1291:
reason to believe the GPL could force proprietary software to become free software, but could "try to enjoin the firm from distributing commercially a program that combined with the GPL'd code to form a derivative work, and to recover damages for infringement." If the firm "actually copied code from a GPL'd program, such a suit would be a perfectly ordinary assertion of copyright, which most private firms would defend if the shoe were on the other foot." Richard
Stallman has described this view with an analogy, saying, "The GPL's domain does not spread by proximity or contact, only by deliberate inclusion of GPL-covered code in your program. It spreads like a
1590:
1149:"Full" and "partial" copyleft relate to another issue. Full copyleft exists when all parts of a work (except the license itself) may only be modified and distributed under the terms of the work's copyleft license. Partial copyleft, by contrast, exempts some parts of the work from the copyleft provisions, permitting distribution of some modifications under terms other than the copyleft license, or in some other way does not impose all the principles of copylefting on the work. An example of partial copyleft is the GPL linking exception made for some software packages.
41:
22:
1327:
3456:
4105:
589:, which is now one of the most popular free-software licenses. For the first time, a copyright holder had taken steps to ensure that the maximal number of rights be perpetually transferred to a program's users, no matter what subsequent revisions anyone made to the original program. This original GPL did not grant rights to the public at large, only those who had already received the program; but it was the best that could be done under existing law.
4095:
1165:
require that the whole body of work be shared, even if the author only wants to share a certain part. The plus side for an author of source code is that any modification to the code will not only benefit the original author but that the author will be recognized and ensure the same or compatible license terms cover the changed code. Some
Creative Commons licenses are examples of share-alike copyleft licenses.
3444:
1075:. This allows other software to link to the library and be redistributed without the requirement for the linking software to also be licensed under the same terms. Only changes to the software licensed under a "weak copyleft" license become subject itself to copyleft provisions of such a license. This allows programs of any license to be compiled and linked against copylefted libraries such as
1024:
581:. This was not the first time Stallman had dealt with proprietary software, but he deemed this interaction a "turning point". He justified software sharing, protesting that when sharing, the software online can be copied without the loss of the original piece of work. The software can be used multiple times without ever being damaged or worn out.
1044:
freedoms are more important: the potential future recipients of a work (freedom from proprietization) or just the initial recipient (freedom to proprietize). However, current copyright law and the availability of both types of licenses, copyleft and permissive, allow authors to choose the type under which to license the works they invent.
1055:(GFDL) allow authors to apply limitations to certain sections of their work, exempting some parts of the work from the full copyleft mechanism. In the case of the GFDL, these limitations include the use of invariant sections, which may not be altered by future editors. The initial intention of the GFDL was as a device for supporting the
1262:" is a pejorative name for copyleft licenses. It originates from the terms 'General Public Virus' or 'GNU Public Virus' (GPV), which dates back to 1990, a year after the GPLv1 was released. The name 'viral license' refers to the fact that any works derived from a copyleft work must preserve the copyleft permissions when distributed.
778:. Any such license typically includes all the provisions and principles of copyleft inside the license's terms. This includes the freedom to use the work, study the work, copy, and share the work with others, modify the work, and distribute exact or modified versions of that work, with or without a fee.
1164:
This implies that any copyleft license is automatically a share-alike license but not the other way around, as some share-alike licenses include further restrictions such as prohibiting commercial use. Another restriction is that not everyone wants to share their work, and some share-alike agreements
1137:(DSL) is a strong copyleft license that applies to any work, not only software or documentation, but also literature, artworks, music, photography, and video. DSL was written by Michael Stutz after he took an interest in applying GNU-style copyleft to non-software works, which later came to be called
781:
Unlike similar permissive licenses that also grant these freedoms, copyleft licenses also ensure that any modified versions of a work covered by a copyleft license must also grant these freedoms. Thus, copyleft licenses have conditions: that modifications of any work licensed under a copyleft license
1290:
compliance engineer David Turner, the term "viral license" creates a misunderstanding and a fear of using copylefted free software. While a person can catch a virus without active action, license conditions take effect upon effective usage or adoption. David McGowan has also written that there is no
1067:
The strength of the copyleft license governing a work is determined by the extent to which its provisions can be imposed on all kinds of derivative works. Thus, the term "weak copyleft" refers to licenses where not all derivative works inherit the copyleft license; whether a derivative work inherits
789:
Copyleft licenses necessarily make creative use of relevant rules and laws to enforce their provisions. For example, when using copyright law, those who contribute to a work under copyleft usually must gain, defer, or assign copyright holder status. By submitting the copyright of their contributions
761:
Copyleft software has economic effects beyond individual creators. The presence of quality copyleft software can force proprietary software developers to increase the quality of their software to compete with free software. This may also have the effect of preventing monopolies in areas dominated by
738:
In the world of computer programming, copyleft-licensed computer programs are often created by programmers to fill a need they have noticed. Such programs are often published with a copyleft license simply to ensure that subsequent users can also freely use modified versions of that program. This is
1043:
are not copyleft licenses because they do not require the licensee to distribute derivative works under the same license. There is an ongoing debate as to which class of license provides the greater degree of freedom. This debate hinges on complex issues, such as the definition of freedom and whose
1298:
Popular copyleft licenses, such as the GPL, have a clause allowing components to interact with non-copyleft components as long as the communication is abstract, such as executing a command-line tool with a set of switches or interacting with a web server. As a consequence, even if one module of an
584:
As
Stallman deemed it impractical in the short term to eliminate current copyright law and the wrongs he perceived it to perpetuate, he decided to work within the framework of existing law; in 1985, he created his own copyright license, the Emacs General Public License, the first copyleft license.
1179:
Those licenses grant users of the software the same freedoms as copyleft licenses but do not require modified versions of that software to also include those freedoms. They have minimal restrictions on how the software can be used, modified, and redistributed, and are thus not copyleft licenses.
1282:
declared that code released under GPL is useless to the commercial sector, since it can only be used if the resulting surrounding code is licensed under a GPL-compatible license, and described it thus as "a cancer that attaches itself in an intellectual property sense to everything it touches".
710:
licenses: any modifiers of a copyleft-licensed work are expected to reciprocate the author's action of copyleft-licensing the software by also copyleft-licensing any derivatives they might have made. Because of this requirement, copyleft licenses have also been described as "viral" due to their
705:
This is due to the underlying principle of copyleft: that anyone can benefit freely from the previous work of others, but that any modifications to that work should benefit everyone else as well, and thus must be released under similar terms. For this reason, copyleft licenses are also known as
572:
version of his work. Symbolics extended and improved the Lisp interpreter, but when
Stallman wanted access to the improvements that Symbolics had made to his interpreter, Symbolics refused. Stallman then, in 1984, proceeded to work towards eradicating this emerging behavior and culture of
555:
GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to restrict its further redistribution. That is to say, proprietary modifications will not be allowed. I want to make sure that all versions of GNU remain free.
734:
The economic incentives to work on copyleft content can vary. Traditional copyright law is designed to promote progress by providing economic benefits to creators. When choosing to copyleft their work, content creators may seek complementary benefits like recognition from their peers.
682:, a separate definition that contains similar freedoms. The vast majority of copyleft licenses satisfy both definitions, that of the Free Software Definition and Open Source Definition. By guaranteeing viewers and users of a work the freedom and permission to reproduce,
786:, however, copyleft licenses may be superseded, just like regular copyrights. Therefore, any person utilizing a source licensed under a copyleft license for works they invent is free to choose any other license (or none at all) provided they meet the fair use standard.
758:, where social power is determined by an individual's contributions. Contributing to or creating open-source, copyleft-licensed software of high quality can lead to contributors gaining valuable experience and can lead to future career opportunities.
478:
files, which usually contain a copy of the license terms and acknowledge the authors of the code. Copyleft helps ensure everyone's rights to freely use the product but it prohibits owning, registering copyright and earning royalties from copyright.
793:
Some laws used for copyleft licenses vary from one country to another, and may also be granted in terms that vary from country to country. For example, in some countries, it is acceptable to sell a software product without warranty, in standard
644:
While copyright law gives software authors control over copying, distribution and modification of their works, the goal of copyleft is to give all users of the work the freedom to carry out all of these activities. These freedoms (from the
1109:
is one of the strongest copyleft licenses, as this license closes the so-called "private usage" loophole of the GPL, and requires the publishing of source code in any use case. For this reason, the license is considered non-free by the
739:
especially true for creators who wish to prevent "open source hijacking", or the act of reusing open-source code and then adding extra restrictions to it, an action prevented by copyleft-licensing the software. Some creators, such as
2187:
1299:
otherwise non-copyleft product is placed under the GPL, it may still be legal for other components to communicate with it in ways such as these. This allowed communication may or may not include reusing libraries or routines via
1269:
used the term derisively in regards to the GPL's tendency to absorb BSD-licensed code without allowing the original BSD work to benefit from it, while at the same time promoting itself as "freer" than other licenses.
2832:
1079:
and then redistributed without any re-licensing required. The concrete effect of strong vs. weak copyleft has yet to be tested in court. Free-software licenses that use "weak" copyleft include the
2552:
This is not a free software license. It requires you to publish the source code publicly whenever you "Deploy" the covered software, and "Deploy" is defined to include many kinds of private use.
1753:
1161:" condition in some licenses imposes the requirement that any freedom that is granted regarding the original work must be granted on exactly the same or compatible terms in any derived work.
2731:
y agreement with the idea of a lax license in this special case is just as pragmatic as my preference for the GPL in most cases. In both cases it is a matter of how we can attain freedom.
2198:
2194:
766:
recommends that when "widespread use of the code is vital for advancing the cause of free software", allowing the code to be copied and used freely is more important than a copyleft.
2323:"Scheibner, James – "What price freedom (of software)? A guide for Australian legal practitioners on open source licensing" [2017] PrecedentAULA 23; (2017) 139 Precedent 39"
790:
under a copyleft license, they deliberately give up some of the rights that normally follow from copyright, including the right to be the unique distributor of copies of the work.
698:, where no ownership of copyright is claimed, copyleft allows authors to impose restrictions on the use of their work. One of the main restrictions imposed by copyleft is that
470:, and require that information necessary for reproducing and modifying the work must be made available to recipients of the software program, which are often distributed as
3598:
1286:
In response to
Microsoft's attacks on the GPL, several prominent free-software developers and advocates released a joint statement supporting the license. According to
4141:
3677:
1141:. In the 1990s, it was used on music recordings, visual art, and even novels. It is not considered compatible with the GNU GPL by the Free Software Foundation.
2836:
1315:, in that the LGPL specifically allows linking or compiling works licensed under terms that are not compatible with the LGPL, with works covered by the LGPL.
3896:
3518:
105:
806:
all warranties regarding a sold product. For this reason, the extent of such warranties is specified in most
European copyleft licenses, for example, the
3735:
3164:
McGowan, David (2005). "Legal
Aspects of Free and Open Source Software". In Joseph Feller; Brian Fitzgerald; Scott A. Hissam; Karim R. Lakahani (eds.).
1766:
4347:
3667:
631:, available since 2001 in several different versions (only some of which can be described as copyleft) and more specifically tailored to U.S. law.
3138:
3043:
2144:
2102:
We don't take the position that artistic or entertainment works must be free, but if you want to make one free, we recommend the Free Art
License.
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2394:
375:
300:
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must be distributed under a compatible copyleft scheme and that the distributed modified work must include a means of modifying the work. Under
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remarked, "This viral aspect of the GPL poses a threat to the intellectual property of any organization making use of it." In another context,
2617:
3672:
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4134:
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3523:
3047:
2250:
2224:
2148:
3801:
3635:
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1624:
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refers to the use of the work for any purpose, and the ability to modify, copy, share, and redistribute the work, with or without a fee.
90:
3013:
3613:
403:
2955:
714:
In addition to restrictions on copying, copyleft licenses address other possible impediments. They ensure that rights cannot be later
3563:
3533:
2802:
4312:
3710:
1669:
3074:
4678:
4127:
208:
2347:
Kirk St.Amant & Brian Still (2008). "Examining Open Source
Software Licenses through the Creative Commons Licensing Model".
1878:
The June date in the May issue is correct. The magazine was behind schedule, the June and July issues were combined to catch up.
1253:
4673:
505:—with the last two being intended for non-software works, such as documents and pictures, both academic or artistic in nature.
4501:
3682:
3640:
3583:
3181:
2356:
1971:
592:
The new license was not at this time given the copyleft label. Richard
Stallman stated that the use of "Copyleft" comes from
166:
3139:"The license term smorgasbord: copyleft, share-alike, reciprocal, viral, or hereditary? – Luis Villa: Open Law and Strategy"
4098:
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125:
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1947:
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in May 1976. The listing begins with the title, author's name, and date, but also has "@COPYLEFT ALL WRONGS RESERVED".
3916:
3826:
3821:
3398:
1106:
1095:
1080:
955:
718:, and require the work and its derivatives to be provided in a form that allows further modifications to be made. In
686:, or distribute it, copyleft licenses are distinct from other types of copyright licenses that limit such freedoms.
4322:
3645:
3553:
2527:
We recommend that developers consider using the GNU AGPL for any software which will commonly be run over a network
1619:
1483:
On modern computer systems, the formal Unichar|1F12F 🄯 symbol can be generated using one of these methods (
856:
255:
80:
2173:
4205:
3911:
3743:
3650:
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1426:: a reversed C in a circle. A 2016 proposal to add the symbol to a future version of Unicode was accepted by the
762:
proprietary software. However, competition with proprietary software can also be a reason to forgo copyleft. The
707:
203:
1236:
Stallman has endorsed the use of non-copyleft licenses in certain circumstances, for example in the case of the
1216:
Both the OSI and the FSF have copyleft and non-copyleft licenses in their respective lists of accepted licenses.
4683:
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3715:
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818:
807:
350:
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3720:
2145:"Prepared Text of Remarks by Craig Mundie, Microsoft Senior Vice President – The Commercial Software Model"
830:
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re-implementation of the Java library. This ambiguity is an important difference between the GPL and the
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467:
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enterprises from using and then selling their product under a proprietary license is also an incentive.
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3051:
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It has been suggested that copyleft has become a divisive issue in the ideological strife between the
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4536:
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4254:
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the freedom to modify the work, and the freedom to distribute modified and therefore derivative works
561:
389:
110:
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2540:"Various Licenses and Comments about Them - Sybase Open Watcom Public License version 1.0 (#Watcom)"
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is an example of a license implementing strong copyleft. An even stronger copyleft license is the
611:, a series of meetings taking place in 2000 under the title "Copyleft Attitude" gave birth to the
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4332:
4227:
4170:
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1876:
TINY BASIC FOR INTEL 8080 VERSION 1.0 BY LI-CHEN WANG 10 JUNE, 1976 @COPYLEFT ALL WRONGS RESERVED
872:
115:
85:
75:
2803:"Inoculating Your Purchase – Contractual Protection from Viral Licenses in M&A Transactions"
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679:
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186:
2349:
Handbook of Research on Open Source Software: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives
2188:"Open Source Software: The Success of an Alternative Intellectual Property Incentive Paradigm"
1926:
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Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia, Running Light Without Overbyte
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of copylefted software. However, the result is that it can be used for any kind of document.
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which implement copyleft can be used to maintain copyright conditions for works ranging from
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1899:"Share and Share Alike: Understanding and Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses"
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1233:
Some of the software programs of the GNU Project are published under non-copyleft licenses.
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845:
821:(GNU AGPL), ensures that the source code is available to users of software over a network.
574:
3249:
3117:
1303: – some commentators say it does, the FSF asserts it does not and explicitly adds an
1212:. However, there is evidence that copyleft is both accepted and proposed by both parties:
8:
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4165:
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3538:
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2444:
For some of the philosophy behind the term "SaaSS", see the "Server Software" section of
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1609:
1300:
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601:
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Philip Wood; Amy Ryburn; Allan Yeoman; Andrew Matangi; Steve Nightingale (1 July 2013).
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1914:
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260:
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50:
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2005:
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For projects which will be run over a network, a variation of the GNU GPL, called the
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1967:
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1918:
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1455:
719:
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40:
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1951:
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Common practice for using copyleft is to codify the copying terms for a work with a
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2497:
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1726:
1649:
1419:
1408:
1028:
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814:, a license that allows one to use GNU GPL in combination with a limited warranty.
616:
612:
542:
499:
495:
487:
455:
171:
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3094:
2923:"Reverse-engineering the GNU Public Virus – Is copyleft too much of a good thing?"
2719:
2647:
1834:
596:, who mailed him a letter in 1984 or 1985, on which was written: "Copyleft –
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447:, and scientific discoveries, and similar approaches have even been applied to
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2034:
1717:
Newman, John (29 December 2011). "Copyright and Open Access at the Bedside".
1308:
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asked to use the Lisp interpreter, and Stallman agreed to supply them with a
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145:
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4215:
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3039:
2225:"5 Reasons Why Contributing To Open Source Projects Helps In Landing A Job"
2140:
1859:
1738:
1654:
1275:
1266:
1230:
The OSI's licensing how-to recognises the GPL as a "best practice" license.
1193:
938:
910:
Grants rights for noncommercial use only. May be combined with share-alike.
884:
755:
521:
355:
276:
245:
240:
213:
135:
95:
490:, which was the first software copyleft license to see extensive use; the
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4011:
3838:
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3328:
3274:
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2501:
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1451:
1240:
1189:
1181:
1158:
1123:
1115:
1048:
942:
897:
Grants use rights, including right to relicense (allows proprietization,
751:
744:
726:
of the derived work be made available together with the software itself.
723:
593:
502:
475:
235:
161:
130:
3455:
1784:
4367:
4190:
3102:
2959:
2858:
1987:
1809:
1684:
1444:
1237:
740:
529:
525:
471:
448:
3288:"The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0: Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement"
2956:"Re: propose: 'cypherpunks license' (Re: Wanted: Twofish source code)"
2863:"Re: Section 5.2 (IPR encumberance) in TAK rollover requirement draft"
2833:"Legal update on Information and Communication Technology – July 2013"
2594:
1047:
For documents, art, and other works other than software and code, the
560:
Stallman's motivation was that a few years earlier he had worked on a
4242:
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1910:
1629:
1559:
1271:
1008:
929:
914:
565:
506:
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196:
140:
60:
2195:
Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal
3786:
1570:
1491:
1003:
994:
783:
419:
is the legal technique of granting certain freedoms over copies of
365:
272:
218:
2251:"Copyleft - The Economics of Linux and Other Open Source Software"
4629:
4526:
3118:"IT Manager's Journal: 10 Common Misunderstandings About the GPL"
2787:
1958:
Free as in Freedom – Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software
1762:
1366:
1337:
775:
432:
369:
2308:
2059:
1450:
As of 2024, the symbol is generally provided as standard in the
423:
works with the requirement that the same rights be preserved in
3443:
1119:
803:
715:
608:
100:
3093:
2581:
Engelfriet, Arnoud (2010). "Choosing an Open Source License".
623:. Shortly thereafter, a separate, unrelated initiative in the
3873:
1530:
989:
2800:
615:(FAL), theoretically valid in any jurisdiction bound by the
1521:
1312:
702:
must also be released under a compatible copyleft license.
21:
16:
Practice of mandating free use in all derivatives of a work
3271:
Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library
1835:"Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)"
984:
951:
933:
444:
2425:
2346:
1023:
1458:, but if need be it may be approximated with character
1098:, which requires the publishing of the source code for
824:
694:
Instead of allowing a work to fall completely into the
2589:. Athens University of Economics and Business: 48–49.
2351:. Information Science Reference. pp. 382 of 728.
1031:
icon for Share-Alike, a variant of the copyleft symbol
600:", which is a pun on the common copyright disclaimer "
3075:"Microsoft CEO takes launch break with the Sun-Times"
2762:"Some rights reserved: the alternatives to copyright"
2060:"Free Art License – Frequently Asked Questions"
3519:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
1585:
3220:"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses"
474:. This information is most commonly in the form of
4149:
3887:
3323:
3321:
2256:. Information Economics and Policy. Archived from
1955:
802:it is not permitted for a software distributor to
668:the freedom to copy and share the work with others
3498:
2523:List of free-software licences on the GNU website
2025:
2023:
1874:Source code begins with the following six lines.
1418:The copyleft symbol is a mirrored version of the
1071:"Weak copyleft" licenses are often used to cover
4650:
3309:"Proposal to add the Copyleft Symbol to Unicode"
1254:GNU General Public License § "Viral" nature
3382:Open Source Approaches in Spatial Data Handling
3355:"Announcing The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0"
3318:
754:culture of programming has been described as a
2694:"What the GPLv3 Means for MS-Novell Agreement"
2020:
1247:
4135:
3484:
3168:Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software
2801:Jason Greenberg; Daniel Glazer (March 2013).
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1180:Examples of this type of license include the
1122:project. However, the license is accepted as
1049:Creative Commons share-alike licensing system
1035:Copyleft is a distinguishing feature of some
397:
294:
3524:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
3263:
3048:New York University Stern School of Business
2149:New York University Stern School of Business
1447:. The copyleft symbol has no legal status.
1144:
1068:or not often depends on how it was derived.
3199:"The Basement Interviews: Freeing the Code"
2447:"How to choose a license for your own work"
2283:"How to choose a license for your own work"
1625:Comparison of open source and closed source
1062:
91:Integrated circuit layout design protection
4142:
4128:
3491:
3477:
2580:
2568:"Various Licenses and Comments about Them"
2532:
2395:"Free Software Licensing Agreement CeCILL"
2373:"The EUPL – European Union Public Licence"
1881:
1755:Open Source from a Proprietary Perspective
917:; certain rights may or may not be granted
404:
390:
301:
287:
3329:"Proposed New Characters: Pipeline Table"
2869:Namedroppers mailing list. Archived from
2615:
2426:Patrice-Emmanuel Schmitz (3 April 2015).
1745:
1199:
831:Free-software licence § Restrictions
541:The concept of copyleft was described in
4313:Business models for open-source software
2720:"LWN.net: RMS on the Ogg Vorbis license"
2714:
2467:
2029:
1946:
1782:
1670:History of free and open-source software
1022:
20:
3244:
3196:
3163:
3115:
3072:
3011:
2953:
2920:
2667:
2642:
2223:Sarmah, Harshajit (23 September 2019).
1827:
1478:
1348:
769:
209:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
4669:Free and open-source software licenses
4651:
3038:
2744:"Microsoft license spurns open source"
2618:"ESR: "We Don't Need the GPL Anymore""
2562:
2560:
2222:
2139:
1896:
1716:
1168:
634:
482:Notable copyleft licenses include the
4502:Organization for Transformative Works
4123:
3472:
2857:
2185:
1986:
1751:
1340:characters in this section correctly.
729:
167:Artificial intelligence and copyright
4047:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
3378:
3096:Free Software Leaders Stand Together
2987:"Re: Using of parse tree externally"
2984:
2616:Biancuzzi, Federico (30 June 2005).
2516:
2473:"Who does that server really serve?"
2248:
1862:(May 1976). "Palo Alto Tiny BASIC".
1858:
1596:Free and open-source software portal
1223:has written a copyleft license, the
825:Types and relation to other licenses
126:Supplementary protection certificate
3514:Alternative terms for free software
3077:. Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from
3012:Griffis, L. Adrian (15 July 2000).
2636:
2557:
2428:"The meaning of "Copyleft" in EUPL"
13:
3854:Python Software Foundation License
3415:"Unicode Character "🄯" (U+1F12F)"
3197:Poynder, Richard (21 March 2006).
3044:"Speech Transcript – Craig Mundie"
2812:. Association of Corporate Counsel
1783:Stallman, Richard (29 June 2007).
1645:Criticism of intellectual property
1605:List of copyleft software licenses
619:and recommended by Stallman's own
14:
4695:
3917:Definition of Free Cultural Works
3534:Free software project directories
3436:
3116:Byfield, Bruce (29 August 2006).
1897:Carver, Brian W. (5 April 2005).
1219:The OSI's original Legal Counsel
1107:Sybase Open Watcom Public License
1081:GNU Lesser General Public License
678:Similar terms are present in the
468:permissive free software licenses
4323:Commercial use of copyleft works
4104:
4103:
4093:
3554:Open-source software development
3454:
3442:
2954:Stewart, Bill (8 October 1998).
2921:Hackvän, Stig (September 1999).
2696:. Yro.slashdot.org. 8 March 2007
1620:Commercial use of copyleft works
1588:
1325:
722:, this means requiring that the
513:Attribution-ShareAlike license.
256:Outline of intellectual property
81:Indigenous intellectual property
39:
4303:Alternative compensation system
3912:Debian Free Software Guidelines
3744:Free Software Movement of India
3407:
3372:
3347:
3301:
3280:
3238:
3212:
3190:
3157:
3131:
3109:
3086:
3066:
3032:
3005:
2978:
2947:
2914:
2885:
2851:
2824:
2794:
2772:
2754:
2736:
2708:
2686:
2661:
2609:
2574:
2490:
2461:
2449:. GNU Project. 20 December 2015
2438:
2419:
2387:
2365:
2340:
2315:
2301:
2289:'s Licensing and Compliance Lab
2275:
2242:
2216:
2179:
2167:
2133:
2107:
2077:
2052:
1998:
1903:Berkeley Technology Law Journal
1525:
1351:
4679:Intellectual property activism
4487:Electronic Frontier Foundation
2006:"Emacs General Public License"
1980:
1940:
1852:
1802:
1776:
1710:
1265:Some advocates of the various
1152:
1053:GNU Free Documentation License
689:
323:Articles on copyleft licensing
1:
4674:Free and open-source software
4328:Commons-based peer production
4196:Legal aspects of file sharing
3902:Contributor License Agreement
3716:Open-source-software movement
3500:Free and open-source software
3459:The dictionary definition of
3073:Newbart, Dave (1 June 2001).
2985:Buck, Joe (10 October 2000).
1761:. Red Hat Summit. Nashville:
1703:
1469:LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED C
868:Copyleft (protective license)
819:Affero General Public License
808:European Union Public Licence
662:the freedom to study the work
503:share-alike license condition
486:(GPL), originally written by
376:Category:Free and open-source
351:Free and open-source software
4423:Access to Knowledge movement
4073:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
3927:The Free Software Definition
2962:mailing list. Archived from
2620:. ONLamp.com. Archived from
1785:"GNU General Public License"
1526:🄯 or 🄯
585:This later evolved into the
7:
3977:Mozilla software rebranding
3942:Permissive software license
3333:Unicode Character Proposals
1581:
1428:Unicode Technical Committee
1175:Permissive software license
975:Private, internal software
920:No information made public
904:Grants use rights, forbids
656:the freedom to use the work
204:Idea–expression distinction
10:
4700:
3982:Proprietary device drivers
3932:The Open Source Definition
1251:
1172:
1092:GNU General Public License
828:
796:GNU General Public License
639:
587:GNU General Public License
516:
484:GNU General Public License
4600:
4549:
4537:Students for Free Culture
4474:
4458:
4451:
4433:Cultural environmentalism
4415:
4390:Prizes instead of patents
4290:
4186:Digital rights management
4158:
4089:
4067:Source-available software
4025:
3967:Digital rights management
3959:
3757:
3734:
3696:
3572:
3506:
2176:. Retrieved 23 April 2022
1395:
1390:
1364:
1357:
1347:
1318:
1145:Full and partial copyleft
980:For other creative works
979:
924:
890:
844:
839:
837:
711:self-perpetuating terms.
551:in 1985, where he wrote:
4492:Free Software Foundation
4062:Shared Source Initiative
3859:Shared Source Initiative
3812:Free Software Foundation
3749:Free Software Foundation
3599:Configuration management
3385:. Springer. p. 29.
3224:Free Software Foundation
2287:Free Software Foundation
2229:Analytics India Magazine
2115:"What is free software?"
2039:Free Software Foundation
1680:Public copyright license
1336:to display the uncommon
1112:Free Software Foundation
1063:Strong and weak copyleft
764:Free Software Foundation
647:Free Software Definition
629:Creative Commons license
621:Free Software Foundation
4623:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
4333:Electronic sell-through
4228:Monopolies of knowledge
4171:Censorship by copyright
3997:SCO/Linux controversies
3379:Hall, G. Brent (2008).
3083:(Internet archive link)
2400:. INRIA. Archived from
2035:"About the GNU Project"
1385:Alternative symbol: (ɔ)
1307:in the license for the
743:, feel that preventing
116:Plant genetic resources
86:Industrial design right
76:Geographical indication
4637:The Internet's Own Boy
4443:Free software movement
4270:software patent debate
4176:Copyright infringement
3897:Comparison of licenses
3706:Free software movement
3014:"The GNU Public Virus"
2893:"General Public Virus"
2327:classic.austlii.edu.au
2186:Maher, Marcus (2000).
1810:"Free Art License 1.3"
1675:Criticism of copyright
1665:Free software movement
1640:Copyright alternatives
1210:free software movement
1206:Open Source Initiative
1200:Debate and controversy
1135:Design Science License
1085:Mozilla Public License
1041:free-software licenses
1039:licenses, while other
1032:
870:
860:
680:Open Source Definition
558:
509:is copyleft under the
492:Mozilla Public License
187:Criticism of copyright
111:Plant breeders' rights
26:
4684:Typographical symbols
4438:Free-culture movement
4348:Libertarian positions
4343:Free-software license
4308:Anti-copyright notice
4151:Intellectual property
3972:License proliferation
3172:. MIT Press. p.
2646:(18 September 2006).
2375:. European Commission
1752:Troan, Larry (2006).
1660:Free Culture movement
1615:Anti-copyright notice
1562:: Code point: U+1F12F
1305:exception allowing it
1295:, not like a virus."
1225:Open Software License
1100:software as a service
1026:
1011:, no public license,
899:license compatibility
798:style, while in most
553:
346:Free-software license
33:Intellectual property
24:
4358:Open-design movement
4057:Open-source hardware
3992:Proprietary software
3987:Proprietary firmware
3688:Formerly open-source
3683:Formerly proprietary
3549:Open-source software
3451:at Wikimedia Commons
3335:. Unicode Consortium
3269:Stallman, Richard. "
3246:Raymond, Eric Steven
2873:on 27 September 2007
2839:on 21 September 2013
2718:(26 February 2001).
2669:Raymond, Eric Steven
2498:"Why the Affero GPL"
2471:(18 November 2016).
1731:10.1056/NEJMp1110652
1697:In Praise of Copying
1479:Typing the character
1471:between parenthesis
970:Proprietary software
770:Copyleft application
575:proprietary software
4298:All rights reversed
4166:Artificial scarcity
3937:Open-source license
3539:Gratis versus libre
3391:2008osas.book.....H
3248:(9 November 2002).
2671:(9 November 2002).
2309:"What is Copyleft?"
2033:(21 January 2008).
1772:on 22 January 2014.
1635:Copyright abolition
1610:All rights reversed
1169:Permissive licenses
972:, no public license
913:Traditional use of
880:Proprietary license
635:Copyleft principles
602:all rights reserved
598:all rights reversed
341:Open-source license
177:Copyright abolition
4616:Good Copy Bad Copy
4562:Alexandra Elbakyan
4466:Copyright Alliance
3020:on 9 November 2017
2902:. 15 December 1990
2750:. CBS Interactive.
2648:"Licenses by Name"
2174:The New York Times
1485:keyboard shortcuts
1192:, and the various
1073:software libraries
1033:
863:Permissive license
800:European countries
730:Economic incentive
535:Dr. Dobb's Journal
363:Higher categories:
269:Higher categories:
261:Outline of patents
27:
4646:
4645:
4545:
4544:
4497:Open Rights Group
4117:
4116:
4017:Trusted Computing
4007:Software security
3955:
3954:
3636:Operating systems
3544:Long-term support
3447:Media related to
3250:"Licensing HOWTO"
3183:978-0-262-06246-6
3145:. 3 February 2012
2790:on 26 April 2009.
2716:Stallman, Richard
2673:"Licensing HOWTO"
2595:10.1109/MS.2010.5
2469:Stallman, Richard
2358:978-1-59140-999-1
2249:Mustonen, Mikko.
2064:Copyleft Attitude
2031:Stallman, Richard
1973:978-0-596-00287-9
1814:Copyleft Attitude
1725:(26): 2447–2449.
1456:operating systems
1430:. The code point
1416:
1415:
1334:rendering support
1248:"Viral" licensing
1021:
1020:
894:Grants all rights
750:Furthermore, the
579:software hoarding
577:, which he named
466:in contrast with
456:software licenses
437:computer software
427:. In this sense,
414:
413:
378:software licenses
311:
310:
4691:
4577:Richard Stallman
4522:Public Knowledge
4482:Creative Commons
4456:
4455:
4363:Open music model
4144:
4137:
4130:
4121:
4120:
4107:
4106:
4097:
4002:Software patents
3885:
3884:
3797:Creative Commons
3656:Web applications
3493:
3486:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3458:
3446:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3359:The Unicode Blog
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3284:
3278:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3171:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3081:on 15 June 2001.
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3050:. Archived from
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3016:. Archived from
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2931:. Archived from
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2861:(6 March 2006).
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2835:. Archived from
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2807:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2786:. Archived from
2776:
2770:
2769:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2644:Tiemann, Michael
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2536:
2530:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2407:on 8 August 2010
2406:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2255:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2203:
2197:. Archived from
2192:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2151:. Archived from
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1961:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1911:10.15779/Z388T19
1894:
1879:
1873:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1839:Creative Commons
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1765:. Archived from
1760:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1714:
1650:Internet freedom
1598:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1527:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1454:of most current
1442:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1420:copyright symbol
1411:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1329:
1029:Creative Commons
876:
865:
835:
834:
617:Berne Convention
613:Free Art License
543:Richard Stallman
511:Creative Commons
500:Creative Commons
496:Free Art License
488:Richard Stallman
425:derivative works
406:
399:
392:
313:
312:
303:
296:
289:
172:Brand protection
106:Peasants' rights
43:
29:
28:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4609:Steal This Film
4596:
4572:Lawrence Lessig
4541:
4470:
4447:
4411:
4407:Video on demand
4286:
4181:Copyright troll
4154:
4148:
4118:
4113:
4085:
4052:Open-core model
4027:
4021:
3951:
3889:
3883:
3753:
3730:
3692:
3575:
3568:
3502:
3497:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3419:www.compart.com
3413:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3054:on 21 June 2005
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2935:on 18 July 2011
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2624:on 6 March 2018
2614:
2610:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2155:on 21 June 2005
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2028:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1895:
1882:
1877:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1691:Steal This Film
1594:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1577:
1573:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1517:
1513:
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2504:. 10 May 2015
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2008:. 5 July 2001
2007:
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1994:. p. 26.
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