2418:
601:
2862:
2668:
1460:
1709:
1919:
1976:, the V-2's speed and trajectory made it practically invulnerable to anti-aircraft guns and fighters, as it dropped from an altitude of 100–110 km (62–68 mi) at up to three times the speed of sound at sea level (approximately 3,550 km/h (2,206 mph)). Nevertheless, the threat of what was then code-named "Big Ben" was great enough that efforts were made to seek countermeasures. The situation was similar to the pre-war concerns about manned bombers and resulted in a similar solution, the formation of the Crossbow Committee, to collect, examine and develop countermeasures.
2660:
949:, forced the alcohol and oxygen into the combustion chamber at 125 liters (33 US gallons) per second, where they were ignited by a spinning electrical igniter. Thrust increased from 8 tons during this preliminary stage whilst the fuel was gravity-fed, before increasing to 25 tons as the turbopump pressurised the fuel, lifting the 13.5 ton rocket. Combustion gases exited the chamber at 2,820 °C (5,100 °F), and a speed of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) per second. The oxygen to fuel mixture was 1.0:0.85 at 25 tons of thrust, but as
1951:
2276:
2499:
1439:
According to
Dornberger, "Serious damage to the works, contrary to first impressions, was surprisingly small." Work resumed after a delay of four to six weeks, and because of camouflage to mimic complete destruction, there were no more raids during the next nine months. The raid resulted in 735 lives lost, with heavy losses at Trassenheide, while 178 were killed in the settlement, including Dr. Thiel, his family, and Chief Engineer Walther. The Germans eventually moved production to the underground
609:
970:
while being shortened from 6 to 1-foot in length, and the connection to the nozzle was made cone shaped. The resultant 1.5 ton chamber operated at a combustion pressure of 1.52 MPa (220 psi). Thiel's 1.5 ton chamber was then scaled up to a 4.5 ton motor by arranging three injection heads above the combustion chamber. By 1939, eighteen injection heads in two concentric circles at the head of the 3 mm (0.12 in) thick sheet-steel chamber, were used to make the 25 ton motor.
2542:
2349:
861:
3229:
3187:
1533:
1089:). For velocity measurement, Professor Wolman of Dresden created an alternative of his Doppler tracking system in 1940–41, which used a ground signal transponded by the A-4 to measure the velocity of the missile. By 9 February 1942, Peenemünde engineer Gerd deBeek had documented the radio interference area of a V-2 as 10,000 metres (33,000 feet) around the "Firing Point", and the first successful A-4 flight on 3 October 1942, used radio control for
1171:
2108:... those of us who were seriously engaged in the war were very grateful to Wernher von Braun. We knew that each V-2 cost as much to produce as a high-performance fighter airplane. We knew that German forces on the fighting fronts were in desperate need of airplanes, and that the V-2 rockets were doing us no military damage. From our point of view, the V-2 program was almost as good as if Hitler had adopted a policy of unilateral disarmament.
1116:
2607:
1280:
3215:
3201:
2510:, undertook the recruitment of approximately thirty German engineers, who had previous experience working on rocket programs for Nazi Germany at the PeenemĂĽnde Army Research Center. Much like their counterparts in the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union, France's objective was to acquire and advance the rocket technology developed by Germany during World War II. The initial initiative, known as the
51:
1000:
2460:, a duplicate of the V-2 manufactured completely in the USSR, which was launched first during October 1948. From 1947 until the end of 1950, the German team elaborated concepts and improvements for extended payload and range for the projects G-1, G-2 and G-4. The German team had to remain on Gorodomlya island until as late as 1952 and 1953. In parallel, Soviet work emphasized larger missiles, the
2680:
2386:. The test launch was a partial success; the V-2 went off the pad but splashed down in the ocean only some 10 km (6 mi) from the carrier. The launch setup on the Midway's deck is notable in that it used foldaway arms to prevent the missile from falling over. The arms pulled away just after the engine ignited, releasing the missile. The setup may look similar to the
2143:, who in November 1944 while returning from a nighttime air mission over Holland saw a V-2 in flight on its way to strike London: "It resembled a meteor, streaming red sparks and whizzing past us as though the aircraft were motionless. I became convinced that it was only a matter of time until rockets would expose the United States to direct, transoceanic attack."
2020:. However, the Committee suggested that a test not be performed as no technique for tracking the missiles with sufficient accuracy had yet been developed. By March this had changed significantly, with 81% of incoming missiles correctly allotted to the grid square each fell into, or the one beside it. At a 26 March meeting Pile was directed to a subcommittee with
1095:. Although Hitler commented on 22 September 1943 that "It is a great load off our minds that we have dispensed with the radio guiding-beam; now no opening remains for the British to interfere technically with the missile in flight", about 20% of the operational V-2 launches were beam-guided. The Operation Pinguin V-2 offensive began on 8 September 1944, when
1266:, with parts of it transported to London for tests.) Initially, the German developers suspected excessive alcohol tank pressure, but by April 1944, after five months of test firings, the cause was still not determined. Major-General Rossmann, the Army Weapons Office department chief, recommended stationing observers in the target area –
1677:, five V-2s were launched on 15 and 16 September, with one more successful and one failed launch on the 18th. That same date, a transport carrying a missile took a wrong turn and ended up in Serooskerke itself, giving a villager the opportunity to surreptitiously take some photographs of the weapon; these were smuggled to London by the
985:, but even so it could still explode during the re-entry phase. The warhead weighed 975 kilograms (2,150 lb) and contained 910 kilograms (2,010 lb) of explosive. The warhead's percentage by weight that was explosive was 93%, a very great percentage when compared with other types of munition.
2078:
The German V-weapons (V-1 and V-2) cost the equivalent of about US$ 500 million. Given the relatively smaller size of the German economy, this represented an industrial effort equivalent to but slightly less than that of the U.S. Manhattan
Project that produced the atomic bomb. 6,048 V-2s were built,
1836:
An estimated 2,754 civilians were killed in London by V-2 attacks with another 6,523 injured, which is two people killed per V-2 rocket. However, this understates the potential of the V-2, since many rockets were misdirected and exploded harmlessly. Accuracy increased during the war, particularly for
1438:
A production line was nearly ready at PeenemĂĽnde when the
Operation Hydra attack occurred. The main targets of the attack included the test stands, the development works, the Pre-Production Works, the settlement where the scientists and technicians lived, the Trassenheide camp, and the harbor sector.
969:
and film cooling. Film cooling admitted alcohol into the combustion chamber and exhaust nozzle under slight pressure through four rings of small perforations. The mushroom-shaped injection head was removed from the combustion chamber to a mixing chamber, the combustion chamber was made more spherical
2185:
to launch V-2 missiles against United States cities, though only with considerable effort (and limited effect). Hitler, in July 1944 and Speer, in
January 1945, made speeches alluding to the scheme, though Germany did not possess the capability to fulfill these threats. These schemes were met by the
2146:
With the war all but lost, regardless of the factory output of conventional weapons, the Nazis resorted to V-weapons as a tenuous last hope to influence the war militarily (hence
Antwerp as V-2 target), as an extension of their desire to "punish" their foes and most importantly to give hope to their
1979:
Early on, it was believed that the V-2 employed some form of radio guidance, a belief that persisted in spite of several rockets being examined without discovering anything like a radio receiver. This resulted in efforts to jam this non-existent guidance system as early as
September 1944, using both
1828:
Antwerp, Belgium was a target for a large number of V-weapon attacks from
October 1944 through to the virtual end of the war in March 1945, leaving 1,736 dead and 4,500 injured in greater Antwerp. Thousands of buildings were damaged or destroyed as the city was struck by 590 direct hits. The largest
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assembled a small number of V-2 missiles and launched three of them from a site in northern
Germany. The engineers involved had already agreed to relocate to the US when the test firings were complete. The Backfire report, published in January 1946, contains extensive technical documentation of the
2000:
were available to produce a barrage of fire in the rocket's path, but only if provided with a reasonable prediction of the trajectory. The first estimates suggested that 320,000 shells would have to be fired for each rocket. About 2% of these were expected to fall back to the ground, almost 90 tons
5005:
Neufeld 1995, pp. 190–191. Neufeld provides by far the most detailed analysis of the price of the project. Other price estimates of "$ 2 billion," or "50% more than the
Manhattan Project" can be found elsewhere on the internet, but are not credible. For a more detailed analysis, see this article's
725:
began thinking of a much larger rocket in the summer of 1936, based on a projected 25,000 kg (55,000 lb) thrust engine. In addition, Dornberger specified the military requirements needed to include a 1-ton payload, a range of 172 miles with a dispersion of 2 or 3 miles, and transportable
2320:
In addition to V-2 hardware, the U.S. Government delivered German mechanization equations for the V-2 guidance, navigation, and control systems, as well as for advanced development concept vehicles, to U.S. defence contractors for analysis. During the 1950s, some of these documents were useful to
2260:
After the Nazi defeat, German engineers were relocated to the United States, the USSR, France and the United
Kingdom where they further developed the V-2 rocket for military and civilian purposes. The V-2 rocket also laid the foundation for the liquid fuel missiles and space launchers used later.
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pilot defending against the massive New Year's Day 1945 Operation Bodenplatte strike by the Luftwaffe over the northern German attack route near the town of Lochem on 1 January 1945. Possibly, from the potential sighting of the American fighter by the missile's launch crew, the rocket was quickly
2324:
A committee was formed with military and civilian scientists to review payload proposals for the reassembled V-2 rockets. By January 1946, the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps invited civilian scientists and engineers to participate in developing a space research program using the V-2. The committee was
2004:
Pile continued studying the problem and returned with a proposal to fire only 150 shells at a single rocket, with those shells using a new fuse that would greatly reduce the number that fell back to Earth unexploded. Some low-level analysis suggested that this would be successful against 1 in 50
953:
decreased with flight altitude, thrust increased until it reached 29 tons. The turbopump assembly contained two centrifugal pumps, one for the alcohol, and one for the oxygen, The turbine connects directly by a shaft to the alcohol pump and through a flexible joint and shaft to the oxygen pump.
1910:, the Netherlands, one of the missiles landed as far away as Cologne, 40 miles (64 km) to the north, while one missed the bridge by only 500 to 800 yards (460 to 730 m). They also struck the town of Remagen, destroying a number of buildings and killing at least six American soldiers.
1270:
May/June, Dornberger and von Braun set up a camp at the centre of the Poland target zone. After moving to the Heidekraut, SS Mortar Battery 500 of the 836th Artillery Battalion (Motorized) was ordered on 30 August to begin test launches of eighty 'sleeved' rockets. Testing confirmed that the
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to retrieve as many V-2 rockets and staff as possible. Three hundred rail-car loads of V-2s and parts were captured and shipped to the United States and 126 of the principal designers, including Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger, were captives of the Americans. Von Braun, his brother
2058:
According to the BBC television presenter Raymond Baxter, who served with the RAF during the war, in February 1945 his squadron was performing a mission against a V2 launch site, when they saw one missile being launched. One member of Baxter's squadron opened fire on it, without effect.
910:
At launch the A4 propelled itself for up to 65 seconds on its own power, and a program motor held the inclination at the specified angle until engine shutdown, after which the rocket continued on a ballistic free-fall trajectory. The rocket reached a height of 80 km (50 mi) or
2124:'s fuel alcohol production and major portions of other critical technologies: to distil the fuel alcohol for one V-2 launch required 30 tonnes of potatoes at a time when food was becoming scarce. Due to a lack of explosives, some warheads were simply filled with concrete, using the
2032:
With the Germans no longer in control of any part of the continent that could be used as a launching site capable of striking London, they began targeting Antwerp. Plans were made to move the Pile system to protect that city, but the war ended before anything could be done.
1899:
on 7 March 1945, the Germans were desperate to destroy it. On 17 March 1945, they fired eleven V-2 missiles at the bridge, their first use against a tactical target and the only time they were fired on a German target during the war. They could not employ the more accurate
2321:
U.S. contractors in developing direction cosine matrix transformations and other inertial navigation architecture concepts that were applied to early U.S. programs, such as the Atlas and Minuteman guidance systems as well as the Navy's Subs Inertial Navigation System.
1431:. Hitler then gave PeenemĂĽnde top priority in the German armaments program stating, "Why was it I could not believe in the success of your work? if we had had these rockets in 1939 we should never have had this war..." Hitler also wanted a second launch bunker built.
1297:
On 27 March 1942, Dornberger proposed production plans and the building of a launching site on the Channel coast. In December, Speer ordered Major Thom and Dr. Steinhoff to reconnoitre the site near Watten. Assembly rooms were established at PeenemĂĽnde and in the
1855:
implying that the rockets were over-shooting their London target by 10 to 20 miles (16 to 32 km). This tactic worked; more than half of the V-2s aimed at London landed outside the London Civil Defence Region. Most landed on less-heavily populated areas in
2024:
and Ellis to further develop the statistics. Three days later the team returned a report stating that if the guns fired 2,000 rounds at a missile there was a 1 in 60 chance of shooting it down. Plans for an operational test began, but as Pile later put it,
2468:, based on further developing the V-2 technology with using ideas of the German concept studies. Details of Soviet achievements were unknown to the German team and completely underestimated by Western intelligence until, in November 1957, the satellite
1041:, or the Walter Wolman radio control system, to control engine cutoff at a specified velocity. Other gyroscopic systems used in the A-4 included Kreiselgeräte's SG-66 and SG-70. The V-2 was launched from a pre-surveyed location, so the distance and
1347:. Both weapons had reached the final stage of development, and the commission decided to recommend to Hitler that both weapons be mass-produced. As Dornberger observed, "The disadvantages of the one would be compensated by the other's advantages."
1052:", radio signals transmitted from the ground, to keep the missile on course, but the first models used a simple analog computer that adjusted the azimuth for the rocket, and the flying distance was controlled by the timing of the engine cut-off,
2139:, which made a characteristic buzzing sound). There was no effective defence and no risk of pilot or crew casualties. An example of the impression it made is in the reaction of American pilot and future nuclear strategist and Congressional aide
2050:
and V-2s aimed at London to less populated areas east of the city. This was done by sending deceptive reports on the sites hit and damage caused via the German espionage network in Britain, which was secretly controlled by the British (the
954:
Hydrogen peroxide converted to steam, using a sodium permanganate catalyst powered the pump, which delivered 55 kg (121 lb) of alcohol and 68 kg (150 lb) of liquid oxygen per second to a combustion chamber at 1.5
2525:, which became the first liquid-fuel research rocket in Western Europe and was ultimately capable of carrying a 100 kg (220 lb) payload to an altitude of 320 km (200 mi). The VĂ©ronique program then led to the
1926:
The final two rockets exploded on 27 March 1945. One of these was the last V-2 to kill a British civilian and the final civilian casualty of the war on British soil: Ivy Millichamp, aged 34, killed in her home in Kynaston Road,
1860:
due to erroneous recalibration. For the remainder of the war, British intelligence maintained the ruse by repeatedly sending bogus reports implying that the rockets were now striking the British capital with heavy loss of life.
789:
that the A-4 development was "practically complete/concluded", but even by the middle of 1944, a complete A-4 parts list was still unavailable. Hitler was sufficiently impressed by the enthusiasm of its developers, and needed a
665:
rocket car demonstrations, that he constructed and launched his own homemade toy rocket car in a crowded sidewalk and was later taken in for questioning by the local police, until released to his father for disciplinary action.
1642:, concerned about spreading panic or giving away vital intelligence to German forces, initially attempted to conceal the cause of the explosions by making no official announcement, and euphemistically blaming them on defective
1646:
mains. The public did not believe this explanation and therefore began referring to the V-2s as "flying gas mains". The Germans themselves finally announced the V-2 on 8 November 1944 and only then, on 10 November 1944, did
708:'s research. Before 1939, German engineers and scientists occasionally contacted Goddard directly with technical questions. Von Braun used Goddard's plans from various journals and incorporated them into the building of the
2514:
program, had plans for four rocket variants capable of achieving ranges of up to 3,600 km (2,200 mi) and carrying warheads weighing up to 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). However, this program was canceled in 1948.
1498:
was begun during August 1943 and completed by February 1944). The missile could be launched practically anywhere, roads running through forests being a particular favourite. The system was so mobile and small that only one
1980:
ground and air-based jammers flying over the UK. In October, a group had been sent to jam the missiles during launch. By December it was clear these systems were not having any obvious effect, and jamming efforts ended.
2329:, then the "V2 Upper Atmosphere Research Panel", and finally the "Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Panel". This resulted in an eclectic array of experiments that flew on V-2s and helped prepare for American manned
1931:
in Kent. A scientific reconstruction performed in 2010 demonstrated that the V-2 creates a crater 20 metres (66 feet) wide and 8 metres (26 feet) deep, ejecting approximately 3,000 tons of material into the air.
1843:(radio guide beam) system was used. Missile strikes that hit targets could cause large numbers of deaths – 160 were killed and 108 seriously injured in one explosion at 12:26 pm on 25 November 1944, at a
1101:(English: 'Training and Testing Battery 444') launched a single rocket guided by a radio beam directed at Paris. Wreckage of combat V-2s occasionally contained the transponder for velocity and fuel cutoff.
6134:
2041:
The only effective defences against the V-2 campaign were to destroy the launch infrastructure—expensive in terms of bomber resources and casualties—or to cause the Germans to aim at the wrong place by
1434:
Saur planned to build 2,000 rockets per month, between the existing three factories and the Nordhausen Mittelwerk factory being built. However, alcohol production was dependent upon the potato harvest.
2197:
camp 11, Dornberger was recorded saying that he had begged the FĂĽhrer to stop the V-weapon propaganda, because nothing more could be expected from one ton of explosive. To this Hitler had replied that
5910:
replica incorporates many original components along with re-manufactured ones and was put together by a group that included Reinhold KrĂĽger, who worked as an apprentice at PeenemĂĽnde during the war.
2009:
that were provided with pre-configured firing data for 2.5-mile (4.0-kilometre) grids of the London area. After the trajectory was determined, the guns would aim and fire between 60 and 500 rounds.
1425:. The briefing included von Braun narrating a movie showing the successful launch on 3 October 1942, with scale models of the Channel coast firing bunker, and supporting vehicles, including the
6279:
1066:. Thus, range was a function of engine burn time, which ended when a specific velocity was achieved. Just before engine cutoff, thrust was reduced to eight tons, in an effort to avoid any
4900:
786:
4551:
2005:
rockets, provided that accurate trajectories were forwarded to the gunners in time. Work on this basic concept continued and developed into a plan to deploy a large number of guns in
2796:
One engine complete with steering pallets, feed lines and tank bottoms, plus one cut-out thrust chamber and one cut-out turbopump at the Snecma (Space Engines Div.) museum in Vernon.
988:
A protective layer of glass wool was also used for the fuel tanks so the A-4 did not have a tendency to form ice, a problem which plagued other early ballistic missiles such as the
2429:
The USSR captured a number of V-2s and staff, letting them stay in Germany for a time. The first work contracts were signed in the middle of 1945. During October 1946 (as part of
1701:
being out of range). Because of their inaccuracy, these V-2s did not hit their target cities. Soon after that only London and Antwerp remained as designated targets as ordered by
4572:
1615:
After Hitler's 29 August 1944 declaration to begin V-2 attacks as soon as possible, the offensive began on 7 September 1944 when two were launched at Paris (which the Allies had
1162:
The first successful test flight was on 3 October 1942, reaching an altitude of 84.5 kilometres (52.5 miles). On that day, Walter Dornberger declared in a meeting at PeenemĂĽnde:
965:
Dr. Thiel's development of the 25 ton rocket motor relied on pump feeding, rather than on the earlier pressure feeding. The motor used centrifugal injection, while using both
903:
was used to measure the A4's aerodynamic characteristics and center of pressure, using a model of the A4 within a 40 square centimeter chamber. Measurements were made using a
2748:
Several large components, like hydrogen peroxide tank and reaction chamber, the propellant turbopump and the HWK rocket engine chamber (partly cut-out) are displayed at the
6018:
5719:
701:
and was not published until 1960. By the end of 1934, his group had successfully launched two rockets that reached heights of 2.2 and 3.5 km (1.4 and 2.2 mi).
5795:
1320:
I will take it on myself to start at once with the building of the launching site on the Channel coast," and established an A-4 production committee under Degenkolb.
97:
1108:
with several variations, but at the end of the war a plain olive green rocket was also used. During tests the rocket was painted in a characteristic black-and-white
2417:
4439:
7235:
1228:
without burn-through was developed by using centrifugal injection nozzles, a mixing compartment, and a converging nozzle to the throat for homogeneous combustion.
1194:. The highest altitude reached during the war was 174.6 kilometres (108.5 miles) (20 June 1944). Test launches of V-2 rockets were made at PeenemĂĽnde, Blizna and
6131:
5193:
1716:, London, left by the penultimate V-2 to strike the city on 27 March 1945; the rocket killed 134 people. The final V-2 to fall on London killed one person at
3156:
1540:, Belgium, on 27 November 1944. A British military convoy was passing through the square at the time; 126 people (including 26 Allied soldiers) were killed.
892:. The water reduced the flame temperature, acted as a coolant by turning to steam and augmented the thrust, tended to produce a smoother burn, and reduced
1524:
It was estimated that a sustained rate of 350 V-2s could be launched per week, with 100 per day at maximum effort, given sufficient supply of the rockets.
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466:
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2738:. In this collection are also a launching table and some loose parts, as well as the remains of a V-2 that crashed in The Hague immediately after launch.
529:
5152:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Vol. 2. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 180.
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4541:
1557:
689:, arranged an Ordnance Department research grant for von Braun, who from then on worked next to Dornberger's existing solid-fuel rocket test site at
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377:
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2364:
Only 68 percent of the V-2 trials were considered successful. A supposed V-2 launched on 29 May 1947 landed near Juarez, Mexico and was actually a
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which entered US service in 1959. The tanks held 4,173 kilograms (9,200 lb) of ethyl alcohol and 5,553 kilograms (12,242 lb) of oxygen.
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3455:
Konstruktive, theoretische und experimentelle Beiträge zu dem Problem der Flüssigkeitsrakete. Raketentechnik und Raumfahrtforschung, Sonderheft 1
829:
600:
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transported the captured V-2 parts to the United States. At the close of the Second World War, more than 300 rail cars filled with V-2 engines,
2001:
of rounds, which would cause far more damage than the missile. At a 25 August 1944 meeting of the Crossbow Committee, the concept was rejected.
661:. The “Rocket Rumble” was highly influential on von Braun as a teenage space enthusiast. He was so enthusiastic after seeing one of the public
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547:—the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union—raced to seize major German manufacturing facilities, procure the Germans'
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1623:. Two more launches by the 485th followed, including one from The Hague against London on the same day at 6:43 pm. – the first landed at
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were dismissed in favour of mobile launching. Eight main storage dumps were planned and four had been completed by July 1944 (the one at
1128:
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in the northwest Netherlands, to ensure that the technology was not captured by the Allies. From Gaasterland V-2s were launched against
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so-called 'tin trousers' – a tube designed to strengthen the forward end of the rocket cladding – reduced the likelihood of air bursts.
4565:
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alone for destruction, and sometimes the warhead contained photographic propaganda of German citizens who had died in Allied bombings.
1313:
assumed final technical data would be ready by July 1943. However, many issues still remained to be solved even by the autumn of 1943.
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4602:
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launch procedure but in the case of the R-7 the trusses hold the full weight of the rocket, rather than just reacting to side forces.
2208:
According to decrypted messages from the Japanese embassy in Germany, twelve dismantled V-2 rockets were shipped to Japan. These left
1237:
Ensuring that the fuel pipes had tension-free curves reduced the likelihood of explosions at 1,200–1,800 m (4,000–6,000 ft).
55:
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The propulsion unit from a V-2 that broke up in air on display (with exhaust-exit pointed up) Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum
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directed a group of 150 engineers. In October 1947, a group of German scientists supported the USSR in launching rebuilt V-2s in
682:
5024:
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at PeenemĂĽnde possessed the technologies essential to the success of the A-4. The four main technologies for the A-4 were large
7240:
5715:
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1037:(a horizontal for pitch and a vertical with two degrees of freedom for yaw and roll) for lateral stabilization, coupled with a
6010:
4654:
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1243:
To control trajectory at liftoff and supersonic speeds, heat-resistant graphite vanes were used as rudders in the exhaust jet.
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1619:), but both crashed soon after launch. On 8 September a single rocket was launched at Paris, which caused modest damage near
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V-2 display including engine, parts, rocket body and many documents and photographs relating to the development and use at
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and is painted with a yellow and black paint scheme resembling that of the first V-2 launched at WSMR on 16 April 1946.
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One rocket body no engine, one complete engine, one lower engine section and one wrecked engine on display in museum
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548:
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On 3 March 1945, the Allies attempted to destroy V-2s and launching equipment in the "Haagse Bos" in The Hague by a
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device because it was oriented towards Antwerp and could not be easily adjusted for another target. Fired from near
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C. Thurner "The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group" (2017), pp 35.
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in July 1936, Braun specified the A-4 performance in 1937, and, after an "extensive" series of test firings of the
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resulted in the deaths of an estimated 9,000 civilians and military personnel, while a further 12,000 laborers and
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himself, Antwerp being targeted in the period of 12 to 20 October, after which time the unit moved to The Hague.
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Files of Hermann Ludewig, Deputy of Design Chief and later Chief of Acceptance and Inspection on the V-2 program
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2257:) to ensure they were not captured by the advancing Soviets or shot dead by the Nazis to prevent their capture.
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1580:). Combat operations commenced in Sept. 1944, when training Batterie 444 deployed. On 2 September 1944, the SS
1187:
6511:
Hall, Charlie (2022). 'Flying Gas Mains': Rumour, Secrecy, and Morale during the V-2 Bombardment of Britain',
5486:
1708:
1459:
7062:
6885:
6179:
5985:
3087:
3058:
3015:
2832:
2667:
1959:
1829:
loss of life by a single rocket attack during the war came on 16 December 1944, when the roof of the crowded
966:
907:
1.86 blowdown nozzle on 8 August 1940. Tests at Mach numbers 1.56 and 2.5 were made after 24 September 1940.
828:. Location sketches of V-rocket manufacturing facilities, such as those in PeenemĂĽnde, were also sent to the
6841:
6239:
2294:
2103:
laborers for the rocket program. More people died manufacturing the V-2 than were killed by its deployment.
1479:
1234:
Relay contacts were made more durable to withstand vibration and prevent thrust cut-off just after lift-off.
7230:
6681:
3047:
1132:
825:
4268:
Ruggles, Richard; Brodie, Henry (1947). "An Empirical Approach to Economic Intelligence in World War II".
3148:
One engine in the Exhibit Hall adjacent to the Blockhouse building on the Historic Cape Canaveral Tour in
2012:
At a Crossbow meeting on 15 January 1945 Pile's updated plan was presented with some strong advocacy from
1003:
Captured V-2 on public display in Antwerp, 1945. Exhaust vanes and external rudders in tail section shown.
7225:
7088:
3880:
3117:
2825:
2624:
2590:
2310:
2063:
1203:
698:
616:
5508:
5391:
2947:
Fuel combustion chamber recovered from the sea near Clacton at the East Essex Aviation Museum, St Oysth.
7260:
6686:
6676:
5597:
5455:
3819:
2980:
1545:
1521:
described flying over a site during a launch and his wingman firing at the missile without hitting it.
595:
17:
3805:
2236:, bound for Japan in May 1945 when the war ended in Europe. The fate of these V-2 rockets is unknown.
2099:, had a reputation for brutality and had originated the idea of using concentration camp prisoners as
1651:
inform Parliament, and the world, that England had been under rocket attack "for the last few weeks".
1252:
Through mid-March 1944, only four of the 26 successful Blizna launches had satisfactorily reached the
771:
rocket engines, supersonic aerodynamics, gyroscopic guidance and rudders in jet control. At the time,
7152:
7093:
6892:
6761:
3980:
3036:
2735:
2545:
1918:
1199:
1166:
This third day of October, 1942, is the first of a new era in transportation, that of space travel...
1150:
653:, a collaborator of Oberth, by experimenting with rockets, including public demonstrations of manned
6583:
Hermann Ludewig Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections
5295:
2755:
A reconstruction of a V-2 missile containing multiple original recovered parts is on display at the
1922:
The extent of damage caused to a London residential area due to a single V-2 strike in January 1945.
7215:
7205:
7025:
6972:
6880:
5324:
Space Policy in Developing Countries: The Search for Security and Development on the Final Frontier
4376:
4341:
4244:
2714:
transporter. The rocket has the most complete set of guidance components of all surviving A4s. The
2686:
730:
695:
Construction, Theoretical, and Experimental Solution to the Problem of the Liquid Propellant Rocket
678:
552:
525:
446:
429:
1560:
was responsible for the operational use of V-2. Three launch battalions were formed in late 1943,
6926:
6861:
6826:
6608:
6448:
4758:
3745:
Secret Agenda: The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990
3660:
3489:
3149:
3040:
2871:
2705:
2617:
2574:
1844:
1183:
633:
3408:"Am Anfang war die V2. Vom Beginn der Weltraumschifffahrt in Deutschland". In: Utz Thimm (ed.):
1635:
Bernard Browning on leave from the Royal Engineers, and one that hit Epping with no casualties.
591:
6914:
6871:
4867:
3171:
2930:
2908:
2749:
2530:
2306:
2230:
2219:
2213:
2017:
1674:
1639:
1478:
After the Operation Crossbow bombing, initial plans for launching from the massive underground
1262:) on re-entry into the atmosphere. (As mentioned above, one rocket was collected by the Polish
946:
900:
841:
544:
462:
6691:
6582:
6553:
5047:
1011:
vanes in the jet stream at the exit of the motor. These 8 control surfaces were controlled by
5913:
5425:
5353:
5322:
4944:
4317:
4310:
4305:
4154:
3080:
2951:
2659:
2430:
2140:
1993:
1989:
1506:
1112:
pattern, which aided in determining if the rocket was spinning around its longitudinal axis.
959:
670:
6547:
5699:
2720:
is the most complete of the three examples known to exist. Another A4 was on display at the
2519:
2518:
From 1950 to 1969, the research done on the Super V-2 program was repurposed to develop the
2131:
The psychological effect of the V-2 was considerable, as the V-2, traveling faster than the
1413:
On 7 July 1943, Major General Dornberger, von Braun, and Dr. Steinhof briefed Hitler in his
1240:
Fins were shaped with clearance to prevent damage as the exhaust jet expanded with altitude.
7138:
6836:
4594:
3242:
2878:
2493:
2406:
2375:
attempted to launch a German V-2 rocket at sea—- one test launch from the aircraft carrier
2334:
2151:. The V-2 did not affect the outcome of the war, but it resulted in the development of the
1324:
1127:
The original German designation of the rocket was "V2", unhyphenated – exactly as used for
981:. Amatol had the advantage of stability, and the warhead was protected by a thick layer of
763:
to initiate the funding of university research to solve rocket problems. By late 1941, the
5101:
4032:
3381:
1729:
During the succeeding months about 3,172 V-2 rockets were fired at the following targets:
1316:
On 8 January 1943, Dornberger and von Braun met with Speer. Speer stated, "As head of the
8:
7045:
7035:
6931:
6821:
5960:
5535:
4789:
3362:
3327:
3160:
3091:
3062:
3051:
2882:
2852:
in PeenemĂĽnde, where it is displayed near what remains of the factory where it was built.
2800:
2290:
2270:
2254:
2052:
1852:
1616:
1487:
1221:
To reduce tank pressure and weight, rapid flow turbopumps were used to increase pressure.
927:
817:
574:
hardware to build approximately 80 of the missiles. The Soviets gained possession of the
567:
540:
422:
31:
6362:
5815:
4976:
4499:
7195:
7010:
6941:
6909:
6897:
6601:
6310:. U.S. Air Force Space Command: Government Printing Office. p. 143. Archived from
5741:
5223:
5078:. U.S. Air Force Space Command: Government Printing Office. p. 143. Archived from
4841:
4500:"'Flying Gas Mains': Rumour, Secrecy, and Morale during the V-2 Bombardment of Britain"
4287:
3206:
3109:
3008:
2506:
Between May and September of 1946, CEPA, the forerunner to today's French space agency
2376:
2372:
2187:
2167:
A submarine-towed launch platform was tested successfully, making it the prototype for
2029:
beat us to it", as the attacks ended with the Allied capture of their launching areas.
2026:
1941:
1225:
1191:
1120:
1105:
1038:
845:
837:
810:
779:
6082:
6057:
6032:
4736:
4718:
4406:
2438:
734:
721:
After successes at Kummersdorf with the first two Aggregate series rockets, Braun and
7145:
7124:
6739:
6734:
6530:
6501:
6475:
6456:
6434:
6411:
6393:
6385:
6369:
6339:
5661:
5634:
5359:
5328:
5128:
5051:
5040:
5016:
4676:
4629:
4537:
4519:
4466:
4321:
4248:
4210:
4186:
4066:
Helmut Hoelzer's Fully Electronic Analog Computer used in the German V2 (A4) rockets.
4012:
3961:
3929:
3861:
Peter Broucek (2008). "Die österreichische Identität im Widerstand 1938–1945", p 163.
3777:
3748:
3723:
3698:
3668:
3656:
3576:
3497:
3435:
3413:
3331:
3135:
2434:
2330:
2006:
1997:
1896:
1892:
1879:
1648:
1620:
1514:
1317:
1217:
Various design issues were identified and solved during V-2 development and testing:
919:
705:
686:
624:
485:
442:
71:
4380:
1950:
473:
rocket also became the first artificial object to travel into space by crossing the
6722:
4977:"V2ROCKET.COM – Den Haag (The Hague, Wassenaar, Hoek van Holland (Hook of Holland)"
4650:
4511:
4279:
3895:
3121:
3019:
2814:
2578:
2473:
2342:
2250:
1678:
950:
710:
563:
536:
474:
450:
439:
3958:
Preludes to U.S. Space-Launch Vehicle Technology: Goddard Rockets to Minuteman III
2593:
was a licensed copy of the Soviet R-2; this design was produced during the 1960s.
2562:
rocket, including all support procedures, tailored vehicles and fuel composition.
1045:
to the target were known. Fin 1 of the missile was aligned to the target azimuth.
1012:
484:
Research of military use of long-range rockets began when the graduate studies of
7098:
7020:
6951:
6936:
6696:
6640:
6558:
6427:
6405:
6333:
6283:
6138:
5799:
5655:
5566:
5443:
5432:
4951:
4904:
4159:
4072:
3369:
3320:
3234:
3192:
2522:
2394:
2383:
2280:
2275:
2136:
2047:
1973:
1945:
1491:
1340:
1328:
1299:
1137:
1082:
1016:
410:
6429:
The Rocket and the Reich: PeenemĂĽnde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
5916:(in German). Förderverein Peenemünde „Peenemünde – Geburtsort der Raumfahrt" e.V
3928:. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 740–753.
3322:
The Rocket and the Reich: PeenemĂĽnde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
2964:
A steam generating chamber on display at the National Space Centre in Leicester.
1007:
The V-2 was guided by four external rudders on the tail fins, and four internal
7057:
6809:
6783:
6754:
5793:
Australia's Nazi rockets: How German V-2 flying bombs made their way Down Under
3220:
3029:
2937:
2839:
2672:
2498:
2446:
2365:
2132:
2125:
2043:
1518:
1464:
1418:
1414:
1284:
1207:
1195:
1156:
1059:
893:
883:
873:
821:
806:
794:" to maintain German morale, so he authorized its deployment in large numbers.
646:
628:
127:
6904:
6588:
6213:
5598:"Helmut Groettrup … the captured Russian who was Russian POW rocket scientist"
2838:
One rusty engine in the original V-2 underground production facilities at the
1336:
733:
project was postponed due to unfavorable aerodynamic stability testing of the
608:
7189:
7103:
7083:
7078:
7015:
6946:
6788:
6778:
6154:
5262:
4523:
2912:
2541:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2305:
tanks, gyroscopes, and associated equipment were brought to the railyards in
2244:
At the end of the war, a competition began between the United States and the
2178:
2113:
1954:
1753:
1661:
Positions of the German launch units changed a number of times. For example,
1631:, killing 63-year-old Mrs. Ada Harrison, three-year-old Rosemary Clarke, and
1624:
1605:
1495:
1448:
1078:
1063:
955:
915:
879:
802:
722:
306:
132:
115:
6744:
5907:
2671:
A rusty V-2 engine in the original underground production facilities at the
1331:
and V-2 automatic long-range weapons. In attendance were Speer, Air Marshal
760:
7131:
6729:
6671:
6624:
4515:
3608:
2997:
2710:
2550:
2477:
2442:
2387:
2245:
2121:
2088:
2067:
2013:
1871:
1702:
1585:
1472:
1332:
1310:
1211:
1067:
1054:
989:
978:
775:
was not particularly impressed by the V-2; he opined that it was merely an
772:
742:
658:
454:
396:
137:
81:
5685:
5436:
4065:
551:, and capture the V-2s' launching sites. Von Braun and more than 100 core
6977:
6303:
6252:
5071:
3116:
Combustion chambers and other components plus a U.S. built engine at the
3004:
2721:
2348:
2148:
1907:
1713:
1686:
1666:
1422:
1174:
A sectioned V-2 engine on display at the Deutsches Museum, Munich (2006).
1141:
magazine were using the hyphenated form "V-2" as early as December 1944.
1049:
993:
904:
860:
791:
768:
738:
690:
612:
489:
6831:
6593:
3228:
492:. A series of prototypes culminated in the A4, which went to war as the
7050:
6967:
6846:
6804:
6654:
6235:
5701:
Report on operation 'Backfire' Recording and analysis of the trajectory
4291:
3290:
3250:
3025:
2961:
A turbo pump unit on display at the National Space Centre in Leicester.
2783:
2631: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2357:
2333:. Devices were sent aloft to sample the air at all levels to determine
2314:
2302:
2253:, and seven others decided to surrender to the United States military (
2080:
1851:, south-east London. British intelligence sent false reports via their
1811:
1584:
500 was formed, and by October, the SS under the command of SS Lt. Gen
1532:
1483:
1309:
On 22 December 1942, Hitler signed the order for mass production, when
1292:
1109:
1026:
982:
798:
741:
scale test model, using a motor redesigned from the troublesome A-3 by
654:
650:
180:
165:
6311:
5420:
See: Johan A.M. Bleeker, Johannes Geiss, and Martin C.E. Huber, ed.s,
5102:"The 8th of September 1944 AD, First German V2 rocket lands on London"
5079:
4842:""The Watch on the Rhine" Everyday Life of the Soldiers at the Bridge"
3881:"Operation Crossbow – Preliminary missions for the Operation Overlord"
2663:
V-2 rocket located at the Australian War Memorial Treloar Centre Annex
1170:
938:. Both the alcohol and oxygen tanks were an aluminum-magnesium alloy.
6987:
6628:
6382:
Impact: An Operational History of Germany's V Weapons in World War II
6325:
4818:
4816:
4128:
4054:
The History of Spacecraft Computers from the V-2 to the Space Station
3770:
Planet Dora: A Memoir of the Holocaust and the Birth of the Space Age
3546:. New York: The Viking Press, Inc. pp. 17–18, 120, 122–123, 132.
3139:
2955:
2511:
2469:
2096:
1928:
1848:
1793:
1717:
1655:
1654:
In September 1944, control of the V-2 mission was transferred to the
1609:
1565:
1444:
1344:
1263:
1034:
942:
833:
776:
501:
458:
415:
110:
5883:"Geek Pilgrimage: V2 rocket engine – Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin"
5631:
Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945–1961
5424:, vol. 1 (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001)
4283:
2606:
1552:
formed during the last days of November 1943 in France commanded by
1279:
1115:
6856:
6851:
6771:
6324:
24,000 fighters could have been produced instead of the inaccurate
4628:(in Dutch). Middelburg: Den Boer Middelburg/Uitgevers. p. 98.
4043:
War machine encyclopedia, Limited publishing, London 1983 p 1690–92
3848:
Hansjakob Stehle (5 January 1996). "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus".
2776:
2298:
2209:
2156:
2092:
2021:
1875:
launch trailer was observed being elevated to launch position by a
1830:
1643:
1628:
1303:
1231:
Film cooling was used to prevent burn-through at the nozzle throat.
1008:
935:
889:
662:
478:
5482:
5224:"Hitler's Rocket U-boat Program – history of WW2 rocket submarine"
4813:
2724:
at Point Cook outside Melbourne. Both rockets are now in Canberra.
1741:
1323:
On 26 May 1943, the Long-Range Bombardment Commission, chaired by
1182:, the remnants of which landed in Sweden on 13 June 1944, and one
973:
The warhead was another source of trouble. The explosive used was
513:
6816:
6567:"Reconstruction, restoration & refurbishment of a V-2 rocket"
6335:
Despatch on War Operations: 23rd February, 1942, to 8th May, 1945
4546:
3363:"Long-range" in the context of the time. See NASA history article
3279:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 27, 74.
2941:
2888:
The RAF Museum has two rockets, one of which is displayed at its
2570:
2526:
2502:
VĂ©ronique R rocket, derived from the Super-V2 program, circa 1950
2225:
2100:
1821:
1801:
1775:
1771:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1694:
1690:
1670:
1569:
1537:
1471:
For a description of the V-2 launch equipment and procedure, see
1253:
1074:
1042:
931:
923:
869:
849:
824:
managed to send exact drawings of the V-2 rocket to the American
558:
personnel surrendered to the Americans, and many of the original
509:
337:
206 km (128 mi) maximum altitude if launched vertically
334:
88 km (55 mi) maximum altitude on long-range trajectory
294:
58:
4569:
History of the European Axis nations during the Second World War
2933:, Carlisle Airport as part of the Blue Streak Rocket exhibition.
718:, named for the German word for mechanism or mechanical system.
704:
At the time, many Germans were interested in American physicist
539:, impacted without audible warning, and proved unstoppable. No
50:
6206:"V-2 Rocket on Display at the White Sands Missile Range Museum"
5660:. German Canadian Museum of Applied History. pp. 179–180.
4163:. Vol. 17, no. 26. 25 December 1944. pp. 46–48.
3410:
Warum ist es nachts dunkel? Was wir vom Weltall wirklich wissen
2923:
2818:
2182:
1767:
1698:
1632:
1593:
1510:
974:
715:
505:
262:
4624:
van Dijk, A.H.; Eekman, P.G.; Roelse, J.; Tuynman, J. (1984).
2734:
One example, partly skeletonized, is in the collection of the
2135:, gave no warning before impact (unlike bombing planes or the
999:
6455:. Apogee Books Space Series 36. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.
5399:
5197:
2338:
2194:
1876:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1757:
681:
motor tests. Von Braun was working on his doctorate when the
645:
or "Rocket Rumble" fad in the popular media was initiated by
300:
3960:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 67–76.
3655:
2569:
proposed an enlarged man-carrying version of the V-2, named
1864:
6566:
5269:
4623:
4185:# (Polish) Michał Wojewódzki, Akcja V-1, V-2, Warsaw 1984,
3145:
One engine in the Auburn University Engineering Laboratory.
2940:
segment of one discovered in April 2012 was donated to the
2507:
2228:
in December 1944. A civilian V-2 expert was a passenger on
1857:
1682:
345:
6364:
Impact: The History of Germany's V-Weapons in World War II
5657:
The V2 and the German, Russian and American Rocket Program
4312:
Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945
4094:. New York: Arco Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 51, 52.
2679:
2046:. The British were able to convince the Germans to direct
1029:, based on electrical signals from the gyros. The Siemens
2433:) they were obliged to relocate to Branch 1 of NII-88 on
1505:
was ever caught in action by Allied aircraft, during the
517:
4898:"65th anniversary of the V2 rocket landing in Orpington"
4699:
2596:
2382:
was performed on 6 September 1947 as part of the Navy's
1536:
One of the victims of a V-2 that struck Teniers Square,
1302:
facilities of Zeppelin Works. In 1943, a third factory,
6306:; Sullivan, Dr. Brian R (original draft) (March 1999).
4129:"A4 (V2) Raketenfertigung in Friedrichshafen 1942–1945"
4033:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgiMu8A3pi0&t=2036s
3797:
3722:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 100–104.
2904:, a Strabo crane, and a firing table with towing dolly.
1883:
lowered from a near launch-ready 85° elevation to 30°.
1135:
German aircraft design – but U.S. publications such as
578:
manufacturing facilities after the war, re-established
427:'Vengeance Weapon 2'), with the technical name
6527:
The Nazi Rocketeers: Dreams of Space and Crimes of War
2341:
were present. Other instruments measured the level of
2309:, so they could be placed on trucks and driven to the
2095:
had constructed several concentration camps including
1983:
1673:) in September 1944. From a field near the village of
4957:
3642:
3640:
3157:
Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology
2944:
Sailing Club after they found it buried in a mudflat.
1062:
system or by different types of on-board integrating
604:
Wernher von Braun at PeenemĂĽnde Army Research Center.
530:
forced participation in the production of the weapons
6579:, spherical panoramas of the process and milestones.
6498:
V-2: A Combat History of the First Ballistic Missile
6331:
5716:"How a Nazi rocket could have put a Briton in space"
4479:
4011:. Periscope Film LLC. 2012. pp. 8–9, 135, 144.
3492:; Sharpe, Mitchell R. (2003). Godwin, Robert (ed.).
3182:
2577:
similar to, but at least a decade earlier than, the
2070:
quarter was destroyed, killing 511 Dutch civilians.
6368:. Rockville Centre, New York: Sarpedon Publishers.
6011:"More pictures of V2 recovery operation at Harwich"
4868:"V-2s on Remagen; Attacks on the Ludendorff Bridge"
4782:"Flying Bombs and Rockets, V2 Woolworths New Cross"
4114:
The Birth of the Missile: The Secrets of PeenemĂĽnde
3631:
The Peenemünde Raid: The Night of 17–18 August 1943
3387:
2813:One complete V2 rocket and several engines at the
2036:
1588:, took operational control of all units. He formed
1447:where 5,200 V-2 rockets were built with the use of
1327:director Petersen, met at PeenemĂĽnde to review the
6426:
6361:
5039:
4945:"Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence, 1942–2002"
4719:"V2Rocket.com "Antwerp, The City of Sudden Death""
4309:
3637:
3470:. The Mill, Gloucestershire: History Press, p.110.
3319:
2845:One rusty engine in Buchenwald concentration camp.
2421:R-1 rocket (V-2 rebuilt by the Soviet Union) on a
1104:The painting of the operational V-2s was mostly a
836:. This information was particularly important for
697:(dated 16 April 1934), was kept classified by the
5805:, 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
5320:
5194:"This Week in EUCOM History: February 6–12, 1959"
4536:
1967:
1283:23 June 1943 RAF reconnaissance photo of V-2s at
7187:
6562:article on US use of V-2 for scientific research
6407:Tools of War: History of Weapons in Modern Times
5704:. Vol. 5. Ministry of Supply. January 1946.
3991:
3989:
3776:by BĂ©on & Richard L. Fague. Westview Press.
3747:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 72–74.
3423:
1886:
1178:Two test launches were recovered by the Allies:
785:During early September 1943, Braun promised the
6550:Information Film of Operation Backfire from IWM
5125:Hitler's Terror Weapons: The Price of Vengeance
4271:Journal of the American Statistical Association
4155:"V-2: Nazi Rocket Details Are Finally Revealed"
4116:. Hamburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. p. 47.
4009:A-4/V-2 Rocket, Instruction Manual (in English)
3695:Hitler's Terror Weapons: The Price of Vengeance
2193:While interned after the war by the British at
2087:in 2011) each; 3,225 were launched. SS General
1996:, studied the problem and proposed that enough
911:264,000 ft after shutting off the engine.
685:gained power in Germany. An artillery captain,
496:. Beginning in September 1944, more than 3,000
6287:National Museum of the United States Air Force
6142:National Museum of the United States Air Force
5458:. U.S. Army, White Sands Missile Range. 2010.
5167:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 357.
4111:
4092:German Guided Missiles of the Second World War
3624:
3622:
3099:National Museum of the United States Air Force
2988:National Museum of the United States Air Force
2159:, which were also used for space exploration.
1833:was struck, leaving 567 dead and 291 injured.
1681:. After that the unit moved to the woods near
1129:any Third Reich-era "second prototype" example
582:production, and moved it to the Soviet Union.
378:MĂĽller-type pendulous gyroscopic accelerometer
6609:
6384:.) Staplehurst, Kent: Spellmount Publishers.
6302:
5961:"V2 (VERGELTUNGS-WAFFE 2) ROCKET (SECTIONED)"
5351:
5148:Hewlett, Richard G.; Duncan, Francis (1969).
5147:
5070:
4465:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 53–56.
4267:
3986:
3720:A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
2445:. The German team was indirectly overseen by
2360:launched by US scientists on 24 October 1946.
918:, and the steam was produced by concentrated
914:The fuel and oxidizer pumps were driven by a
832:in order to enable Allied bombers to perform
7236:PeenemĂĽnde Army Research Center and Airfield
6447:
5911:
4737:"Air Raid Precautions – Deaths and injuries"
3615:. London: William Kimber and Co. p. 17.
3496:. Apogee Books Space Series 36. p. 32.
3488:
3432:Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War
2991:
2899:
2893:
2770:
2715:
2695:At least 20 V-2s still existed during 2014.
2684:
2172:
1901:
1838:
1500:
1426:
1257:
1096:
1090:
1033:LEV-3 guidance system consisted of two free
1020:
750:
477:(edge of space) with the vertical launch of
380:for engine cutoff on most production rockets
6474:. New Vanguard. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
5914:"Reinhold Krüger (18.02.1930 – 29.05.2005)"
4003:
4001:
3926:History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines
3628:
3619:
2850:Historical and Technical Information Centre
1155:For a description of a test explosion, see
356:At impact: 2,880 km/h (1,790 mph)
6616:
6602:
6360:King, Benjamin; Kutta, Timothy J. (1998).
5692:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4779:
4759:"Mobile Firing Operations & Locations"
4540:, Prime Minister (10 November 1944).
4381:"A Rocket a Day Keeps the High Costs Away"
4200:
4198:
4126:
3667:. New York: Harper & Row. p. 45.
3575:
3550:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3277:Vengeance Weapon 2: The V-2 Guided Missile
2918:A propulsion unit (minus injectors) is in
2472:was launched successfully to orbit by the
2397:rocket is a direct descendant of the V-2.
848:. The group was gradually captured by the
782:with a longer range and much higher cost.
745:, A-4 design and construction was ordered
596:Wernher von Braun § Career in Germany
199:16 March 1942 – 1945 (Nazi)
30:"V-2" redirects here. For other uses, see
27:World's first long-range ballistic missile
7256:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1944
6623:
6359:
6332:Harris, Arthur T; Cox, Sebastion (1995).
6234:The White Sands Missile Range exhibit is
6112:Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum
5248:Article in San Diego Times c.25 July 1944
5165:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb
4705:
4085:
4083:
4081:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3919:
3917:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3270:
3268:
2647:Learn how and when to remove this message
2177:("Test stand XII"), sometimes termed the
1865:Possible use during Operation Bodenplatte
669:Starting in 1930, von Braun attended the
353:Maximum: 5,760 km/h (3,580 mph)
6392:. Da Capo Press; Reprint edition, 2003:
5628:
5182:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 11.
4860:
4209:. New York: Stein and Day. p. 100.
3998:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3035:One (yellow and black) at Missile Park,
2860:
2799:One complete rocket in WWII wing of the
2678:
2666:
2658:
2589:The first Chinese Dongfeng missile, the
2540:
2497:
2416:
2347:
2274:
2212:in August 1944 on the transport U-boats
2079:at a cost of approximately 100,000
1949:
1917:
1707:
1531:
1458:
1278:
1169:
1114:
998:
859:
607:
599:
7266:World War II guided missiles of Germany
6424:
5341:from the original on 20 September 2017.
4928:
4626:Walcheren onder vuur en water 1939–1945
4204:
4195:
4147:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4056:, 2010, PRB Publishing, ASIN B004L626U6
3429:
3404:
3402:
3317:
3274:
3112:in about 2005 when the museum closed).
2181:. If deployed, it would have allowed a
852:and most of the members were executed.
566:, where they were relocated as part of
14:
7188:
7170:PeenemĂĽnde Historical Technical Museum
6469:
6403:
5880:
5653:
5595:
5489:from the original on 30 September 2011
5372:from the original on 20 September 2017
5177:
5162:
5116:
5074:; Sullivan, Dr. Brian R (March 1999).
4963:
4848:from the original on 23 September 2015
4485:
4460:
4375:
4207:V-1, V-2: Hitler's Vengeance on London
4089:
4078:
3955:
3942:
3923:
3914:
3633:. New York: Bobbs-Merrill. p. 19.
3607:
3588:
3510:
3473:
3393:
3296:
3265:
2950:A gyroscope unit is on display at the
1527:
1256:target area due to in-flight breakup (
749:1938–39. During 28–30 September 1939,
585:
6597:
6228:
5900:
5722:from the original on 14 November 2016
5610:from the original on 27 February 2020
5515:from the original on 20 February 2014
5462:from the original on 2 September 2013
5122:
5112:from the original on 7 December 2009.
5064:
5037:
4987:from the original on 23 February 2018
4878:from the original on 14 November 2014
4844:. Friedensmuseum BrĂĽcke von Remagen.
4804:
4687:from the original on 15 December 2013
4575:from the original on 17 November 2018
4304:
4298:
4238:
4232:
3717:
3692:
3681:
3649:
3430:Neufeld, Michael (11 November 2008).
3326:. New York: The Free Press. pp.
3293:rockets used a guide beam for cutoff.
3255: – German surface-to-air missile
2597:Surviving V-2 examples and components
2169:submarine-launched ballistic missiles
2066:, but due to navigational errors the
1869:At least one V-2 missile on a mobile
1617:liberated less than two weeks earlier
1070:problems a rapid cutoff could cause.
639:The Rocket into Interplanetary Spaces
7221:German inventions of the Nazi period
5856:"A-4-Rakete ("V2"), 1945 (Original)"
5748:from the original on 30 October 2016
4822:Blitz Street; Channel 4, 10 May 2010
4769:from the original on 13 August 2007.
4657:from the original on 4 February 2016
4497:
4387:from the original on 3 November 2008
4348:from the original on 4 February 2009
4098:
3767:
3761:
3742:
3736:
3399:
3344:from the original on 28 October 2019
3247: – 1973 novel by Thomas Pynchon
2848:One replica was constructed for the
2629:adding citations to reliable sources
2600:
2162:
1247:
855:
528:prisoners died as a result of their
438:), was the world's first long-range
6548:"The German A4 Rocket (Main Title)"
6238:rocket #FZ04/20919 captured during
5564:
5546:from the original on 4 January 2016
5533:
5302:from the original on 23 August 2009
4648:
4554:from the original on 20 April 2014.
4316:. London: Hamish Hamilton. p.
2920:Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum
2413:German influence on Soviet rocketry
2153:intercontinental ballistic missiles
1984:Anti-aircraft gun system (proposed)
1568:, Artillerie Abteilung 485 (Mot.),
1490:bunkers or from fixed pads such as
592:Wernher von Braun § Early life
562:team transferred their work to the
24:
6589:German footage of V-2 launch tests
6490:
6021:from the original on 1 April 2012.
5774:from the original on 20 March 2016
5596:Cutter, Paul (29 September 2009).
5577:from the original on 10 April 2016
5567:"History of the Gorodomlya Island"
5027:from the original on 19 July 2013.
4747:from the original on 8 March 2007.
4498:Hall, Charlie (28 February 2022).
4167:from the original on 28 April 2016
3893:
3830:from the original on 12 April 2020
3822:[On the traitor network].
3808:from the original on 29 June 2014.
3434:. Vintage. pp. 52–54, 62–64.
3168:New Mexico Museum of Space History
3106:United States Army Ordnance Museum
2968:
2482:intercontinental ballistic missile
1935:
1184:recovered by the Polish resistance
1098:Lehr- und Versuchsbatterie No. 444
293:3,810 kg (8,400 lb) 75%
253:3.56 m (11 ft 8 in)
25:
7282:
6541:
6513:Twentieth Century British History
5881:Turner, Adam (6 September 2015).
5768:"Treloar Centre ACT. 7 July 2009"
5480:
5230:from the original on 3 April 2010
5200:. 6 February 2012. Archived from
4831:Ordway & Sharpe 1979, p. 256.
4725:from the original on 3 July 2015.
4504:Twentieth Century British History
4442:from the original on 25 July 2019
4407:"Antwerp, "City of Sudden Death""
4112:Klee, Ernst; Merk, Otto (1965) .
2856:
2842:concentration camp memorial site.
2708:, Canberra, including a complete
2675:concentration camp memorial site.
2456:The first Soviet missile was the
1417:. Also in attendance were Speer,
1190:and transported to the UK during
797:The V-2s were constructed at the
787:Long-Range Bombardment Commission
449:engine, was developed during the
374:Gyroscopes to determine direction
245:1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)
237:14 m (45 ft 11 in)
6842:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques (Watten)
6270:
6245:
6210:White Sands Missile Range Museum
6198:
6172:
6147:
6125:
6100:
6075:
6050:
6025:
6003:
5978:
5953:
5928:
5874:
5848:
5834:
5808:
5786:
5770:. NSW Rocketry Association Inc.
5760:
5734:
5708:
5674:
5647:
5629:Maddrell, Paul (February 2006).
5622:
5589:
5558:
4911:, Orpington, Kent, 2 April 2010.
4413:from the original on 3 July 2015
4135:from the original on 5 June 2019
3902:from the original on 31 May 2011
3227:
3213:
3199:
3185:
3003:One (chessboard-painted) at the
2786:museum, Wizernes, Pas de Calais.
2605:
2557:During October 1945, the Allied
2264:
2037:Direct attack and disinformation
844:, both preliminary missions for
634:Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen
467:Allied bombings of German cities
49:
7031:Upper Atmosphere Research Panel
6983:WWII guided missiles of Germany
6257:Stafford Air & Space Museum
5527:
5501:
5474:
5448:
5414:
5384:
5355:APOLLO: A Decade of Achievement
5345:
5314:
5288:
5275:
5251:
5242:
5216:
5186:
5171:
5156:
5141:
5094:
5031:
5009:
4999:
4969:
4914:
4890:
4834:
4825:
4773:
4751:
4729:
4711:
4669:
4642:
4617:
4605:from the original on 1 May 2018
4587:
4558:
4547:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
4530:
4491:
4454:
4425:
4399:
4369:
4360:
4334:
4261:
4223:
4179:
4120:
4059:
4046:
4037:
4025:
3974:
3887:
3873:
3864:
3855:
3842:
3812:
3790:
3711:
3460:
3166:One engine and tail section at
3077:Stafford Air & Space Museum
2616:needs additional citations for
2354:first photo of Earth from space
2293:recruited German engineers and
2239:
1891:After the US Army captured the
1454:
1372:15 September to 29 October 1944
677:), where he assisted Oberth in
623:During the late 1920s, a young
305:4,910 kg (10,820 lb)
265:(explosive weight: 910 kg)
261:1,000 kg (2,200 lb);
229:12,500 kg (27,600 lb)
156:PeenemĂĽnde Army Research Center
7246:Short-range ballistic missiles
7041:White Sands V-2 Launching Site
6554:'"Chute Saves Rockets Secrets"
6472:V-2 Ballistic Missile, 1942–52
6083:"V-2 Steam Generating Chamber"
5565:Zak, Anatoly (5 August 2012).
4810:Jones RV; Most Secret War 1978
3657:Braun, Wernher von (Estate of)
3468:The Race for Hitler's X-Planes
3448:
3374:
3356:
3283:
3129:Museum of Science and Industry
3088:U.S. Space & Rocket Center
3059:U.S. Space & Rocket Center
2757:Armia Krajowa Museum in KrakĂłw
2728:
2567:British Interplanetary Society
1968:Big Ben and Operation Crossbow
1509:attack on 1 January 1945 near
1396:15 January to 15 February 1945
1388:24 November to 15 January 1945
1380:29 October to 24 November 1944
1188:Blizna V-2 missile launch site
570:. The US also captured enough
520:documentary, the attacks from
504:against Allied targets, first
465:cities as retaliation for the
210:
13:
1:
7241:Ballistic missiles of Germany
7063:Operations Sandy and Pushover
6518:Huzel, Dieter K. (ca. 1965).
6451:; Sharpe, Mitchell R (1979).
6295:
6184:National Air and Space Museum
5986:"German Army V2 (Assembly 4)"
5327:. Routledge. pp. 34–35.
4550:. Commons. col. 1653-4.
4463:German V-Weapon Sites 1943–45
4366:Ordway & Sharpe 1979 p256
4342:"V-Weapons Crossbow Campaign"
3983:V2 Factory: Nordhausen 070723
3772:. translated from the French
3016:National Air and Space Museum
2833:Deutsches Historisches Museum
2073:
1960:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1887:Tactical use on German target
1274:
1267:
813:where 20,000 prisoners died.
746:
675:Technische Universität Berlin
7201:German V-2 rocket facilities
6682:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg
6529:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
6525:Piszkiewicz, Dennis (1995).
6433:. New York: The Free Press.
6425:Neufeld, Michael J. (1995).
6289:. Retrieved: 3 January 2017.
6144:. Retrieved: 3 January 2017.
6108:"Mittelwerk GmbH V-2 Rocket"
5422:The Century of Space Science
5046:. Harper & Row. p.
3629:Middlebrook, Martin (1982).
3275:Kennedy, Gregory P. (1983).
3048:Marshall Space Flight Center
2929:A complete turbo-pump is at
2698:
2449:, one of the leaders of the
2120:The V-2 consumed a third of
1913:
1123:cut-away diagram of the V-2.
1077:of Berlin developed the V-2
1073:Dr. Friedrich Kirchstein of
826:Office of Strategic Services
445:. The missile, powered by a
7:
6410:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
5633:. Oxford University Press.
4922:"Barking and Dagenham Post"
4595:"A4/V2 Sites in Westerwald"
4542:"German Long-Range Rockets"
4090:Pocock, Rowland F. (1967).
3542:Dornberger, Walter (1954).
3318:Neufeld, Michael J (1995).
3178:
3118:Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
2826:German Museum of Technology
2763:
2311:White Sands Proving Grounds
2201:might not expect more, but
2171:. The project codename was
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1204:White Sands Proving Grounds
1025:, via electrical-hydraulic
617:German Museum of Technology
10:
7287:
7251:Space programme of Germany
6687:LXV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)
6338:. F. Cass. p. xliii.
5511:. centennialofflight.net.
5321:Robert C. Harding (2012).
5261:concerning the sinking of
3826:(in German). 4 June 2010.
3466:Christopher, John (2013).
3457:(1960), Stuttgart, Germany
3104:(one was transferred from
2981:Flying Heritage Collection
2807:
2491:
2410:
2404:
2268:
1939:
1724:
1470:
1290:
1154:
1148:
1144:
589:
29:
7162:
7116:
7071:
7003:
6996:
6960:
6870:
6797:
6705:
6664:
6635:
6496:Dungan, Tracy D. (2005).
6282:26 September 2015 at the
6186:. Smithsonian Institution
6137:27 September 2015 at the
5798:29 September 2017 at the
5281:"We Want with the West",
5106:information-britain.co.uk
4950:20 September 2017 at the
4903:10 September 2016 at the
4786:flyingbombsandrockets.com
4245:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
3585:English translation 1954.
3037:White Sands Missile Range
2892:. The Museum also owns a
2742:
2736:Nationaal Militair Museum
2487:
1665:arrived in the southwest
1492:near the Château du Molay
1151:List of V-2 test launches
1058:, ground-controlled by a
977:detonated by an electric
535:The rockets travelled at
461:" and assigned to attack
387:
363:
344:
327:
323:320 km (200 mi)
315:
286:
281:
269:
257:
249:
241:
233:
225:
220:
209:
192:
172:
161:
151:
146:
103:
92:
87:
78:Place of origin
77:
66:
48:
41:
7211:1944 in military history
6798:Construction and bunkers
6500:. Westholme Publishing.
6132:"V-2 with Meillerwagen".
5442:13 November 2012 at the
5358:. JS Blume. p. 19.
5163:Rhodes, Richard (1995).
5150:Atomic Shield, 1947–1952
4127:Kliebenschedel, Thomas.
3697:. Collins. p. 181.
3412:. Kosmos, 2006, p. 158,
3259:
2584:
2573:. It could have enabled
2205:(Hitler) certainly did.
2147:sympathizers with their
1198:, and after the war, at
1186:on 30 May 1944 from the
543:existed. Teams from the
447:liquid-propellant rocket
6927:Operation Crossbow Site
6862:Fortress of Mimoyecques
6520:PeenemĂĽnde to Canaveral
6515:, 33:1, pp. 52–79.
6470:Zaloga, Steven (2003).
6449:Ordway, Frederick I III
5936:"V2 Rocket, A4 missile"
5842:"V2-Rakete (A4-Rakete)"
5456:"V-2 Rocket Components"
5042:Disturbing the Universe
5038:Dyson, Freeman (1979).
4651:"The last V2 on London"
4461:Zaloga, Steven (2008).
4433:"LXV Armeekorps z.b.V."
4229:Neufeld 1995 pp.221,222
4205:Johnson, David (1982).
3924:Sutton, George (2006).
3896:"The A4-V2 Rocket Site"
3665:Space Travel: A History
3661:Ordway III, Frederick I
3490:Ordway, Frederick I III
3150:Cape Canaveral, Florida
3041:White Sands, New Mexico
2803:(Army Museum) in Paris.
2706:Australian War Memorial
2575:sub-orbital spaceflight
2400:
2064:large-scale bombardment
1600:with Art. Abt. 485 and
1364:Up to 15 September 1944
1200:Cuxhaven by the British
673:in Charlottenburg (now
202:Some assembled post-war
7271:London in World War II
5990:Royal Air Force Museum
5654:Reuter, Claus (2000).
5352:Paul I. Casey (2013).
5178:Herken, Gregg (1985).
4241:Inside the Third Reich
4239:Speer, Albert (1995).
4075:(PDF, English, German)
3820:"Im Netz der Verräter"
3368:7 January 2009 at the
3172:Alamogordo, New Mexico
2992:
2931:Solway Aviation Museum
2909:Royal Engineers Museum
2900:
2894:
2866:
2771:
2750:Polish Aviation Museum
2716:
2692:
2685:
2676:
2664:
2554:
2503:
2437:in Lake Seliger where
2426:
2361:
2307:Las Cruces, New Mexico
2287:
2173:
2110:
2018:Charles Drummond Ellis
1964:
1923:
1902:
1839:
1721:
1554:General der Artillerie
1541:
1501:
1468:
1427:
1288:
1258:
1175:
1168:
1124:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1048:Some later V-2s used "
1021:
1004:
901:supersonic wind tunnel
865:
864:Layout of a V2 rocket.
751:
693:. Von Braun's thesis,
620:
615:model of an A4 in the
605:
516:. According to a 2011
414:
179:January 1944: 100,000
6997:Post-WWII development
6920:Bombing of PeenemĂĽnde
6847:La Coupole (Wizernes)
6404:Ramsey, Syed (2016).
6308:"'Space Power Theory"
6087:National Space Center
6062:National Space Center
6037:National Space Center
5887:Sydney Morning Herald
5682:"VĂ©ronique and Vesta"
5534:Zak, Anatoly (2012).
5431:28 April 2016 at the
5076:"'Space Power Theory"
4706:King & Kutta 1998
4379:(27 September 1993).
4071:28 April 2016 at the
3956:Hunley, J.D. (2008).
3081:Weatherford, Oklahoma
2990:, including complete
2983:, Everett, Washington
2952:National Space Centre
2864:
2682:
2670:
2662:
2544:
2536:
2501:
2431:Operation Osoaviakhim
2420:
2351:
2335:atmospheric pressures
2278:
2141:William Liscum Borden
2106:
1994:Anti-Aircraft Command
1990:Frederick Alfred Pile
1953:
1921:
1711:
1535:
1507:Operation Bodenplatte
1462:
1282:
1173:
1164:
1118:
1002:
863:
726:using road vehicles.
671:Technische Hochschule
611:
603:
590:Further information:
500:were launched by the
185:March 1945: 50,000 RM
6827:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent
6750:Army Research Center
6522:. Prentice Hall Inc.
5965:Imperial War Museums
5940:Science Museum Group
5536:"End of a honeymoon"
5204:on 21 September 2012
4516:10.1093/tcbh/hwab029
4344:. Allworldwars.com.
4247:. pp. 496–497.
3743:Hunt, Linda (1991).
3028:Air Defense Museum,
2879:Cranfield University
2625:improve this article
2531:Ariane rocket family
2494:French space program
2480:, the world's first
2407:Soviet space program
2325:initially named the
2279:US test launch of a
1847:department store in
1837:batteries where the
1720:later that same day.
1712:Ruined buildings at
1592:with Art. Abt. 836,
1574:Artillerie Abteilung
1562:Artillerie Abteilung
1463:A V-2 launched from
1356:Period of production
1224:A short and lighter
1106:ragged-edged pattern
967:regenerative cooling
945:, rotating at 4,000
872:/25% water mixture (
830:Allied general staff
765:Army Research Center
759:) conference met at
752:Der Tag der Weisheit
679:liquid-fueled rocket
488:were noticed by the
7231:Operation Paperclip
7046:V-2 sounding rocket
7036:Operation Paperclip
6932:Operation Aphrodite
6692:PeenemĂĽnde Airfield
6240:Special Mission V-2
5688:on 20 October 2007.
5571:RussianSpaceWeb.com
5540:RussianSpaceWeb.com
5402:on 14 December 2013
5296:"Wernher von Braun"
5123:Irons, Roy (2002).
5017:"Mittelwerk / DORA"
4792:on 14 December 2012
4653:. West End at War.
4436:www.axishistory.com
4052:Stakem, Patrick H.
3981:The History Channel
3883:. 19 February 2016.
3768:BĂ©on, Yves (1997).
3718:Hakim, Joy (1995).
3693:Irons, Roy (2002).
3646:Christopher, p.111.
3583:. New York: Viking.
3161:St. Louis, Missouri
3134:One rocket body at
3097:Two engines at the
3092:Huntsville, Alabama
3063:Huntsville, Alabama
3052:Huntsville, Alabama
2883:Imperial War Museum
2295:Special Mission V-2
2291:Operation Paperclip
2271:V-2 sounding rocket
2255:Operation Paperclip
2053:Double-Cross System
1853:Double-Cross System
1697:from 25 September (
1663:Artillerie Init 444
1528:Operational history
1517:aircraft, although
1352:
1081:for motor-cut-off (
928:sodium permanganate
818:Austrian resistance
586:Development history
568:Operation Paperclip
7226:Operation Crossbow
7153:Operation Crossbow
7094:Operation Backfire
7011:Republic-Ford JB-2
6942:Operation Teardrop
6910:Operation Crossbow
6898:Operation Most III
6767:The Bäckebo rocket
6556:, September 1947,
6314:on 3 February 2009
6216:on 3 February 2020
5912:Klaus Felgentreu.
5816:"Ekspozycja stała"
5285:, 9 December 1946.
5082:on 3 February 2009
3798:"Dora and the V–2"
3577:Dornberger, Walter
3207:Spaceflight portal
3127:One engine at the
3110:Aberdeen, Maryland
3086:One engine at the
3075:One engine at the
3009:Hutchinson, Kansas
2867:
2831:One engine at the
2824:One engine at the
2693:
2683:V-2 on display in
2677:
2665:
2559:Operation Backfire
2555:
2546:Operation Backfire
2504:
2427:
2366:Hermes B-1 vehicle
2362:
2288:
2188:Operation Teardrop
2081:â„›︁â„ł︁
1998:anti-aircraft guns
1965:
1942:Operation Crossbow
1924:
1722:
1658:and Division z.V.
1640:British government
1542:
1469:
1350:
1289:
1226:combustion chamber
1192:Operation Most III
1180:the Bäckebo rocket
1176:
1125:
1039:PIGA accelerometer
1005:
868:The A4 used a 75%
866:
846:Operation Overlord
838:Operation Crossbow
811:concentration camp
621:
606:
549:missile technology
526:concentration camp
147:Production history
7261:Wernher von Braun
7183:
7182:
7146:Ministry of Space
7139:Gravity's Rainbow
7125:Battle of the V-1
7112:
7111:
6740:Walter Dornberger
6735:Wernher von Braun
6481:978-1-84176-541-9
6440:978-0-02-922895-1
6417:978-93-86019-83-7
5667:978-1-894643-05-4
5640:978-0-19-926750-7
5509:"Redstone rocket"
5365:978-0-9847163-0-2
5334:978-1-136-25789-6
5226:. Uboataces.com.
5134:978-0-00-711262-3
5057:978-0-465-01677-8
4681:World War 2 Facts
4677:"V2 Rocket Facts"
4538:Winston Churchill
4472:978-1-84603-247-9
4254:978-1-84212-735-3
4216:978-0-8128-2858-0
4018:978-1-937684-76-1
3967:978-0-8130-3177-4
3935:978-1-56347-649-5
3704:978-0-00-711262-3
3380:Neufeld, 1995 pp
3337:978-0-02-922895-1
3244:Gravity's Rainbow
3140:Dover, New Jersey
3136:Picatinny Arsenal
2974:Complete missiles
2657:
2656:
2649:
2581:flights of 1961.
2435:Gorodomlya Island
2331:space exploration
2327:"V2 Rocket Panel"
2163:Unfulfilled plans
1897:Battle of Remagen
1893:Ludendorff Bridge
1880:4th Fighter Group
1649:Winston Churchill
1515:4th Fighter Group
1411:
1410:
1318:Todt organisation
1248:Air burst problem
1210:by the U.S., and
920:hydrogen peroxide
899:Rudolf Hermann's
856:Technical details
757:The Day of Wisdom
706:Robert H. Goddard
687:Walter Dornberger
627:bought a copy of
625:Wernher von Braun
541:effective defense
537:supersonic speeds
486:Wernher von Braun
481:on 20 June 1944.
443:ballistic missile
426:
403:
402:
72:ballistic missile
56:PeenemĂĽnde Museum
16:(Redirected from
7278:
7175:Monkeys in space
7001:
7000:
6973:Aggregat rockets
6893:Polish Home Army
6723:Greifswalder Oie
6618:
6611:
6604:
6595:
6594:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6485:
6466:
6444:
6432:
6421:
6379:
6367:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6290:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6249:
6243:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6221:
6212:. Archived from
6202:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6151:
6145:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6058:"V-2 Turbo Pump"
6054:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5860:Deutsches Museum
5852:
5846:
5845:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5812:
5806:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5684:. Archived from
5678:
5672:
5671:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5609:
5602:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5483:"Hermes Program"
5481:Beggs, William.
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5452:
5446:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5398:. Archived from
5392:"V2 Information"
5388:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5292:
5286:
5279:
5273:
5255:
5249:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5045:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5013:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4981:www.v2rocket.com
4973:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4943:Jeremy Stocker,
4941:
4926:
4925:
4918:
4912:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4811:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4788:. Archived from
4780:Stephen Henden.
4777:
4771:
4770:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4649:Bisbach, Emily.
4646:
4640:
4639:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4599:www.v2rocket.com
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4409:. v2rocket.com.
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4315:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4202:
4193:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4109:
4096:
4095:
4087:
4076:
4063:
4057:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4005:
3996:
3993:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3953:
3940:
3939:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3853:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3690:
3679:
3678:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3626:
3617:
3616:
3605:
3586:
3584:
3573:
3548:
3547:
3539:
3508:
3507:
3486:
3471:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3427:
3421:
3406:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3372:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3330:, 74, 101, 281.
3325:
3315:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3122:Dulles, Virginia
3020:Washington, D.C.
2995:
2903:
2897:
2815:Deutsches Museum
2801:Musée de l'Armée
2774:
2772:Cité de l'espace
2719:
2690:
2687:Musée de l'Armée
2652:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2609:
2601:
2579:Mercury-Redstone
2343:cosmic radiation
2337:and to see what
2251:Magnus von Braun
2224:, which reached
2176:
2116:
2086:
1963:, Berlin (2014).
1905:
1842:
1679:Dutch Resistance
1582:Werfer-Abteilung
1504:
1430:
1353:
1349:
1269:
1261:
1100:
1094:
1024:
951:ambient pressure
820:group including
754:
748:
581:
577:
573:
564:Redstone Arsenal
561:
557:
523:
499:
495:
472:
459:vengeance weapon
451:Second World War
421:
416:Vergeltungswaffe
347:
212:
53:
44:
39:
38:
21:
7286:
7285:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7216:1944 in science
7206:1944 in Germany
7186:
7185:
7184:
7179:
7158:
7108:
7099:Project Big Ben
7067:
7021:PGM-11 Redstone
6992:
6961:Related weapons
6956:
6952:Barrage balloon
6937:Operation Diver
6915:Operation Hydra
6874:countermeasures
6866:
6793:
6701:
6697:Kawanishi Baika
6660:
6641:V-1 flying bomb
6631:
6622:
6572:
6570:
6565:
6559:Popular Science
6544:
6493:
6491:Further reading
6488:
6482:
6463:
6453:The Rocket Team
6441:
6418:
6376:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6317:
6315:
6298:
6293:
6284:Wayback Machine
6275:
6271:
6261:
6259:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6233:
6229:
6219:
6217:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6189:
6187:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6163:
6161:
6155:"HALL OF SPACE"
6153:
6152:
6148:
6139:Wayback Machine
6130:
6126:
6116:
6114:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6091:
6089:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6066:
6064:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6041:
6039:
6033:"V-2 Gyroscope"
6031:
6030:
6026:
6009:
6008:
6004:
5994:
5992:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5969:
5967:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5944:
5942:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5919:
5917:
5905:
5901:
5891:
5889:
5879:
5875:
5865:
5863:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5825:
5823:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5800:Wayback Machine
5791:
5787:
5777:
5775:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5751:
5749:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5725:
5723:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5627:
5623:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5600:
5594:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5563:
5559:
5549:
5547:
5532:
5528:
5518:
5516:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5492:
5490:
5479:
5475:
5465:
5463:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5444:Wayback Machine
5433:Wayback Machine
5419:
5415:
5405:
5403:
5396:X-Factorial.com
5390:
5389:
5385:
5375:
5373:
5366:
5350:
5346:
5335:
5319:
5315:
5305:
5303:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5280:
5276:
5259:Stalin's Silver
5256:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5231:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5207:
5205:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5180:Counsels of War
5176:
5172:
5161:
5157:
5146:
5142:
5135:
5121:
5117:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5036:
5032:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4962:
4958:
4952:Wayback Machine
4942:
4929:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4905:Wayback Machine
4896:Foster, Vicki.
4895:
4891:
4881:
4879:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4851:
4849:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4795:
4793:
4778:
4774:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4688:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4571:. 25 May 2013.
4566:"Division z.V."
4564:
4563:
4559:
4535:
4531:
4496:
4492:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4390:
4388:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4303:
4299:
4284:10.2307/2280189
4266:
4262:
4255:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4203:
4196:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4125:
4121:
4110:
4099:
4088:
4079:
4073:Wayback Machine
4064:
4060:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3995:Zaloga 2003 p19
3994:
3987:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3954:
3943:
3936:
3922:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3892:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3847:
3843:
3833:
3831:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3774:La planète Dora
3766:
3762:
3755:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3691:
3682:
3675:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3638:
3627:
3620:
3613:The Mare's Nest
3606:
3589:
3574:
3551:
3540:
3511:
3504:
3494:The Rocket Team
3487:
3474:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3428:
3424:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3379:
3375:
3370:Wayback Machine
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3338:
3316:
3297:
3288:
3284:
3273:
3266:
3262:
3235:Politics portal
3233:
3226:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3193:Rocketry portal
3191:
3186:
3184:
3181:
2971:
2877:One, loaned by
2859:
2810:
2766:
2745:
2731:
2701:
2653:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2622:
2610:
2599:
2587:
2539:
2529:rocket and the
2523:sounding rocket
2496:
2490:
2451:Soviet rocketry
2439:Helmut Gröttrup
2425:at Kapustin Yar
2415:
2409:
2403:
2395:PGM-11 Redstone
2384:Operation Sandy
2356:was taken from
2273:
2267:
2242:
2186:Americans with
2165:
2137:V-1 flying bomb
2118:
2112:
2084:
2076:
2039:
1992:, commander of
1986:
1970:
1948:
1946:Project Big Ben
1940:Main articles:
1938:
1936:Countermeasures
1916:
1889:
1867:
1727:
1558:Erich Heinemann
1530:
1476:
1467:in summer 1943.
1457:
1341:Friedrich Fromm
1339:, Col. General
1300:Friedrichshafen
1295:
1277:
1250:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1017:analog computer
878:) for fuel and
858:
842:Operation Hydra
598:
588:
579:
575:
571:
559:
555:
521:
497:
493:
470:
392:
390:
383:
368:
366:
359:
340:
328:Flight altitude
320:
318:
311:
282:
274:
272:
205:
188:
142:
93:In service
88:Service history
62:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7284:
7274:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7166:
7164:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7149:
7142:
7135:
7128:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7075:
7073:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7026:Hermes Project
7023:
7018:
7013:
7007:
7005:
6998:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6964:
6962:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6907:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6877:
6875:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6810:Mittelbau-Dora
6801:
6799:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6784:Arthur Rudolph
6781:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6755:Test Stand VII
6752:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6621:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6580:
6563:
6551:
6543:
6542:External links
6540:
6539:
6538:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6480:
6467:
6461:
6445:
6439:
6422:
6416:
6401:
6380:(Alternately:
6374:
6357:
6344:
6329:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6269:
6244:
6227:
6197:
6171:
6146:
6124:
6099:
6074:
6049:
6024:
6017:. April 2012.
6002:
5977:
5952:
5927:
5899:
5873:
5847:
5833:
5807:
5785:
5759:
5733:
5707:
5691:
5673:
5666:
5646:
5639:
5621:
5588:
5557:
5526:
5500:
5473:
5447:
5413:
5383:
5364:
5344:
5333:
5313:
5298:. 2 May 2001.
5287:
5274:
5250:
5241:
5215:
5185:
5170:
5155:
5140:
5133:
5115:
5093:
5063:
5056:
5030:
5008:
4998:
4968:
4966:, p. 100.
4956:
4927:
4913:
4889:
4859:
4833:
4824:
4812:
4803:
4772:
4750:
4728:
4710:
4708:, p. 281.
4698:
4668:
4641:
4634:
4616:
4586:
4557:
4529:
4490:
4478:
4471:
4453:
4424:
4398:
4368:
4359:
4333:
4326:
4297:
4278:(237): 72–91.
4260:
4253:
4231:
4222:
4215:
4194:
4178:
4146:
4119:
4097:
4077:
4058:
4045:
4036:
4024:
4017:
3997:
3985:
3973:
3966:
3941:
3934:
3913:
3886:
3872:
3863:
3854:
3841:
3811:
3789:
3782:
3760:
3753:
3735:
3728:
3710:
3703:
3680:
3673:
3648:
3636:
3618:
3587:
3549:
3509:
3502:
3472:
3459:
3447:
3441:978-0307389374
3440:
3422:
3398:
3386:
3384:, 160–162, 190
3373:
3355:
3336:
3295:
3282:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3224:
3221:Germany portal
3210:
3196:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3164:
3155:One engine at
3153:
3146:
3143:
3132:
3125:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3084:
3067:
3066:
3055:
3044:
3033:
3030:El Paso, Texas
3022:
3012:
3001:
2984:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2948:
2945:
2934:
2927:
2916:
2905:
2886:
2875:
2872:Science Museum
2858:
2857:United Kingdom
2855:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2840:Dora-Mittelbau
2836:
2829:
2822:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2769:One engine at
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2700:
2697:
2673:Dora-Mittelbau
2655:
2654:
2637:September 2016
2613:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2586:
2583:
2548:V-2 rocket on
2538:
2535:
2492:Main article:
2489:
2486:
2474:Sputnik rocket
2447:Sergei Korolev
2405:Main article:
2402:
2399:
2269:Main article:
2266:
2263:
2241:
2238:
2164:
2161:
2149:miracle weapon
2133:speed of sound
2126:kinetic energy
2105:
2075:
2072:
2044:disinformation
2038:
2035:
1985:
1982:
1969:
1966:
1937:
1934:
1915:
1912:
1888:
1885:
1866:
1863:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1779:
1764:United Kingdom
1761:
1726:
1723:
1621:Porte d'Italie
1529:
1526:
1519:Raymond Baxter
1465:Test Stand VII
1456:
1453:
1419:Wilhelm Keitel
1409:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1291:Main article:
1285:Test Stand VII
1276:
1273:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1222:
1208:Cape Canaveral
1196:Tuchola Forest
1157:Test Stand VII
1146:
1143:
1133:RLM-registered
1064:accelerometers
894:thermal stress
857:
854:
822:Heinrich Maier
807:Mittelbau-Dora
714:(A) series of
647:Fritz von Opel
629:Hermann Oberth
587:
584:
401:
400:
393:
388:
385:
384:
382:
381:
375:
371:
369:
364:
361:
360:
358:
357:
354:
350:
348:
346:Maximum speed
342:
341:
339:
338:
335:
331:
329:
325:
324:
321:
316:
313:
312:
310:
309:
303:
297:
290:
288:
284:
283:
279:
278:
275:
270:
267:
266:
259:
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
243:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
221:Specifications
218:
217:
214:
207:
206:
204:
203:
200:
196:
194:
190:
189:
187:
186:
183:
176:
174:
173:Unit cost
170:
169:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
144:
143:
141:
140:
135:
130:
128:United Kingdom
119:
118:
113:
107:
105:
101:
100:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
68:
64:
63:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7283:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7150:
7148:
7147:
7143:
7141:
7140:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7129:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7105:
7104:Ghost rockets
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7058:Bumper Rocket
7056:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7016:MGM-1 Matador
7014:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7002:
6999:
6995:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6959:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6947:Project Danny
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6891:
6887:
6886:Double agents
6884:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6869:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6789:Staveley Road
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6779:Rocket U-boat
6777:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6762:Test launches
6760:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6619:
6614:
6612:
6607:
6605:
6600:
6599:
6596:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6536:
6535:0-275-95217-7
6532:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6506:1-59416-012-0
6503:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6483:
6477:
6473:
6468:
6464:
6462:1-894959-00-0
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6431:
6430:
6423:
6419:
6413:
6409:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6398:0-306-81292-4
6395:
6391:
6390:1-86227-024-4
6387:
6383:
6377:
6375:1-885119-51-8
6371:
6366:
6365:
6358:
6347:
6345:0-7146-4692-X
6341:
6337:
6336:
6330:
6327:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6300:
6288:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6277:"V-2 Rocket".
6273:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6201:
6185:
6181:
6180:"V-2 Missile"
6175:
6160:
6156:
6150:
6143:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6128:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6088:
6084:
6078:
6063:
6059:
6053:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6006:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5966:
5962:
5956:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5843:
5837:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5804:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5789:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5703:
5702:
5695:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5669:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5650:
5642:
5636:
5632:
5625:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5561:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5530:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5437:SpaceLine.org
5434:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5357:
5356:
5348:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5317:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5284:
5283:Time Magazine
5278:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5260:
5257:Besant, John
5254:
5245:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5181:
5174:
5166:
5159:
5151:
5144:
5136:
5130:
5126:
5119:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5059:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5043:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5006:Talk section.
5002:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4965:
4960:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4923:
4917:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4893:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4828:
4819:
4817:
4807:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4741:tiscali.co.uk
4738:
4732:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4707:
4702:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4637:
4635:90-70027-82-8
4631:
4627:
4620:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4561:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4488:, p. 96.
4487:
4482:
4474:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4428:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4363:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4329:
4327:0-241-89746-7
4323:
4319:
4314:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4226:
4218:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4199:
4192:
4191:83-211-0521-1
4188:
4182:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4134:
4131:(in German).
4130:
4123:
4115:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4093:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4055:
4049:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4020:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3982:
3977:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3882:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3851:
3845:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3785:
3783:0-8133-3272-9
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3756:
3754:0-312-05510-2
3750:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3729:0-19-509514-6
3725:
3721:
3714:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3676:
3674:0-06-181898-4
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3643:
3641:
3632:
3625:
3623:
3614:
3610:
3609:Irving, David
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3505:
3503:1-894959-00-0
3499:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3469:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3418:3-440-10719-1
3415:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3396:, p. 89.
3395:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3292:
3286:
3278:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3211:
3208:
3197:
3194:
3183:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2969:United States
2963:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:Chatham, Kent
2910:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2651:
2648:
2640:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2614:This section
2612:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:In 1946, the
2563:
2560:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2272:
2265:United States
2262:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2179:rocket U-boat
2175:
2174:PrĂĽfstand XII
2170:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2114:Freeman Dyson
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1962:
1961:
1957:used by V-2,
1956:
1955:Rocket engine
1952:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1930:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:Staveley Road
1622:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:Burgsteinfurt
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1539:
1534:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1496:Mery-sur-Oise
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1449:forced labour
1446:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1306:, was added.
1305:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1281:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:by the USSR.
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:radio control
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1013:Helmut Hölzer
1010:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
971:
968:
963:
961:
957:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:steam turbine
912:
908:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
886:
881:
880:liquid oxygen
877:
876:
871:
862:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:In 1943, the
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
792:wonder weapon
788:
783:
781:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
724:
723:Walter Riedel
719:
717:
713:
712:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
664:
660:
659:rocket planes
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:Raketenrummel
641:). In 1928 a
640:
636:
635:
630:
626:
618:
614:
610:
602:
597:
593:
583:
569:
565:
554:
550:
546:
545:Allied forces
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
433:
431:
424:
419:
417:
412:
408:
398:
394:
386:
379:
376:
373:
372:
370:
362:
355:
352:
351:
349:
343:
336:
333:
332:
330:
326:
322:
314:
308:
307:liquid oxygen
304:
302:
298:
296:
292:
291:
289:
285:
280:
276:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
215:
208:
201:
198:
197:
195:
191:
184:
182:
178:
177:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
145:
139:
136:
134:
133:United States
131:
129:
126:
125:
124:
123:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
70:Single-stage
69:
65:
60:
57:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7151:
7144:
7137:
7132:633 Squadron
7130:
7123:
6881:Intelligence
6730:Meillerwagen
6672:Argus As 014
6653:
6647:
6646:
6639:
6571:. Retrieved
6557:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6497:
6471:
6452:
6428:
6406:
6381:
6363:
6349:. Retrieved
6334:
6316:. Retrieved
6312:the original
6286:
6272:
6260:. Retrieved
6256:
6247:
6230:
6218:. Retrieved
6214:the original
6209:
6200:
6188:. Retrieved
6183:
6174:
6162:. Retrieved
6158:
6149:
6141:
6127:
6115:. Retrieved
6111:
6102:
6090:. Retrieved
6086:
6077:
6065:. Retrieved
6061:
6052:
6040:. Retrieved
6036:
6027:
6014:
6005:
5993:. Retrieved
5989:
5980:
5968:. Retrieved
5964:
5955:
5943:. Retrieved
5939:
5930:
5918:. Retrieved
5902:
5890:. Retrieved
5886:
5876:
5864:. Retrieved
5859:
5850:
5836:
5824:. Retrieved
5819:
5810:
5802:
5788:
5776:. Retrieved
5762:
5750:. Retrieved
5736:
5724:. Retrieved
5710:
5700:
5694:
5686:the original
5676:
5656:
5649:
5630:
5624:
5612:. Retrieved
5591:
5579:. Retrieved
5570:
5560:
5548:. Retrieved
5539:
5529:
5517:. Retrieved
5503:
5491:. Retrieved
5476:
5464:. Retrieved
5450:
5421:
5416:
5404:. Retrieved
5400:the original
5395:
5386:
5374:. Retrieved
5354:
5347:
5323:
5316:
5304:. Retrieved
5290:
5282:
5277:
5264:
5258:
5253:
5244:
5232:. Retrieved
5218:
5206:. Retrieved
5202:the original
5188:
5179:
5173:
5164:
5158:
5149:
5143:
5124:
5118:
5105:
5096:
5084:. Retrieved
5080:the original
5066:
5041:
5033:
5021:v2rocket.com
5020:
5011:
5001:
4989:. Retrieved
4980:
4971:
4959:
4954:, pp. 20–28.
4916:
4909:News Shopper
4908:
4892:
4880:. Retrieved
4872:V2Rocket.com
4871:
4862:
4850:. Retrieved
4836:
4827:
4806:
4794:. Retrieved
4790:the original
4785:
4775:
4763:V2Rocket.com
4762:
4753:
4740:
4731:
4713:
4701:
4689:. Retrieved
4680:
4671:
4659:. Retrieved
4644:
4625:
4619:
4607:. Retrieved
4598:
4589:
4577:. Retrieved
4568:
4560:
4545:
4532:
4510:(1): 52–79.
4507:
4503:
4493:
4481:
4462:
4456:
4444:. Retrieved
4435:
4427:
4415:. Retrieved
4401:
4389:. Retrieved
4377:Walker, John
4371:
4362:
4350:. Retrieved
4336:
4311:
4306:Jones, R. V.
4300:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4240:
4234:
4225:
4206:
4181:
4169:. Retrieved
4158:
4149:
4137:. Retrieved
4122:
4113:
4091:
4061:
4053:
4048:
4039:
4027:
4008:
3976:
3957:
3925:
3904:. Retrieved
3889:
3875:
3866:
3857:
3849:
3844:
3832:. Retrieved
3824:Der Standard
3823:
3814:
3801:
3792:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3744:
3738:
3719:
3713:
3694:
3664:
3651:
3630:
3612:
3580:
3543:
3493:
3467:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3431:
3425:
3409:
3389:
3376:
3358:
3346:. Retrieved
3321:
3285:
3276:
3251:
3243:
3103:
3069:
3068:
2998:Dayton, Ohio
2993:Meillerwagen
2973:
2972:
2895:Meillerwagen
2890:Cosford site
2790:
2717:Meillerwagen
2711:Meillerwagen
2709:
2694:
2643:
2634:
2623:Please help
2618:verification
2615:
2588:
2564:
2556:
2551:Meillerwagen
2549:
2517:
2505:
2455:
2443:Kapustin Yar
2428:
2422:
2392:
2388:R-7 Semyorka
2378:
2370:
2363:
2323:
2319:
2289:
2281:
2259:
2243:
2240:Post-war use
2231:
2229:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2166:
2145:
2130:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2091:, who as an
2089:Hans Kammler
2077:
2068:Bezuidenhout
2061:
2057:
2040:
2031:
2014:Roderic Hill
2011:
2003:
1987:
1978:
1971:
1958:
1925:
1890:
1872:Meillerwagen
1870:
1868:
1835:
1827:
1817:
1807:
1781:
1763:
1733:
1728:
1703:Adolf Hitler
1662:
1660:
1653:
1637:
1614:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1586:Hans Kammler
1581:
1577:
1573:
1564:836 (Mot.),
1561:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1523:
1502:Meillerwagen
1477:
1473:Meillerwagen
1455:Launch sites
1440:
1437:
1433:
1428:Meillerwagen
1412:
1333:Erhard Milch
1322:
1315:
1311:Albert Speer
1308:
1296:
1259:Luftzerleger
1251:
1216:
1212:Kapustin Yar
1177:
1165:
1161:
1136:
1126:
1103:
1092:Brennschluss
1087:Brennschluss
1072:
1068:water hammer
1055:Brennschluss
1053:
1047:
1030:
1006:
990:balloon tank
987:
979:contact fuze
975:amatol 60/40
972:
964:
940:
913:
909:
898:
884:
874:
867:
815:
796:
784:
773:Adolf Hitler
756:
743:Walter Thiel
728:
720:
709:
703:
694:
668:
642:
638:
632:
622:
534:
483:
455:Nazi Germany
435:
428:
406:
404:
397:Meillerwagen
162:Manufacturer
138:Soviet Union
121:
120:
104:Used by
82:Nazi Germany
36:
6978:Wunderwaffe
6905:RĂ©seau AGIR
6573:14 February
6318:28 November
6159:Cosmosphere
5862:(in German)
5822:(in Polish)
5752:16 November
5726:16 November
5466:14 December
5406:14 December
5127:. Collins.
5086:28 November
4991:28 February
4964:Ramsey 2016
4882:14 November
4852:25 November
4691:14 December
4486:Ramsey 2016
4391:14 November
3894:Dungan, T.
3394:Ramsey 2016
3348:15 November
3289:10% of the
3131:in Chicago.
3057:One at the
3024:One at the
3014:One at the
3005:Cosmosphere
2986:One at the
2979:One at the
2907:One at the
2870:One at the
2729:Netherlands
2722:RAAF Museum
2704:One at the
1972:Unlike the
1908:Hellendoorn
1895:during the
1845:Woolworth's
1808:Netherlands
1714:Whitechapel
1687:Gaasterland
1675:Serooskerke
1667:Netherlands
1598:Gruppe Nord
1513:by a USAAF
1423:Alfred Jodl
1415:Wolf's Lair
1359:Production
1351:Production
1337:Karl Dönitz
1050:guide beams
1027:servomotors
994:SM-65 Atlas
769:liquid-fuel
699:German Army
691:Kummersdorf
655:rocket cars
613:Wind tunnel
490:German Army
475:Kármán line
317:Operational
213: built
7190:Categories
7117:In fiction
7051:V-2 No. 13
6968:Wasserfall
6805:Mittelwerk
6745:PeenemĂĽnde
6713:Facilities
6677:Facilities
6655:V-3 cannon
6648:V-2 rocket
6304:Oberg, Jim
6296:References
6253:"EXHIBITS"
6236:Mittelwerk
5908:PeenemĂĽnde
5778:12 January
5493:1 December
5435:See also:
5376:9 February
5265:John Barry
5208:8 February
5072:Oberg, Jim
4243:. London:
4171:29 October
3291:Mittelwerk
3252:Wasserfall
3070:Components
3026:Fort Bliss
2901:Vidalwagen
2835:in Berlin.
2828:in Berlin.
2791:La Coupole
2784:La Coupole
2423:Vidalwagen
2411:See also:
2358:V-2 No. 13
2315:New Mexico
2313:, also in
2303:propellant
2199:Dornberger
2085:ÂŁ2,370,000
2074:Assessment
1903:Leitstrahl
1840:Leitstrahl
1812:Maastricht
1590:Gruppe SĂĽd
1548:Armeekorps
1441:Mittelwerk
1335:, Admiral
1293:Mittelwerk
1275:Production
1149:See also:
1110:chessboard
1035:gyroscopes
1022:Mischgerät
983:glass wool
958:(218
834:airstrikes
799:Mittelwerk
761:PeenemĂĽnde
755:(English:
729:After the
683:Nazi Party
651:Max Valier
619:in Berlin.
508:and later
287:Propellant
271:Detonation
216:Over 3,000
166:Mittelwerk
18:V2 missile
7196:V-weapons
6988:Rheinbote
6837:Siracourt
6822:Sottevast
6629:V-weapons
6326:V-weapons
5920:17 August
5866:24 August
5820:Muzeum AK
5742:"Megaroc"
4524:0955-2359
3663:(1985) .
2956:Leicester
2885:, London.
2881:, at the
2874:, London.
2752:in KrakĂłw
2699:Australia
2520:VĂ©ronique
2512:Super V-2
2476:based on
2470:Sputnik 1
2453:program.
2373:U.S. Navy
2299:fuselages
2097:Auschwitz
2007:Hyde Park
1929:Orpington
1914:Final use
1849:New Cross
1794:Tourcoing
1770:(1,358),
1766:, 1,402:
1740:(1,610),
1736:, 1,664:
1718:Orpington
1656:Waffen-SS
1610:The Hague
1566:Grossborn
1488:Sottevast
1445:Kohnstein
1345:Karl Saur
1264:Home Army
1121:U.S. Army
1031:Vertikant
943:turbopump
803:prisoners
777:artillery
711:Aggregate
631:'s book,
502:Wehrmacht
273:mechanism
122:Post-war:
111:Wehrmacht
6857:Raxwerke
6852:Lehesten
6832:Brécourt
6772:MW 18014
6280:Archived
6135:Archived
6019:Archived
6015:ITV News
5803:ABC News
5796:Archived
5772:Archived
5746:Archived
5720:Archived
5605:Archived
5575:Archived
5544:Archived
5519:27 April
5513:Archived
5487:Archived
5460:Archived
5440:Archived
5429:Archived
5370:Archived
5339:Archived
5300:Archived
5234:27 April
5228:Archived
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4796:23 March
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4385:Archived
4352:27 April
4346:Archived
4308:(1978).
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3834:12 April
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