V-1 flying bomb - Knowledge

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as a centre of gravity balance and attachment point for a variety of equipment sets. A rigid towbar with a pitch pivot at the forward end connected the flying tank to the Me 262. The operational procedure for this unusual configuration saw the tank resting on a wheeled trolley for take-off. The trolley was dropped once the combination was airborne, and explosive bolts separated the towbar from the fighter upon exhaustion of the tank's fuel supply. A number of test flights were conducted in 1944 with this set-up, but inflight "porpoising" of the tank, with the instability transferred to the fighter, meant that the system was too unreliable to be used. An identical utilisation of the V-1 flying tank for the Ar 234 bomber was also investigated, with the same conclusions reached. Some of the "flying fuel tanks" used in trials utilised a cumbersome fixed and spatted undercarriage arrangement, which (along with being pointless) merely increased the drag and stability problems already inherent in the design.

812: 1126: 63: 1880: 963:, the WR 2.3 Schlitzrohrschleuder consisted of a small gas generator trailer, where the T-Stoff and Z-Stoff combined, generating high-pressure steam that was fed into a tube within the launch rail box. A piston in the tube, connected underneath the missile, was propelled forward by the steam. It is a common misconception that the steam launch was to allow the engine to start running but the real reason was that the Argus had insufficient power to propel the V1 to a speed above its extremely high stall speed. The launch rail was 49 m (160 ft) long, consisting of eight modular sections, each 6 m (20 ft) long, and a muzzle brake. Production of the Walter catapult began in January 1944. 1219:

coast, descend to an exceptionally low altitude. When the launch point was neared, the bombers would swiftly ascend, fire their V-1s, and then rapidly descend again to the previous "wave-top" level for the return flight. Research after the war estimated a 40% failure rate of air-launched V-1s, and the He 111s used in this role were vulnerable to night-fighter attack, as the launch lit up the area around the aircraft for several seconds. The combat potential of air-launched V-1s dwindled during 1944 at about the same rate as that of the ground-launched missiles, as the British gradually took the measure of the weapon and developed increasingly effective defence tactics.

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but the most obvious solution was to extend the missile's range. Thus, the F-1 version developed. The weapon's fuel tank was increased in size, with a corresponding reduction in the capacity of the warhead. Additionally, the nose cones and wings of the F-1 models were made of wood, affording a considerable weight saving. With these modifications, the V-1 could be fired at London and nearby urban centres from prospective ground sites in the Netherlands. Frantic efforts were made to construct a sufficient number of F-1s in order to allow a large-scale bombardment campaign to coincide with the

2513: 1371:, but numerous factors (bombing of the factories producing the missiles, shortages of steel and rail transport, the chaotic tactical situation Germany was facing at this point in the war, etc.) delayed the delivery of these long-range V-1s until February/March 1945. Beginning on 2 March 1945, slightly more than three weeks before the V-1 campaign finally ended, several hundred F-1s were launched at Britain from Dutch sites under Operation "Zeppelin". Frustrated by increasing Allied dominance in the air, Germany also employed V-1s to attack the RAF's forward airfields, such as 1169: 4720: 4889: 1343:, but in reverse) atop the aircraft. In the latter configuration, a pilot-controlled, hydraulically operated dorsal trapeze mechanism would elevate the missile on the trapeze's launch cradle about 2.4 m (8 ft) clear of the 234's upper fuselage. This was necessary to avoid damaging the mother craft's fuselage and tail surfaces when the pulsejet ignited, as well as to ensure a "clean" airflow for the Argus motor's intake. A somewhat less ambitious project undertaken was the adaptation of the missile as a "flying fuel tank" 1771: 4672: 4391: 3902: 1317: 2844: 2642: 1038: 729: 927: 1078: 1233: 2432: 2599: 2546: 1620: 867:, but the government decided instead to use the missile against London. Some flying bombs were equipped with a basic radio transmitter operating in the range of 340–450 kHz. Once over the channel, the radio would be switched on by the vane counter, and a 120-metre (400 ft) aerial deployed. A coded Morse signal, unique to each V-1 site, transmitted the route, and impact zone calculated once the radio stopped transmitting. 475:. On one occasion, several Finnish soldiers saw a German plane launch what they described as a bomb shaped like a small, winged aircraft. The flight and impact of another prototype was seen by Finnish frontline soldiers; they noted that its engine stopped suddenly, causing the V-1 to descend sharply, and explode on impact, leaving a crater 20–30 metres (66–98 ft) wide. These V-1s became known to Finnish soldiers as " 1911:). If the Germans had been supplied these data, they would have been able to adjust their aim and correct any shortfall. However, the double agents would have been endangered because there was no plausible reason why they could not supply accurate data; the impacts would be common knowledge amongst Londoners and very likely reported in the press, which the Germans had ready access to through the neutral nations. As 673: 878:. Before launch, it was set to count backwards from a value that would reach zero upon arrival at the target in the prevailing wind conditions. As the missile flew, the airflow turned the propeller, and every 30 rotations of the propeller counted down one number on the odometer. This odometer triggered the arming of the warhead after about 60 km (37 mi). When the count reached zero, two 2027: 967: 800: 1308:

gain valuable flying experience. Reichenburg III was to be the operational piloted version of the V1, fitted with the amatol warhead in the nose. The front windscreen had 75 mm (3.0 in) thick bullet-proof glass for pilot protection. The V1 pilot's kit consisted of parachute, helmet and life vest. A small case contained two small flares in a waterproof container.

1712:. Early attempts to intercept and destroy V-1s often failed, but improved techniques soon emerged. These included using the airflow over an interceptor's wing to raise one wing of the V-1, by sliding the wingtip to within 6 in (15 cm) of the lower surface of the V-1's wing. If properly executed, this manoeuvre would tip the V-1's wing up, over-riding the 1697:

operations rooms at Horsham and Maidstone, and vectored fighters direct from the ROC's plotting tables. The critics who had said that the Corps would be unable to handle the fast-flying jet aircraft were answered when these aircraft on their first operation were actually controlled entirely by using ROC information both on the coast and at inland.

1000:. The Stellungsystem locations included distinctive catapult walls pointed towards London, several J-shaped stowage buildings referred to as "ski" buildings as on aerial reconnaissance photographs the buildings looked like a ski on its side, and a compass correction building which was constructed without ferrous metal. In the spring of 1944, 764:, connected to altitude and ram pressure instruments, controlled fuel flow. Schmidt's spring-controlled flap valve system provided an efficient straight path for incoming air. The flaps momentarily closed after each explosion, the resultant gas compressed in the venturi chamber, and its tapered portion accelerated the exhaust gases creating 2007:. 7,500 incoming missiles were observed by the British defenders of which 1,847 were downed by fighters, 1,878 were destroyed by anti aircraft fire and 232 struck barrage balloons. 2,419 V-1s reached the London civil defence region, inflicting 6,184 fatalities and 17,981 serious injuries. On the 28 March the last V-1 reached London. 914:, 52A+ high-grade, blast-effective explosive with three fuses. An electrical fuse could be triggered by nose or belly impact. Another fuse was a slow-acting mechanical fuse allowing deeper penetration into the ground, regardless of the altitude. The third fuse was a delayed action fuse, set to go off two hours after launch. 1978:

the radio transmitters, as he had been assured that the agents were completely reliable. It was later calculated that if Wachtel had disregarded the agents' reports and relied on the radio data, he would have made the correct adjustments to the V-1's guidance, and casualties might have increased by 50 per cent or more.

655:. Then on Christmas Eve, the V-1 flew 900 m (1,000 yd), for about a minute, after a ground launch. On 26 May 1943 Germany decided to put both the V-1 and the V-2 into production. In July 1943 the V-1 flew 245 kilometres (152 mi) and impacted within a kilometre (1,100 yards) of its target. 1977:

Max Wachtel, commander of Flak Regiment 155 (W), which was responsible for the V-1 offensive, compared the data gathered by the transmitters with the reports obtained through the double agents. He concluded, when faced with the discrepancy between the two sets of data, that there must be a fault with

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These electronic aids arrived in quantity from June 1944, just as the guns reached their firing positions on the coast. Seventeen per cent of all flying bombs entering the coastal "gun belt" were destroyed by guns in their first week on the coast. This rose to 60 per cent by 23 August and 74 per cent

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assured the committee that the ROC could again rise to the occasion and prove its alertness and flexibility. He oversaw plans for handling the new threat, codenamed by the RAF and ROC as "Operation Totter", which included a proposal whereby ROC posts would fire 'Snowflake' illuminating rocket flares

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One variant of the basic Fi 103 design did see operational use. The progressive loss of French launch sites as 1944 proceeded and the area of territory under German control shrank meant that soon the V-1 would lack the range to hit targets in England. Air launching was one alternative utilised,

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bomber. The pulsejet, internal systems and warhead of the missile were removed, leaving only the wings and basic fuselage, now containing a single large fuel tank. A small cylindrical module, similar in shape to a finless dart, was placed atop the vertical stabiliser at the rear of the tank, acting

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Once near the launch ramp, the wing spar and wings were attached and the missile was slid off the loading trolley, Zubringerwagen, onto the launch ramp. The ramp catapult was powered by the Dampferzeuger trolley. The pulse-jet engine was started by the Anlassgerät, which provided compressed air for

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device cut off the control hoses to the rudder servo, setting the rudder in neutral. These actions put the V-1 into a steep dive. While this was originally intended to be a power dive, in practice the dive caused the fuel flow to cease, which stopped the engine. The sudden silence after the buzzing

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The statistics of this report, however, have been the subject of some dispute. The V-1 missiles launched from bombers were often prone to exploding prematurely, occasionally resulting in the loss of the aircraft to which they were attached. The Luftwaffe lost 77 aircraft in 1,200 of these sorties.

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the opportunity to outflank the increasingly effective ground and air defences put up by the British against the missile. To minimise the associated risks (primarily radar detection), the aircrews developed a tactic called "lo-hi-lo": the He 111s would, upon leaving their airbases and crossing the

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The purpose of the third fuse was to avoid the risk of this secret weapon being examined by the British. Its time delay was too short to be a useful booby trap but was instead meant to destroy the weapon if a soft landing had not triggered the impact fuses. These fusing systems were very reliable,

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While the British decided how to react, Pujol played for time. On 18 June it was decided that the double agents would report the damage caused by V-1s fairly accurately and minimise the effect they had on civilian morale. It was also decided that Pujol should avoid giving the times of impacts and

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The average speed of V-1s was 550 km/h (340 mph) and their average altitude was 1,000 m (3,300 ft) to 1,200 m (3,900 ft). Fighter aircraft required excellent low altitude performance to intercept them and enough firepower to ensure that they were destroyed in the air

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Three different versions of the piloted FZG-76 were produced. The Reichenburg I was a one or two-seat unpowered glider intended for use as a training glider for pilot training. Reichenburg II was a single-seat FZG-76 fitted with a pulse jet power plant. A skid was fitted for dead stick landing to

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Mass production of the FZG-76 did not start until the spring of 1944, and FR 155(W) was not equipped until late May 1944. Operation Eisbär, the missile attacks on London, commenced on 12 June. However, the four launch battalions could only operate from the Pas-de-Calais area, amounting to only 72

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The Walter catapult accelerated the V-1 to a launch speed of 320 km/h (200 mph), well above the needed minimum operational speed of 240 km/h (150 mph). The V-1 made British landfall at 550 km/h (340 mph), but accelerated to 640 km/h (400 mph) by the time it

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was called "Antwerp-X" and given the object of protecting an area with a radius of 6,400 m (7,000 yd) covering the city and dock area. Initially attacks came from the south-east, accordingly a screen of observers and searchlights was deployed along the attack azimuth, behind which were

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never left the design stage, but technical drawings and notes suggest that several versions were considered: an air-launched version with the engine under the fuselage, a ground-launched version that could take off without a ramp and a submarine launched version with the engine moved forwards.

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who pretended to have agents reporting from London. He told the Germans that London had been devastated and had been mostly evacuated as a result of enormous casualties. The Germans could not perform aerial reconnaissance of London and believed his damage reports in preference to Pujol's. They

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decided on launching the V-1, using the Walter catapult, in both large launch bunkers, called Wasserwerk, and lighter installations, called the Stellungsystem. The Wasserwerk bunker measured 215 m (705 ft) long, 36 m (118 ft) wide, and 10 m (33 ft) high. Four were

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mobile gun could not cope with the altitude and speed of the V-1. However, the static version of the QF 3.7-inch, designed for a permanent concrete platform, had a faster traverse. The cost and delay of installing new permanent platforms for the guns was fortunately found to be unnecessary, a

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identified the very first of these weapons and within seconds of their report the anti-aircraft defences were in action. This new weapon gave the ROC much additional work both at posts and operations rooms. Eventually RAF controllers actually took their radio equipment to the two closest ROC

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On the first night of sustained bombardment, the anti-aircraft crews around Croydon were jubilant—suddenly they were downing unprecedented numbers of German bombers; most of their targets burst into flames and fell when their engines cut out. There was great disappointment when the truth was

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The conventional launch sites could theoretically launch about 15 V-1s per day, but this rate was difficult to achieve on a consistent basis; the maximum rate achieved was 18. Overall, only about 25% of the V-1s hit their targets, the majority being lost because of a combination of defensive

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began in October 1944, with the last V-1 launched against Antwerp on 30 March 1945. The shorter range improved the accuracy of the V-1 which was 10 km (5 nmi) deviation per 160 km (85 nmi) of flight, the flight level was also reduced to around 900 m (3,000 ft).

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spark plug was only needed to start the engine, while residual flame ignited further mixtures of gasoline and air, and the engine would be at full power after 7 seconds. The catapult would then accelerate the bomb above its stall speed of 320 km/h (200 mph), ensuring sufficient

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Mosquito night fighter on the night of 14/15 June 1944. As daylight grew stronger after the night attack, a Spitfire was seen to follow closely behind a V-1 over Chislehurst and Lewisham. Between June and 5 September 1944, a handful of 150 Wing Tempests shot down 638 flying bombs, with

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announced. Anti-aircraft gunners soon found that such small fast-moving targets were, in fact, very difficult to hit. The cruising altitude of the V-1, between 600 and 900 m (2,000 and 3,000 ft), meant that anti-aircraft guns could not traverse fast enough to hit the missile.

1456:, which could not attain the stated range of 210 kilometres (130 miles). However, they later considered other types of engine, and by the time German scientists had achieved the needed accuracy to deploy the V-1 as a weapon, British intelligence had a very accurate assessment of it. 1296:. After release, the pilot would start the pulse jet engine, select a target, set the controls then bail out. The chance of survival were considered very small, yet many pilots volunteered. Possibly 175 of these piloted V1s were converted at Darmesbury after initial development by 1731:

were also pressed into service against the V-1s; they had boosted engines (2,100 kW or 2,800 hp) and had half their .50 calibre (12.7 mm) machine guns and half their fuel tanks, all external fittings and all their armour plate removed to reduce weight. In addition,

2489:(CVEs) and long-range 4-engine reconnaissance aircraft. Waterproof carriers for the KGW-1 were developed for launches of the missile from surfaced submarines. Both the USAAF JB-2 and Navy KGW-1 were put into production and were planned to be used in the Allied invasion of Japan ( 2294:

The radar was effective from 26,000 m (28,000 yd), the M9 director predicted the target location position based on course, height and speed which combined with the gun, shell and fuse characteristics predicted an impact position, adjusted each gun and fired the shell.

698:. The simple, Argus-built pulsejet engine pulsed 50 times per second, and the characteristic buzzing sound gave rise to the colloquial names "buzz bomb" or "doodlebug" (a common name for a wide variety of flying insects). It was known briefly in Germany (on Hitler's orders) as 1701:(ideally, also from a sufficient distance, to avoid being damaged by the strong blast) rather than the V-1 crashing to earth and detonating. Most aircraft were too slow to catch a V-1 unless they had a height advantage, allowing them to gain speed by diving on their target. 1304:. When Hitler banned the use of the piloted V1, most converted models were scrapped. However, a few were captured by the Allied Technical Air Intelligence crews in Germany. At least one was sent to England, and two, possibly three, were sent to the US for inspection. 1981:

The policy of diverting V-1 impacts away from central London was initially controversial. The War Cabinet refused to authorise a measure that would increase casualties in any area, even if it reduced casualties elsewhere by greater amounts. It was thought that

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were deployed, in the hope that V-1s would be destroyed when they struck the balloons' tethering cables. The leading edges of the V-1's wings were fitted with Kuto cable cutters, and fewer than 300 V-1s are known to have been brought down by barrage balloons.

1050:. None of the nine missiles launched on the 12th reached England, while only four did so on the 13th. The next attempt to start the attack occurred on the night of 15/16 June, when 144 missiles reached England, of which 73 struck London, while 53 struck 775:

known as the Tornado, in which a boat loaded with a 700 kg (1,543 lb) warhead was steered towards a target ship either by remote control or by a pilot who would leap out of the back at the last moment. The Tornado was assembled from surplus

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of the United States Army Air Forces was concerned that this weapon would make his long-range bombers less important, since they were much cheaper and could be built of steel and wood, in 2,000 man-hours and approximate cost of US$ 600 (in 1943).

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In daylight, V-1 chases were chaotic and often unsuccessful until a special defence zone was declared between London and the coast, in which only the fastest fighters were permitted. The first interception of a V-1 was by F/L J. G. Musgrave with a

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region. Stellungsystem-II, with 32 sites, was to act as a reserve unit. Stellungsystem-I and II had nine batteries manned by February 1944. Stellungsystem-III, operated by FR 255(W), was to be organized in the spring of 1944, and located between

1153:. These measures were so successful that by August 1944 about 80% of V-1s were being destroyed The Meteors suffered from frequent cannon failures, and accounted for only 13 V-1s destroyed.) In all, about 1,000 V-1s were destroyed by aircraft. 1258:

when she was asked to find out why test pilots were unable to land it and had died as a result. She discovered, after simulated landing attempts at high altitude, where there was air space to recover, that the craft had an extremely high

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The intended operational altitude was originally set at 2,750 m (9,000 ft), but repeated failures of a barometric fuel-pressure regulator led to the operational height being halved in May 1944, bringing V-1s into range of the

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measures, mechanical unreliability or guidance errors. With the capture or destruction of the launch facilities used to attack England, the V-1s were employed in attacks against strategic points in Belgium, primarily the port of

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in Berlin to regulate altitude and airspeed. A pair of gyroscopes controlled yaw and pitch, while azimuth was maintained by a magnetic compass. Altitude was maintained by a barometric device. Two spherical tanks contained

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The use of land-launched V-1s against Great Britain ended on 1 September after which the campaign continued using air-launched missiles. In total, 10,492 V-1s were launched against Britain, with a nominal aiming point of

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aircraft. Flying at an altitude of 100 ft (30 m) over the North Sea at night, it directed Mosquito and Beaufighters charged with intercepting He 111s from Dutch airbases that sought to launch V-1s from the air.

1593:: "It was the proximity fuse which made possible the 100 per cent successes that A.A. Command was obtaining regularly in the early months of last year...American scientists...gave us the final answer to the flying bomb." 847:

The magnetic compass was located near the front of the V-1, within a wooden sphere. Shortly before launch, the V-1 was suspended inside the Compass Swinging Building (Richthaus). There the compass was corrected for

433:. At peak, more than one hundred V-1s a day were fired at southeast England, 9,521 in total, decreasing in number as sites were overrun until October 1944, when the last V-1 site in range of Britain was overrun by 1747:

were tuned to make them fast enough. At night airborne radar was not needed, as the V-1 engine could be heard from 10 mi (16 km) away or more and the exhaust plume was visible from a long distance.

2478: in) wider and the length was extended less than 0.6 m (2 ft). The difference gave the JB-2 5.64 m (60.7 sq ft) of wing area versus 5.1 m (55 sq ft) for the V-1. 1819:

The next most successful interceptors were the Mosquito (623 victories), Spitfire XIV (303), and Mustang (232). All other types combined added 158. Even though it was not fully operational, the jet-powered

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for V-1 sightings). Attacking a V-1 was dangerous: machine guns had little effect on the V-1's sheet steel structure, and if a cannon shell detonated the warhead, the explosion could destroy the attacker.

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A V-1 replica is displayed at The Muckleburgh Collection near Weybourne in Norfolk. According to the collection's website, the replica is displayed on a section of the original Peenemunde launch ramp.

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in the last week of the month, when on one day 82 per cent were shot down. The rate improved from thousands of shells for every one V-1 destroyed to 100 for each. This mostly ended the V-1 threat. As

1403:, which delivered a comparable payload. Approximately 10,000 were fired at England; 2,419 reached London, killing about 6,184 people and injuring 17,981. The greatest density of hits was received by 1436:

target apparatus" helped to hide the nature of the device, and some time passed before references to FZG 76 were linked to the V-83 pilotless aircraft (an experimental V-1) that had crashed on

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was recognised by both the German and Allied high commands as a very important port. It was essential logistically for the further progression of Allied armies into Germany, although initially

1263:, and the previous pilots with little high-speed experience had attempted their approaches much too slowly. Her recommendation of much higher landing speeds was then introduced in training new 8837: 898:

Initially, V-1s landed within a circle 31 km (19 mi) in diameter, but by the end of the war, accuracy had been improved to about 11 km (7 mi), which was comparable to the

2397:, with further launches from ground sites and from aircraft of improved versions continuing into the late 1940s. The inaccuracy of the guidance system when compared with new methods such as 2015:

Unlike the V-2, the V-1 was a cost-effective weapon for the Germans as it forced the Allies to spend heavily on defensive measures and divert bombers from other targets. More than 25% of

987:, Wasserwerk Valognes, and Wasserwerk Cherbourg. Stellungsystem-I was to be operated by Flak Regiment 155(W), with 4 launch battalions, each having 4 launchers, and located in the 464:, and fighter aircraft, to intercept the bombs before they reached their targets, while the launch sites and underground storage depots became targets for Allied attacks including 3223:

this code name refers to the idea of spitting cherry stones and successively improving the hit accuracy by monitoring the impact points, also by reports of local spies in London.

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had the 20 mm cannon on his Tempest adjusted to converge at 300 yd (270 m) ahead. This was so successful that all other aircraft in 150 Wing were thus modified.

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brought from Paris. Additional radar units and observers were deployed up to 40 miles from Antwerp to give early warning of V-1 bombs approaching. The introduction of the

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wrote a paper that strongly demonstrated the cost-effectiveness for the Germans of the V-1 when compared with conventional bombers. The following is a table he produced:

1895:) was requested by his German controllers to give information on the sites and times of V-1 impacts, with similar requests made to the other German agents in Britain, 3010:

has a V-1 display which consists of a post-war "hybrid" of German-machined and American parts. In particular, it has a JB-2 Loon-style forward engine support fairing.

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forced a retreat from the French launch sites in August, with the last battalion leaving on 29 August. Operation Donnerschlag began from Germany on 21 October 1944.

2731:. Although this was intended as a V-2 launch site the museum on the site has a display devoted to the V-1, including a V-1 cruise missile and an entire launch ramp. 2452:

The United States reverse-engineered the V-1 in 1944 from salvaged parts recovered in England during June. By 8 September, the first of thirteen complete prototype

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It had the appearance of a standard V1 with the addition of cockpit, ailerons, landing skids and flight instruments. The pilot would have been airlifted by either

1212:. Apart from the obvious motive of permitting the bombardment campaign to continue after static ground sites on the French coast were lost, air launching gave the 1004:

Schmalschläger had developed a more simplified launching site, called Einsatz Stellungen. Less conspicuous, 80 launch sites and 16 support sites were located from

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on 5 June 1942, the specifications included a range of 300 km (186 miles), a speed of 700 km/h (435 mph), and capable of delivering a 500-kilogram (

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and at other targets in Belgium, launching a further 2,448 V-1s. The attacks stopped only a month before the war in Europe ended, when the last launch site in the

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would reverse this decision later (he was then away at a conference); but the delay in starting the reports to Germans might be fatal to the deception. So Sir

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should mostly report on those which occurred in the northwest of London, to give the impression to the Germans that they were overshooting the target area.

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The Tempest fleet was built up to over 100 aircraft by September, and during the short summer nights the Tempests shared defensive duty with twin-engined

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forced gasoline from the 640 L (140 imp gal; 170 US gal) fuel tank through the fuel jets which consisted of three banks of three

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The trial versions of the V-1 were air-launched. Most operational V-1s were launched from static sites on land, but from July 1944 to January 1945, the

9212: 1709: 8827: 8695: 8573: 8549: 8515: 8127: 4356: 2778:, displays a restored Fieseler 103 A1, launched on 13 June from Pont-Montauban base and crashed in the mud without exploding after flying 10 km. 1804:) destroyed 44 (with a further nine shared), W/C Roland Beamont destroyed 31, and F/Lt Arthur Umbers (No. 3 squadron) destroyed 28. A Dutch pilot in 1716:

and sending the V-1 into an out-of-control dive. At least sixteen V-1s were destroyed this way (the first by a P-51 piloted by Major R. E. Turner of

639:, State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Aviation and Inspector General of the Air force, awarded Argus the contract for the engine, Fieseler the 545:, a remote-controlled aircraft carrying a payload of one ton, that could return to base after releasing its bomb. Argus worked in co-operation with 9182: 8906: 8480: 8465: 8142: 8118: 7686: 7539: 1452:

on V-1 construction and a place of development (Peenemünde). Initially, British experts were sceptical of the V-1 because they had considered only

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Heinkel He 111 H-22. This version could carry FZG 76 (V1) flying bombs, but only a few aircraft were produced in 1944. Some were used by bomb wing

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A certain number of the V-1s fired had been fitted with radio transmitters, which had clearly demonstrated a tendency for the V-1 to fall short.

2264:) and US Army anti-aircraft batteries (30th AAA Group) were sent to Antwerp together with a searchlight regiment. The zone of command under the 9207: 8981: 7711: 1919:, commented, "If, for example, St Paul's Cathedral were hit, it was useless and harmful to report that the bomb had descended upon a cinema in 1399:

Almost 30,000 V-1s were made; by March 1944 they were each produced in 350 hours (including 120 for the autopilot), at a cost of just 4% of a

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declined to award them a development contract. In 1940, Schmidt and Argus began cooperating, integrating Schmidt's shutter system with Argus'

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The Soviets also worked on a piloted attack aircraft based on the Argus pulsejet engine of the V-1, which began as a German project, the

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coast. The deployments were prompted by changes to the approach tracks of the V-1 as launch sites were overrun by the Allies' advance.

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Beginning in January 1941, the V-1's pulsejet engine was also tested on a variety of craft, including automobiles and an experimental

9025: 9010: 8618: 1530: 3884: 3839: 3741: 6470: 832: 760:. These nine atomizing nozzles were in front of the air inlet valve system where it mixed with air before entering the chamber. A 9232: 6751: 5002: 4164: 2764: 2742:. Disabled by Allied bombing in December 1943, before completion. Remains of blockhouses, with recreated launch ramp and mock V1. 2019:'s bombs in July and August 1944 were used against V-weapon sites, often ineffectively. In early December 1944, American General 1994:

took responsibility for starting the deception programme immediately, and his action was approved by Churchill when he returned.

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fashion. Ultimately insufficient Argus 014 pulse-jets were available as all production was allocated to the V-1 missile program.

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Note: Official RLM designations had the prefix "8-", but this was usually dropped and replaced with the manufacturer's prefix.

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To adjust and correct settings in the V-1 guidance system, the Germans needed to know where the V-1s were impacting. Therefore,

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and rails was found to be adequate for the static guns, making them considerably easier to re-deploy as the V-1 threat changed.

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jet bomber to launch V-1s either by towing them aloft or by launching them from a "piggy back" position (in the manner of the

9227: 9217: 6263: 5913: 5902: 5884: 5866: 5848: 5789: 5740: 5721: 5702: 5656: 5638: 5620: 5601: 5564: 5543: 5516: 5455: 5432: 5414: 5376: 5336: 5315: 5279: 5231: 4139: 4041: 3599: 2857:

A restored original V-1 is on display, as well as one of only six worldwide remaining original Reichenberg (Re 4–27), at the

2215:

was being delivered by early 1945. After the end of the war in Europe it was in consideration for use against Japan. General

960: 4186: 9187: 3113: 2329:

conducted a joint study of the feasibility of mounting a similar engine on a piloted plane. The resulting design was named

2298:

In November attacks began from the north-east and additional batteries were deployed along the new azimuths, including the

6317: 5348:

V1-"Eifelschreck", Abschüsse, Abstürze und Einschläge der fliegenden Bombe aus der Eifel und dem Rechtsrheinischen 1944/45

5032: 3805:

Kloeppel, Major Kirk M., The Military Utility of German Rocketry During World War II, Air Command and Staff College, 1997.

1704:

When V-1 attacks began in mid-June 1944, the only aircraft with the low-altitude speed to be effective against it was the

1125: 9162: 6166: 5950:

Fi-103/V-1 "Buzz Bomb", from the Luftwaffe Resource Center website, hosted by The Warbirds Resource Group; with 42 photos

4305: 2299: 2291:(94 mm) and two radar units, preferably the US SCR-584 with M9 director as it was more accurate than the British system. 2309:

From October 1944 to March 1945, 4,883 V-1s were detected. Of these, only 4.5% fell into the designated protected area.

62: 9192: 6744: 4495: 4017: 2826: 1840: 6300: 429:

The Wehrmacht first launched the V-1s against London on 13 June 1944, one week after (and prompted by) the successful

399: 6771: 5826: 5807: 5759: 5582: 5491: 5473: 5395: 5355: 2585: 1659: 6725: 3098: 2563: 1637: 1879: 9222: 6767: 6581: 6268: 5986: 3199: 2655: 1440:

in the Baltic and to reports from agents of a flying bomb capable of being used against London. Importantly, the

1158: 5945:

The V-Weapons, from Marshall Stelzriede's Wartime Story website with June 1944 UK/US news reports on V-1 attacks

3351: 7608: 6591: 2567: 2382: 1641: 1243: 1108:, from under a Focke-Wulf Fw 200. The first powered trial was on 10 December, launched from beneath an He 111. 17: 7064: 2739: 1947:

thought that the Allies would make every effort to destroy the V-1 launch sites in France. They also accepted

1118:("65th Army Corps for special deployment) formed during the last days of November 1943 in France commanded by 1046:

launchers. They had been supplied with missiles, Walter catapults, fuel, and other associated equipment since

418:"Cherry Stone". Due to its limited range, the thousands of V-1 missiles launched into England were fired from 8961: 7803: 6613: 6436: 5103: 2985: 2945: 2634: 6392: 3476: 2724: 1828:

to fight the V-1s. It had ample speed but its cannons were prone to jamming, and it shot down only 13 V-1s.

931: 8157: 7632: 7623: 7618: 7440: 6232: 6098: 3082: 3035: 2925: 2820: 2668: 2461: 1805: 5960:

Swedish site (in English) with text and many details of the V-1 cruise missile and its supporting hardware

4364: 8976: 8739: 8735: 8725: 8530: 8393: 8389: 8379: 8079: 8070: 8015: 7896: 7594: 7467: 6639: 2897: 2460:. The United States JB-2 was different from the German V-1 in only the smallest of dimensions, with only 2031: 1733: 651:, and the first flight of the Fi 103 V7 took place on 10 December 1942, when it was airdropped by a 7133: 6736: 5782:

The Flying Bomb War -Contemporary Eyewitness Accounts of the German V1 and V2 Raids On Britain 1942–1945

1469: 572:

sketched out the design of an aircraft with the pulse-jet above the tail, the basis for the future V-1.

9197: 9167: 8763: 7985: 7901: 7887: 7798: 7794: 7045: 6237: 6227: 5979: 3148: 3039: 2326: 2261: 1789: 1112: 419: 8303: 7733: 6703: 6644: 6443: 6312: 5962: 3024: 2322: 2016: 1836: 1576: 1545: 1449: 1281: 864: 558: 4426: 2870: 2318: 8019: 6576: 6523: 6431: 4949:

Now in the #WarMuseum Lobby: a V-1 Flying Bomb – Fi103 R-IV "Reichenberg" collected by #FarleyMowat

3067: 3046: 1684: 1482: 1441: 1420: 9005: 5125: 2977:

FZG-76 is on display as a war memorial at the southwest corner of the Putnam County Courthouse in

9065: 7934: 6954: 6477: 6412: 6377: 6159: 5368:

12 Seconds of Silence: How a Team of Inventors, Tinkerers, and Spies Took Down a Nazi Superweapon

5085: 4989: 4844: 4267: 2749: 2613: 2556: 1961: 1630: 1505:

to attacks from the east. In September 1944 a new linear defence line was formed on the coast of

1419:

For Allied intelligence activities and German counterintelligence regarding the flying bomb, see

1279:

s were air-launched rather than fired from a catapult ramp, as erroneously portrayed in the film

488: 326: 8956: 8902: 8350: 8288: 8248: 8243: 8204: 8176: 8152: 7751: 7746: 7738: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7311: 7147: 7040: 6465: 6422: 6103: 6048: 5777: 2890: 2373:

bomber. More than 400 were produced, some of which were exported to the UK, Sweden, and Italy.

1991: 1857: 1717: 1270: 434: 6242: 5508: 3486: 2962: 2357:

After reverse-engineering captured V-1s in 1946, the French began producing copies for use as

1100:

The first complete V-1 airframe was delivered on 30 August 1942, and after the first complete

8812: 8778: 8749: 8510: 8435: 8171: 7952: 7447: 7017: 5694: 5441: 4409: 2900:; the museum also has a partially recreated launch ramp with a mock–up V-1 displayed outside. 2858: 2249: 1724: 1584: 883: 660: 8355: 5187: 3258:

Squadrons 91, 322 (Dutch) and 610. The top ace was S/L Kynaston of 91 Sqn with 21 destroyed.

9094: 9045: 9020: 8916: 8881: 8802: 8773: 8768: 8670: 8663: 8658: 8411: 8402: 8397: 8384: 8375: 8298: 8084: 8075: 8040: 7882: 7872: 7847: 7808: 7790: 7781: 7776: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7257: 7138: 6958: 6689: 6387: 5063: 4214: 2978: 2875: 2659: 2306:

in January 1945 improved the effectiveness of the guns and reduced ammunition consumption.

1955: 1912: 1825: 1801: 1793: 1780: 1763: 1741: 1673: 1350: 1325: 984: 879: 1892: 1168: 937:

Ground-launched V-1s were propelled up an inclined launch ramp by an apparatus known as a

8: 8440: 7837: 7243: 6826: 6821: 6596: 6586: 6482: 6372: 3128: 2935: 2801: 2664: 2281: 1873: 1737: 1568: 952: 887: 804: 550: 492: 35: 3847: 282:

640 km/h (400 mph) flying between 600 and 900 m (2,000 and 3,000 ft)

9172: 8089: 7627: 7613: 6561: 6492: 6460: 6448: 6152: 4964: 4952: 3387: 3138: 3018: 3007: 2915: 2760: 2490: 2482: 2453: 2447: 2288: 2277: 2245: 2212: 2208: 1832: 1785: 1565: 1553: 1525: 1368: 853: 449: 430: 5010: 4172: 2464:

from the original German pilotless ordnance design. The wingspan was only 65 mm (

630: 9035: 8951: 8936: 8602: 8340: 8060: 7962: 7957: 7925: 7910: 7766: 7724: 7715: 7128: 7119: 7012: 6791: 6696: 6675: 6290: 6285: 6053: 5944: 5909: 5898: 5880: 5862: 5844: 5822: 5803: 5785: 5755: 5736: 5717: 5698: 5652: 5634: 5616: 5597: 5578: 5560: 5539: 5512: 5487: 5469: 5451: 5428: 5410: 5391: 5372: 5351: 5332: 5311: 5295: 5275: 5227: 4037: 4031: 3595: 3381: 3014: 2996: 2974:

A V-1 is on display at the US Army Air Defense Artillery Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

2908: 2685: 2457: 1987: 1900: 1572: 1453: 1293: 1204: 1021: 944: 849: 465: 457: 152: 5445: 5150: 4030:

Cull, Brian (2008). "The assault on Antwerp and Liège - October 1944 - March 1945".

979: 8842: 8445: 8162: 7183: 7174: 7170: 7142: 7031: 6869: 6840: 6273: 5949: 5934: 5210:

Aeronautical Staff of Aero Publishers in cooperation with Edward T Maloney (1966).

4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4732: 4519: 4310: 3921: 3118: 3053: 2788: 1916: 1770: 1557: 1090: 824: 510: 411: 316: 255: 4696: 4530: 1104:

was delivered in September, the first glide test flight was on 28 October 1942 at

1082: 1037: 874:

on the nose determined when the target area had been reached, accurate enough for

844:

servomotors controlling the rudder and elevator, and pressurized the fuel system.

9060: 8793: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8568: 8563: 8500: 8407: 8327: 7920: 7915: 7827: 7822: 7813: 7761: 7756: 7603: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7524: 7421: 6649: 6571: 6502: 6487: 6247: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 5966: 5502: 5366: 5326: 4708: 4499: 4192: 3093: 3077: 3028: 2756: 2498: 2330: 2265: 2241: 2020: 1797: 1759: 1602: 1486: 1388: 1372: 1316: 1142: 1066: 871: 757: 644: 564:. Tests began in January 1941, and the first flight made on 30 April 1941 with a 461: 311: 31: 3941: 3939: 2337:("plum blossom") but bore no more than a superficial resemblance to the Fi 103. 1872:

was requested to obtain this impact data from their agents in Britain. However,

1481:

The British defence against German long-range weapons was known by the codename

9112: 9108: 9104: 9084: 9080: 9055: 9040: 9030: 9015: 8995: 8971: 8966: 8931: 8926: 8897: 8856: 8847: 8807: 8730: 8715: 8705: 8685: 8544: 8534: 8525: 8490: 8475: 8460: 8430: 8322: 8137: 8123: 8113: 8108: 8098: 7947: 7938: 7891: 7877: 7867: 7785: 7771: 7534: 7529: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7486: 7405: 7396: 7391: 7386: 6608: 6360: 6334: 6305: 6088: 6083: 6078: 5971: 5955:

The Lambeth Archives, includes a sound recording of an incoming V-1, circa 1944

5036: 4523: 3246: 3072: 2486: 2409: 2211:

the V-1 from the remains of one that had failed to detonate in Britain and the

1821: 1813: 1752: 1749: 1705: 1541: 1502: 1354: 1289: 1193: 1150: 1146: 1026: 837: 761: 561: 395: 322: 73: 6455: 4836: 3758: 2929: 1497:

redeployed in several movements: first in mid-June 1944 from positions on the

9156: 8852: 8710: 8520: 8199: 8195: 8050: 8035: 7929: 7431: 7426: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7272: 7267: 7252: 7223: 7205: 7196: 7187: 7178: 7165: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7124: 7110: 7105: 7101: 7096: 7087: 7082: 7078: 7059: 7055: 7050: 7035: 7003: 6927: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6836: 6831: 6806: 6654: 6634: 6629: 6566: 6497: 6339: 6329: 6073: 6068: 5219: 3936: 3143: 3103: 2843: 2494: 2362: 2273: 1853: 1677: 1490: 1249: 1162: 1141:

Launches against Britain were met by a variety of countermeasures, including

988: 975:

reached London, as its 570 L (150 US gal) of fuel burned off.

860: 569: 526: 520: 442: 423: 131: 8094: 6845: 6295: 4492: 3194:

can also be translated as "retribution", "reprisal" or "retaliation"), also

1105: 890:

were released, the linkage between the elevator and servo was jammed, and a

9099: 9070: 9000: 8990: 8985: 8861: 8554: 8336: 8307: 8278: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8180: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7862: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7462: 7452: 7073: 7007: 6983: 6978: 6864: 6682: 6280: 6222: 6175: 6063: 6058: 5552: 2672: 2518: 2358: 2204: 2004: 1908: 1534: 1510: 1494: 1332: 1321: 1101: 1081:

On 13 June 1944, the first V-1 struck London next to the railway bridge on

875: 788: 749: 723: 636: 575:

Lusser produced a preliminary design in April 1942, P35 Erfurt, which used

565: 546: 534: 530: 116: 83: 5651:. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 113. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 4923: 2944:

A V-1 replica and original launch rail and equipment is on display at the

1391:

low-cost turbojet engine with about 500 kgf (1,100 lbf) thrust.

728: 8946: 8832: 8578: 8331: 8312: 7817: 7457: 7381: 7376: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7286: 7277: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7219: 7210: 7201: 7091: 6993: 6988: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6944: 6931: 6922: 6811: 6766: 6528: 5059:"Exhibit of the Week: V1 flying bomb gyroscope, Eden Camp Museum, Malton" 3003: 2775: 2768: 2718: 2481:

A navalised version, designated KGW-1, was developed to be launched from

2402: 2398: 1506: 1498: 1260: 1093: 1055: 926: 772: 733: 705: 691: 502: 453: 294: 6382: 6144: 2771:, displays a French copy of the V-1; actually a CT 10 target drone. 2365:

and were smaller than the V-1. The CT 10 could be ground-launched using

1077: 9075: 8317: 7967: 7248: 6601: 6518: 6397: 6355: 6205: 6198: 5098: 3158: 3153: 3133: 2919: 2745: 2728: 2710: 2697: 2570: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2386: 2216: 1644: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1232: 1062: 1051: 1017: 899: 891: 664:

journalist Hans Schwarz Van Berkl in June 1944 with Hitler's approval.

626: 609: 476: 840:

at 6.2 megapascals (900 psi), that drove the gyros, operated the

471:

In 1944 a number of tests of this weapon were apparently conducted in

9089: 7192: 6873: 6538: 6179: 6017: 3359: 2883: 2810:

National Military Museum in Soesterberg has a V1 and a V1 Reichenberg

2621: 2598: 2527: 2039: 1983: 1920: 1713: 1693: 1589: 1561: 1549: 1514: 1473:

A battery of static QF 3.7-inch guns on railway-sleeper platforms at

1445: 1209: 841: 828: 781: 753: 602: 576: 514: 506: 497: 405: 391: 346: 298: 106: 5930: 5287: 4822: 4810: 4798: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4726: 4714: 4702: 2545: 1672:

The Defence Committee expressed some doubt as to the ability of the

1619: 6936: 6407: 6402: 6322: 6002: 4512:

Self, Brian (January 2011), "Hudson, John Pilkington (1910–2007)",

3214:

In contemporary accounts it is also referred to as a "robot bomb".

3195: 2735: 2617: 2436: 2431: 2394: 2233: 1930:

While Pujol downplayed the extent of V-1 damage, trouble came from

1474: 1437: 1384: 1086: 1009: 777: 741: 687: 648: 640: 598: 415: 258: 141: 4244:

Aloyse Raths – Unheivolle Jahre für Luxemburg 1940–1945 p. 259-261

3556: 3554: 3552: 30:"Buzzbomb" redirects here. For the song by the Dead Kennedys, see 8866: 8788: 8783: 8208: 8190: 8185: 8045: 7981: 7976: 7115: 6367: 4502:

Ex Air Gunners Association. via Commonwealth Training Plan Museum

3088: 2992: 2967: 2417:, in the latter stages of the war. The Soviet development of the 2303: 2229: 1676:

to adequately deal with the new threat, but the ROC's Commandant

1411:, Belgium was hit by 2,448 V-1s from October 1944 to March 1945. 1408: 1404: 1301: 1222: 1135: 956: 948: 745: 695: 594: 438: 208: 3620: 2941:

The Aeropark at East Midlands Airport also has a V-1 on display.

1560:

helped to counter the V-1's high speed and small size. In 1944,

1122:

Erich Heinemann was responsible for the operational use of V-1.

7021: 3999: 3951: 3549: 2645:

V-1 flying bomb on display at the Stampe & Vertongen Museum

2370: 1972: 1958:, however, the Allies read his messages and adjusted for them. 1943: 1937: 1923:, since the truth would inevitably get through to Germany ..." 1869: 1708:. Fewer than 30 Tempests were available. They were assigned to 1688:

ROC personnel preparing a battery of 'Snowflake' rocket flares.

1509:, and finally in December there was a further layout along the 1338: 1005: 1001: 911: 765: 652: 472: 378: 366: 204: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4684: 4050: 3963: 1208:(3rd Bomber Wing, the so-called "Blitz Wing") flying over the 895:

alerted people under the flight path to the impending impact.

672: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4067: 4065: 3673: 3671: 2847:

V-1 launch ramp recreated at the Imperial War Museum, Duxford

2462:

the forward pulsejet support pylon visibly differing in shape

2026: 1728: 1240:

Late in the war, several air-launched piloted V-1s, known as

1047: 993: 768:. The operation proceeded at a rate of 42 cycles per second. 437:

forces. After this, the Germans directed V-1s at the port of

5308:

AA Command: Britain's Anti-aircraft Defences of World War II

5294:. Defense Technical Information Center. 1971. Archived from 5272:

Deceiving Hitler: Double Cross and Deception in World War II

5254:

Flying Bomb, The Story of Hitler's V-Weapons in World War II

5224:

The Guns at Last Light: the War in Western Europe, 1944–1945

4621: 966: 5615:, Missisagua, ON, Canada: German Canadian Heritage Museum, 5447:

Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence, 1939–1945

4858: 4537: 4306:"The American Scientists Who Saved London from Nazi Drones" 4221: 3975: 3808: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3123: 2893:. It was presented to the museum in 1945 by the War Office. 2714: 2390: 2366: 1433: 1269:

volunteer pilots. It was for this that she was awarded the

1016:

the engine intake, and electrical connection to the engine

997: 277: 5959: 5859:

Impact: The History of Germany's V-Weapons in World War II

5613:

The V2 and the German, Russian and American Rocket Program

4437: 4121: 4094: 4077: 4062: 3787: 3668: 1774:

A Spitfire using its wingtip to "topple" a V-1 flying bomb

799: 752:, tail pipe, and spark plug. Compressed air rather than a 4597: 3987: 3656: 3632: 3537: 3408:

Tornio 1944 by Osmo Hyvönen page 262, Ilmasotaa Torniossa

3304: 2904: 1809: 1501:

to the south coast of England, then a cordon closing the

1400: 4561: 4549: 4247: 3883:(in German). April 1944. pp. 98–118. Archived from 3447: 2934:

A V-1 is on display with a V-2 in the new Atrium of the

2928:—the piloted version of the V1—is usually on display at 2423:

ended in 1946 after a crash that killed the test pilot.

1876:

and were acting as double agents under British control.

1681:

in order to alert RAF fighters to the presence of a V-1.

1300:(DFS/German Research Institute for Sailplane Flight) at 910:

The warhead consisted of 850 kg (1,870 lb) of

5536:

US Air Force Tactical Missiles, 1949–1969, The Pioneers

5507:(illus. ed.), National Library Australia, p. 5466:

German Jet Engine and Gas Turbine Development 1930-1945

4662: 4660: 4325: 4285: 3644: 3525: 3435: 3331: 3294: 3292: 2393:. Initial tests began in March 1945 at a test range in 1788:

alone claiming 305. One Tempest pilot, Squadron Leader

1387:-propelled upgraded variant proposed, meant to use the 943:("steam generator"), in which steam was generated when 4473: 4337: 4145: 3820: 3695: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3279: 3277: 3275: 2338: 2331: 2269:

three rows of batteries with additional searchlights.

1796:), shot down 59 V-1s, the Belgian ace Squadron Leader 1353:

jet fighter, which was initially test-towed behind an

4904: 4877: 4633: 4585: 3740:(in German). April 1944. pp. 7–8. Archived from 3707: 3513: 3423: 3411: 3321: 3319: 2950:

A V-1 is on display at the RAF Manston History Museum

2748:, near Saint-Omer, has a V-1 that it was lent by the 2381:

The Soviet Union captured V-1s when they overran the

4657: 4645: 4609: 4573: 4379: 3775: 3683: 3289: 2287:

British gun batteries were each equipped with eight

1816:, managed to destroy 12 in 1944, flying a Spitfire. 1331:

There were plans, not put into practice, to use the

815:

A reconstructed starting ramp for V-1 flying bombs,

5088:

eastmidlandsairport.com. Retrieved 20 October 2010.

4461: 3608: 3566: 3492: 3464: 3272: 3245:, after the head of Anti-Aircraft Command, General 2389:. The 10Kh was their copy of the V-1, later called 2030:A V-1 and launching ramp section on display at the 1248:, were built, but these were never used in combat. 509:engine, while previous work dating back to 1915 by 426:) and Dutch coasts or by modified He 111 aircraft. 5684:, Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press 5675:, Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press 5527:The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939 to 1945 4835:Winter, Frank; Neufeld, Michael J. (August 2000). 3316: 2930:Headcorn (Lashenden) Airfield's Air Warfare Museum 2914:a V-1 is on display at the other RAF Museum site, 601:Fi 103 was approved on 19 June, and assigned 414:, and during initial development was known by the 330: 5879:, vol. 3, London: Battle of Britain Prints, 5501:Lloyd, Clement John; Hall, Richard, eds. (1997), 2889:Fi-103 serial number 442795 is on display at the 1587:put it in an April 5, 1946 article in the London 9154: 6001: 5843:, Boylston, MA: Monogram Aviation Publications, 5629:Sharp, C. Martin; Bowyer, Michael J. F. (1995), 5289:"The defence of Antwerp against the V-1 missile" 1065:ordered attacks on the V-1 sites as a priority. 647:. By 30 August Fieseler had completed the first 615:76 (FZG-76). Flight tests were conducted at the 9131:Assigned, but not used before RLM was dissolved 5596:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 5407:Hitler's Terror Weapons: The Price of Vengeance 1758:The anti-V-1 sorties by fighters were known as 1252:made some flights in the modified V-1 Fieseler 6768:Reich Air Ministry (RLM) aircraft designations 5533: 5345: 5247:, The Mill, Gloucestershire, UK: History Press 5214:. Fallbrook, California, USA: Aero Publishers. 4898: 4690: 3957: 3560: 3232:From the low hum resembling that of the insect 2248:had not given high priority to seizure of the 1223:Experimental, piloted, and long-range variants 1072: 6752: 6160: 5987: 5691:Fulfilment: Memoirs of a Criminal Court Judge 5188:"The Fieseler Fi 103 (V1) German "Buzz Bomb"" 4834: 3592:German Secret Weapons of the Second World War 3109:List of German guided weapons of World War II 2255: 1459: 748:, fuel jets, flap valve grid, mixing chamber 686:(cherry stone) by Lusser and Gosslau, with a 5209: 4992:lonelyplanet.com. Retrieved 20 October 2010. 4518:(online ed.), Oxford University Press, 4357:"Barrage Balloons for Low-Level Air Defense" 4100: 4088: 3349: 3189: 3183: 2525: 2418: 2412: 2042:(12 months) vs V-1 flying bombs (2¾ months) 1970: 1935: 1874:all German agents in Britain had been turned 1427: 1344: 1336: 1274: 1264: 1253: 1241: 1213: 1197: 1187: 1173: 938: 709: 699: 681: 620: 518: 403: 385: 371: 359: 339: 51: 5802:. Augsburg, Germany: Weltbild Verlag GmbH. 5628: 5559:, New York: Coward McCann & Geoghegan, 5484:The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945 5346:Guckelhorn, Wolfgang; Paul, Detlev (2004). 5242: 4871: 4443: 4216:Impact points of V-1 and V-2 around Antwerp 4127: 4071: 4056: 3310: 2896:A V-1 is on a partial ramp section, at the 2284:to electrically control the battery guns. 1192:launched approximately 1,176 from modified 1096:. Eight civilians were killed in the blast. 983:initially to be built: Wasserwerk Desvres, 6759: 6745: 6167: 6153: 5994: 5980: 5385: 4678: 2361:, starting in 1951. These were called the 1159:40 mm Bofors light anti-aircraft guns 787:The engine made its first flight aboard a 505:. It was an innovative design that used a 349:). It was also known to the Allies as the 9213:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1944 6174: 5856: 5534:Mindling, George; Bolton, Robert (2009), 5524: 5500: 4823:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4811:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4799:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4787:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4775:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4763:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4751:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4739:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4727:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4715:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4703:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4567: 4543: 4410:"4-Cannon Tempest Chases Nazi Robot Bomb" 3352:"War and peace and the price of cat-fish" 3337: 2807:Museum Vliegbasis Deelen in Schaarsbergen 2586:Learn how and when to remove this message 1835:bomber was modified for use by the RAF's 1762:(after "Diver", the codename used by the 1660:Learn how and when to remove this message 1531:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers 482: 452:, the British operated an arrangement of 5816: 5797: 5752:American Guided Missiles of World War II 5575:German Aircraft Of World War 2 in colour 5305: 5251: 5218: 4627: 4331: 4291: 3993: 3826: 3793: 3701: 3662: 3638: 3543: 2988:on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. 2961: 2869: 2842: 2640: 2597: 2430: 2405:saw development end in the early 1950s. 2312: 2025: 1960: 1883:Aftermath of a V-1 bombing, London, 1944 1878: 1856:officer to defuse an unexploded V-1 was 1769: 1683: 1477:on the south coast of England, July 1944 1468: 1394: 1315: 1298:Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug 1231: 1167: 1124: 1076: 1036: 965: 925: 810: 798: 727: 680:The V-1 was designed under the codename 671: 239:Time fuze to prevent examination of duds 9183:World War II guided missiles of Germany 5857:King, Benjamin; Kutta, Timothy (1998), 5776: 5679: 5665: 5577:. Poole, Dorsett, UK: Blandford Press. 5551: 5422: 5364: 4837:"Missile, Cruise, V-1 (Fi 103, FZG 76)" 4639: 4603: 4515:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4479: 4343: 4265: 3948:, pp. 10, 17–18, 24–39, 42, 47–48. 3908: 3713: 3458: 3298: 2765:Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial 1414: 1311: 918:and almost no dud V-1s were recovered. 817:Historical Technical Museum, Peenemünde 14: 9155: 6721:Peenemünde Historical Technical Museum 5874: 5749: 5730: 5711: 5646: 5610: 5591: 5572: 5481: 5269: 5260: 4910: 4883: 4651: 4615: 4591: 4555: 4467: 4397: 4385: 4303: 4005: 3981: 3969: 3945: 3814: 3781: 3689: 3677: 3650: 3626: 3614: 3577: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3470: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3283: 1407:, on the south-east fringe of London. 1236:Fieseler F103R Reichenberg piloted V-1 9208:Unmanned military aircraft of Germany 6740: 6148: 5975: 5892: 5821:. United Kingdom: Sutton Publishing. 5688: 5504:Backroom Briefings: John Curtin's War 5440: 5404: 5371:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 5324: 4967:[Hitler's Secret Weapon V1]. 4666: 4579: 4266:Hickman, Kennedy (10 December 2019). 4253: 3482: 3325: 2882:A reproduction V-1 is located at the 2535: 2317:In 1943 an Argus pulsejet engine was 1887:On 16 June 1944 British double agent 1564:started delivery of an anti-aircraft 1489:covering countermeasures to the V-1. 1464: 970:V-1 launch piston for Walter catapult 961:Hellmuth Walter Kommanditgesellschaft 553:to develop the project. However, the 9203:German inventions of the Nazi period 9178:World War II jet aircraft of Germany 5390:. George Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 5256:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 5177:; Bronze Plaque next to the memorial 4511: 4029: 3589: 3114:List of jet aircraft of World War II 2602:War Memorial in Greencastle, Indiana 2568:adding citations to reliable sources 2539: 2319:shipped to Japan by German submarine 1642:adding citations to reliable sources 1613: 5835: 5669:The Evolution of the Cruise Missile 5463: 4947:Canadian War Museum @CanWarMuseum: 4191:(in German), Verzet, archived from 4151: 3583: 2839:A V-1 in the Arboga Missile museum 2300:184th AAA Battalion (United States) 1596: 1032: 321:"Vengeance Weapon 1") was an early 24: 5486:, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 4112: 2874:V-1 flying bomb on display at the 2827:Museum of Transport and Technology 2633:The Stampe en Vertongen Museum at 2223: 1841:airborne early warning and control 1529:temporary platform devised by the 1227: 921: 859:The RLM at first planned to use a 794: 568:. On 27 February 1942 Gosslau and 541:). In October 1939 Argus proposed 27:German World War II cruise missile 25: 9244: 5923: 5427:, Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 5328:The Third Reich at War, 1939–1945 4115:The RAF Regiment at War 1942–1946 3846:. Antwerp Airport. Archived from 3023:V-1 #121536 is on display at the 1378: 744:'s major components included the 191:1.42 m (4 ft 8 in) 6393:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques (Watten) 5933:is available for viewing at the 5270:Crowdy, Terence "Terry" (2008), 5180: 5168: 5143: 5118: 5091: 5079: 5051: 5025: 4995: 4983: 4957: 4941: 4916: 4828: 3594:. Frontline Books. p. 270. 3099:Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane 3085:– The piloted version of the V-1 2544: 2511: 2426: 2321:. The Aeronautical Institute of 1618: 1493:guns of the Royal Artillery and 708:literally "May" + "chafer") and 61: 6582:Upper Atmosphere Research Panel 6534:WWII guided missiles of Germany 5893:Young, Richard Anthony (1978), 5594:The V1, The machine and its men 5261:Cooper, Michael "Mike" (1997), 5202: 5155:Muckleburgh Military Collection 5126:"Aircraft and Cockpit Displays" 4505: 4485: 4449: 4419: 4403: 4349: 4304:Holmes, Jamie (4 August 2020). 4297: 4268:"World War II: V-1 Flying Bomb" 4259: 4238: 4207: 4188:V-bommenterreur boven Antwerpen 4179: 4157: 4133: 4106: 4023: 4011: 3914: 3862: 3832: 3799: 3751: 3719: 3402: 3374: 3343: 3252: 3235: 2656:Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum 2555:needs additional citations for 2385:in Poland, as well as from the 2376: 1808:, Jan Leendert Plesman, son of 1692:Observers at the coast post of 1629:needs additional citations for 1609: 1041:V-1 (Fieseler Fi 103) in flight 930:V-1 on Walter catapult ramp at 400:Peenemünde Army Research Center 398:of London. It was developed at 9233:Single-engined pusher aircraft 6592:White Sands V-2 Launching Site 5908:. (1978, USA, Sky Book Press, 5245:The Race for Hitler's X-Planes 4165:"Deaths and injuries: 1939–45" 4140:Porsche 109-005 engine drawing 3226: 3217: 3208: 3177: 3104:Kettering "Bug" Aerial Torpedo 1831:In late 1944 a radar-equipped 1361: 1129:A German crew rolls out a V-1. 717: 667: 529:developed a remote-controlled 445:was overrun on 29 March 1945. 13: 1: 9134:Assigned to captured aircraft 6614:Operations Sandy and Pushover 5897:, Shepperton, UK: Ian Allan, 5735:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 5733:German V-Weapon Sites 1943–45 5716:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 5104:Kent Battle of Britain Museum 4924:"Things to see, things to do" 4841:National Air and Space Museum 4363:. Summer 1989. Archived from 4361:Air & Space Power Journal 4036:. London : Grub Street. 3844:Stampe & Vertongen Museum 3165: 3013:A V-1 is also located at the 2986:National Air and Space Museum 2946:Kent Battle of Britain Museum 2721:, displays a V-1 flying bomb. 2635:Antwerp International Airport 2126:Structures damaged/destroyed 2010: 1824:was rushed into service with 736:, showing launch ramp section 690:constructed mainly of welded 384:The V-1 was the first of the 236:Backup mechanical impact fuze 167:2,150 kg (4,740 lb) 9228:IAI unmanned aerial vehicles 9218:Aircraft first flown in 1942 9140:Propaganda/cover designation 6233:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg 5680:Werrell, Kenneth P. (2005), 5666:Werrell, Kenneth P. (1985), 5525:Masterman, John C. (1972) , 5409:, New York: Harper Collins, 5265:, Doncaster, UK: Mark Turner 4531:UK public library membership 4491:Ross H. Hamilton. June 2003 3083:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg 3049:in Virginia Beach, Virginia. 3036:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg 2926:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg 2821:Auckland War Memorial Museum 2669:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg 2504: 1863: 1734:North American P-51 Mustangs 337:and its suggestive name was 7: 9188:Single-engined jet aircraft 5450:, London: Hamish Hamilton, 5425:Britain's Greatest Aircraft 5388:Weapons of Mass Destruction 5386:Hutchinson, Robert (2003). 5003:"MOTAT & One Tree Hill" 3760:German V-1 Leaflet Campaign 3383:American Sub Rescues Airmen 3060: 3052:A V-1 is on display at the 3045:A V-1 is on display at the 2991:A V-1 is on display at the 2903:A V-1 is on display with a 2898:Imperial War Museum Duxford 2709:The Grand Bunker Museum in 2347: 2339: 2332: 2252:giving access to the port. 2032:Imperial War Museum Duxford 1847: 1729:Republic P-47M Thunderbolts 1678:Air Commodore Finlay Crerar 1120:General der Artillerie z.V. 1073:Operation and effectiveness 218:850 kg (1,870 lb) 10: 9249: 9163:Cruise missiles of Germany 6238:LXV Army Corps (Wehrmacht) 5800:Die V1: Eine Dokumentation 5798:Hellmold, Wilhelm (1991). 5468:, Airlife Publishing Ltd, 5325:Evans, Richard J. (2008), 5243:Christopher, John (2013), 5130:RAF Manston History Museum 4965:"V1 arme secrète d'Hitler" 4899:Mindling & Bolton 2009 4691:Mindling & Bolton 2009 3958:Guckelhorn & Paul 2004 3629:, pp. 19, 24, 28, 89. 3561:Guckelhorn & Paul 2004 3149:V-1 flying bomb facilities 3040:Flying Heritage Collection 2876:Imperial War Museum London 2445: 2327:Kawanishi Aircraft Company 2262:80th Anti-Aircraft Brigade 2256:Countermeasures at Antwerp 2148:Rate casualties/bombs tons 1460:Countermeasures in England 1418: 1061:Damage was widespread and 905: 721: 495:submitted a design to the 450:operations against the V-1 183:5.37 m (17.6 ft) 175:8.32 m (27.3 ft) 29: 9193:Pulsejet-powered aircraft 9121: 8891:Post-349 (non-sequential) 8890: 8611: 8028: 7414: 6779: 6713: 6667: 6622: 6554: 6547: 6511: 6421: 6348: 6256: 6215: 6186: 6041: 6010: 5817:Henshall, Philip (2002). 5538:, Raleigh, NC: Lulu.com, 4928:Stampe en Vetongen Museum 4008:, pp. 35, 38–39, 42. 3877:FZG 76 Equipment Handbook 3869:"Teil 4: Zünderanlage ". 3734:FZG 76 Equipment Handbook 3025:Pima Air and Space Museum 2435:A KGW-1 being fired from 2352: 2323:Tokyo Imperial University 2158: 2118: 2056: 2017:Combined Bomber Offensive 1997: 1954:s impact reports. Due to 1837:Fighter Interception Unit 1577:Allied invasion of Europe 1149:and newly introduced jet 1145:and aircraft such as the 1089:, which now carries this 431:Allied landings in France 286: 276: 272:250 km (160 mi) 264: 251: 246: 222: 214: 200: 195: 187: 179: 171: 163: 158: 147: 137: 127: 122: 112: 102: 94: 89: 80:Place of origin 79: 69: 60: 53:Flakzielgerät 76 (FZG-76) 45: 6349:Construction and bunkers 5877:The Blitz Then & Now 5875:Ramsay, Winston (1990), 5836:Kay, Anthony L. (1977), 5819:Hitler's V-Weapons Sites 5784:, London: Robson Books, 5573:Munson, Kenneth (1978). 5482:Levine, Alan J. (1992), 5423:Jackson, Robert (2007), 5306:Dobinson, Colin (2001). 5252:Cooksley, Peter (1979). 5226:. New York: Henry Holt. 3068:Aggregat (rocket family) 3047:Military Aviation Museum 1444:, as well as the Polish 1442:Luxembourgish Resistance 1421:V-1 and V-2 Intelligence 1161:commonly used by Allied 870:An odometer driven by a 863:system with the V-1 for 803:A V-1 on display in the 579:. When submitted to the 517:. While employed by the 410:at the beginning of the 6478:Operation Crossbow Site 6413:Fortress of Mimoyecques 5965:14 October 2011 at the 5750:Zaloga, Steven (2020). 5731:Zaloga, Steven (2008). 5714:V-1 Flying Bomb 1942–52 5712:Zaloga, Steven (2005). 5647:Thomas, Andrew (2013). 5633:, Somerset, UK: Crécy, 5557:Beyond Top Secret Ultra 5365:Holmes, Jamie (2020a). 5099:"The V-weapons Display" 4845:Smithsonian Institution 4498:15 January 2020 at the 4444:Sharp & Bowyer 1995 4427:"Plesman, Jan Leendert" 3972:, p. 17–18, 20–21. 3840:"The Doodlebug Project" 3056:in Seattle, Washington. 3042:in Everett, Washington. 2725:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques 2614:Australian War Memorial 2369:or air-launched from a 2276:units controlling four 1601:Eventually about 2,000 1575:, just in time for the 1540:The development of the 1450:contributed information 625:coastal test centre at 327:Reich Aviation Ministry 9223:London in World War II 5861:, New York: Sarpedon, 4524:10.1093/ref:odnb/99289 4493:"The Very First Awacs" 3872:FZG 76 Geräte-Handbuch 3729:FZG 76 Geräte-Handbuch 3190: 3188:"vengeance weapon 1" ( 3184: 3038:are on display at the 2970: 2966:V-1 on display at the 2891:Science Museum, London 2878: 2848: 2646: 2603: 2526: 2443: 2419: 2413: 2035: 1992:Home Defence Executive 1971: 1966: 1936: 1884: 1858:John Pilkington Hudson 1775: 1725:de Havilland Mosquitos 1718:356th Fighter Squadron 1689: 1585:General Frederick Pile 1478: 1428: 1375:, in the Netherlands. 1345: 1337: 1328: 1324:carrying a V-1 at the 1275: 1271:Iron Cross First Class 1265: 1254: 1242: 1237: 1214: 1198: 1188: 1183: 1174: 1130: 1097: 1042: 971: 939: 934: 820: 808: 737: 710: 700: 682: 677: 621: 519: 483:Design and development 404: 386: 372: 360: 340: 315: 233:Electrical impact fuze 52: 34:. For other uses, see 6548:Post-WWII development 6471:Bombing of Peenemünde 6398:La Coupole (Wizernes) 5840:(Monogram Close-Up 4) 5754:. Osprey Publishing. 5689:Vanek, David (1999). 5592:Oliver, John (2018). 5151:"Complete Collection" 4175:on 18 September 2003. 4018:LXV Armeekorps z.b.V. 3984:, pp. 84, 87–90. 3817:, pp. 28, 85–86. 3338:Lloyd & Hall 1997 3200:RLM's airframe number 2965: 2873: 2859:Swiss Military Museum 2846: 2644: 2637:has a V-1 on display. 2601: 2434: 2367:solid rocket boosters 2313:Japanese developments 2280:per battery using an 2029: 1964: 1882: 1773: 1727:. Specially modified 1687: 1524:The standard British 1472: 1395:Success of operations 1319: 1235: 1171: 1128: 1080: 1040: 1020:, and autopilot. The 969: 929: 814: 802: 731: 675: 658:The V-1 was named by 6378:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent 6301:Army Research Center 5464:Kay, Antony (2002), 5301:on 23 February 2017. 5064:The Scarborough News 4630:, pp. 107, 110. 4033:Diver! Diver! Diver! 3680:, pp. 137, 139. 3356:Uncle Fred's diaries 3241:This was known as a 2660:Halifax, Nova Scotia 2564:improve this article 2207:technical personnel 2160:3. Allied air effort 2075:Weight of bombs tons 1913:John Cecil Masterman 1826:No. 616 Squadron RAF 1781:No. 605 Squadron RAF 1764:Royal Observer Corps 1742:Supermarine Spitfire 1674:Royal Observer Corps 1638:improve this article 1415:Intelligence reports 1351:Messerschmitt Me 262 1326:Technikmuseum Speyer 1312:Air launch by Ar 234 732:Rear view of V-1 in 9128:Unofficial/proposed 6597:V-2 sounding rocket 6587:Operation Paperclip 6483:Operation Aphrodite 6243:Peenemünde Airfield 6003:Kassel and Fieseler 5693:. Dundurn. p. 5649:V1 Flying Bomb Aces 5611:Reuter, C. (2000), 5405:Irons, Roy (2003), 4953:23 May 2014 Twitter 4256:, pp. 523–542. 4195:on 10 February 2010 4059:, pp. 108–109. 4020:www.axishistory.com 3747:on 11 January 2019. 3171:Informational notes 3129:Operation Paperclip 3017:aviation museum in 2936:Imperial War Museum 2886:in North Yorkshire. 2802:Overloon War Museum 2774:Tosny Museum, near 2686:Danish War Museum ( 2665:Canadian War Museum 2456:, was assembled at 2043: 1870:German intelligence 1569:fire-control system 953:sodium permanganate 780:hulls connected in 694:and wings built of 551:Arado Flugzeugwerke 493:Georg Hans Madelung 394:) deployed for the 215:Warhead weight 36:V1 (disambiguation) 6704:Operation Crossbow 6645:Operation Backfire 6562:Republic-Ford JB-2 6493:Operation Teardrop 6461:Operation Crossbow 6449:Operation Most III 6318:The Bäckebo rocket 5350:. aachen: Helios. 5274:, Oxford: Osprey, 4606:, pp. 151–58. 4558:, pp. 273–74. 4546:, pp. 252–53. 4458:(pp. 203–204) 4367:on 2 February 2007 4154:, p. 153-155. 4117:. Pen & Sword. 4113:Oliver, Kingsley. 3890:on 11 January 2019 3850:on 21 January 2019 3796:, pp. 29, 37. 3726:"Teil 1: Zelle ". 3590:Hogg, Ian (1999). 3388:Universal Newsreel 3350:Frederick French. 3139:Republic-Ford JB-2 3019:Polk City, Florida 3008:Hutchinson, Kansas 2984:The Smithsonian's 2971: 2916:RAF Museum Cosford 2879: 2849: 2761:Colleville-sur-Mer 2647: 2604: 2536:Surviving examples 2491:Operation Downfall 2454:Republic-Ford JB-2 2448:Republic-Ford JB-2 2444: 2289:QF 3.7-inch AA gun 2272:US units deployed 2213:Republic-Ford JB-2 2209:reverse-engineered 2086:Fuel consumed tons 2058:1. Cost to Germany 2038: 2036: 1967: 1915:, chairman of the 1885: 1833:Vickers Wellington 1786:No. 3 Squadron RAF 1776: 1690: 1483:Operation Crossbow 1479: 1465:Anti-aircraft guns 1454:solid-fuel rockets 1369:Ardennes Offensive 1329: 1282:Operation Crossbow 1238: 1184: 1131: 1098: 1043: 985:Wasserwerk St. Pol 972: 935: 854:magnetic deviation 821: 809: 791:on 30 April 1941. 738: 678: 643:, and Askania the 458:anti-aircraft guns 422:along the French ( 357:and in Germany as 333:) designation was 123:Production history 9198:Mid-wing aircraft 9168:Fieseler aircraft 9150: 9149: 6734: 6733: 6697:Ministry of Space 6690:Gravity's Rainbow 6676:Battle of the V-1 6663: 6662: 6291:Walter Dornberger 6286:Wernher von Braun 6142: 6141: 5914:978-0-89402-072-8 5904:978-0-7110-0842-7 5886:978-0-900913-58-7 5868:978-1-885119-51-3 5850:978-0-914144-04-5 5791:978-1-86105-581-1 5742:978-1-84603-247-9 5723:978-1-84176-791-8 5704:978-1-4597-1502-8 5658:978-1-78096-292-4 5640:978-0-947554-41-5 5622:978-1-894643-05-4 5603:978-1-987754-75-9 5566:978-0-698-10882-0 5545:978-0-557-00029-6 5518:978-0-642-10688-9 5457:978-0-241-89746-1 5434:978-1-84415-383-1 5416:978-0-00-711263-0 5378:978-1-328-46012-7 5338:978-1-59420-206-3 5317:978-0-413-76540-6 5281:978-1-84603-135-9 5233:978-0-349-14048-3 5013:on 11 August 2009 4529:(Subscription or 4456:Ultimate Spitfire 4414:Popular Mechanics 4101:Aeronautical 1966 4089:Aeronautical 1966 4043:978-1-904943-39-6 3996:, pp. 32–35. 3960:, pp. 20–23. 3665:, pp. 29–30. 3653:, pp. 27–28. 3641:, pp. 30–32. 3601:978-1-8483-2781-8 3563:, pp. 12–19. 3546:, pp. 32–33. 3534:, pp. 19–24. 3461:, pp. 41–62. 3444:, pp. 56–59. 3015:Fantasy of Flight 2909:RAF Museum Hendon 2667:, manned version 2596: 2595: 2588: 2458:Republic Aviation 2383:Blizna test range 2198: 2197: 1988:Findlater Stewart 1901:Roman Czerniawski 1670: 1669: 1662: 1573:analogue computer 1554:gun-laying radars 1383:There was also a 1346:(Deichselschlepp) 1294:Focke-Wulf Fw 200 1205:Kampfgeschwader 3 1115:Armeekorps z.b.V. 951:) was mixed with 945:hydrogen peroxide 865:precision attacks 850:magnetic variance 466:strategic bombing 420:launch facilities 387:Vergeltungswaffen 304: 303: 16:(Redirected from 9240: 8943: 8923: 8878: 8824: 8819: 8800: 8760: 8755: 8746: 8722: 8702: 8692: 8682: 8677: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8599: 8560: 8541: 8497: 8487: 8472: 8457: 8452: 8422: 8372: 8362: 8347: 8295: 8285: 8275: 8255: 8240: 8235: 8149: 8134: 8105: 8067: 8057: 7974: 7945: 7908: 7859: 7854: 7844: 7834: 7744: 7731: 7722: 7693: 7601: 7522: 7403: 7373: 7368: 7358: 7318: 7293: 7264: 7028: 7000: 6951: 6942: 6920: 6900: 6818: 6803: 6798: 6788: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6738: 6737: 6726:Monkeys in space 6552: 6551: 6524:Aggregat rockets 6444:Polish Home Army 6274:Greifswalder Oie 6169: 6162: 6155: 6146: 6145: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5973: 5972: 5935:Internet Archive 5907: 5889: 5871: 5853: 5832: 5813: 5794: 5765: 5746: 5727: 5708: 5685: 5676: 5674: 5662: 5643: 5625: 5607: 5588: 5569: 5548: 5530: 5521: 5496: 5478: 5460: 5437: 5419: 5401: 5382: 5361: 5341: 5321: 5302: 5300: 5293: 5284: 5266: 5257: 5248: 5237: 5215: 5196: 5195: 5192:Museum of Flight 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5039:on 19 April 2012 5035:. Archived from 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5009:. Archived from 5007:Ball of Dirt.com 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4961: 4955: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4872:Christopher 2013 4869: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4693:, pp. 6–31. 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4526: 4509: 4503: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4423: 4417: 4416:, February 1945. 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4226:(map), V2 Rocket 4225: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4171:. Archived from 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4128:Christopher 2013 4125: 4119: 4118: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4075: 4072:Christopher 2013 4069: 4060: 4057:Christopher 2013 4054: 4048: 4047: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3922:"V1 Light Sites" 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3889: 3882: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3739: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3564: 3558: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3490: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3358:. Archived from 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3314: 3311:Christopher 2013 3308: 3302: 3296: 3287: 3281: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3193: 3187: 3185:Vergeltungswaffe 3181: 3119:List of missiles 3054:Museum of Flight 2789:Deutsches Museum 2591: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2548: 2540: 2531: 2517: 2515: 2514: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2422: 2416: 2342: 2335: 2044: 2037: 1976: 1953: 1941: 1917:Twenty Committee 1710:No. 150 Wing RAF 1665: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1622: 1614: 1603:barrage balloons 1597:Barrage balloons 1558:cavity magnetron 1535:railway sleepers 1431: 1348: 1342: 1278: 1268: 1257: 1247: 1217: 1201: 1191: 1177: 1143:barrage balloons 1091:English Heritage 1033:Operation Eisbär 978:On 18 June 1943 942: 882:were fired. Two 880:detonating bolts 805:Musée de l'Armée 713: 703: 685: 624: 622:Erprobungsstelle 592: 591: 587: 539:Flakzielgerät-43 524: 511:Sperry Gyroscope 477:flying torpedoes 462:barrage balloons 412:Second World War 409: 389: 375: 363: 343: 332: 317:Vergeltungswaffe 279: 256:Argus As 109-014 65: 56: 55: 43: 42: 21: 9248: 9247: 9243: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9117: 8941: 8921: 8886: 8876: 8822: 8817: 8798: 8758: 8753: 8744: 8720: 8700: 8690: 8680: 8675: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8607: 8597: 8558: 8539: 8495: 8485: 8470: 8455: 8450: 8420: 8370: 8360: 8345: 8293: 8283: 8273: 8253: 8238: 8233: 8147: 8132: 8103: 8065: 8055: 8024: 7972: 7943: 7906: 7857: 7852: 7842: 7832: 7742: 7729: 7720: 7691: 7599: 7520: 7410: 7401: 7371: 7366: 7356: 7316: 7291: 7262: 7026: 6998: 6949: 6940: 6918: 6898: 6816: 6801: 6796: 6786: 6775: 6765: 6735: 6730: 6709: 6659: 6650:Project Big Ben 6618: 6572:PGM-11 Redstone 6543: 6512:Related weapons 6507: 6503:Barrage balloon 6488:Operation Diver 6466:Operation Hydra 6425:countermeasures 6417: 6344: 6252: 6248:Kawanishi Baika 6211: 6192:V-1 flying bomb 6182: 6173: 6143: 6138: 6037: 6006: 6000: 5967:Wayback Machine 5940:V-1 Launch Site 5931:of FZG 76 – V-1 5926: 5920: 5905: 5895:The Flying Bomb 5887: 5869: 5851: 5829: 5810: 5792: 5771:Further reading 5768: 5762: 5743: 5724: 5705: 5672: 5659: 5641: 5623: 5604: 5585: 5567: 5546: 5519: 5494: 5476: 5458: 5435: 5417: 5398: 5379: 5358: 5339: 5318: 5298: 5291: 5282: 5234: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5086:"The Aeropark." 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4679:Hutchinson 2003 4677: 4673: 4665: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4528: 4510: 4506: 4500:Wayback Machine 4490: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4078: 4070: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3924:. Atlantic Wall 3920: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3737: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3567: 3559: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3522:, pp. 8–9. 3518: 3514: 3506: 3493: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432:, pp. 5–6. 3428: 3424: 3420:, pp. 3–5. 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3273: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3182: 3178: 3168: 3163: 3094:Henschel Hs 293 3078:Argus Fernfeuer 3063: 3029:Tucson, Arizona 2796:The Netherlands 2757:Overlord Museum 2734:Le Val Ygot at 2671:, collected by 2592: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2561: 2549: 2538: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2499:SSM-N-8 Regulus 2487:escort carriers 2474: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2450: 2429: 2379: 2355: 2350: 2315: 2266:21st Army Group 2258: 2250:Scheldt estuary 2242:Port of Antwerp 2228:The attacks on 2226: 2224:Belgian attacks 2021:Clayton Bissell 2013: 2000: 1951: 1866: 1850: 1798:Remy Van Lierde 1760:"Diver patrols" 1666: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1635: 1623: 1612: 1599: 1487:Operation Diver 1467: 1462: 1424: 1417: 1397: 1389:Porsche 109-005 1381: 1364: 1314: 1230: 1228:Piloted variant 1225: 1075: 1067:Operation Cobra 1035: 959:). Designed by 924: 922:Walter catapult 908: 872:vane anemometer 825:guidance system 797: 795:Guidance system 726: 720: 670: 645:guidance system 631:Peenemünde-West 589: 585: 584: 485: 473:Tornio, Finland 402:in 1939 by the 335:Fieseler Fi 103 325:. Its official 308:V-1 flying bomb 291: 289: 269: 267: 247: 242: 227: 225: 196: 95:In service 90:Service history 50: 49:Fieseler Fi 103 48: 47:V-1 flying bomb 46: 39: 32:Buzzbomb (song) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9246: 9236: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9148: 9147: 9142: 9141: 9138: 9135: 9132: 9129: 9126: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9115: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8900: 8894: 8892: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8747: 8742: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8667: 8666: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8615: 8613: 8609: 8608: 8606: 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6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6007: 5999: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5925: 5924:External links 5922: 5918: 5917: 5903: 5890: 5885: 5872: 5867: 5854: 5849: 5833: 5827: 5814: 5808: 5795: 5790: 5778:Haining, Peter 5767: 5766: 5760: 5747: 5741: 5728: 5722: 5709: 5703: 5686: 5677: 5663: 5657: 5644: 5639: 5626: 5621: 5608: 5602: 5589: 5583: 5570: 5565: 5549: 5544: 5531: 5529:, London: Avon 5522: 5517: 5498: 5492: 5479: 5474: 5461: 5456: 5438: 5433: 5420: 5415: 5402: 5396: 5383: 5377: 5362: 5356: 5343: 5337: 5322: 5316: 5303: 5285: 5280: 5267: 5258: 5249: 5239: 5238: 5232: 5220:Atkinson, Rick 5216: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5179: 5167: 5142: 5117: 5090: 5078: 5067:. 29 July 2017 5050: 5024: 4994: 4982: 4956: 4940: 4915: 4903: 4888: 4876: 4874:, p. 193. 4857: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4755: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4707: 4695: 4683: 4671: 4669:, p. 199. 4656: 4644: 4642:, pp. 20. 4632: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4594:, p. 280. 4584: 4582:, p. 422. 4572: 4570:, p. 254. 4568:Masterman 1972 4560: 4548: 4544:Masterman 1972 4536: 4504: 4484: 4482:, p. 217. 4472: 4460: 4448: 4446:, p. 179. 4436: 4431:TracesOfWar.nl 4418: 4402: 4390: 4378: 4348: 4346:, p. 360. 4336: 4334:, p. 438. 4324: 4296: 4294:, p. 436. 4284: 4258: 4246: 4237: 4206: 4178: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4130:, p. 179. 4120: 4105: 4093: 4076: 4074:, p. 109. 4061: 4049: 4042: 4022: 4010: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3962: 3950: 3935: 3913: 3901: 3861: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3750: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3682: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3600: 3582: 3565: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3491: 3475: 3463: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3401: 3373: 3362:on 7 July 2017 3342: 3340:, p. 222. 3330: 3315: 3313:, p. 108. 3303: 3288: 3270: 3269: 3261: 3260: 3251: 3247:Frederick Pile 3234: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3198:Fi 103 by the 3175: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3080: 3075: 3073:Amerika Bomber 3070: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3050: 3043: 3032: 3021: 3011: 3000: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2932: 2922: 2912: 2911:, north London 2901: 2894: 2887: 2868: 2867: 2866:United Kingdom 2863: 2862: 2854: 2853: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2772: 2753: 2750:Science Museum 2743: 2732: 2722: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2662: 2652: 2651: 2639: 2638: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2609: 2608: 2594: 2593: 2552: 2550: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2522: 2521: 2506: 2503: 2446:Main article: 2428: 2425: 2410:Junkers EF 126 2378: 2375: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2314: 2311: 2260:Both British ( 2257: 2254: 2225: 2222: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2188:Personnel lost 2185: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2177:Aircraft lost 2174: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2108:Personnel lost 2105: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2012: 2009: 1999: 1996: 1865: 1862: 1849: 1846: 1822:Gloster Meteor 1814:Albert Plesman 1753:Roland Beamont 1750:Wing Commander 1706:Hawker Tempest 1668: 1667: 1626: 1624: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1598: 1595: 1542:proximity fuze 1533:and made from 1503:Thames Estuary 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1426:The codename " 1416: 1413: 1396: 1393: 1380: 1379:FZG-76 version 1377: 1363: 1360: 1313: 1310: 1290:Heinkel He 111 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1194:Heinkel He 111 1151:Gloster Meteor 1147:Hawker Tempest 1074: 1071: 1034: 1031: 980:Hermann Göring 923: 920: 907: 904: 838:compressed air 827:used a simple 796: 793: 762:throttle valve 722:Main article: 719: 716: 669: 666: 562:fuel injection 491:and Professor 484: 481: 396:terror bombing 323:cruise missile 302: 301: 292: 287: 284: 283: 280: 278:Maximum speed 274: 273: 270: 265: 262: 261: 253: 249: 248: 244: 243: 241: 240: 237: 234: 230: 228: 223: 220: 219: 216: 212: 211: 202: 198: 197: 193: 192: 189: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 159:Specifications 156: 155: 149: 148:Unit cost 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 74:Cruise missile 71: 67: 66: 58: 57: 26: 18:V1 flying bomb 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9245: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9145: 9139: 9136: 9133: 9130: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9120: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8889: 8883: 8880: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8757: 8751: 8748: 8743: 8741: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8610: 8604: 8601: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8538: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8398:Me 263 (1945) 8395: 8394:Me 263 (1942) 8391: 8390:Me 263 (1941) 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8102: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7942: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7728: 7726: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7407: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7005: 7002: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6948: 6946: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6755: 6750: 6748: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6656: 6655:Ghost rockets 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6609:Bumper Rocket 6607: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6567:MGM-1 Matador 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6498:Project Danny 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6437:Double agents 6435: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6340:Staveley Road 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6330:Rocket U-boat 6328: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6313:Test launches 6311: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6165: 6163: 6158: 6156: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6004: 5997: 5992: 5990: 5985: 5983: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5870: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5852: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5828:0-7509-2607-4 5824: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5809:3-89350-352-8 5805: 5801: 5796: 5793: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5763: 5761:9781472839268 5757: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5682:Archie to SAM 5678: 5671: 5670: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5642: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5624: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5584:0-7137-0860-3 5580: 5576: 5571: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5553:Montagu, Ewen 5550: 5547: 5541: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5499: 5495: 5493:0-275-94319-4 5489: 5485: 5480: 5477: 5475:9781840372946 5471: 5467: 5462: 5459: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5397:0-297-83091-0 5393: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5357:3-933608-94-5 5353: 5349: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5176: 5175:The Buzz Bomb 5171: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4913:, p. 33. 4912: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4886:, p. 80. 4885: 4880: 4873: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4825:, p. 54. 4824: 4819: 4813:, p. 68. 4812: 4807: 4801:, p. 53. 4800: 4795: 4789:, p. 51. 4788: 4783: 4777:, p. 45. 4776: 4771: 4765:, p. 40. 4764: 4759: 4753:, p. 36. 4752: 4747: 4741:, p. 34. 4740: 4735: 4728: 4723: 4716: 4711: 4705:, p. 31. 4704: 4699: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4654:, p. 71. 4653: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4629: 4628:Atkinson 2013 4624: 4618:, p. 40. 4617: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4532: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4508: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4481: 4476: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4452: 4445: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4388:, p. 34. 4387: 4382: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4345: 4340: 4333: 4332:Dobinson 2001 4328: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4292:Dobinson 2001 4288: 4273: 4272:ThoughtCo.com 4269: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4241: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4210: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4116: 4109: 4103:, p. 47. 4102: 4097: 4091:, p. 45. 4090: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4058: 4053: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4007: 4002: 3995: 3994:Cooksley 1979 3990: 3983: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3959: 3954: 3947: 3942: 3940: 3923: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3865: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3829:, p. 30. 3828: 3827:Cooksley 1979 3823: 3816: 3811: 3802: 3795: 3794:Cooksley 1979 3790: 3784:, p. 27. 3783: 3778: 3763:, Psy Warrior 3762: 3761: 3754: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3722: 3716:, p. 54. 3715: 3710: 3704:, p. 39. 3703: 3702:Cooksley 1979 3698: 3692:, p. 33. 3691: 3686: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3664: 3663:Cooksley 1979 3659: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3639:Cooksley 1979 3635: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3545: 3544:Cooksley 1979 3540: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3509: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3472: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3431: 3426: 3419: 3414: 3405: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3377: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3328:, p. 81. 3327: 3322: 3320: 3312: 3307: 3301:, p. 53. 3300: 3295: 3293: 3286:, p. 11. 3285: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3255: 3248: 3244: 3243:Pyle platform 3238: 3229: 3220: 3211: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3144:SCR-584 radar 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2958:United States 2957: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2872: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2590: 2587: 2579: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2553:This section 2551: 2547: 2542: 2541: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2509: 2508: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2495:MGM-1 Matador 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2441: 2440: 2433: 2427:United States 2424: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2363:ARSAERO CT 10 2360: 2359:target drones 2345: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274:SCR-584 radar 2270: 2267: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2097:Aircraft lost 2096: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2006: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1975: 1974: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1854:bomb disposal 1845: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1720:on 18 June). 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1664: 1661: 1653: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1627:This section 1625: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1607: 1604: 1594: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1556:based on the 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491:Anti-aircraft 1488: 1484: 1476: 1471: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1448:intelligence 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1429:Flakzielgerät 1422: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1359: 1356: 1355:He 177A Greif 1352: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1256: 1251: 1250:Hanna Reitsch 1246: 1245: 1234: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1196:H-22s of the 1195: 1190: 1181: 1176: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1039: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 989:Pas-de-Calais 986: 981: 976: 968: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 941: 940:Dampferzeuger 933: 928: 919: 915: 913: 903: 901: 896: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 868: 866: 862: 861:radio control 857: 855: 851: 845: 843: 839: 834: 831:developed by 830: 826: 818: 813: 806: 801: 792: 790: 785: 783: 779: 774: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 735: 730: 725: 715: 712: 707: 702: 697: 693: 689: 684: 674: 665: 663: 662: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 632: 628: 623: 618: 614: 613:Flakzielgerät 611: 607: 604: 600: 596: 582: 578: 573: 571: 570:Robert Lusser 567: 563: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 527:Fritz Gosslau 523: 522: 521:Argus Motoren 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 499: 494: 490: 480: 478: 474: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 446: 444: 443:Low Countries 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 424:Pas-de-Calais 421: 417: 413: 408: 407: 401: 397: 393: 388: 382: 380: 376: 374: 368: 364: 362: 356: 352: 348: 344: 342: 336: 328: 324: 320: 318: 313: 309: 300: 296: 293: 285: 281: 275: 271: 263: 260: 257: 254: 250: 245: 238: 235: 232: 231: 229: 221: 217: 213: 210: 206: 203: 199: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 157: 154: 150: 146: 143: 140: 136: 133: 132:Robert Lusser 130: 126: 121: 118: 115: 111: 108: 105: 101: 97: 93: 88: 85: 82: 78: 75: 72: 68: 64: 59: 54: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9143: 9125:Not assigned 7435: 7281: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6683:633 Squadron 6681: 6674: 6432:Intelligence 6281:Meillerwagen 6223:Argus As 014 6204: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6093: 6033:SK3 Herkules 5929:A film clip 5919: 5894: 5876: 5858: 5841: 5837: 5818: 5799: 5781: 5770: 5769: 5751: 5732: 5713: 5690: 5681: 5668: 5648: 5630: 5612: 5593: 5574: 5556: 5535: 5526: 5503: 5483: 5465: 5446: 5424: 5406: 5387: 5367: 5347: 5327: 5307: 5296:the original 5271: 5262: 5253: 5244: 5223: 5211: 5203:Bibliography 5191: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5158:. Retrieved 5154: 5145: 5133:. Retrieved 5129: 5120: 5108:. Retrieved 5102: 5093: 5081: 5069:. Retrieved 5062: 5053: 5041:. Retrieved 5037:the original 5027: 5015:. Retrieved 5011:the original 5006: 4997: 4985: 4973:. Retrieved 4969:Tosny Museum 4968: 4959: 4948: 4943: 4931:. Retrieved 4927: 4918: 4906: 4879: 4848:. Retrieved 4840: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4746: 4734: 4722: 4717:, p. 9. 4710: 4698: 4686: 4674: 4647: 4640:Werrell 2005 4635: 4623: 4611: 4604:Montagu 1978 4599: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4513: 4507: 4487: 4480:Jackson 2007 4475: 4470:, p. 8. 4463: 4455: 4451: 4439: 4430: 4421: 4413: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4369:. Retrieved 4365:the original 4360: 4351: 4344:Holmes 2020a 4339: 4327: 4315:. Retrieved 4309: 4299: 4287: 4275:. Retrieved 4271: 4261: 4249: 4240: 4228:, retrieved 4215: 4209: 4197:, retrieved 4193:the original 4187: 4181: 4173:the original 4168: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4123: 4114: 4108: 4096: 4052: 4032: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3989: 3977: 3965: 3953: 3926:. Retrieved 3916: 3909:Werrell 1985 3904: 3892:. Retrieved 3885:the original 3876: 3871: 3864: 3852:. Retrieved 3848:the original 3843: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3765:, retrieved 3759: 3753: 3742:the original 3733: 3728: 3721: 3714:Werrell 1985 3709: 3697: 3685: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3617:, p. 8. 3610: 3591: 3585: 3580:, p. 5. 3539: 3527: 3515: 3510:, p. 6. 3478: 3473:, p. 7. 3466: 3459:Werrell 1985 3437: 3425: 3413: 3404: 3392:. Retrieved 3382: 3376: 3364:. Retrieved 3360:the original 3355: 3345: 3333: 3306: 3299:Werrell 1985 3265: 3264: 3254: 3242: 3237: 3228: 3219: 3210: 3202: 3179: 3170: 3169: 2692:Tøjhusmuseet 2691: 2687: 2673:Farley Mowat 2582: 2576:January 2021 2573: 2562:Please help 2557:verification 2554: 2519:Nazi Germany 2480: 2451: 2438: 2407: 2380: 2377:Soviet Union 2356: 2316: 2308: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2271: 2259: 2239: 2227: 2205:Wright Field 2203: 2199: 2159: 2119: 2057: 2014: 2005:Tower Bridge 2001: 1980: 1968: 1948: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1909:Wulf Schmidt 1904: 1896: 1888: 1886: 1867: 1851: 1830: 1818: 1806:322 Squadron 1802:164 Squadron 1794:501 Squadron 1790:Joseph Berry 1777: 1757: 1722: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1671: 1656: 1650:January 2021 1647: 1636:Please help 1631:verification 1628: 1610:Interceptors 1600: 1588: 1581: 1571:based on an 1539: 1523: 1519: 1511:Lincolnshire 1495:RAF Regiment 1480: 1425: 1398: 1382: 1365: 1333:Arado Ar 234 1330: 1322:Arado Ar 234 1320:Model of an 1306: 1287: 1280: 1244:Reichenbergs 1239: 1203: 1185: 1179: 1155: 1140: 1132: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1099: 1060: 1044: 1014: 977: 973: 936: 916: 909: 897: 876:area bombing 869: 858: 846: 822: 789:Gotha Go 145 786: 770: 739: 724:Argus As 014 679: 659: 657: 637:Erhard Milch 635: 616: 612: 605: 580: 574: 566:Gotha Go 145 554: 547:C. Lorenz AG 542: 538: 531:target drone 496: 489:Paul Schmidt 486: 470: 456:, including 454:air defences 447: 428: 383: 370: 358: 354: 350: 338: 334: 307: 305: 138:Manufacturer 117:World War II 103:Used by 84:Nazi Germany 40: 9137:Unconfirmed 8080:Me 209 (II) 6529:Wunderwaffe 6456:Réseau AGIR 5442:Jones, R.V. 5331:, Penguin, 5310:. Methuen. 5135:14 November 5033:"Startsida" 4971:(in French) 4911:Zaloga 2020 4901:, p. . 4884:Zaloga 2005 4729:, p. . 4681:, p. . 4652:Zaloga 2005 4616:Zaloga 2005 4592:Crowdy 2008 4556:Crowdy 2008 4468:Cooper 1997 4433:(in Dutch). 4400:, p. . 4398:Thomas 2013 4386:Zaloga 2005 4006:Zaloga 2008 3982:Oliver 2018 3970:Zaloga 2005 3946:Zaloga 2008 3911:, p. . 3815:Oliver 2018 3782:Oliver 2018 3690:Oliver 2018 3678:Levine 1992 3651:Oliver 2018 3627:Oliver 2018 3615:Zaloga 2005 3578:Zaloga 2005 3532:Oliver 2018 3520:Zaloga 2005 3508:Zaloga 2005 3471:Zaloga 2005 3442:Reuter 2000 3430:Zaloga 2005 3418:Zaloga 2005 3394:21 February 3284:Zaloga 2005 3191:Vergeltungs 3004:Cosmosphere 2999:, Michigan. 2979:Greencastle 2852:Switzerland 2815:New Zealand 2804:in Overloon 2776:Les Andelys 2769:Omaha Beach 2763:, near the 2740:Saint-Saëns 2738:, north of 2719:Sword Beach 2690:, formerly 2688:Krigsmuseet 2485:as well as 2403:TV guidance 2399:beam-riding 2391:Izdeliye 10 2282:M9 director 1965:Max Wachtel 1546:centimetric 1526:QF 3.7-inch 1507:East Anglia 1499:North Downs 1432: 76"—" 1362:F-1 version 1276:Reichenberg 1266:Reichenberg 1261:stall speed 1255:Reichenberg 1094:blue plaque 1056:Southampton 932:Éperlecques 773:attack boat 734:IWM Duxford 718:Power plant 692:sheet steel 676:V-1 cutaway 668:Description 593:-long-ton) 503:flying bomb 448:As part of 295:Gyrocompass 266:Operational 9157:Categories 8612:301 to 349 8076:Me 209 (I) 8029:201 to 300 7415:101 to 200 6668:In fiction 6602:V-2 No. 13 6519:Wasserfall 6356:Mittelwerk 6296:Peenemünde 6264:Facilities 6228:Facilities 6206:V-3 cannon 6199:V-2 rocket 5838:Buzz Bomb 5263:Meteor Age 5071:18 October 5017:20 October 4933:12 October 4667:Irons 2003 4580:Jones 1978 4533:required.) 4254:Jones 1978 4230:20 October 4199:20 October 4169:Home Front 3767:20 October 3485:, p. 3483:Evans 2008 3326:Vanek 1999 3166:References 3159:V-3 cannon 3154:V-2 rocket 3134:RAE Larynx 3034:A V-1 and 2981:, Indiana. 2920:Shropshire 2829:, Auckland 2823:, Auckland 2752:in London. 2746:La Coupole 2729:Saint-Omer 2711:Ouistreham 2698:Copenhagen 2387:Mittelwerk 2278:90 mm guns 2246:Montgomery 2217:Hap Arnold 2137:Casualties 2132:1,127,000 2129:1,150,000 2120:2. Results 2011:Assessment 1893:Juan Pujol 1852:The first 1812:president 1552:frequency 1106:Peenemünde 1102:As.109-014 1083:Grove Road 1063:Eisenhower 1052:Portsmouth 1018:spark plug 900:V-2 rocket 892:guillotine 740:The Argus 683:Kirschkern 627:Karlshagen 617:Luftwaffe' 610:cover name 606:Kirschkern 597:. Project 577:gyroscopes 515:propellers 513:relied on 369:stone) or 361:Kirschkern 341:Höllenhund 224:Detonation 9173:V-weapons 6539:Rheinbote 6388:Siracourt 6373:Sottevast 6180:V-weapons 6028:Kassel 25 6023:Kassel 20 6018:Kassel 12 5043:14 August 3266:Citations 2884:Eden Camp 2791:in Munich 2622:Australia 2607:Australia 2528:Luftwaffe 2505:Operators 2437:USS 1984:Churchill 1942:agent in 1921:Islington 1864:Deception 1860:in 1944. 1740:-engined 1694:Dymchurch 1566:predictor 1562:Bell Labs 1550:gigahertz 1548:, 3 1515:Yorkshire 1446:Home Army 1215:Luftwaffe 1210:North Sea 1199:Luftwaffe 1189:Luftwaffe 1175:Luftwaffe 1172:A German 842:pneumatic 829:autopilot 782:catamaran 758:atomizers 754:fuel pump 661:Das Reich 603:code name 581:Luftwaffe 555:Luftwaffe 543:Fernfeuer 525:company, 507:pulse-jet 498:Luftwaffe 406:Luftwaffe 392:V-weapons 355:doodlebug 351:buzz bomb 347:hellhound 299:autopilot 226:mechanism 205:Amatol-39 107:Luftwaffe 98:1944–1945 8664:Zwilling 6780:1 to 100 6408:Raxwerke 6403:Lehesten 6383:Brécourt 6323:MW 18014 6042:Fieseler 6005:aircraft 5963:Archived 5780:(2002), 5631:Mosquito 5555:(1978), 5444:(1978), 5222:(2013). 5212:Kamikaze 5110:4 August 4990:"Motat." 4496:Archived 4371:16 April 4317:11 March 4277:11 March 4152:Kay 2002 3196:Fieseler 3061:See also 2938:, London 2736:Ardouval 2618:Canberra 2395:Tashkent 2348:Post-war 2325:and the 2234:Brussels 2166:Sorties 1848:Disposal 1475:Hastings 1438:Bornholm 1385:turbojet 1349:for the 1087:Mile End 1010:Normandy 888:elevator 884:spoilers 823:The V-1 778:seaplane 742:pulsejet 714:(crow). 701:Maikäfer 688:fuselage 649:fuselage 641:airframe 599:Fieseler 559:atomized 487:In 1935 416:codename 373:Maikäfer 288:Guidance 259:Pulsejet 207:, later 142:Fieseler 128:Designer 9066:ZSO 523 9026:DFS 468 9011:DFS 446 8977:ZMe 423 8867:DFS 346 8843:WNF 342 8789:DFS 332 8784:DFS 331 8740:ZMe 323 8619:DFS 301 8380:Me 261w 8209:DFS 230 8191:DFS 228 8186:FGP 227 8046:DFS 203 7982:DFS 194 7977:DFS 193 7491:He 111U 7477:Bf 109R 6714:Related 6368:Nucourt 6099:Fi 103R 5160:29 June 4975:25 July 3366:16 June 3089:Fritz X 2997:Portage 2993:Air Zoo 2968:Air Zoo 2907:at the 2861:in Full 2783:Germany 2727:, near 2713:, near 2679:Denmark 2628:Belgium 2473:⁄ 2442:in 1951 2304:VT fuse 2230:Antwerp 2172:44,770 2169:86,800 2143:22,892 2081:14,600 2064:Sorties 1745:Mk XIVs 1738:Griffon 1544:and of 1409:Antwerp 1405:Croydon 1302:Ainring 1165:units. 1136:Antwerp 1027:ram air 957:Z-Stoff 949:T-Stoff 906:Warhead 886:on the 833:Askania 807:, Paris 750:venturi 746:nacelle 706:May bug 696:plywood 595:warhead 588:⁄ 439:Antwerp 209:Trialen 201:Warhead 9113:Ju 635 9109:He 635 9105:Do 635 9100:Ar 632 9095:Me 609 9090:Me 600 9085:He 535 9081:Do 535 9071:Ar 532 9056:He 519 9051:Me 510 9046:Me 509 9041:He 500 9036:Fw 491 9031:Ju 488 9021:Me 462 9016:Ju 452 9001:Ar 440 8996:Do 435 8991:Ar 432 8986:Ka 430 8982:Ar 430 8972:He 419 8967:Do 417 8962:Me 410 8957:Me 409 8952:Ta 400 8947:Ar 396 8942:Ar 393 8937:Fw 391 8932:Ju 390 8927:Ju 388 8922:Me 368 8917:Me 364 8912:Me 362 8907:Ju 356 8903:Fi 356 8898:Ju 352 8882:Ba 349 8872:Rk 347 8862:Go 345 8857:So 344 8853:Rk 344 8848:He 343 8833:Ar 340 8828:Fl 339 8818:Ju 337 8813:Fa 336 8808:Do 335 8803:Me 334 8799:Ar 334 8794:Fi 333 8779:Fa 330 8774:Me 329 8769:Me 328 8764:Me 327 8754:Fw 325 8750:Fa 325 8736:Me 323 8731:Ju 322 8726:Me 321 8721:Me 320 8716:He 319 8711:Do 318 8706:Do 317 8696:Hs 315 8671:Me 310 8659:Me 309 8603:Fw 300 8598:Ju 299 8593:Hs 298 8588:Hs 297 8583:Hs 296 8579:Ar 296 8574:Hs 295 8569:Hs 294 8564:Hs 293 8559:Hs 292 8555:As 292 8550:Hs 291 8545:Ju 290 8540:Ju 289 8535:Ju 288 8531:Do 288 8526:Ju 287 8521:Ju 286 8516:Fl 285 8511:Fa 284 8506:Fa 283 8501:Fl 282 8496:He 281 8491:He 280 8486:He 279 8481:He 278 8476:He 277 8471:He 276 8466:He 275 8461:He 274 8456:He 273 8451:He 272 8446:We 271 8441:He 270 8436:Fa 269 8431:Ju 268 8426:Ho 267 8421:Go 266 8417:Fa 266 8412:Me 265 8408:Fl 265 8403:Me 264 8385:Me 262 8376:Me 261 8366:Fw 259 8356:SK 257 8351:Fi 256 8341:Ta 254 8337:Ho 254 8332:Ho 253 8328:Fi 253 8323:Ju 252 8318:Ho 252 8313:Ho 251 8308:Ho 250 8304:BV 250 8299:Ju 248 8289:BV 246 8284:Go 245 8279:Go 244 8274:Me 243 8269:Go 242 8264:Go 241 8259:Ar 240 8249:BV 238 8244:BV 237 8239:Fa 236 8234:Do 235 8229:Ar 234 8224:Ar 233 8219:Ar 232 8214:Ar 231 8200:Ho 229 8196:Go 229 8181:Ho 226 8177:BV 226 8172:Fa 225 8168:Ao 225 8163:Fa 224 8158:Fa 223 8153:BV 222 8148:Do 221 8143:He 220 8138:He 219 8133:Do 218 8128:Hs 217 8124:Do 217 8119:Do 216 8114:Do 215 8109:Do 214 8099:Do 212 8090:Hü 211 8085:Me 210 8071:Me 208 8061:Fw 206 8051:Si 204 8041:Si 202 8036:Si 201 8020:Fw 200 8016:Do 200 8011:Ar 199 8006:Ar 198 8001:Ar 197 7996:Ar 196 7991:Ar 195 7986:Me 194 7973:Ao 193 7968:Ao 192 7963:Fw 191 7958:Fw 190 7953:Fw 189 7948:Ju 188 7944:Fw 188 7939:Ju 187 7935:Fw 187 7930:Ju 186 7926:Fw 186 7921:Fl 185 7916:Fl 184 7911:Ta 183 7907:Bü 183 7902:Bü 182 7897:Bü 181 7892:He 180 7888:Bü 180 7883:He 179 7878:He 178 7873:He 177 7868:He 176 7858:He 174 7853:He 173 7848:He 172 7843:He 171 7838:He 170 7833:Fi 169 7828:Fi 168 7823:Fi 167 7818:FK 166 7814:Fi 166 7809:Bf 165 7799:Me 163 7795:Li 163 7791:Bf 163 7786:He 162 7782:Bf 162 7777:Bf 161 7772:Ju 160 7767:Fw 159 7762:Fi 158 7757:Fi 157 7752:Fi 156 7747:Me 155 7743:Kl 155 7739:BV 155 7734:Ta 154 7730:Kl 154 7725:Ta 153 7721:Kl 153 7716:Ta 152 7712:Kl 152 7707:Kl 151 7702:Go 150 7697:Go 149 7692:Go 148 7687:Ju 147 7683:Go 147 7678:Go 146 7673:Go 145 7668:BV 144 7663:BV 143 7658:BV 142 7653:BV 141 7648:Ha 140 7643:Ha 139 7638:BV 138 7633:Ha 137 7628:Hü 136 7624:Ha 136 7619:Ha 135 7614:Bü 134 7609:Bü 133 7604:Hs 132 7600:Bü 132 7595:Bü 131 7590:Hs 130 7585:Hs 129 7580:Hs 128 7575:Hs 127 7570:Hs 126 7565:Hs 125 7560:Hs 124 7555:Hs 123 7550:Hs 122 7545:Hs 121 7540:He 120 7535:He 119 7530:He 118 7525:Hs 117 7521:He 117 7516:He 116 7511:He 115 7506:He 114 7501:He 113 7496:He 112 7487:He 111 7482:Bf 110 7473:Bf 109 7468:Bf 108 7463:Kl 107 7458:Kl 106 7453:Kl 105 7448:Fh 104 7436:Fi 103 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