blackshaw, Ian S. (20 October 2011). 2088:, discuss copyright. Some suggest an 1766:archival reproductions of broadcasts; 183:Artificial intelligence and copyright 5138:", 27 August 2021 by David Newhoff, 4904:Journal of Intellectual Property Law 4226:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4056:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4028:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3781: 3608:Module 3: The Scope of Copyright Law 3368: 3147: 2873:from the original on 9 October 2022. 2744:"International Copyright Law Survey" 2529:"Works Unprotected by Copyright Law" 2499: 2466: 2464: 1786: 142:Supplementary protection certificate 5027:from the original on 9 October 2022 4934:, VII(2007), no. 2, pp. 77–85. 4849:Copyright in Historical Perspective 4446:from the original on 31 August 2023 4203:, 48 UCLA L. Rev. 1057, 1065 (2001) 3942:from the original on 9 October 2022 3906:from the original on 9 October 2022 3724:from the original on 9 October 2022 3531:from the original on 9 October 2022 3481:. Hart Publishing. pp. 48–49. 3088:from the original on 3 August 2023. 3001:Code de la propriété intellectuelle 2762:Copyright in Historical Perspective 2724:from the original on 9 October 2022 2548:Chapter 1: An Overview of Copyright 1660:the nature of the copyrighted work; 1453:List of countries' copyright length 1296:distribution of copies of the work; 1120:Berne Convention Implementation Act 1031: 702:countries instead entered into the 13: 4797:. The University of Chicago Press. 4682: 4565: 4245:Supreme Court of the United States 4214:"Works Not Protected by Copyright" 4001: 3979: 3670:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 3649:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 3400: 3118: 3033: 2877: 2804:Thadeusz, Frank (18 August 2010). 2252:Copyright Remedy Clarification Act 2236:Criticism of intellectual property 1827:Transfer, assignment and licensing 1819:if reproduced more than 50 times. 1804: 1350:Copyright Law in the United States 1283: 1253:intellectual property infringement 666:that has the Longest Run on Record 649:International copyright agreements 599: 450:led to a dramatic increase in the 349:doctrine in the United States and 14: 6570: 5979:Category:Copyright law by country 5214:Fact sheet P-01: UK copyright law 5176:Compendium of Copyright Practices 5062: 3653:94–553: Copyright Act of 1976 3154:Frank Thadeusz (18 August 2010). 2461: 2178:, roughly equivalent concepts in 2078:to describe a worst-case system. 1970:Definition of Free Cultural Works 1538:, has since been codified by the 1474:used to require copyrights to be 1271: 815: 384:. Some countries require certain 6193:Commercial use of copyleft works 5410: 5277:International copyright treaties 5098:Moraes, Frank (2 October 2020). 3933:GlobalInnovationPolicyCenter.com 2566:, University of California, 2014 2145: 2107: 1930: 1735:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1081:sound recording copyright symbol 934:minimal standards of originality 764:intellectual property provisions 643:International copyright treaties 353:doctrine in the United Kingdom. 272:Outline of intellectual property 97:Indigenous intellectual property 55: 34:. For the Knowledge policy, see 6173:Alternative compensation system 5208:Copyright: Detailed information 5018:Regulatory Transparency Project 4994:. Austin: University of Texas. 4730:, 78 Tenn. L. Rev. 163 (2010), 4652: 4627: 4605: 4465:Moran, Padraig (17 July 2023). 4458: 4427: 4415: 4389: 4367: 4342: 4312: 4280: 4258: 4230: 4219:. U.S. Copyright Office. 2021. 4206: 4193: 4174: 4155: 4120: 4107: 4092: 4073: 4060: 4032: 3954: 3918: 3882: 3851: 3835:. Ejpd.admin.ch. Archived from 3825: 3816: 3775: 3750: 3736: 3704: 3679: 3658: 3637: 3625: 3584: 3565: 3543: 3507: 3495: 3420: 3351: 3342: 3296: 3276: 3264: 3251: 3193: 3179: 3092: 3063: 3006: 2988: 2979: 2957: 2909: 2816: 2787:Goldstein & Hugenholtz 2019 2767: 2700: 2661: 2634: 2607: 2577: 2090:alternative compensation system 1962:Debian Free Software Guidelines 1913:performing rights organizations 1715:In the United States the AHRA ( 1431:and is an active member of the 1312: 1299:public performance of the work; 1146:are increasingly targeting the 1024:Note this provision of US law: 963: 473:Licensing of the Press Act 1662 6357:Electronic Frontier Foundation 5180:United States Copyright Office 4940:Five Hundred Years of Printing 4760:. University of Chicago Press. 4751:MIT Sloan School of Management 4712:(1st ed.). Thomson West. 4639:European Digital Rights (EDRi) 2644:Publishing Forms and Contracts 2554: 2535: 2520: 2493: 2448: 2439: 2412: 2382: 1343:Copyright Law in United States 1125: 1002:United States Copyright Office 921: 714:Universal Copyright Convention 1: 6198:Commons-based peer production 6066:Legal aspects of file sharing 5267:Copyright case law by country 4966:. Copy/South Research Group. 4847:Patterson, Lyman Ray (1968). 4710:Copyright Litigation Handbook 4693:. Cambridge University Press. 4268:. Legal Information Institute 2641:Kaufman, Roy (16 July 2008). 2375: 1837:Extended collective licensing 1741:Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. 1569:, and was established by the 1365:to import or export the work; 1154:Legal aspects of file sharing 458: 418: 382:depending on the jurisdiction 6293:Access to Knowledge movement 5272:Copyright lengths by country 5088:Resources in other libraries 4988:Ransom, Harry Huntt (1956). 4324:American Library Association 3551:"Copyright in General (FAQ)" 3369:Stim, Rich (27 March 2013). 3045:"Urheberrecht und Copyright" 2500:Stim, Rich (27 March 2013). 2369:World Book and Copyright Day 2120:intellectual property rights 2022: 1947:Copyright licenses known as 1845:Copyright transfer agreement 1833:Collective rights management 1542:at 17 U.S.C. § 102(b). 1492:Copyright Term Extension Act 1259:(GIPC), in partnership with 932:Typically, a work must meet 790: 7: 5046:. Oxford University Press. 4991:The First Copyright Statute 4876:. Harvard University Press. 4780:Washington State University 4696:Atkinson, Juliette.(2012). 4201:Copyright's First Amendment 3611:. See also Tyler T. Ochoa, 2647:. Oxford University Press. 2138: 1796:Religious Service Exemption 1611:United States Supreme Court 1442: 1108:". In addition, the phrase 974:In all countries where the 772:international organizations 698:The United States and most 220:Idea–expression distinction 10: 6575: 4865:Rife, by Martine Courant. 4576:"Creative Commons Website" 3070:Dommerink, Egbert (2004). 2915:Bettig, Ronald V. (1996). 2330:, a precursor to copyright 2293:List of copyright case law 2111: 2026: 1982:GNU General Public License 1940: 1934: 1830: 1648:doctrine, codified by the 1633: 1549: 1524: 1501: 1498:Limitations and exceptions 1446: 1316: 1224: 1035: 967: 925: 750:, which launched the 1996 727:are incorporated into the 646: 548: 399: 395: 376:Typically, the public law 25: 18: 6539:Intellectual property law 6470: 6419: 6407:Students for Free Culture 6344: 6328: 6321: 6303:Cultural environmentalism 6285: 6260:Prizes instead of patents 6160: 6056:Digital rights management 6028: 5974: 5953: 5840: 5717: 5710: 5519: 5419: 5408: 5302: 5262:Copyright acts by country 5257: 5083:Resources in your library 4708:Dowd, Raymond J. (2006). 4375:"Chapter 1 – Circular 92" 4354:Casetext Search + Citator 4151:– via Google Books. 4070:Accessed 5 February 2013. 3966:Digital Citizens Alliance 3801:10.1087/09531510125100313 3491:– via Google Books. 3338:– via Google Books. 3106:(in French). 28 July 2015 2953:– via Google Books. 2746:. Mincov Law Corporation. 2717:. U.S. Copyright Office. 2657:– via Google Books. 2630:– via Google Books. 2454:"Intellectual property", 2420:"Definition of Copyright" 2390:"Definition of copyright" 2258:Digital rights management 2074:. Lessig coined the term 1990:Creative Commons licenses 1733:considered fair use. The 1630:Fair use and fair dealing 1388:unregistered design right 1265:Digital Citizens Alliance 1207:digital rights management 1168:Self-enforcement measures 1098:SOUND RECORDING COPYRIGHT 1087:inside a circle, Unicode 1066:inside a circle; Unicode 1011: 760:Trans-Pacific Partnership 6362:Free Software Foundation 5294:Rule of the shorter term 5252:Copyright law by country 4927:Working Knowledge, 2004. 4793:Loewenstein, J. (2002). 4777:Copyright Law on Campus. 4187:26 February 2015 at the 4082:"Copyright Law In India" 3605:See Harvard Law School, 2994:In French civic law the 2216:Copyright for Creativity 1958:Free Software Definition 1809:In Canada, items deemed 1717:Audio Home Recording Act 1580:Some countries may have 1261:NERA Economic Consulting 1180:The introduction of the 928:Threshold of originality 824:, but these can include 780:World Trade Organization 729:World Trade Organization 720:and developing nations. 19:Not to be confused with 6493:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto 6203:Electronic sell-through 6098:Monopolies of knowledge 6041:Censorship by copyright 5194:Early Copyright Records 4925:Harvard Business School 4906:, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2007. 4826:; David Nimmer (1997). 4440:Ontario Bar Association 3619:Santa Clara High Tech. 3553:. U.S. Copyright Office 2937:Ronan, Deazley (2006). 2364:Threshold pledge system 2318:Photography and the law 2313:Philosophy of copyright 2086:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto 2064:. Discussions include 1698:Supreme Court of Canada 1356:protection of the work; 956:, rather than based on 766:relating to copyright. 723:The regulations of the 704:Buenos Aires Convention 440:profound social changes 378:duration of a copyright 132:Plant genetic resources 102:Industrial design right 92:Geographical indication 6507:The Internet's Own Boy 6313:Free software movement 6140:software patent debate 6046:Copyright infringement 4880:Rosen, Ronald (2008). 4689:Armstrong, E. (1990). 4127:Nimmer, David (2003). 3890:"IP Commission Report" 3757:Taylor, Astra (2014). 3686:Taylor, Astra (2014). 3577:5 October 2013 at the 3475:Simon, Stokes (2001). 3174:is still famous today. 2967:. Copyrighthistory.com 2502:"Copyright Basics FAQ" 2456:Black's Law Dictionary 2288:List of Copyright Acts 2278:Information literacies 2247:Copyright infringement 2231:Criticism of copyright 2211:Copyright alternatives 2118:Copyright, like other 2029:Criticism of copyright 1966:Open Source Definition 1891:Copyright may also be 1859: 1730: 1527:Idea–expression divide 1462: 1227:Copyright infringement 1221:Copyright infringement 1161:dispute out of court. 1055: 1047: 970:Copyright registration 675: 629:German speaking states 568: 415: 203:Criticism of copyright 127:Plant breeders' rights 6308:Free-culture movement 6218:Libertarian positions 6213:Free-software license 6178:Anti-copyright notice 6021:Intellectual property 5189:UCB Libraries GovPubs 4741:Ghosemajumder, Shuman 4379:U.S. Copyright Office 4047:U.S. Copyright Office 3572:"Copyright Registers" 3377:. Stanford University 2836:The Library Quarterly 2823:Nipps, Karen (2014). 2585:"Journal Conventions" 2508:. Stanford University 1905:copyright collectives 1852: 1725: 1650:Copyright Act of 1976 1540:Copyright Act of 1976 1460: 1238:WIPO Copyright Treaty 1053: 1045: 756:WIPO Copyright Treaty 660: 562: 495:Copyright Act of 1790 409: 386:copyright formalities 369:such as attribution. 335:intellectual property 49:Intellectual property 6544:Monopoly (economics) 6228:Open-design movement 5683:United Arab Emirates 5140:The Illusion of More 5104:WhoIsHostingThis.com 4919:30 June 2006 at the 4909:Silverthorne, Sean. 4182:online at footnote 8 4012:"The Mutilated Work" 3860:Cep Discussion Paper 3308:6 March 2016 at the 3288:25 June 2008 at the 3239:on 11 September 2012 2400:on 29 September 2016 2334:Private copying levy 2263:Digital watermarking 2129:common law copyright 2124:paying public domain 1909:collecting societies 1590:exhaustion of rights 1582:parallel importation 1556:Exhaustion of rights 1421:Indian copyright law 1083:(℗, the letter 994:poor man's copyright 958:whether it is unique 834:fictional characters 786:Obtaining protection 402:History of copyright 36:Knowledge:Copyrights 30:. For the band, see 6168:All rights reversed 6036:Artificial scarcity 5108:A simplified guide. 4898:Shipley, David E. " 4882:Music and Copyright 4829:Nimmer on Copyright 4580:creativecommons.org 4403:on 7 September 2009 3442:10.34667/tind.36289 3436:. WIPO. p. 8. 3100:"Le droit d'auteur" 2394:Oxford Dictionaries 2273:Freedom of panorama 2201:Copyright abolition 2167:Artificial scarcity 2052:, digital freedom, 1995:Founded in 2001 by 1943:Open-source license 1856:All rights reserved 1696:, 2012 SCC 37, the 1567:first-sale doctrine 1552:First-sale doctrine 1339:US Copyright Office 1111:All rights reserved 799:". For example, in 709:all rights reserved 614:laws, from French: 545:National copyrights 477:Stationers' Company 193:Copyright abolition 6549:Product management 6486:Good Copy Bad Copy 6432:Alexandra Elbakyan 6336:Copyright Alliance 5914:Russian Federation 5457:Dominican Republic 4983:on 16 August 2013. 4832:. Matthew Bender. 4756:Johns, A. (2009). 4385:on 26 August 2024. 4168:Cornell University 3788:Learned Publishing 3504:, F.S.R. 36 (1991) 3135:. 18 November 2023 2708:"Copyright Basics" 2527:Daniel A. Tysver. 2458:, 10th ed. (2014). 2359:Software copyright 2206:Copyright Alliance 2084:(documentary) and 2081:Good Copy Bad Copy 2076:permission culture 1901:compulsory license 1877:Copyright Act 1968 1860: 1841:Compulsory license 1702:Copyright Act 1968 1463: 1211:Digital watermarks 1136:central registries 1056: 1048: 893:industrial designs 676: 569: 499:1976 Copyright Act 469:English Parliament 416: 363:public performance 285:Higher categories: 277:Outline of patents 6559:Intangible assets 6516: 6515: 6415: 6414: 6367:Open Rights Group 5987: 5986: 5949: 5948: 5069:Library resources 5053:978-0-19-006063-3 4973:978-0-9553140-1-8 4891:978-0-19-533836-2 4872:Rose, M. (1995). 4788:978-0-87422-264-7 4558:978-92-805-1271-7 4532:978-92-805-1271-7 4506:978-92-805-1271-7 4300:on 8 October 2003 4199:Lawrence Lessig, 4140:978-90-411-8876-2 3839:on 19 August 2014 3782:Owen, L. (2001). 3768:978-1-250-06259-8 3697:978-1-250-06259-8 3591:"Automatic right" 3488:978-1-84113-225-9 3478:Art and copyright 3412:978-0-275-98882-1 3335:978-0-19-926339-4 2965:"Statute of Anne" 2950:978-1-84542-282-0 2715:www.copyright.gov 2349:Reproduction fees 2298:Literary property 2268:Entertainment law 2070:, a 2004 book by 1897:statutory license 1787:Accessible copies 1754:EU copyright laws 1708:). Under current 987:statutory damages 954:original creation 878:computer software 684:sovereign nations 438:Printing brought 327: 326: 6566: 6447:Richard Stallman 6392:Public Knowledge 6352:Creative Commons 6326: 6325: 6233:Open music model 6014: 6007: 6000: 5991: 5990: 5895: 5873: 5861: 5808: 5796: 5784: 5747: 5735: 5715: 5714: 5703: 5691: 5629: 5612: 5575: 5507: 5470: 5414: 5413: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5318: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5223: 5222: 5149:Copyright Cortex 5107: 5057: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5026: 5015: 5005: 4984: 4982: 4976:. Archived from 4965: 4953: 4895: 4862: 4843: 4824:Nimmer, Melville 4812:McDonagh, Luke. 4800:Mazzone, Jason. 4723: 4704:106 (4): 417–47. 4699: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4609: 4603: 4600: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4491: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4381:. 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Archived from 2386: 2339:Production music 2243:(European Union) 2186:Conflict of laws 2155: 2150: 2149: 2009:Creative Commons 1414:UK copyright law 1370:derivative works 1234:Berne Convention 1099: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1060:copyright symbol 1038:Copyright notice 1032:Copyright notice 1018:Berne Convention 976:Berne Convention 908:derivative works 858:sound recordings 810:joint authorship 725:Berne Convention 680:Berne Convention 637:diritto d’autore 585:Copyright Clause 523:sound recordings 361:, distribution, 359:derivative works 319: 312: 305: 188:Brand protection 122:Peasants' rights 59: 45: 44: 32:Copyright (band) 28:Copyright symbol 6574: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6534:Data management 6519: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6479:Steal This Film 6466: 6442:Lawrence Lessig 6411: 6340: 6317: 6281: 6277:Video on demand 6156: 6051:Copyright troll 6024: 6018: 5988: 5983: 5970: 5945: 5889: 5867: 5855: 5841:Other countries 5836: 5802: 5790: 5778: 5741: 5729: 5706: 5697: 5685: 5623: 5606: 5569: 5515: 5501: 5464: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5392: 5380: 5368: 5356: 5344: 5312: 5298: 5253: 5250: 5172:, US Government 5094: 5093: 5092: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5013: 5002: 4980: 4974: 4963: 4950: 4921:Wayback Machine 4892: 4859: 4840: 4775:Lindsey, Marc: 4726:Ellis, Sara R. 4720: 4697: 4685: 4683:Further reading 4680: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4574: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4493: 4492: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4463: 4459: 4449: 4447: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4254:on 2 July 2017. 4251: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4189:Wayback Machine 4179: 4175: 4160: 4156: 4141: 4125: 4121: 4112: 4108: 4099:17 U.S.C. 4097: 4093: 4078: 4074: 4066:Tom G. Palmer, 4065: 4061: 4053: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3684: 3680: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3604: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3579:Wayback Machine 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3473: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3399: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3320: 3316: 3312:as of May 2012. 3310:Wayback Machine 3301: 3297: 3290:Wayback Machine 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3231: 3230: 3223: 3198: 3194: 3184: 3180: 3166: 3164: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3127: 3126: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3074: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3041: 3034: 3017: 3011: 3007: 2998:is part of the 2993: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2935: 2931: 2914: 2910: 2887: 2878: 2870: 2831: 2821: 2817: 2802: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2569: 2567: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2540: 2536: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2462: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2425:Merriam-Webster 2418: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2328:Printing patent 2172:Authors' rights 2162:Adelphi Charter 2151: 2144: 2141: 2116: 2110: 2072:Lawrence Lessig 2054:database rights 2031: 2025: 2001:Lawrence Lessig 1945: 1939: 1933: 1869:record industry 1867:; however, the 1847: 1829: 1811:useful articles 1807: 1805:Useful articles 1798: 1789: 1674:and many other 1642: 1634:Main articles: 1632: 1609:, in 2013, the 1558: 1550:Main articles: 1548: 1535:Baker v. Selden 1529: 1523: 1506: 1500: 1455: 1447:Main articles: 1445: 1321: 1315: 1286: 1284:Economic rights 1274: 1229: 1223: 1215:Copy protection 1170: 1128: 1097: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1076: 1073: 1068: 1067: 1062:(©, the letter 1040: 1034: 1014: 972: 966: 930: 924: 916:anthropomorphic 846:motion pictures 818: 793: 788: 655: 645: 616:droits d'auteur 612:creator's right 607:authors' rights 602: 600:Continental law 573:Statute of Anne 565:Statute of Anne 557: 551:Statute of Anne 547: 516:commodification 484:Statute of Anne 461: 421: 404: 398: 323: 287: 283: 198:Copyright troll 87:Farmers' rights 67:Authors' rights 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6572: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6554:Public records 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6437:Rick Falkvinge 6434: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6402:Shadow library 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6377:The Pirate Bay 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6332: 6330: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6298:Anti-copyright 6295: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6118:Bioprospecting 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6017: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5994: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5941:United Kingdom 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5901: 5896: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5862: 5850: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5736: 5723: 5721: 5719:European Union 5712: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5692: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5618: 5613: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5387: 5375: 5363: 5351: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5287:related rights 5284: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5211: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5156: 5151: 5143: 5132: 5125: 5119: 5109: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063:External links 5061: 5059: 5058: 5052: 5037: 5006: 5000: 4985: 4972: 4954: 4948: 4935: 4928: 4907: 4896: 4890: 4877: 4870: 4863: 4857: 4844: 4838: 4820: 4810: 4798: 4791: 4773: 4761: 4754: 4738: 4724: 4718: 4705: 4694: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4651: 4626: 4604: 4592: 4564: 4557: 4538: 4531: 4512: 4505: 4483: 4457: 4426: 4414: 4388: 4366: 4341: 4311: 4279: 4257: 4229: 4205: 4192: 4173: 4154: 4139: 4119: 4106: 4091: 4072: 4059: 4049:. April 2019. 4031: 4019:Copyright User 4000: 3978: 3953: 3917: 3881: 3850: 3824: 3815: 3774: 3767: 3749: 3735: 3703: 3696: 3678: 3657: 3636: 3624: 3595: 3583: 3564: 3542: 3506: 3494: 3487: 3464: 3450: 3419: 3411: 3388: 3361: 3350: 3341: 3334: 3314: 3295: 3275: 3263: 3250: 3221: 3215:10.3386/w26885 3192: 3187:Heinrich Heine 3185:Famous writer 3178: 3146: 3117: 3091: 3062: 3032: 3005: 2996:droit d'auteur 2987: 2978: 2956: 2949: 2929: 2908: 2876: 2848:10.1086/677787 2842:(4): 494–500. 2827:Cum privilegio 2815: 2810:Spiegel Online 2791: 2779: 2766: 2749: 2735: 2699: 2688:on 3 June 2018 2660: 2653: 2633: 2626: 2606: 2576: 2553: 2534: 2519: 2492: 2460: 2447: 2438: 2411: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2249: 2244: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2176:related rights 2169: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2140: 2137: 2112:Main article: 2109: 2106: 2098:anti-copyright 2094:Pirate Parties 2050:digital rights 2027:Main article: 2024: 2021: 1935:Main article: 1932: 1929: 1828: 1825: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1710:Australian law 1672:United Kingdom 1668: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1631: 1628: 1547: 1544: 1525:Main article: 1522: 1519: 1502:Main article: 1499: 1496: 1449:Copyright term 1444: 1441: 1404:property right 1383: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1317:Main article: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1285: 1282: 1273: 1272:Rights granted 1270: 1225:Main article: 1222: 1219: 1169: 1166: 1127: 1124: 1104:indicating a " 1077:COPYRIGHT SIGN 1036:Main article: 1033: 1030: 1013: 1010: 968:Main article: 965: 962: 939:United Kingdom 926:Main article: 923: 920: 856:compositions, 842:literary works 817: 816:Eligible works 814: 792: 789: 787: 784: 776:European Union 700:Latin American 688:creative works 644: 641: 601: 598: 546: 543: 460: 457: 442:. The rise in 425:printing press 420: 417: 400:Main article: 397: 394: 325: 324: 322: 321: 314: 307: 299: 296: 295: 282: 281: 280: 279: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 248: 247: 245:Right to quote 242: 237: 232: 222: 217: 216: 215: 208:Bioprospecting 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 172: 171: 170:Related topics 167: 166: 165: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 137:Related rights 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 82:Database right 79: 74: 69: 61: 60: 52: 51: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6571: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6529:Copyright law 6527: 6526: 6524: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6488: 6487: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471:Documentaries 6469: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6427:Cory Doctorow 6425: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 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