1397:
1021:
regularly dropped "blind" using dead-reckoning methods little different from those used by the RAF night bombers. In addition, only the leading bomber in a formation actually utilized the Norden sight, the rest of the formation dropping their bombs only when they saw the lead aircraft's bombload falling away. Since even a very tight bomber formation could cover a vast area, the scatter of bombs was likely to be considerable. Add to these difficulties the disruptive effects of increasingly accurate anti-aircraft fire and head-on attacks by fighter aircraft and the theoretical accuracy of daylight bombing was often hard to achieve. Accuracy, described as "pinpoint", never exceeded the best
British average of about a 3 mi (4.8 km) radius from point of aim in any case. Postwar German engineers considered the bombing of railways, trains, canals, and roads more harmful to production than attacks on factories themselves, Sir
878:
681:
inglorious holding campaign, the respective Air Forces would dismantle their enemies' country, and if one side did not rapidly surrender, both would be so weak after the first few days that the war would effectively cease. Fighter aircraft would be relegated to spotting patrols but would be essentially powerless to resist the mighty bombers. In support of this theory, he argued for targeting of the civilian population as much as any military target, since a nation's morale was as important a resource as its weapons. Paradoxically, he suggested that this would actually reduce total casualties, since "The time would soon come when to put an end to horror and suffering, the people themselves, driven by the instinct of self-preservation, would rise up and demand an end to the war...". As a result of Douhet's proposals,
481:
1213:
784:
1112:
1324:
them safely before they could enter
Vietnam and be used against American troops. The first of many targets within the country was the "Plain of Jars" which was known as a logistical center for military forces to gather and is the main air base in Urdon. While there were two different aerial operations held within Laos, Operation Steel Tiger is the one that focused on the Strategic Bombing of supporting civilian infrastructure that could aid in the up-and-coming communist regime and was assisting in getting rebels to aid the North Vietnamese military.
768:
separate air operations within the Aden
Protectorate. The majority were conducted in response to persistent banditry or to restore the Government's authority. Excluding operations against Yemeni forcesâwhich had effectively ceased by 1934âa total of twelve deaths were attributed to air attacks conducted between 1919 and 1939. Bombing as a military strategy proved to be an effective and efficient way for the British to police their Middle East protectorates in the 1920s. Fewer men were required as compared to ground forces.
695:, believed the key to retaining their independence from the senior services was to lay stress on what they saw as the unique ability of a modern air force to win wars by unaided strategic bombing. As the speed and altitude of bombers increased in proportion to fighter aircraft, the prevailing strategic understanding became "the bomber will always get through". Although anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft had proved effective in the Great War, it was accepted there was little warring nations could do to prevent massive
1155:. However, the Japanese military in most places advanced quickly enough that a strategic bombing campaign was unnecessary, and the Japanese aircraft industry was incapable of producing truly strategic bombers in any event. In those places where it was required, the smaller Japanese bombers (in comparison to British and American types) did not carry a bombload sufficient to inflict the sort of damage regularly occurring at that point in the war in Europe, or later in Japan.
398:
46:
1176:. Unlike the USAAF's strategic bombing campaign in Europe, with its avowed (if unachievable) objective of precision bombing of strategic targets, the bombing of Japanese cities involved the deliberate targeting of residential zones from the outset. Bomb loads included very high proportions of incendiaries, with the intention of igniting the highly combustible wooden houses common in Japanese cities and thereby generating firestorms.
1108:. The destruction of German infrastructure became apparent, but the Allied campaign against Germany only really succeeded when the Allies began targeting oil refineries and transportation in the last year of the war. At the same time, the strategic bombing of Germany was used as a morale booster for the Allies in the period before the land war resumed in Western Europe in June 1944.
813:, thought to be demoralizing to the enemy, seemed to have the opposite effect. E. B. Strauss surmised, "Observers state that one of the most remarkable effects of the bombing of open towns in Government Spain had been the welding together into a formidable fighting force of groups of political factions who were previously at each other's throats...", a sentiment with which
1488:, missile and drone waves hit Ukraine infrastructure periodically, causing damage, deaths, injuries, and deeply affecting energy distribution across Ukraine and nearby countries. By late November 2022, nearly half of the country's energy systems had been destroyed, leaving millions of Ukrainians without power; energy workers rushed to restore services. The methodical attacks on
305:, among others, Churchill withdrew his memo and issued a new one. This was completed on 1 April 1945 and started instead with the usual euphemism used when referring to strategic bombing: "It seems to me that the moment has come when the question of the so called 'area-bombing' of German cities should be reviewed from the point of view of our own interests....".
772:
boasted, "the French in a bombing duel would probably squeal before we did". At the time, the expectation was any new war would be brief and very brutal. A British
Cabinet planning document in 1938 predicted that, if war with Germany broke out, 35% of British homes would be hit by bombs in the first three weeks. This type of expectation would justify the
1719:... Western Allies ... were "air pirates." "They are murderers!" screamed the headlines of an article emanating from Berlin on February 22. Not only did the writer denounce the allied "terror bombing", but he also stressed the "special joy" that the "Anglo-American air gangsters" took in the murder of innocent German civilians...
1396:
807:" started to appear doubtful, as stated by the U.S. Attaché in 1937, "The peacetime theory of the complete invulnerability of the modern type of bombardment airplane no longer holds. The increased speeds of both the bombardment and pursuit plane have worked in favor of the pursuit ... The flying fortress died in Spain."
1264:
bombing was a bombing consisting of nine B-29s which bombed the Rising Sun oil refinery at Wonsan on July 6, 1950, followed by a bombing of a chemical plant at
Hungnam. Later that month on July 30 a Chosen nitrogen explosives factory at Hungnam was bombed destroying the largest of the Konan Industrial-Chemical Complex.
803:, under Nationalist command, resulted in its near destruction. Casualties were estimated to be between 500 and 1500. Though this figure was relatively small, aerial bombers and their weaponry were continually improvingâalready suggesting the devastation that was to come in the near future. Yet the theory that "
980:
1197:
lead to the total extinction of human civilization. Such being the case, how are We to save the millions of Our subjects; or to atone
Ourselves before the hallowed spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors? This is the reason why We have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the Joint Declaration of the Powers.
1028:
Strategic bombing was a way of taking the war into Europe while Allied ground forces were unable to do so. Between them, Allied air forces claimed to be able to bomb "around the clock". In fact, few targets were ever hit by
British and American forces the same day, the strategic isolation of Normandy
492:
In 1915 there were 19 more raids, in which 37 tons of bombs were dropped, killing 181 people and injuring 455. Raids continued in 1916. London was accidentally bombed in May, and in July the Kaiser allowed directed raids against urban centers. There were 23 airship raids in 1916, in which 125 tons of
292:
for the
British Chiefs of Staff and the Chief of the Air Staff in which he started with the sentence "It seems to me that the moment has come when the question of bombing of German cities simply for the sake of increasing the terror, though under other pretexts, should be reviewed...." Under pressure
264:
replied to a question by one of the journalists that the primary target of the bombing had been on communications to prevent the
Germans from moving military supplies and to stop movement in all directions if possible. He then added in an offhand remark that the raid also helped destroy "what is left
1424:
of 2003, strategic bombing campaigns were notable for the heavy use of precision weaponry by those countries that possessed them. Although bombing campaigns were still strategic in their aims, the widespread area bombing tactics of World War II had mostly disappeared. This led to significantly fewer
1323:
Laos was also bombed heavily during the
Vietnam War. While originally denied by the US government Laos became the most heavily bombed country per capita as the result of more than 2 million tons of ordinance dropped. Laos contained heavy supply lines for communist troops and the US sought to destroy
975:
training methods and equipment, the RAF adopted an area-attack strategy, by which it hoped to impede Germany's war production, her powers of resistance (by destroying resources and forcing Germany to divert resources from her front lines to defend her air space), and her morale. The RAF dramatically
758:
Their power to cover great distances at high speed, their instant readiness for action, their independence (within the detachment radius) of communications, their indifference to obstacles, and the unlikelihood of casualties to air personnel combine to encourage their use offensively more often than
516:, killing 29 civilians and wounding 58. Further raids followed until the Armistice in 1918. In a raid in the afternoon of June 22, 1916, the pilots used outdated maps and bombed the location of the abandoned railway station, where a circus tent was placed, killing 120 persons, most of them children.
902:
Strategic bombing campaigns were conducted in Europe and Asia. The Germans and Japanese made use of mostly twin-engined bombers with a payload generally less than 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg), and never produced larger craft to any great extent. By comparison, the British and Americans (who started
601:
in the United States. These theorists thought that aerial bombardment of the enemy's homeland would be an important part of future wars. Not only would such attacks weaken the enemy by destroying important military infrastructure, they would also break the morale of the civilian population, forcing
500:
By the end of the war, 51 raids had been undertaken, in which 5,806 bombs were dropped, killing 557 people and injuring 1,358. These raids caused only minor hampering of wartime production, by later standards. A much greater impact was the diversion of twelve aircraft squadrons, many guns, and over
1263:
prohibited the USAF to bomb near the borders of China and the Soviet Union in fear of provoking the countries to enter into the war. Common targets were railroad yards, bridges, and airfields, seeking to disrupt supply lines and ability to produce materials for the war. The first notable strategic
1196:
Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is indeed incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should We continue to fight, it would not only result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation but also it would
771:
Pre-war planners, on the whole, vastly overestimated the damage bombers could do, and underestimated the resilience of civilian populations. Jingoistic national pride played a major role: for example, at a time when Germany was still disarmed and France was Britain's only European rival, Trenchard
767:
in over a six-month period, sixty tons of bombs were dropped in over 1,200 cumulative flying hours. By August 1928, total losses in ground fighting and air attack, on the Yemeni side, were 65 killed or wounded (one RAF pilot was killed and one airman wounded). Between the wars the RAF conducted 26
1020:
in the clear skies over the desert bombing ranges of Nevada and California. Raids over Europe commonly took place in conditions of very poor visibility, with targets partly or wholly obscured by thick cloud, smokescreens, or smoke from fires started by previous raids. As a result, bomb loads were
550:
Following the war, the concept of strategic bombing developed. Calculations of the number of dead to the weight of bombs would have a profound effect on the attitudes of the British authorities and population in the interwar years. As bombers became larger, it was fully expected that deaths would
269:
war correspondent, filed a story about the Dresden raid. The military press censor at SHAEF made a mistake and allowed the Cowan cable to go out starting with "Allied air bosses have made the long awaited decision to adopt deliberate terror bombing of great German population centers as a ruthless
107:
the enemy so that peace or surrender becomes preferable to continuing the conflict. Strategic bombing has been used to this end. The phrase "terror bombing" entered the English lexicon towards the end of World War II and many strategic bombing campaigns and individual raids have been described as
1267:
The Chinese intervention in the war in November 1950 changed the aerial bombing policy dramatically. In response to the Chinese intervention, the USAF carried out an intensive bombing campaign against North Korea to demoralize the North Koreans and inflict as much economic cost to North Korea in
1373:
the strategic bombers. Civilian and industrial targets were hit by the raids, and each successful raid inflicted economic damage from regular strategic bombing. Iran also launched several retaliatory air raids on Iraq, while primarily shelling border cities such as Basra. Iran also bought some
680:
Douhet's proposals were hugely influential among air force enthusiasts, arguing as they did that the bombing air arm was the most important, powerful, and invulnerable part of any military. He envisaged future wars as lasting a matter of a few weeks. While each opposing Army and Navy fought an
523:. The RNAS took to the strategic bombing in a bigger way than the RFC, who were focused on supporting the infantry actions of the Western Front. At first, the RNAS attacked the German submarines in their moorings and then steelworks further in targeting the origin of the submarines themselves.
1243:
Strategic bombing during the Korean war was a huge part of the aerial warfare for the United States. It was widely used at targeting infrastructure and economic targets forcing the USSR and China to leverage more economically and materially in the supporting North Korean efforts. It was also
161:
One of the aims of war is to demoralize the enemy; facing continual death and destruction may make the prospect of peace or surrender preferable. The proponents of strategic bombing between the world wars, such as General Douhet, expected that direct attacks upon an enemy country's cities by
1179:
The final development of strategic bombing in World War II was the use of nuclear weapons. On August 6 and 9, 1945, the United States exploded nuclear bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing 105,000 people and inflicting a psychological shock on the Japanese nation. On August 15, Emperor
448:
squadrons were in service on both sides. These were generally used for tactical bombing; the aim was that of directly harming enemy troops, strongpoints, or equipment, usually within a relatively small distance of the front line. Eventually, attention turned to the possibility of causing
1315:
Due to this, and the ineffectiveness of carpet bombing (partly because of a lack of identifiable targets), new precision weapons were developed. The new weapons allowed more effective and efficient bombing with reduced civilian casualties. High civilian casualties had always been the
749:
In these attacks, endeavour should be made to spare the women and children as far as possible, and for this purpose, a warning should be given, whenever practicable. It would be wrong even at this stage to think that airpower was simply seen as a tool for rapid retribution.
622:
In the period between the two world wars, military thinkers from several nations advocated strategic bombing as the logical and obvious way to employ aircraft. Domestic political considerations saw to it that the British worked harder on the concept than most. The British
1268:
order to reduce their ability to wage war. The largest incendiary raid of the war had 70 B-29s drop firebombs on the town of Sinuiju and was a representation for the change in aerial bombing policy. The extensive bombing raids on North Korea continued until the
1349:
After the fall of 1981, in the context of the Iranian ground counter-offensives, the USSR lifted their arms embargo and massively rearmed Iraq, including with 40 MiG-25s, which enabled the Iraqi air force to challenge Iran's F-14s in their air space. Iraq used
1492:
and electrical nodes imposed large economic and practical costs on Ukraine, with a severe impact for millions of civilians over the winter. It was assumed that Russia's strategic intention was to break the will of the Ukrainian population to continue the war.
493:
ordnance were dropped, killing 293 people and injuring 691. Gradually British air defenses improved. In 1917 and 1918, there were only 11 Zeppelin raids against England, and the final raid occurred on August 5, 1918, which resulted in the death of KK
742:), reported after a mission in 1924, "The Arab and Kurd now know what real bombing means, in casualties and damage. They know that within 45 minutes a full-sized village can be practically wiped out and a third of its inhabitants killed or injured".
898:
At first this required multiple aircraft, often returning to the target in waves. Nowadays, a large bomber or missile can be used to the same effect on a small area (an airfield, for example) by releasing a relatively large number of smaller bombs.
618:
during peacetime, both to deter any potential enemy, and also in the case of a war, to be able to deliver devastating attacks on the enemy industries and cities while suffering from relatively few friendly casualties before victory was achieved.
903:
the war with predominantly similarly sized bombers) developed their strategic force based upon much larger four-engined bombers for their strategic campaigns. The payload carried by these planes ranged from 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) for the
949:
At first the Luftwaffe raids took place in daylight, but changed to night bombing attacks when losses became unsustainable. The RAF, who had preferred precision bombing, also switched to night bombing, also due to excessive losses. Before the
312:
have been described as "terror bombing" by commentators and historians since the end of World War II, but because the term has pejorative connotations, others have denied that such bombing campaigns and raids are examples of "terror bombing".
501:
10,000 men to air defenses. The raids generated a wave of hysteria, partially caused by media. This revealed the tactic's potential as a weapon that was of use for propagandists on both sides. The late Zeppelin raids were complemented by the
473:, and the surrounding villages. In all, four people were killed and sixteen injured, and monetary damage was estimated at ÂŁ7,740 (about US$ 36,000 at the time). German airships also bombed on other fronts, for example in January 1915 on
456:
The most well known attacks were those done by Zeppelins over England through the course of the war. The first aerial bombardment of English civilians was on January 19, 1915, when two Zeppelins dropped 24 fifty-kilogram (110-pound)
1163:
further enhanced the capabilities that the Americans possessed in their strategic bombing campaign. High-explosive and incendiary bombs were used against Japan to devastating effect, with greater indiscriminate loss of life in the
1295:
The aim of the bombing campaign was to demoralize the North Vietnamese, damage their economy, and reduce their capacity to support the war in the hope that they would negotiate for peace, but it failed to have those effects. The
1158:
The development of the B-29 gave the United States a bomber with sufficient range to reach the Japanese home islands from the safety of American bases in the Pacific or western China. The capture of the Japanese island of
2927:
2767:
1247:
While nuclear weapons were never used, at the outset of the war the US Strategic Air Command was ready with 9 B-29s from the 9th Bomb Wing acting as an atomic task force which were sent to Guam on standby duty.
208:
Aerial attacks described as terror bombing are often long range strategic bombing raids, although attacks which result in the deaths of civilians may also be described as such, or if the attacks involve fighters
954:
on 14 May 1940 the British restricted themselves to tactical bombing west of the Rhine and naval installations. The day after the Rotterdam Blitz a new directive was issued to the RAF to attack targets in the
1011:
raids. That doctrine, based on the erroneous supposition that bombers could adequately defend themselves against air attack, entailed much higher American losses until long-range fighter escorts (e.g. the
631:
of the Great War had been merged in 1918 to create a separate air force, which spent much of the following two decades fighting for survival in an environment of severe government spending constraints.
734:) where RAF bombers used high-explosive bombs and strafing runs against Arab forces. The techniques of so-called "Air Control" also included target marking and locating, as well as formation flying.
1025:(in his report on a postwar British scientific intelligence mission) calling it "fatal" and saying it reduced aero-engine production by two thirds (from a maximum output of 5,000 to 7,000 a month).
162:
strategic bombers would lead to a rapid collapse of civilian morale so that political pressure to sue for peace would lead to a rapid conclusion. When such attacks were tried in the 1930sâin the
519:
The British also stepped up their strategic bombing campaign. In late 1915, the order was given for attacks on German industrial targets, and the 41st Wing was formed from units of the RNAS and
1231:. The age of the massive strategic bombing campaign had come to an end. It was replaced by more devastating attacks using improved targeting and weapons technology. Strategic bombing by the
444:, the force of four aircraft inflicted minor damage on the sheds. The raid was repeated a month later with slightly more success. Within a year or so, specialized aircraft and dedicated
1479:
2556:
3868:
Webster, Charles and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939â1945 (HMSO, 1961), 4 vols. Important critical official history of RAF Bomber Command effort
685:
allocated greater resources to their bomber squadrons than to their fighters, and the 'dashing young pilots' promoted in the propaganda of the time were invariably bomber pilots.
1562:, and the harm caused to protected civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.
355:
setting up civil defence organisations with air raid wardens, firewatchers, rescue and recovery personnel, firefighting crews, and demolition and repair teams to rectify damage
1235:
also became politically indefensible. The political fallout resulting from the destruction being broadcast on the evening news ended more than one strategic bombing campaign.
2775:
538:, an expanded bombing group, and the first independent strategic bombing force, was created in April 1918. By the end of the war, the force had aircraft that could reach
1525:
These restraints on aerial warfare are covered by the general laws of war, because unlike the war on land and at seaâwhich is specifically covered by rules such as the
185:
is a term used for aerial attacks planned to weaken or break enemy morale. Use of the term to refer to aerial attacks implies the attacks are criminal according to the
1428:
Additionally, strategic bombing via smart munitions is now possible through the use of aircraft that have been considered traditionally tactical in nature such as the
1331:
that take years to build and enormous investment capital. These new high-intensity and focused attacks made extra use of newer and modern fighter aircraft such as the
839:
The strategic bombing conducted in World War II was unlike any before. The campaigns conducted in Europe and Asia could involve aircraft dropping thousands of tons of
938:
to engage the Luftwaffe and so be destroyed either on the ground or in the air. That tactic failed, and the RAF began bombing German cities on 11 May 1940. After the
3920:
1304:
campaigns were much heavier bombing campaigns taking off many of the restrictions that were placed initially and began flying B-52 bombers. Images such as that of
976:
improved its navigation so that on average its bombs hit closer to target. Accuracy never exceeded a 3 mi (4.8 km) radius from point of aim in any case.
1425:
civilian casualties associated with previous bombing campaigns, though it has not brought about a complete end to civilian deaths or collateral property damage.
413:, killing nine civilians. The second attack was on the night of 24â25 August 1914, when eight bombs were dropped from a German airship onto the Belgian city of
2595:
3068:
3304:
651:(1921) were published. These visions of cities laid waste by bombing also gripped the popular imagination and found expression in novels such as Douhet's
3824:"Book Reviews/Essay: A Twentieth Century History of Bombing Civilians, and A History of Bombing." Journal of Critical Asian Studies (March 2011), 153â56
3815:"Is the U.S. Haunted by Its Nuclear Past? Dropping the atomic bomb crossed a moral threshold." The Progressive Christian (Winter 2009), pp. 15â19, 36
3093:
298:
1016:) became available. Conditions in the European theatre made it very difficult to achieve the accuracy achieved using the exceptional and top-secret
1416:
were able to use them, although the majorityâ93%âof bombs dropped in that conflict were still conventional, unguided bombs. More frequently in the
1037:
in February 1945 being exceptions rather than the rule. There were generally no coordinated plans for the around-the-clock bombing of any target.
647:
attacks. The seeds of Douhet's apocalyptic predictions found fertile soil in France, Germany, and the United States, where excerpts from his book
934:
on 1 September 1939. A strategic-bombing campaign was launched by the Germans as a precursor to the invasion of the United Kingdom to force the
3180:"Collateral Damage on the 21st-century battlefield: Enemy exploitation of the law of armed conflict, and the struggle for a moral high ground".
1699:(terror flyers or terrorist airman). No one in Germany used such terminology in connection with German bombing raids against cities in England
3913:
139:
in the United States. These theorists were highly influential, both on the military justification for an independent air force (such as the
3888:
Wetta, Frank J., and Martin A. Novelli. "Good Bombing, Bad Bombing: Hollywood, Air Warfare, and Morality in World War I and World War II."
2909:
602:
their government to capitulate. Although area bombing theorists acknowledged that measures could be taken to defend against bombersâusing
1874:
392:
270:
expedient to hasten Hitler's doom." There were follow-up newspaper editorials on the issue and a longtime opponent of strategic bombing,
1292:
of the entry of China into the war led to restrictions on the selection of targets, as well as only a gradual escalation of intensity.
1173:
3906:
1502:
696:
186:
2825:
1918:
1041:
2858:
2808:
877:
294:
100:
is used to describe the strategic bombing of civilian targets without military value, in the hope of damaging an enemy's morale.
3633:
Germany and the Second World War: Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943â1944/5
373:
Setting up decoy targets in rural areas, mimicking an urban area with fires intended to look like the initial effects of a raid
3753:
127:
was developed between the two world wars. Some leading theorists of strategic air warfare during this period were the Italian
3851:
3563:
3487:
3428:
3265:
3246:
2397:
1765:
830:
739:
274:
233:
1714:
2945:
2032:
388:
3186:
2963:
2502:
1058:
2992:
4001:
2751:
2707:
2636:
2485:
2273:
2246:
2166:
2101:
2074:
1169:
1152:
1128:
1124:
1034:
804:
699:. High civilian morale and retaliation in kind were seen as the only answersâa later generation would revisit this, as
611:
566:
led to two distinct branches in the writings of air warfare theorists: tactical air warfare and strategic air warfare.
149:
1537:, which contain pertinent restrictions, prohibitions and guidelinesâthere are no treaties specific to aerial warfare.
1212:
919:, with some specialized aircraft, such as the 'Special B' Avro Lancaster carrying the 22,000 lb (10,000 kg)
3655:
3584:
3544:
3525:
3506:
3468:
3449:
3409:
3293:
3227:
2661:
2376:
2118:
891:
480:
4246:
3616:
Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914â1945
3312:
3015:
2875:
1332:
1165:
551:
dramatically increase. The fear of aerial attack on such a scale was one of the fundamental driving forces of the
3664:
Clodfelter, Mark. "Aiming to Break Will: America's World War II Bombing of German Morale and its Ramifications",
2724:
108:
terror bombing by commentators and historians. Because the term has pejorative connotations, some, including the
2521:
1391:
3950:
3802:
2219:
1515:
17:
1928:
1255:(USAF) at first conducted only tactical attacks against strategic targets. Because it was widely considered a
1000:
984:
526:
In early 1918 they operated their "round the clock" bombing raid, with lighter bombers attacking the town of
229:
88:
with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying its morale, its economic ability to produce and transport
3713:
1832:
4251:
3723:
3666:
3636:
3147:
1816:
1300:
continued this sort of limited strategic bombing for most of the war but pivoted towards the ending of it.
754:
A statement clearly pointed out that the ability of aircraft to inflict punishment could be open to abuse:
409:
was on 6 August 1914 when the German Army Zeppelin Z VI bombed, with artillery shells, the Belgian city of
93:
1877:"Terror Bombing. Bombing designed to hasten the end of the war by terrorising the enemy population â 1941
1361:
to carry out long-range high-speed raids on Iranian cities, including Tehran. Fighter-bombers such as the
4241:
4201:
4071:
4012:
3703:
Among the dead cities: The history and moral legacy of the WWII bombing of civilians in Germany and Japan
1848:
1485:
1148:
1013:
926:
During the first year of the war in Europe, strategic bombing was developed through trial and error. The
834:
663:
271:
3388:
3379:
3349:
3114:
4236:
4226:
3366:
3336:
2137:
1559:
1448:
to destroy targets that would have required large formations of strategic bombers during World War II.
1441:
1269:
700:
405:
Strategic bombing was used in World War I, though it was not understood in its present form. The first
1963:
1809:
1790:
1312:
rather than strategic bombing) disturbed the American public enough to demand a stop to the campaign.
639:
asserted the basic principle of strategic bombing was the offensive, and there was no defense against
4121:
3593:
Trimble, Michael M. "Air Force Strategic Bombing and Its Counterpoints from World War I to Vietnam."
2678:
1622:
1558:: An attack or action must be intended to help in the defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a
1285:
201:
2702:. Columbia University Press. pp. Chapter 2 Spoils of War â Secret Japanese Biological Science.
570:
was developed as part of a combined-arms attack which would be developed to a significant degree by
4116:
3871:
Werrell, Kenneth P. "The Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II: Costs and Accomplishments",
1617:
1526:
810:
406:
241:
167:
104:
930:
had been attacking both civilian and military targets from the first day of the war, when Germany
850:
Area bombardment came to prominence during World War II with the use of large numbers of unguided
4231:
4162:
4089:
3970:
2988:
1633:
1603:
1575:
1511:
1445:
1421:
1252:
1244:
consistently reliable for the US even amongst Chinese and USSR interference throughout the war.
1120:
783:
628:
614:". These theorists for strategic bombing argued that it would be necessary to develop a fleet of
421:
338:
3735:
Koch, H. W. "The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany: the Early Phase, MayâSeptember 1940."
3696:
Ideas, concepts, doctrine: A history of basic thinking in the United States Air Force, 1907â1964
1682:
4061:
2700:
Hidden Atrocities: Japanese Germ Warfare and American Obstruction of Justice at the Tokyo Trial
2024:
1463:
1437:
535:
109:
3285:
3279:
2946:"Top-20 destinacija za medeni mesec: MeÄu najboljim na svetu jedna nama i blizu i pristupaÄna"
2906:
2626:
1938:
1842:
1826:
1069:, between 1939 and 1944, with Finland being subjected to a number of bombing campaigns by the
4174:
4152:
4079:
4049:
3033:
2475:
2263:
2236:
2209:
2156:
1858:
1755:
1612:
1554:
1408:
Strategic bombing in the postâCold War era is defined by American advances in and the use of
1327:
Strategic bombing was entering a new phase of high-intensity attacks, specifically targeting
1111:
723:
653:
607:
441:
289:
170:âthey were ineffective. Commentators observed the failures and some air forces, such as the
4094:
3898:
3182:
2553:
The strategic air war against Germany, 1939â1945: report of the British Bombing Survey Unit
1429:
1301:
1217:
1144:
904:
261:
370:
Building factories in tunnels or other underground locations that are protected from bombs
189:, or if within the laws of war are nevertheless a moral crime. According to John Algeo in
8:
3965:
3098:
1082:
1040:
In some cases, single missions have been considered to constitute strategic bombing. The
840:
796:
1131:
frequently used strategic bombing over Singaporean, Burmese, and Chinese cities such as
252:(USAAF), and for most of World War II the Allied news media did the same. However, at a
3439:
2847:
2797:
2017:
1542:
1534:
1433:
1185:
1132:
1093:
1045:
972:
931:
916:
715:
624:
531:
520:
358:
334:
281:
257:
195:
193:, the first recorded usage of "Terror bombing" in a United States publication was in a
1901:, intensive and indiscriminate bombing designed to frighten a country into surrender;
1073:
in that period. The largest were three raids in February 1944, which have been called
280:
The controversy stirred up by the Cowan news report reached the highest levels of the
80:
aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to the enemy's war-making capability. It is a
4099:
4066:
3955:
3930:
3651:
3640:
3580:
3559:
3540:
3521:
3502:
3483:
3464:
3445:
3424:
3405:
3289:
3261:
3242:
3223:
3155:
3122:
2747:
2703:
2657:
2632:
2481:
2393:
2372:
2269:
2242:
2215:
2162:
2097:
2070:
2028:
1922:
1761:
1584:
1548:
1519:
1358:
1344:
1309:
1305:
1105:
1078:
1055:
1004:
939:
871:
855:
792:
285:
249:
163:
81:
58:
54:
3750:
1540:
To be legal, aerial operations must comply with the principles of humanitarian law:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4167:
4157:
4084:
4054:
4044:
3978:
3461:
Confronting captivity: Britain and the United States and their POWs in Nazi Germany
3069:"Russian bombings of civilian infrastructure raise cost of Ukraine's recovery: IMF"
1097:
1086:
1017:
946:
hoping to break British morale and to have the British be cowed into making peace.
615:
506:
344:
330:
266:
120:
69:
61:
cut the city's industrial productivity by half and killed around 100,000 civilians.
461:
bombs and ineffective three-kilogram incendiaries on the Eastern England towns of
4007:
3960:
3757:
3574:
3308:
3275:
3045:
2913:
2091:
2064:
1654:
1642:
1594:
1571:
1409:
1260:
951:
935:
920:
688:
668:
225:
217:
144:
140:
68:
is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize
3845:
3675:
Beneficial Bombing: The Progressive Foundations of American Air Power, 1917â1945
3478:
Lewis, Peter M. H. (1994). "B-29 Superfortress". In Grolier Incorporated (ed.).
3115:"Zelensky says that some four million Ukrainians face restrictions on power use"
2062:
1052:
program enough that it did not become a major factor in the outcome of the war.
874:
intended to kill or intimidate those fighting the fires caused by incendiaries.
4136:
4131:
4104:
3626:
The Conduct of the Air War in the Second World War: An International Comparison
2584:
Strategic bombing by the United States in World War II: the myths and the facts
1638:
1608:
1370:
1289:
1224:
912:
908:
844:
711:
707:
692:
673:
640:
598:
563:
494:
470:
462:
458:
429:
350:
309:
136:
132:
77:
3201:
2997:
2967:
2448:"The bombload of the B-29 eventually reached 9,000 kg (20,000 lb)" (
1412:. The developments in guided munitions meant that the Coalition forces in the
4220:
4109:
4039:
3159:
3126:
1590:
1580:
1489:
1297:
1207:
964:
960:
800:
735:
719:
636:
603:
594:
302:
128:
53:
attack on the night of March 9â10, 1945, the single most destructive raid in
28:
1925:, an operation that involved both bombing and strafing, as a terror attack).
437:
4034:
4029:
3518:
The game of disarmament: how the United States and Russia run the arms race
2477:
Among the Dead Cities: Is the Targeting of Civilians in War Ever Justified?
1599:
1232:
1189:
1081:
responded to the air raids with a series of night infiltration bombings of
1070:
988:
851:
777:
571:
556:
364:
Dispersal of war-critical factories to areas difficult for bombers to reach
245:
221:
858:, to bomb the target region indiscriminatelyâto kill war workers, destroy
397:
143:) and in influencing political thoughts on a future war as exemplified by
4179:
4126:
3710:
The quest: Haywood Hansell and American strategic bombing in World War II
1629:
1518:
by protecting the victims of the conflict and refraining from attacks on
1507:
1382:
and launched them against Baghdad. These too inflicted damage upon Iraq.
1281:
1256:
1101:
1008:
992:
968:
773:
727:
658:
590:
567:
552:
453:
harm to the enemy by systematically attacking vital rear-area resources.
124:
50:
36:
3893:
1757:
Forgotten Fifteenth: The Daring Airmen Who Crippled Hitler's War Machine
1092:
Strategic bombing in Europe never reached the decisive completeness the
979:
3855:
3740:
3621:
3094:"Russia's methodical attacks exploit frailty of Ukrainian power system"
3092:
Birnbaum, Michael; Stern, David L.; Rauhala, Emily (October 25, 2022).
2768:"Deadly WWII U.S. firebombing raids on Japanese cities largely ignored"
1530:
1417:
1320:
of strategic bombing, but later in the Cold War, this began to change.
1049:
1022:
866:
the enemy. In high enough concentration, it was capable of producing a
644:
583:
502:
466:
113:
3220:
Fifty years among the new words: a dictionary of neologisms, 1941â1991
2905:
Francisco Javier GuisĂĄndez GĂłmez, a colonel of the Spanish Air Force,
710:
was developed as part of British foreign policy in its colonies, with
474:
2371:(First edition Collins 1947) Pen & Sword military classics 2005;
1136:
956:
943:
927:
887:
867:
818:
726:. The Trenchard School theories were successfully put into action in
682:
579:
575:
513:
191:
Fifty Years among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms 1941â1991
171:
85:
3876:
3858:(Spaight was Principal Assistant Secretary of the Air Ministry) (UK)
3790:
Overy. Richard. "The Means to Victory: Bombs and Bombing" in Overy,
3046:"Ukraine war: Almost half Ukraine's energy system disabled, PM says"
45:
2795:
2063:
Spencer Tucker; Laura Matysek Wood; Justin D. Murphy, eds. (1999).
1456:
1413:
1401:
1317:
1228:
1181:
1160:
1062:
859:
425:
293:
from the Chiefs of Staff and in response to the views expressed by
210:
89:
32:
2926:
Craig, Tim; Ryan, Missy; Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (October 10, 2015).
410:
4017:
3945:
3684:(7 vols 1948â1958; rpr. 1985), official US Army Air Force history
3001:
1328:
1140:
1066:
907:
on long-range missions, to 8,000 lb (3,600 kg) for the
433:
414:
361:â extinguishing all lights at night to make bombing less accurate
73:
3799:
The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940â1945
3618:(Princeton Studies in International History and Politics) (2004)
2744:
The American People in World War II: Freedom from Fear, Part Two
2183:
The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940â1945
1115:
Child amid ruins following German aerial bombing of London, 1945
240:âterror attacks. The Allied governments usually described their
174:, concentrated their efforts upon direct support of the troops.
4024:
3402:
Endkampf: soldiers, civilians, and the death of the Third Reich
3034:
Russia's Georgia Take-Down: Implications for Russia and America
2265:
Strategic Terror: The Politics and Ethics of Aerial Bombardment
2238:
Strategic Terror: The Politics and Ethics of Aerial Bombardment
1480:
Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022âpresent)
1369:
were used against smaller or shorter range targets, as well as
1362:
882:
863:
814:
593:, namely strategic bombing during this period were the Italian
539:
485:
445:
401:
A 1918 Air Raid rehearsal, evacuating children from a hospital.
367:
Duplication of war-critical manufacturing to "shadow factories"
3771:"Bomber" Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive, 1939â1945
3766:(1976) story of the official American Strategic Bombing Survey
3258:
World War II in Europe: the final year: Roosevelt Study Center
2998:"NiĆĄ 1999, NATO bombardovanje, city of Nis, NATO bombing 1999"
2676:
2615:(The Mill, Gloucestershire: History Press, 2013), pp. 77, 100.
512:
The French army on June 15, 1915, attacked the German town of
42:
Systematic aerial attacks to destroy infrastructure and morale
3785:
The Bomber War: The Allied Air Offensive Against Nazi Germany
3628:(1992) 763 pp.; very important anthology by major researchers
3537:
Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force 1919â1939
2916:
International Review of the Red Cross no 323, pp. 347â63
1379:
1366:
1355:
1351:
1272:
was signed between communist and UN forces on July 27, 1953.
1030:
764:
527:
253:
3928:
3359:
Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare
3329:
Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare
1335:
enabling less reliance on heavier, more vulnerable bombers.
3361:. Vol. 16. London: Phoebus. pp. 1697, 1700, 1736.
2566:
2564:
2455:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2358:
by Stephen Budiansky, Viking Penguin Books 2004, pp. 200â08
2066:
The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
2044:
1496:
1467:
1452:
1375:
731:
578:
during the first four years (1939â42) of World War II. The
420:
The first effective strategic bombing was pioneered by the
3832:
The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon
2503:"What Did Fighter Command Do After the Battle of Britain?"
1944:
821:, supporting the Spanish Nationalists, generally agreed.
308:
Many strategic bombing campaigns and individual raids of
256:
press conference on 16 February 1945, two days after the
3499:
The Bombers: The RAF offensive against Germany 1939â1945
2561:
2297:
2287:
2285:
1974:
1972:
3635:(Oxford UP, 2006), 928pp official German history vol 7
2798:"Within Limits â The U.S. Air Force and the Korean War"
2138:"The Gotha Bomber and the Origins of Strategic Bombing"
1459:, power plants around Belgrade and flea market in Nis.
3883:
Death From the Heavens: A History of Strategic Bombing
3687:
Davis, Richard G. "Bombing Strategy Shifts, 1944â45",
3604:. 2013;45(3):481-489. doi:10.1080/14672715.2013.829670
3404:(illustrated ed.). University Press of Kentucky.
1455:
forces bombed targets far from Kosovo like bridges in
971:(released in September 1941) proved the inadequacy of
277:, asked questions in the House of Commons on 6 March.
177:
3444:(illustrated ed.). James Lorimer & Company.
2925:
2309:
2282:
1984:
1969:
1466:
Russian aircraft attacked the shipbuilding center of
597:, the Trenchard school in Great Britain, and General
3148:"Opinion | Don't Let Putin Turn Ukraine into Aleppo"
3091:
497:, commander of the German Naval Airship Department.
199:
article dated June 1941, a finding confirmed by the
3600:McCoy A. Reflections on History's Largest Air War.
3222:(2, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press.
963:targets which aided the German war effort, such as
706:During the interwar period (1919â1939), the use of
574:, and which contributed much to the success of the
2321:
2016:
1921:(mentions that Historian Ronald Shaffer described
1168:on March 9â10, 1945 than was caused either by the
738:, a young RAF squadron commander (later nicknamed
2600:America's pursuit of precision bombing, 1910â1945
1996:
1007:for greater accuracy as, for example, during the
4218:
3778:The Origins of American Strategic Bombing Theory
3423:. Royal Air Force Centre for Air Power Studies.
2928:"By evening, a hospital. By morning, a war zone"
2876:"- LEGACIES OF WAR: UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE IN LAOS"
2848:"The United States Air Force In Korea 1950â1953"
2538:Conclusion to the Singleton report 20 May 1942 (
2522:"RAF Bomber Command During the Second World War"
2014:
1744:, pp. 122, 123 quoting the Singleton Report
1288:could have been more extensive, but fear by the
1048:. The PeenemĂŒnde mission delayed Nazi Germany's
967:that at night were self-illuminating. After the
116:such as "will to resist" and "morale bombings".
2677:Jukka O. Kauppinen; Matti Rönkkö (2006-02-27).
1753:
745:On an official level, RAF directives stressed:
1473:
811:Large scale bombing of the civilian population
424:(RNAS) in 1914. The mission was to attack the
3914:
3670:, June 2010, Vol. 33 Issue 3, pp. 401â35
3421:Air Power, Insurgency and the "War on Terror"
3202:International Law on the Bombing of Civilians
2652:Aake Pesonen (1982). "Taistelu HelsingistÀ".
2338:
2336:
2234:
2211:Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War
2135:
1174:atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima or Nagasaki
1096:achieved, helped in part by the fragility of
321:Defensive measures against air raids include:
3837:Smith, Malcolm. "The Allied Air Offensive",
3677:(University of Nebraska Press; 2010) 347 pp.
3441:The Mystery of Frankenberg's Canadian Airman
3386:
3331:. Vol. 9. London: Phoebus. p. 969.
2796:Wayne Thompson and Bernard C. Nalty (1996).
2651:
2050:
1284:, the strategic bombing of North Vietnam in
3747:The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940â1945
3356:
3326:
3284:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
2964:"Udar po elektroenergetskom sistemu Srbije"
2461:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2207:
2196:The Second World War: Causes and Background
2161:. Manchester University Press. p. 16.
2093:British Naval Aviation: The First 100 Years
1964:"British Bombing Strategy in World War Two"
393:German strategic bombing during World War I
27:"Bomber raid" redirects here. For the 1989
3921:
3907:
3805:; a longer version was published in UK as
3680:Craven, Wesley Frank, and James Lea Cate.
2722:
2333:
2089:
1392:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia § Strategy
1308:(although this incident was the result of
959:, including oil plants and other civilian
697:civilian casualties from strategic bombing
284:when on 28 March 1945 the Prime Minister,
135:school in the United Kingdom, and General
3780:(US Naval Institute Press, 2017), 272 pp.
3463:(illustrated ed.). UNC Press Books.
2697:
911:, 14,000 lb (6,400 kg) for the
691:leaders, in particular Air Chief Marshal
509:bomber to be used for strategic bombing.
329:attempting to shoot down attackers using
3496:
3145:
2746:. Oxford University Press. p. 421.
2624:
2473:
2261:
1741:
1503:Aerial bombardment and international law
1497:Aerial bombardment and international law
1395:
1211:
1110:
978:
942:, the Germans launched their night time
876:
782:
479:
396:
44:
3645:
3458:
3418:
3281:Clash of Wings: World War II in the Air
3112:
3066:
2845:
2814:from the original on February 28, 2017.
2741:
2315:
2303:
2291:
2119:"Strategic Bombing: Gothas over London"
2096:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 29.
1956:
1934:
1100:, which was particularly vulnerable to
635:In Italy, the airpower prophet General
213:they may be labelled "terror attacks".
14:
4219:
3572:
3534:
3515:
3482:. Vol. 10. Grolier Incorporated.
3437:
3303:Copp, Terry (SeptemberâOctober 1996).
3255:
3016:"GodiĆĄnjica bombardovanja centra NiĆĄa"
2519:
2500:
2327:
2116:
1990:
1978:
1950:
1914:
1838:
1685:Goebbels used several terms including
1678:
377:
3902:
3553:
3477:
3399:
3274:
3236:
3217:
2449:
2387:
2381:
2154:
2019:The Influence of Air Power on History
2002:
1870:
1854:
1822:
1710:
1227:defined strategic bombing during the
915:, and 20,000 lb (9,000 kg)
831:Strategic bombing during World War II
582:became a major element of the German
316:
3302:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2855:Defense Technical Information Center
2846:Futrell, Robert F. (February 1983).
2805:Defense Technical Information Center
2539:
2069:. Taylor & Francis. p. 13.
389:Strategic bombing during World War I
265:of German morale." Howard Cowan, an
224:frequently described attacks by the
220:and other high-ranking officials of
119:The theoretical distinction between
3834:(1987), important study 1930sâ1960s
3739:, 34 (March 1991) pp. 117â41.
3682:The Army Air Forces in World War II
2864:from the original on June 29, 2020.
2833:National Museum of the US Air Force
2725:"The Deadliest Air Raid in History"
488:on the night of 21â22 February 1915
103:One of the strategies of war is to
24:
4002:Airborne early warning and control
3821:
3812:
3807:The Bombing War: Europe, 1939â1945
3764:Strategic Bombing in World War Two
3608:
3520:. Manchester University Press ND.
3357:Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1978b).
3327:Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1978a).
2390:The Bombing War â Europe 1939â1945
1760:. Simon and Schuster. p. 35.
1129:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
1125:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
854:, often with a high proportion of
805:the bomber will always get through
612:the bomber will always get through
610:âthe maxim of the times remained "
545:
301:, and the head of Bomber Command,
150:the bomber will always get through
25:
4263:
3705:(Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2009)
3648:Air Power in the Age of Total War
3576:Dresden: Tuesday 13 February 1945
3067:Kraemer, Christian (2022-10-26).
2892:
2158:British Foreign Policy, 1919â1939
1905:, a bombing raid of this nature".
870:. The high explosives were often
799:by German aviators including the
3595:Joint Force Quarterly : JFQ
1385:
1338:
1333:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
1220:practices a nuclear bombing run.
1075:The Great Raids Against Helsinki
3539:. Manchester University Press.
3211:
3193:
3172:
3139:
3106:
3085:
3060:
3038:
3026:
3008:
2981:
2956:
2938:
2919:
2868:
2839:
2818:
2789:
2760:
2735:
2723:Reichhardt, Tony (March 2015).
2716:
2691:
2670:
2645:
2618:
2605:
2589:
2576:
2545:
2532:
2513:
2494:
2467:
2442:
2361:
2349:
2255:
2228:
2201:
2188:
2175:
2148:
2129:
2110:
2083:
2056:
2023:. Gretna, LA: Pelican. p.
2008:
1908:
1704:
1672:
1404:, Serbia after NATO bombardment
1094:American campaign against Japan
824:
156:
94:theatres of military operations
3730:A History of Strategic Bombing
3480:Academic American Encyclopedia
3307:. originally published in the
3305:"The Bomber Command Offensive"
2907:ICRC: "The Law of Air Warfare"
2613:The Race for Hitler's X-Planes
1884:
1864:
1797:
1774:
1747:
1735:
1516:international humanitarian law
1275:
382:
13:
1:
3720:Air Plan That Defeated Hitler
3146:Stephens, Bret (2022-11-01).
2551:British Bombing Survey Unit,
2520:Carter, Ian (February 2018).
2241:. Zed Books. pp. 21â35.
2136:O'Connell, Robert L. (1990).
1660:
1560:legitimate military objective
1436:, which had been used during
1238:
1003:adopted a policy of daylight
1001:United States Army Air Forces
542:, but these were never used.
288:, sent a memo by telegram to
230:United States Army Air Forces
3839:Journal of Strategic Studies
3667:Journal of Strategic Studies
3650:. Indiana University Press.
3113:Santora, Marc (2022-10-29).
3048:. BBC News. 18 November 2022
3000:. 23 March 2010 – via
2774:. March 2015. Archived from
1420:, and the initial phases of
1059:conducted strategic bombings
1046:the bombing of the Ruhr dams
562:These early developments of
505:bomber, which was the first
7:
3873:Journal of American History
3256:Brower, Charles F. (1998).
3241:. Temple University Press.
2656:(in Finnish). KirjayhtymÀ.
2117:Castle, Ian (August 2017).
1695:(terrorist activities) ...
1648:
1565:
1486:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1474:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1451:During the Kosovo campaign
1201:
835:Air warfare of World War II
664:The Shape of Things to Come
428:production lines and their
234:strategic bombing campaigns
216:German propaganda minister
10:
4268:
3841:(1990) 13#1 pp. 67â83
3573:Taylor, Frederick (2005).
3459:Kochavi, Arieh J. (2005).
3400:Fritz, Stephen G. (2004).
2742:Kennedy, David M. (2003).
2698:Guillemin, Jeanne (2017).
2214:. Cornell UP. p. 60.
1500:
1477:
1442:Operation Enduring Freedom
1389:
1342:
1205:
1044:was such an event, as was
828:
714:as its leading proponent,
701:Mutual Assured Destruction
589:Some leading theorists of
386:
178:The term "terror bombing"
26:
4145:
3994:
3987:
3938:
3718:Hansell, Jr., Haywood S.
3497:Longmate, Norman (1983).
2625:Cosgrove, Edmund (2003).
2501:Carter, Ian (June 2018).
2268:. Zed Books. p. 55.
2015:Boyne, Walter J. (2003).
1891:Oxford English Dictionary
1626:(1942 book and 1943 film)
1623:Victory Through Air Power
1286:Operation Rolling Thunder
347:to protect the population
202:Oxford English Dictionary
2631:. Dundurn. p. 135.
2628:Canada's Fighting Pilots
2586:(2003) pp. 8, 52, 129â40
2474:Grayling, A. C. (2011).
2123:Military History Monthly
2090:Tim Benbow, ed. (2011).
1754:Barrett Tillman (2014).
1618:Alexander P. de Seversky
1018:Norden optical bombsight
881:Destroyed townhouses in
787:Ruins of Guernica (1937)
763:In British strikes over
534:attacking by night. The
407:aerial bombing of a city
260:, British Air Commodore
244:with euphemisms such as
168:Second Sino-Japanese War
112:, have preferred to use
72:, long- or medium-range
49:Tokyo after the massive
4247:Aerial warfare strategy
3890:OAH Magazine of History
3803:excerpt and text search
3794:(1995), pp. 101â33
3694:Futrell, Robert Frank.
3637:excerpt and text search
3178:Jefferson D. Reynolds.
2388:Overy, Richard (2013).
2344:History of Air Fighting
2155:Doerr, Paul W. (1998).
1512:laws and customs of war
1446:Operation Iraqi Freedom
1422:Operation Iraqi Freedom
1253:United States Air Force
1121:Asiatic-Pacific Theater
759:the occasion warrants.
629:Royal Naval Air Service
608:anti-aircraft artillery
484:German airship bombing
422:Royal Naval Air Service
339:surface-to-air missiles
3787:(Overlook Press, 2001)
3773:(1984), defends Harris
3737:The Historical Journal
3646:Buckley, John (1999).
3602:Critical Asian Studies
3597:91 (2018): 82â89. Web.
3579:. London: Bloomsbury.
3556:The air war, 1939â1945
3535:Omissi, David (1990).
3438:Hessel, Peter (2005).
3419:Hayward, Joel (2009).
3389:"Aircraft and the War"
3260:. Palgrave Macmillan.
3237:Axinn, Sidney (2008).
2826:"Korean War 1950â1953"
2679:"Night of the Bombers"
2235:Beau Grosscup (2006).
1721:
1701:
1591:Arthur "Bomber" Harris
1464:2008 South Ossetia war
1438:Operation Desert Storm
1405:
1290:Johnson Administration
1221:
1199:
1116:
1035:the bombing of Dresden
996:
895:
788:
761:
752:
649:The Command of the Air
489:
402:
303:Arthur "Bomber" Harris
295:Chief of the Air Staff
110:Allies of World War II
62:
3701:Grayling, Anthony C.
3554:Overy, R. J. (2005).
3516:Myrdal, Alva (1977).
3387:Flight staff (1914).
2654:Tuli-iskuja taivaalle
1717:
1686:
1572:Henry H. "Hap" Arnold
1527:1907 Hague Convention
1399:
1261:Truman Administration
1215:
1194:
1114:
1042:bombing of PeenemĂŒnde
982:
880:
786:
756:
747:
591:strategic air warfare
483:
442:Charles Rumney Samson
400:
232:(USAAF) during their
147:'s 1932 comment that
48:
3892:22.4 (2008): 25â29.
3885:(2009) Good analysis
3881:Werrell, Kenneth P.
3863:The Bomber Offensive
3848:"Bombing Vindicated"
3769:Messenger, Charles.
3614:Biddle, Tami Davis.
3218:Algeo, John (1993).
3190:(PDF) pp. 4â108
3183:Air Force Law Review
2596:Stephen L. McFarland
2208:Robert Pape (1996).
1966:, 1 August 2001, BBC
1953:, pp. 413, 414.
1430:F-16 Fighting Falcon
1302:Operation Linebacker
1298:Nixon Administration
1166:firebombing of Tokyo
905:B-17 Flying Fortress
847:over a single city.
568:Tactical air warfare
262:Colin McKay Grierson
96:, or both. The term
4252:Targeting (warfare)
4072:Electronic warfare
3875:73 (1986) 702â13;
3708:Griffith, Charles.
3099:The Washington Post
2932:The Washington Post
2611:Christopher, John.
2526:Imperial War Museum
2507:Imperial War Museum
1881:. June p. 58/2 ..."
1804:"The Round Table",
1781:"National Review",
1666:Informational notes
1270:armistice agreement
1104:through the use of
892:bombing of the city
797:bombing of Guernica
780:in the late 1930s.
378:History and origins
76:, or nuclear-armed
4242:Military doctrines
4013:Counter-insurgency
3861:Verrier, Anthony.
3844:Spaight. James M.
3822:Patler, Nicholas.
3813:Patler, Nicholas.
3792:Why the Allies Won
3783:Neillands, Robin.
3756:2012-07-16 at the
3673:Clodfelter, Mark.
3152:The New York Times
3119:The New York Times
2912:2014-12-21 at the
1691:(terror raids) or
1543:military necessity
1535:Geneva Conventions
1533:additional to the
1434:F-15E Strike Eagle
1406:
1222:
1186:surrender of Japan
1117:
1106:incendiary devices
997:
973:RAF Bomber Command
917:B-29 Superfortress
896:
872:delay-action bombs
856:incendiary devices
841:conventional bombs
789:
716:Sir Charles Portal
667:(1933) (filmed by
625:Royal Flying Corps
521:Royal Flying Corps
490:
403:
335:anti-aircraft guns
317:Defensive measures
282:British Government
258:bombing of Dresden
63:
4237:Military strategy
4227:Strategic bombing
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4067:Close air support
3931:military aircraft
3850:] G. Bles, 1944.
3830:Sherry, Michael.
3776:Morris, Craig F.
3762:MacIsaac, David.
3689:Air Power History
3631:Boog, Horst, ed.
3565:978-1-57488-716-7
3489:978-0-7172-2053-3
3430:978-0-9552189-6-5
3374:Missing or empty
3367:cite encyclopedia
3344:Missing or empty
3337:cite encyclopedia
3267:978-0-312-21133-2
3248:978-1-59213-958-3
2480:. A&C Black.
2399:978-0-713-99561-9
2306:, pp. 53â54.
2262:Grosscup (2006).
2051:Flight staff 1914
1962:Siebert, Detlef.
1923:Operation Clarion
1767:978-1-62157-235-0
1585:Regia Aeronautica
1520:protected persons
1510:must comply with
1359:strategic bombers
1345:War of the Cities
1310:close air support
1306:Kim Phuc Phan Thi
1216:A U.S. Air Force
1079:Finnish Air Force
1065:, the capital of
1056:Soviet Air Forces
1005:precision bombing
940:Battle of Britain
885:after the German
793:Spanish Civil War
720:Sir Arthur Harris
616:strategic bombers
536:Independent Force
530:by day and large
345:air raid shelters
324:
286:Winston Churchill
250:precision bombing
242:bombing of cities
164:Spanish Civil War
82:military strategy
70:strategic bombers
66:Strategic bombing
59:Tokyo firebombing
55:military aviation
16:(Redirected from
4259:
4075:
3992:
3991:
3974:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3827:
3818:
3797:Overy. Richard.
3745:Levine, Alan J.
3728:Kennett, Lee B.
3661:
3590:
3569:
3550:
3531:
3512:
3493:
3474:
3455:
3434:
3415:
3396:
3383:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3362:
3353:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3332:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3311:. Archived from
3299:
3276:Boyne, Walter J.
3271:
3252:
3239:A Moral Military
3233:
3205:
3197:
3191:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2966:. Archived from
2960:
2954:
2953:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2923:
2917:
2903:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2852:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2802:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2559:
2549:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2471:
2465:
2462:Fitzsimons 1978b
2459:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2437:Fitzsimons 1978b
2434:
2428:
2425:Fitzsimons 1978b
2422:
2416:
2413:Fitzsimons 1978a
2410:
2404:
2403:
2385:
2379:
2369:Bomber Offensive
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2034:9-781-589800-342
2022:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1932:
1926:
1912:
1906:
1888:
1882:
1868:
1862:
1852:
1846:
1836:
1830:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1722:
1708:
1702:
1693:Terrorhandlungen
1676:
1098:Japanese housing
894:, September 1939
507:heavier-than-air
331:fighter aircraft
323:
267:Associated Press
21:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4206:
4141:
4117:Maritime patrol
4090:Air superiority
4073:
3983:
3972:
3934:
3933:types and roles
3927:
3865:(1968), British
3801:(2014), 592 pp
3758:Wayback Machine
3741:online at JSTOR
3691:39 (1989) 33â45
3658:
3611:
3609:Further reading
3587:
3566:
3547:
3528:
3509:
3490:
3471:
3452:
3431:
3412:
3375:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3345:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3318:
3316:
3309:Legion Magazine
3296:
3268:
3249:
3230:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3194:
3187:Volume 56, 2005
3177:
3173:
3164:
3162:
3144:
3140:
3131:
3129:
3111:
3107:
3090:
3086:
3077:
3075:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2996:
2993:Wayback Machine
2986:
2982:
2973:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2924:
2920:
2914:Wayback Machine
2904:
2893:
2884:
2882:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2781:
2779:
2772:The Japan Times
2766:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2740:
2736:
2729:airspacemag.com
2721:
2717:
2710:
2696:
2692:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2606:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2562:
2555:(reprint 1998)
2550:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2518:
2514:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2472:
2468:
2464:, p. 1700.
2460:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2439:, p. 1697.
2435:
2431:
2427:, p. 1736.
2423:
2419:
2415:, p. 1736.
2411:
2407:
2400:
2386:
2382:
2367:Harris, Arthur
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2181:Richard Overy,
2180:
2176:
2169:
2153:
2149:
2134:
2130:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1933:
1929:
1913:
1909:
1889:
1885:
1869:
1865:
1853:
1849:
1837:
1833:
1821:
1817:
1806:The Round Table
1803:
1802:
1798:
1783:National Review
1780:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1709:
1705:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1655:Dahiya doctrine
1651:
1568:
1555:proportionality
1505:
1499:
1484:As part of the
1482:
1476:
1410:smart munitions
1394:
1388:
1347:
1341:
1278:
1241:
1225:Nuclear weapons
1210:
1204:
1170:Dresden mission
1085:airfields near
952:Rotterdam Blitz
837:
829:Main articles:
827:
689:Royal Air Force
669:Alexander Korda
654:The War of 19--
548:
546:Interwar period
395:
387:Main articles:
385:
380:
351:air raid sirens
319:
226:Royal Air Force
218:Joseph Goebbels
196:Reader's Digest
180:
159:
145:Stanley Baldwin
141:Royal Air Force
43:
40:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4265:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4232:Aerial bombing
4229:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4163:Reconnaissance
4160:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4137:Strike fighter
4134:
4132:Fighter-bomber
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4082:
4077:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4005:
3998:
3996:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3886:
3879:
3869:
3866:
3859:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3809:(2013), 880 pp
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3751:online edition
3743:
3733:
3726:
3724:online version
3716:
3714:online edition
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3662:
3656:
3643:
3641:online edition
3629:
3619:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3585:
3570:
3564:
3551:
3545:
3532:
3526:
3513:
3507:
3501:. Hutchinson.
3494:
3488:
3475:
3469:
3456:
3450:
3435:
3429:
3416:
3410:
3397:
3384:
3354:
3324:
3300:
3294:
3272:
3266:
3253:
3247:
3234:
3228:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3192:
3171:
3138:
3105:
3084:
3059:
3037:
3032:Earl Tilford.
3025:
3007:
2980:
2955:
2937:
2918:
2891:
2867:
2838:
2817:
2788:
2759:
2753:978-0199840052
2752:
2734:
2715:
2709:978-0231544986
2708:
2690:
2669:
2662:
2644:
2638:978-0919614970
2637:
2617:
2604:
2588:
2582:Stewart Ross,
2575:
2572:Bomber Command
2560:
2544:
2531:
2512:
2493:
2487:978-1408827901
2486:
2466:
2454:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2398:
2392:. Allen Lane.
2380:
2360:
2348:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2281:
2275:978-1842775431
2274:
2254:
2248:978-1842775431
2247:
2227:
2220:
2200:
2194:Jeremy Black,
2187:
2174:
2168:978-0719046728
2167:
2147:
2128:
2109:
2103:978-1409406129
2102:
2082:
2076:978-0815333517
2075:
2055:
2053:, p. 906.
2043:
2033:
2007:
1995:
1993:, p. 434.
1983:
1981:, p. 430.
1968:
1955:
1943:
1927:
1907:
1899:terror-bombing
1883:
1863:
1847:
1831:
1815:
1796:
1773:
1766:
1746:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1703:
1689:Terrorangriffe
1670:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1639:Hugh Trenchard
1636:
1627:
1615:
1609:Billy Mitchell
1606:
1597:
1588:
1578:
1567:
1564:
1501:Main article:
1498:
1495:
1490:power stations
1478:Main article:
1475:
1472:
1414:First Gulf War
1387:
1384:
1378:missiles from
1343:Main article:
1340:
1337:
1277:
1274:
1240:
1237:
1203:
1200:
1184:announced the
965:blast furnaces
932:invaded Poland
913:Avro Lancaster
909:B-24 Liberator
845:nuclear weapon
826:
823:
712:Hugh Trenchard
708:aerial bombing
693:Hugh Trenchard
674:Things to Come
641:carpet bombing
604:fighter planes
599:Billy Mitchell
564:aerial warfare
559:in the 1930s.
547:
544:
495:Peter Strasser
463:Great Yarmouth
459:high-explosive
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
356:
353:
348:
341:
318:
315:
310:aerial warfare
299:Charles Portal
272:Richard Stokes
238:Terrorangriffe
228:(RAF) and the
183:Terror bombing
179:
176:
158:
155:
137:Billy Mitchell
123:and strategic
98:terror bombing
78:fighter-bomber
41:
31:video game by
18:Terror bombing
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4264:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4040:Medium bomber
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3698:(2 vols 1974)
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3657:0-253-33557-4
3653:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3586:0-7475-7084-1
3582:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:. Brassey's.
3557:
3552:
3548:
3546:0-7190-2960-0
3542:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3527:0-7190-0693-7
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3508:0-09-151580-7
3504:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3470:0-8078-2940-4
3466:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3451:1-55028-884-9
3447:
3443:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3411:0-8131-2325-9
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3368:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3338:
3330:
3325:
3315:on 2013-05-22
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3295:0-671-79370-5
3291:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3229:0-521-44971-5
3225:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3204:
3203:
3199:Gene Dannen.
3196:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2970:on 2016-08-09
2969:
2965:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2827:
2821:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2778:on 2019-07-26
2777:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2663:951-26-2318-8
2659:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2378:
2377:1-84415-210-3
2374:
2370:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2318:, p. 54.
2317:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2294:, p. 37.
2293:
2288:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2198:(2007) p. 392
2197:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1743:
1742:Longmate 1983
1738:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1697:Terrorflieger
1694:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1581:Giulio Douhet
1579:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1386:PostâCold War
1383:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:MiG-25 Foxbat
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:Tu-22 Blinder
1346:
1339:Iran-Iraq War
1336:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1208:Nuclear triad
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
981:
977:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
900:
893:
890:
889:
884:
879:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:gravity bombs
848:
846:
842:
836:
832:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
806:
802:
801:Condor Legion
798:
794:
785:
781:
779:
775:
769:
766:
760:
755:
751:
746:
743:
741:
737:
736:Arthur Harris
733:
729:
725:
724:Sidney Bufton
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
684:
678:
676:
675:
670:
666:
665:
660:
656:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:Giulio Douhet
633:
630:
626:
620:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
596:
595:Giulio Douhet
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
517:
515:
510:
508:
504:
498:
496:
487:
482:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
454:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
399:
394:
390:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
352:
349:
346:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:
326:
325:
314:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
291:
290:General Ismay
287:
283:
278:
276:
273:
268:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
206:
204:
203:
198:
197:
192:
188:
184:
175:
173:
169:
165:
154:
152:
151:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:Giulio Douhet
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
60:
57:history. The
56:
52:
47:
38:
34:
30:
29:Master System
19:
4175:Surveillance
4153:Experimental
4035:Light bomber
4030:Heavy bomber
3889:
3882:
3872:
3862:
3847:
3838:
3831:
3823:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3746:
3736:
3729:
3719:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3665:
3647:
3632:
3625:
3615:
3601:
3594:
3575:
3555:
3536:
3517:
3498:
3479:
3460:
3440:
3420:
3401:
3392:
3376:|title=
3358:
3346:|title=
3328:
3317:. Retrieved
3313:the original
3280:
3257:
3238:
3219:
3212:Bibliography
3200:
3195:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3163:. Retrieved
3151:
3141:
3130:. Retrieved
3118:
3108:
3097:
3087:
3076:. Retrieved
3072:
3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3040:
3028:
3019:
3010:
2989:Ghostarchive
2987:Archived at
2983:
2972:. Retrieved
2968:the original
2958:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2921:
2883:. Retrieved
2879:
2870:
2854:
2841:
2832:
2820:
2804:
2791:
2780:. Retrieved
2776:the original
2771:
2762:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2718:
2699:
2693:
2682:. Retrieved
2672:
2653:
2647:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2552:
2547:
2534:
2525:
2515:
2506:
2496:
2476:
2469:
2457:
2452:, p. 4)
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2389:
2383:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2323:
2316:Hayward 2009
2311:
2304:Hayward 2009
2299:
2292:Hayward 2009
2264:
2257:
2237:
2230:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2157:
2150:
2142:MHQ Magazine
2141:
2131:
2122:
2112:
2092:
2085:
2065:
2058:
2046:
2038:
2018:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1958:
1946:
1935:Kochavi 2005
1930:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1866:
1850:
1834:
1818:
1805:
1799:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1756:
1749:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1718:
1706:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1621:
1600:Curtis LeMay
1553:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1524:
1514:, including
1506:
1483:
1461:
1450:
1427:
1407:
1367:Su-22 Fitter
1356:Tu-16 Badger
1348:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1294:
1279:
1266:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1233:Great Powers
1223:
1195:
1178:
1157:
1118:
1091:
1074:
1054:
1039:
1027:
998:
989:ball bearing
948:
925:
901:
897:
886:
849:
838:
825:World War II
809:
790:
770:
762:
757:
753:
748:
744:
730:(modern-day
705:
687:
679:
672:
662:
652:
648:
634:
621:
588:
561:
557:Nazi Germany
549:
525:
518:
511:
499:
491:
455:
450:
419:
404:
322:
320:
307:
279:
246:area bombing
237:
222:Nazi Germany
215:
207:
200:
194:
190:
182:
181:
160:
157:Enemy morale
148:
118:
102:
97:
65:
64:
4127:Interdictor
4095:Interceptor
4004:(AEW&C)
3622:Boog, Horst
3052:23 November
3020:JuĆŸne vesti
2880:govinfo.gov
2557:ch 9 online
2328:Omissi 1990
2185:(2014) ch 1
1991:Taylor 2005
1979:Taylor 2005
1951:Taylor 2005
1915:Brower 1998
1903:terror raid
1839:Myrdal 1977
1679:Hessel 2005
1630:Carl Spaatz
1549:distinction
1508:Air warfare
1462:During the
1282:Vietnam War
1276:Vietnam War
1257:limited war
1102:firebombing
1009:Schweinfurt
993:Schweinfurt
969:Butt Report
791:During the
774:appeasement
728:Mesopotamia
659:H. G. Wells
657:(1930) and
553:appeasement
477:in Latvia.
471:King's Lynn
436:(Köln) and
383:World War I
343:the use of
125:air warfare
51:firebombing
37:Bomber Raid
4221:Categories
4146:Non-combat
4122:Multi-role
4055:Pathfinder
4050:Penetrator
3966:Helicopter
3956:Fixed-wing
3856:B0007IVW7K
3319:2011-10-07
3165:2022-11-02
3132:2022-10-29
3078:2022-10-26
2974:2017-03-29
2885:2023-04-28
2782:2018-11-12
2684:2010-04-12
2570:Hastings,
2450:Lewis 1994
2221:0801483115
2003:Overy 2013
1937:, p.
1917:, p.
1873:, p.
1871:Algeo 1993
1857:, p.
1855:Axinn 2008
1841:, p.
1825:, p.
1823:Overy 2005
1713:, p.
1711:Fritz 2004
1681:, p.
1661:References
1531:Protocol I
1418:Kosovo War
1390:See also:
1239:Korean War
1206:See also:
1023:Roy Fedden
961:industrial
921:Grand Slam
864:demoralize
683:air forces
645:poison gas
584:blitzkrieg
467:Sheringham
438:DĂŒsseldorf
187:law of war
114:euphemisms
105:demoralize
4202:Transport
4100:Emergency
4045:Strategic
3971:Unmanned
3395:: 905â06.
3160:0362-4331
3127:0362-4331
2540:Copp 1996
2356:Air Power
2342:Johnson,
2039:Zeppelin.
1879:Read. Dig
1729:Citations
1566:Pioneers
1400:Smoke in
1371:escorting
1329:factories
1172:, or the
1149:Singapore
1145:Chongqing
1137:Guangzhou
1087:Leningrad
995:, Germany
991:works at
928:Luftwaffe
888:Luftwaffe
868:firestorm
819:Luftwaffe
677:(1936)).
580:Luftwaffe
576:Wehrmacht
532:HP O/400s
514:Karlsruhe
440:. Led by
359:Blackouts
248:(RAF) or
172:Luftwaffe
133:Trenchard
86:total war
4080:Intruder
3877:in JSTOR
3754:Archived
3286:343, 344
3278:(1994).
2991:and the
2910:Archived
2859:Archived
2809:Archived
1895:terror,n
1649:See also
1457:Novi Sad
1402:Novi Sad
1318:hallmark
1229:Cold War
1202:Cold War
1182:Hirohito
1161:Iwo Jima
1133:Shanghai
1127:and the
1063:Helsinki
987:raid on
860:materiel
740:"Bomber"
451:indirect
426:Zeppelin
211:strafing
166:and the
121:tactical
90:materiel
84:used in
74:missiles
33:Sanritsu
4197:Trainer
4192:Testbed
4158:Liaison
4085:Fighter
4062:Carrier
4018:Gunship
3979:Stealth
3951:Balloon
3946:Airship
3929:Modern
3749:(1992)
3722:(1980)
3712:(1999)
3073:Reuters
3002:YouTube
2950:B92.net
1587:(Italy)
1280:In the
1190:stating
1153:Rangoon
1141:Nanjing
1119:In the
1067:Finland
1014:Mustang
572:Germany
475:LiepÄja
434:Cologne
415:Antwerp
92:to the
4187:Tanker
4105:Escort
4025:Bomber
4008:Attack
3995:Combat
3961:Glider
3894:online
3854:
3732:(1982)
3654:
3624:, ed.
3583:
3562:
3543:
3524:
3505:
3486:
3467:
3448:
3427:
3408:
3393:Flight
3292:
3264:
3245:
3226:
3158:
3125:
2750:
2706:
2660:
2635:
2602:(1995)
2484:
2396:
2375:
2272:
2245:
2218:
2165:
2100:
2073:
2031:
1812:, 1937
1793:, 1938
1764:
1552:, and
1259:, the
1218:F-100C
1151:, and
1123:, the
1077:. The
883:Warsaw
862:, and
815:Hitler
795:, the
778:Hitler
722:, and
540:Berlin
486:Calais
446:bomber
131:, the
35:, see
4180:Scout
4168:Scout
4110:Night
3988:Roles
3973:(UAV)
3939:Types
2862:(PDF)
2851:(PDF)
2829:(PDF)
2812:(PDF)
2801:(PDF)
1613:USAAS
1380:Libya
1031:D-Day
985:USAAF
983:1943
944:Blitz
843:or a
765:Yemen
528:Trier
503:Gotha
430:sheds
411:LiĂšge
254:SHAEF
4074:(EW)
3852:ASIN
3652:ISBN
3581:ISBN
3560:ISBN
3541:ISBN
3522:ISBN
3503:ISBN
3484:ISBN
3465:ISBN
3446:ISBN
3425:ISBN
3406:ISBN
3380:help
3350:help
3290:ISBN
3262:ISBN
3243:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3156:ISSN
3123:ISSN
3054:2022
2748:ISBN
2704:ISBN
2658:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2482:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2216:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2071:ISBN
2029:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1634:USAF
1604:USAF
1576:USAF
1529:and
1468:Poti
1453:NATO
1444:and
1376:Scud
1365:and
1354:and
1251:The
1071:USSR
1033:and
999:The
957:Ruhr
833:and
732:Iraq
643:and
627:and
606:and
391:and
333:and
297:Sir
1939:172
1919:108
1897:, "
1875:111
1843:252
1827:119
1810:515
1787:111
1683:107
1643:RAF
1620:in
1595:RAF
1432:or
1192::
1083:ADD
1061:of
1050:V-2
1029:on
936:RAF
817:'s
776:of
671:as
661:'s
555:of
432:at
337:or
236:as
4223::
3639:;
3391:.
3371::
3369:}}
3365:{{
3341::
3339:}}
3335:{{
3288:.
3154:.
3150:.
3121:.
3117:.
3096:.
3071:.
3018:.
2995::
2948:.
2930:.
2894:^
2878:.
2857:.
2853:.
2831:.
2807:.
2803:.
2770:.
2727:.
2598:,
2563:^
2542:).
2524:.
2505:.
2346:.
2335:^
2284:^
2140:.
2121:.
2037:.
2027:.
2025:99
1971:^
1893:,
1859:73
1808::
1791:51
1789::
1785:,
1715:44
1641:,
1632:,
1611:,
1602:,
1593:,
1583:,
1574:,
1546:,
1522:.
1470:.
1440:,
1188:,
1147:,
1143:,
1139:,
1135:,
1089:.
923:.
718:,
703:.
586:.
469:,
465:,
417:.
275:MP
205:.
153:.
3922:e
3915:t
3908:v
3826:.
3817:.
3660:.
3589:.
3568:.
3549:.
3530:.
3511:.
3492:.
3473:.
3454:.
3433:.
3414:.
3382:)
3378:(
3352:)
3348:(
3322:.
3298:.
3270:.
3251:.
3232:.
3168:.
3135:.
3102:.
3081:.
3056:.
3022:.
3004:.
2977:.
2952:.
2934:.
2888:.
2835:.
2785:.
2756:.
2731:.
2712:.
2687:.
2666:.
2641:.
2528:.
2509:.
2490:.
2402:.
2330:.
2278:.
2251:.
2224:.
2171:.
2144:.
2125:.
2106:.
2079:.
2005:.
1941:.
1861:.
1845:.
1829:.
1770:.
39:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
