285:
36:
546:
Due to the influence and prestige of the
Electorate of Saxony during the Baroque era (17th to 18th century), and especially its role as a focal point of artists and scientists, the language of the Upper Saxon elite (but not of its ordinary people) was considered the exemplary variant of German during
412:
has been heavily based on Upper Saxon, especially in its lexicon and grammar. This is due to it being used as the basis for early developments in the standardization of German during the early 1500s, including the
715:
are pronounced as centralized vowels ( and , respectively, when short; and , respectively, when long). Speakers of other German dialects that do not have these sounds tend to perceive these sounds as being
991:
559:), he made clear that "High German" to him meant the parlance of educated Upper Saxons. He claimed that the Upper Saxon variety was to the German language what
625:
among the Saxony populace. Since then, (Upper) Saxon merely refers to a colloquial, regional variety of
Standard German and not a dialect in the proper sense.
1657:
999:
775:. Speakers of other dialects hear these as if they were "b", "d" and "g" respectively. In reality, these are merely non-aspirated versions of the same
3075:
606:
290:
748:
is pronounced (or similarly, depending on the subdialect), which speakers of other German dialects tend to hear as ; e.g. 'higher' (Standard
551:(1700–1766), who spent most of his adult life in Leipzig, considered Saxony's upper-class speech as the guiding form of standard German. When
2032:
1110:
1830:
602:, rated the "unpleasant singsong" and "highly peculiar confusion of b and p, of d and t"—even among upper-class speakers—"very crude".
1054:
806:
Meißen dialect, which remained in the former margraviate after the development of the New High German standard variety, spoken from
863:
621:— became largely extinct during the second half of the 19th to early 20th century. This was due to the increased adoption of the
520:
100:
72:
783:, a widespread feature among Central German dialects, as opposed to strongly aspirated , and in dominant German dialects.
1647:
79:
316:
53:
2559:
481:. As the colonists belonged to different German tribes speaking different dialects, Upper Saxon became an intermediary,
684:(stage). In common with other East Central German varieties is the weakening of consonants, resulting in words such as
3055:
119:
86:
1103:
527:
chancery language, and thus intelligible to speakers of both Upper and Low German dialects. In the context of the
629:
306:
786:
In contrast to neighboring
Thuringian, Upper Saxon infinitives end in -en as in Standard German rather than -e.
528:
68:
57:
3065:
2926:
511:
language" of Saxony. This was the official, literary language of the
Margravate of Meissen (respectively the
2956:
2126:
2088:
2073:
1400:
780:
776:
772:
768:
2936:
2796:
2146:
2105:
2095:
1096:
799:
17:
1312:
548:
508:
2653:
664:
Like many other German languages, Upper Saxon features the unrounding of vowel sounds descended from
948:
3060:
2931:
2885:
2880:
2804:
2414:
2398:
2277:
2136:
2027:
2022:
893:
552:
349:
2870:
2814:
2809:
2729:
2402:
2352:
1652:
1470:
1226:
1154:
1142:
199:
189:
46:
2992:
2712:
2110:
93:
2875:
2357:
2323:
1941:
1757:
1617:
1457:
1352:
576:
969:
3033:
2997:
2265:
2258:
2210:
1980:
1951:
1920:
1883:
1808:
1565:
1478:
1339:
1301:
668:(/ø/, /øː/, /y/, /yː/, and /yə̯/ to /e/, /eː/, /i/, and /iː/). This results in words such as
536:
466:
430:
209:
2498:
1373:
815:
3002:
2982:
2951:
2824:
2684:
2430:
2248:
1840:
1667:
1629:
1624:
1498:
1445:
1203:
1058:
992:"Ein Leipziger Sprachforscher ist sich sicher: Sächsischer Dialekt weitgehend ausgestorben"
591:
512:
2658:
8:
2941:
2177:
2131:
2065:
1818:
1465:
1378:
1176:
587:
363:
219:
2488:
2333:
1580:
382:. As of the early 21st century, it is mostly extinct and a new regiolect (also known as
2987:
2911:
2839:
2829:
2784:
2546:
2473:
2370:
2215:
2185:
2078:
1906:
1791:
1612:
1390:
1385:
1364:
1325:
1129:
1119:
807:
665:
462:
450:
403:
194:
2141:
609:, Upper Saxon — defined as a cohesive linguistic system with its own, clear rules for
275:
2961:
2760:
2676:
2669:
2624:
2568:
2328:
2318:
2301:
2296:
2200:
1962:
1762:
1723:
1703:
1541:
1433:
1415:
1267:
906:
825:
524:
367:
482:
312:
2916:
2707:
2641:
2597:
2592:
2552:
2541:
2533:
2338:
2306:
2253:
2242:
2155:
1864:
1803:
1593:
1575:
1410:
1171:
1163:
1082:
795:
572:
454:
399:
2753:
3070:
2946:
2906:
2739:
2646:
2629:
2614:
2609:
2602:
2311:
2220:
2205:
2160:
2012:
1975:
1967:
1946:
1933:
1913:
1899:
1662:
1639:
1570:
1560:
1552:
1332:
1027:
633:
622:
540:
523:(15th to 16th century). It was less influenced by Upper German features than the
446:
409:
395:
337:
181:
3027:
2921:
2901:
2853:
2745:
2619:
2289:
2056:
1995:
1774:
1731:
1688:
1605:
1600:
1489:
1439:
1290:
1241:
1196:
1189:
973:
877:
841:
614:
568:
564:
478:
214:
925:
583:) to send him to study in Leipzig was to adopt a more sophisticated language.
3049:
2977:
2819:
2575:
2526:
2343:
2282:
2195:
2100:
2038:
1985:
1869:
1796:
859:
855:
845:
811:
645:
636:, the Upper Saxon dialect was commonly perceived as the colloquial speech of
610:
532:
441:(eastern colonisation) from about 1100 onwards. Settlers descending from the
418:
375:
204:
849:
2846:
2270:
2234:
2167:
1990:
1813:
1786:
1769:
1713:
1672:
1254:
1233:
881:
707:
The most notable distinguishing feature of the dialect is that the letters
641:
637:
414:
284:
2493:
259:
2663:
2636:
2454:
2362:
2044:
2005:
1588:
1283:
1247:
1182:
872:
829:
733:
696:(dad). Additionally, /ë/ is reduced to /a/, resulting in Standard German
560:
497:
493:), having less distinct features than the older, more original dialects.
436:
2508:
763:
the Ore
Mountains can be easily recognized by the supposed "softening" (
2503:
2483:
1848:
1518:
1219:
930:
885:
442:
2689:
2437:
2083:
2000:
1781:
1736:
1708:
1534:
1088:
837:
580:
458:
379:
268:
252:
2513:
502:
35:
2478:
1826:
764:
590:(1756–63), its dialect lost prestige as well. In 1783, philosopher
358:
324:
2519:
2115:
2017:
867:
819:
595:
320:
152:
1822:
1022:
Siebenhaar, Beat (2011). Matthias Donath; André Thieme (eds.).
889:
858:, a distinct dialect, is spoken in the villages of the Central
833:
618:
599:
371:
162:
724:
respectively. For example, they hear 'grandma' as if written
1740:
516:
474:
557:
Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der hochdeutschen
Mundart
470:
388:) has emerged instead. Though colloquially called "Saxon" (
323:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
798:
varies from place to place depending on the grade of the
519:
as the language of administrators during the period of
892:
from the Ore
Mountains moved in the 16th century (see
828:
dialect with stronger Low German features, spoken in
575:. One motive of the parents of German national poet
535:, it played a large part in the development of the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
644:citizens and up to today is a subject of numerous
140:
3047:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
688:for Standard German "Kartoffeln" (potatoes) and
586:With Saxony's loss of political power after the
1104:
1006:
876:territories to the south, today part of the
434:
389:
383:
289:Central German dialects after 1945 and the
1111:
1097:
1021:
986:
984:
982:
406:spoken in the adjacent areas to the west.
283:
1083:Upper Saxon (Obersächsisch or Meißnisch:)
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3076:Languages attested from the 12th century
976:. Retrieved 10 January 2021. (in German)
832:in and around the city of Leipzig, from
1044:. Franz Steiner, Wiesbaden 1968, p. 143
979:
402:. Upper Saxon is closely linked to the
317:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
3048:
1118:
946:
736:vowels are pronounced as non-rounded (
628:Spoken by leading communists from the
555:published his High German dictionary (
374:and in adjacent parts of southeastern
357:
2782:
2396:
1140:
1092:
433:in the course of the medieval German
394:), it is not to be confused with the
366:dialect spoken in much of the modern
348:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1673:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
866:it also included the "Northwestern
844:, and in the adjacent territory of
767:) of the voiceless stop consonants
547:that period. The literary theorist
24:
3032:Languages between parentheses are
2397:
998:. 17 February 2011. Archived from
919:
648:jokes. The mildly derogatory verb
500:, a variety of Upper Saxon called
25:
3087:
1076:
34:
1040:Ludwig Erich Schmitt (editor):
949:"Der obersächsische Sprachraum"
45:needs additional citations for
3036:of the language on their left.
1047:
1034:
963:
940:
477:rivers, formerly populated by
13:
1:
2927:Germanic substrate hypothesis
2783:
912:
429:Upper Saxon evolved as a new
385:obersächsische Umgangssprache
2957:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
1648:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
789:
752:) is misheard as if written
654:to speak with a Saxon accent
27:East Central Deutsch dialect
7:
2937:High German consonant shift
900:
870:" language in the adjacent
800:High German consonant shift
659:
10:
3092:
1475:Westlauwers–Terschellings
1128:According to contemporary
996:Leipziger Internet Zeitung
759:The Upper Saxon varieties
549:Johann Christoph Gottsched
424:
355:Upper Saxon pronunciation:
3019:
2970:
2894:
2863:
2795:
2791:
2778:
2727:
2700:
2654:Southern Schleswig Danish
2585:
2466:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2392:
2233:
2176:
2064:
2055:
1960:
1932:
1891:
1882:
1857:
1839:
1750:
1722:
1696:
1687:
1638:
1551:
1526:
1517:
1456:
1351:
1300:
1275:
1266:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1136:
1126:
1042:Germanische Dialektologie
848:up to the Saale River at
303:
291:expulsions of the Germans
282:
266:
250:
245:
178:
168:
158:
148:
139:
134:
3056:Central German languages
2932:West Germanic gemination
2886:Ancient Belgian language
2881:Germanic parent language
2825:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
1947:Austrian Standard German
1141:
894:Mining in the Upper Harz
632:industrial area such as
553:Johann Christoph Adelung
415:translation of the Bible
936:(subscription required)
515:after 1423), replacing
359:[ɵːb̥oˤˈsɛɡ̊sʃ]
346:standard pronunciation:
141:
2993:Preterite-present verb
2876:Proto-Germanic grammar
2830:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
1942:German Standard German
1618:East Frisian Low Saxon
1024:Der sächsische Dialekt
970:Sächsische Hochsprache
880:. It is also found in
605:According to linguist
577:Johann Wolfgang Goethe
435:
390:
384:
350:[ˈoːbɐˌzɛksɪʃ]
341:
305:This article contains
174:(2 million cited 1998)
2998:Grammatischer Wechsel
1981:Namibian Black German
1952:Swiss Standard German
1921:Early New High German
1479:Mainland West Frisian
1340:Harlingerland Frisian
1026:. Sächsische Mythen.
862:. Until the post-war
814:up the Elbe River to
537:Early New High German
467:Margravate of Meissen
297: Upper Saxon (8)
3066:Languages of Germany
3003:Indo-European ablaut
2983:Germanic strong verb
2952:Germanic spirant law
2089:Southeast Limburgish
1585:Gelders-Overijssels
1214:Irish Middle English
1204:Early Modern English
1085:at genealogienetz.de
951:. Leipzig University
692:for Standard German
680:for Standard German
672:for Standard German
592:Johann Erich Biester
521:Renaissance humanism
513:Electorate of Saxony
69:"Upper Saxon German"
54:improve this article
2971:Synchronic features
2942:Germanic a-mutation
2895:Diachronic features
2245:in the broad sense
2178:East Central German
2132:Lorraine Franconian
2106:Transylvanian Saxon
2066:West Central German
1841:East Low Franconian
1751:West Low Franconian
364:East Central German
220:East Central German
2988:Germanic weak verb
2797:Language subgroups
2147:Pennsylvania Dutch
2096:Moselle Franconian
2074:Central Franconian
1907:Middle High German
1658:Central Pomeranian
1613:Northern Low Saxon
1326:Wangerooge Frisian
1120:Germanic languages
1002:on 26 August 2014.
947:Siebenhaar, Beat.
700:(sister) becoming
666:Middle High German
594:, residing in the
507:developed as the "
404:Thuringian dialect
3043:
3042:
3028:extinct languages
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
2962:Great Vowel Shift
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2723:
2722:
2569:Greenlandic Norse
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2319:Southern Bavarian
2302:Northern Bavarian
2278:Highest Alemannic
2229:
2228:
1963:standard variants
1878:
1877:
1724:Standard variants
1683:
1682:
1542:Middle Low German
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1313:Saterland Frisian
1030:. pp. 91–99.
934:(18th ed., 2015)
907:Sorbian languages
826:North Upper Saxon
816:Saxon Switzerland
623:standard language
529:Bible translation
491:Ausgleichsdialekt
465:, moved into the
398:dialect group in
331:
330:
313:rendering support
309:phonetic symbols.
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3083:
2820:Elbe (Irminonic)
2793:
2792:
2780:
2779:
2708:Mainland Gutnish
2598:Swedish dialects
2560:Middle Icelandic
2534:Middle Norwegian
2423:Historical forms
2420:
2419:
2411:
2410:
2394:
2393:
2353:South Franconian
2339:Hutterite German
2307:Central Bavarian
2127:Rhine Franconian
2062:
2061:
1892:Historical forms
1889:
1888:
1804:Surinamese Dutch
1697:Historical forms
1694:
1693:
1527:Historical forms
1524:
1523:
1276:Historical forms
1273:
1272:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1138:
1137:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1057:. Archived from
1051:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1019:
1004:
1003:
988:
977:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
944:
938:
937:
923:
782:
778:
774:
770:
704:in Upper Saxon.
588:Seven Years' War
505:Kanzleisächsisch
440:
400:Northern Germany
393:
387:
361:
356:
352:
347:
296:
287:
278:
262:
255:
184:
144:
132:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3061:German dialects
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3007:
2966:
2947:Germanic umlaut
2912:Holtzmann's law
2890:
2859:
2787:
2766:
2719:
2696:
2630:South Jutlandic
2615:Danish dialects
2581:
2462:
2405:
2376:
2358:East Franconian
2312:Viennese German
2225:
2206:Silesian German
2172:
2161:Central Hessian
2051:
1976:Namibian German
1965:
1956:
1934:Standard German
1928:
1914:New High German
1900:Old High German
1874:
1853:
1835:
1746:
1718:
1679:
1663:East Pomeranian
1653:Brandenburgisch
1640:East Low German
1634:
1561:Dutch Low Saxon
1553:West Low German
1547:
1505:
1471:Schiermonnikoog
1452:
1347:
1333:Wursten Frisian
1296:
1262:
1145:
1132:
1122:
1117:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1028:Edition Leipzig
1020:
1007:
990:
989:
980:
968:
964:
954:
952:
945:
941:
935:
924:
920:
915:
903:
830:Northern Saxony
808:Meißen District
792:
662:
634:Walter Ulbricht
607:Beat Siebenhaar
487:Kolonialdialekt
427:
410:Standard German
354:
345:
311:Without proper
299:
298:
294:
274:
258:
251:
241:
185:
182:Language family
180:
171:
170:Native speakers
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2871:Proto-Germanic
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2789:
2788:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2746:Crimean Gothic
2735:
2733:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2620:Insular Danish
2617:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2603:Rinkebysvenska
2600:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2449:Old East Norse
2446:
2444:Old West Norse
2434:
2426:
2424:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2324:South Tyrolean
2316:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2266:High Alemannic
2263:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2134:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2057:Central German
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1996:Barossa German
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1775:French Flemish
1767:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1691:
1689:Low Franconian
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1490:Westereendersk
1484:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1291:Middle Frisian
1287:
1279:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1197:Modern English
1193:
1190:Middle English
1186:
1179:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1147:
1146:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1077:External links
1075:
1072:
1071:
1046:
1033:
1005:
978:
974:Deutsche Welle
962:
939:
917:
916:
914:
911:
910:
909:
902:
899:
898:
897:
878:Czech Republic
853:
823:
818:including the
812:Central Saxony
791:
788:
661:
658:
630:Central German
615:word formation
539:language as a
479:Polabian Slavs
426:
423:
329:
328:
315:, you may see
301:
300:
293:
288:
280:
279:
272:
264:
263:
256:
248:
247:
246:Language codes
243:
242:
240:
239:
238:
237:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:
215:Central German
188:
186:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
149:Native to
146:
145:
137:
136:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3088:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Germanic verb
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:Sievers's law
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:Reconstructed
2862:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2677:Middle Danish
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2553:Old Icelandic
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2527:Old Norwegian
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2344:Gottscheerish
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2283:Walser German
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:Low Alemannic
2247:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:High Prussian
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Erzgebirgisch
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Luxembourgish
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2039:Klezmer-loshn
2036:
2034:
2033:Scots Yiddish
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1870:Meuse-Rhenish
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:Kleverlandish
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:Central Dutch
1756:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:Stellingwarfs
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:Wood Frisian
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1353:North Frisian
1350:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Anglo-Frisian
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1061:on 2007-06-10
1060:
1056:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1001:
997:
993:
987:
985:
983:
975:
971:
966:
950:
943:
933:
932:
927:
922:
918:
908:
905:
904:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:
869:
865:
861:
860:Ore Mountains
857:
856:Erzgebirgisch
854:
851:
847:
846:Saxony-Anhalt
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
824:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:
803:
801:
797:
787:
784:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
676:(wicked) and
675:
671:
667:
657:
655:
651:
647:
646:stereotypical
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:pronunciation
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
579:(a native of
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
544:
542:
538:
534:
533:Martin Luther
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
504:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
483:koiné dialect
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:, as well as
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
438:
432:
422:
420:
419:Martin Luther
416:
411:
407:
405:
401:
397:
392:
386:
381:
377:
376:Saxony-Anhalt
373:
369:
365:
360:
351:
343:
342:Obersächsisch
339:
335:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
308:
302:
292:
286:
281:
277:
273:
271:
270:
265:
261:
257:
254:
249:
244:
226:
223:
222:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
206:
205:Elbe Germanic
203:
202:
201:
200:West Germanic
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
191:
190:Indo-European
187:
183:
177:
173:
167:
164:
161:
157:
154:
151:
147:
143:
142:Obersächsisch
138:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3023:
2907:Verner's law
2852:
2847:Gotho-Nordic
2845:
2838:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2728:
2713:Fårö Gutnish
2675:
2668:
2574:
2567:
2558:
2551:
2532:
2525:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2369:
2271:Swiss German
2235:Upper German
2190:
2168:Amana German
2142:Volga German
2111:Hunsrückisch
2037:
1991:Unserdeutsch
1986:Berlinerisch
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1858:Cover groups
1814:Mohawk Dutch
1809:Jersey Dutch
1787:East Flemish
1770:West Flemish
1714:Middle Dutch
1668:Low Prussian
1540:
1533:
1499:Terschelling
1483:Clay Frisian
1458:West Frisian
1446:Wiedingharde
1438:
1426:
1386:Heligolandic
1363:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1302:East Frisian
1289:
1282:
1255:Middle Scots
1253:
1246:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:the original
1049:
1041:
1036:
1023:
1000:the original
995:
965:
953:. Retrieved
942:
929:
921:
882:Lower Saxony
871:
793:
785:
760:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
708:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
663:
653:
649:
638:East Germany
627:
604:
585:
556:
545:
501:
495:
490:
486:
469:between the
443:stem duchies
428:
408:
378:and eastern
368:German state
333:
332:
304:
267:
224:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2922:Kluge's law
2902:Grimm's law
2685:Dalecarlian
2664:Perkerdansk
2637:East Danish
2455:Old Gutnish
2431:Proto-Norse
2371:Langobardic
2363:Vogtlandian
2191:Upper Saxon
2045:Lachoudisch
2006:Lotegorisch
1884:High German
1630:Westphalian
1625:Eastphalian
1589:Achterhooks
1466:Hindeloopen
1401:Bökingharde
1370:Föhr–Amrum
1284:Old Frisian
1248:Early Scots
1183:Old English
926:Upper Saxon
888:, to where
873:Sudetenland
852:in the west
744:= ). Final
642:West German
598:capital of
498:Middle Ages
437:Ostsiedlung
334:Upper Saxon
319:instead of
225:Upper Saxon
210:High German
135:Upper Saxon
110:August 2007
18:Upper Saxon
3050:Categories
2754:Burgundian
2670:Old Danish
2659:Gøtudanskt
2642:Bornholmsk
2504:Vestlandsk
2484:Kebabnorsk
2221:Halcnovian
2186:Thuringian
1849:Limburgish
1819:Stadsfries
1792:Brabantian
1519:Low German
1365:Eiderstedt
1220:Fingallian
1065:2010-03-27
931:Ethnologue
913:References
886:Upper Harz
864:expulsions
850:Weißenfels
822:metrolect.
728:(Standard
686:Kardoffeln
80:newspapers
3034:varieties
3026:indicate
2840:Northwest
2785:Philology
2690:Elfdalian
2625:Jutlandic
2547:Icelandic
2522:(written)
2516:(written)
2494:Trøndersk
2474:Norwegian
2438:Old Norse
2259:Coloniero
2243:Alemannic
2216:Wymysorys
2084:Colognian
2079:Ripuarian
2001:Rotwelsch
1831:Midslands
1782:Zeelandic
1763:Hollandic
1737:Afrikaans
1709:Old Dutch
1535:Old Saxon
1434:Karrharde
1416:Goesharde
1397:Mainland
1130:philology
838:Eilenburg
790:Subgroups
732:). Front
702:Schwaster
698:Schwester
581:Frankfurt
543:variety.
459:Thuringia
451:Franconia
396:Low Saxon
391:Sächsisch
380:Thuringia
269:Glottolog
253:ISO 639-3
2761:Vandalic
2704:Gutnish
2509:Vikværsk
2489:Sognamål
2479:Bergensk
2329:Cimbrian
2297:Bavarian
2254:Alsatian
2201:Lusatian
2137:Palatine
1827:Amelands
1704:Frankish
1594:Sallaans
1576:Gronings
1427:Southern
1420:Northern
1411:Halligen
1360:Insular
1177:dialects
1055:"dt.swf"
901:See also
868:Bohemian
840:down to
765:lenition
660:Features
650:sächseln
596:Prussian
541:standard
525:Habsburg
509:chancery
463:Flanders
362:) is an
325:Help:IPA
276:uppe1465
195:Germanic
3024:Italics
2647:Scanian
2593:Swedish
2542:Faroese
2520:Nynorsk
2499:Valdris
2334:Mòcheno
2290:Swabian
2156:Hessian
2116:Hunsrik
2028:Western
2023:Eastern
2018:Yiddish
1968:creoles
1865:Bergish
1581:Drèents
1571:Tweants
1423:Central
1405:Mooring
1268:Frisian
1227:Kildare
1172:English
884:in the
820:Dresden
777:/p/,/t/
769:/p/,/t/
761:outside
754:hä(h)er
734:rounded
573:Italian
563:was to
503:Meißner
496:In the
455:Bavaria
431:variety
425:History
321:Unicode
153:Germany
94:scholar
3071:Saxony
2740:Gothic
2610:Danish
2514:Bokmål
2013:Yenish
1823:Bildts
1606:Veluws
1601:Urkers
1440:Strand
1164:Anglic
955:2 June
890:miners
834:Torgau
796:accent
678:Biehne
652:means
619:syntax
600:Berlin
569:Tuscan
453:, and
447:Saxony
372:Saxony
338:German
295:
163:Saxony
159:Region
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2854:South
2805:North
2415:North
2399:North
1741:Kaaps
1732:Dutch
1379:Amrum
1320:Weser
1242:Scots
842:Borna
750:höher
690:Babba
682:Bühne
565:Greek
561:Attic
517:Latin
475:Saale
101:JSTOR
87:books
2815:West
2810:East
2730:East
2586:East
2576:Norn
2467:West
2403:East
2401:and
1966:and
1961:Non-
1391:Sylt
1374:Föhr
1309:Ems
1234:Yola
1143:West
957:2019
836:and
810:and
794:The
779:and
771:and
740:= ,
720:and
711:and
694:Papa
674:böse
670:bäse
617:and
567:and
473:and
471:Elbe
461:and
73:news
928:at
802::
781:/k/
773:/k/
746:-er
730:Oma
726:Öma
640:by
571:to
531:by
489:or
445:of
417:by
370:of
307:IPA
260:sxu
56:by
3052::
1008:^
994:.
981:^
972:,
896:).
756:.
656:.
613:,
449:,
421:.
353:,
344:,
340::
2749:)
2743:(
1829:/
1825:/
1821:/
1743:)
1739:(
1112:e
1105:t
1098:v
1068:.
959:.
742:ü
738:ö
722:ü
718:ö
713:u
709:o
485:(
336:(
327:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
