565:
659:
1200:
1044:
1296:
1417:
1372:
623:
1348:
2442:
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1224:
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1393:
1248:
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43:
1272:
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639:, the House of Lords can no longer prevent the passage of most bills, but it must be given an opportunity to debate them and propose amendments, and can thereby delay the passage of a bill with which it disagrees. Bills can only be delayed for up to one year before the Commons can use the Parliament Act, although economic bills can only be delayed for one month.
1547:
674:
Nevertheless, some states have long retained powerful upper houses. For example, the consent of the upper house to legislation may be necessary (though, as noted above, this seldom extends to budgetary measures). Constitutional arrangements of states with powerful upper houses usually include a means
645:
The House of Lords has a number of ways to block legislation and to reject it; however, the House of
Commons can eventually use the Parliament Act to force something through. The Commons will often accept amendments passed by the Lords; however, the two houses have sometimes reached a constitutional
718:
in India are nominated by various states and union territories, while 12 of them are nominated by the
President of India. Similarly, at the state level, one-third of the members of the State Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) are nominated by local governments, one-third by sitting legislators,
703:
There are a variety of ways an upper house's members are assembled: by direct or indirect election, appointment or a mixture of these. Many upper houses are not directly elected but appointed: either by the head of state, by the head of government or in some other way. This is usually intended to
678:
In recent times, parliamentary systems have tended to weaken the powers of upper houses relative to their lower counterparts. Some upper houses have been fully abolished; others have had their powers reduced by constitutional or legislative amendments. Also, conventions often exist that the upper
650:
from the Lords, the Lords threatened to wreck the
Government's entire legislative agenda and to block every bill which was sent to the chamber. This standoff led to negotiations between Viscount Cranborne, the then Shadow Leader of the House, and the Labour Government, resulting in the Weatherill
670:
Even without a veto, an upper house may defeat legislation. Its opposition may give the lower chamber a chance to reconsider or even abandon a controversial measure. It can also delay a bill so that it does not fit within the legislative schedule, or until a general election produces a new lower
618:
is a notable exception to these general rules, in that it has the same powers as its lower counterpart: any law can be initiated in either house and must be approved in the same form by both houses. Additionally, a
Government must have the consent of both to remain in office, a position which is
589:
Lack of control over the executive branch. (By contrast, in the US and many other presidential systems, the Senate or upper chamber has more control over the composition of the
Cabinet and the administration generally, through its prerogative of confirming the president's nominations to senior
882:
was abolished – and restored – twice: from 1935 to 1945 when a unicameral
National Assembly convened, and from 1972 to 1987 when Congress was closed, and later a new constitution was approved instituting a unicameral Parliament. The Senate was re-instituted with the restoration of a bicameral
584:
In parliamentary systems the upper house is frequently seen as an advisory or a "house of review" chamber; for this reason, its powers of direct action are often reduced in some way. Some or all of the following restrictions are often placed on upper houses:
405:. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. A legislature composed of only one house (and which therefore has neither an upper house nor a lower house) is described as
726:
The upper house may be directly elected but in different proportions to the lower house - for example, the senates of
Australia, Brazil and the United States have a fixed number of elected members from each state, regardless of the population.
532:
Its members may be elected with a different voting system than that used to elect the lower house (for example, upper houses in
Australia and its states are usually elected by proportional representation, whereas lower houses are usually
855:
also once had an appointed
Legislative Council before abolishing it in 1922. All other Australian states continue to have bicameral systems, though all members are now directly elected (the two self-governing territories, along with
630:
The role of a revising chamber is to scrutinise legislation that may have been drafted over-hastily in the lower house and to suggest amendments that the lower house may nevertheless reject if it wishes to. An example is the
British
536:
Less populated states, provinces, or administrative divisions may be better represented in the upper house than in the lower house; representation is not always intended to be proportional to population.
642:
The House of Lords is sometimes seen as having a special role of safeguarding the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom and important civil liberties against ill-considered change.
711:
In the past, some upper houses had seats that were entirely hereditary, such as in the British House of Lords until 1999 and in the Japanese House of Peers until it was abolished in 1947.
2343:
610:, or budget measures (a rare example of a parliamentary upper house that does possess this power is the Australian Senate, which notably exercised that power in 1975)
2228:
720:
679:
house ought not to obstruct the business of government for frivolous or merely partisan reasons. These conventions have tended to harden with a passage of time.
655:, which preserved 92 hereditary peers in the house. Compromise and negotiation between the two houses make the Parliament Act a very rarely used backup plan.
891:
1479:
2218:
1573:"State legislative councils: designing for accountability." In N. Aroney, S. Prasser, & J. R. Nethercote (Eds.), Restraining Elective Dictatorship
2183:
704:
produce a house of experts or otherwise distinguished citizens, who would not necessarily be returned in an election. For example, members of the
1822:
1615:
719:
and the rest are elected by select members of the electorate. The United States Senate was chosen by state legislatures until the passage of the
545:
In some countries, the upper house cannot be dissolved at all, or can be dissolved only in more limited circumstances than the lower house.
417:
An upper house is usually different from the lower house in at least one of the following respects (though they vary among jurisdictions):
2163:
1664:
1053:
1837:
1548:"Four Reasons for an Upper House: Representative Democracy, Public Deliberation, Legislative Outputs and Executive Accountability"
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2097:
2278:
1584:
373:
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It is also common that the upper house consists of delegates chosen by state governments or local officials. Members of the
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cases against officials of the executive or even judicial branch, following enabling resolutions passed by the lower house.
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107:
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2032:
1892:
1739:
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1699:
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898:, during the 24th Seanad session. By a narrow margin, the Irish public voted to retain it. Conservative-leaning
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In presidential systems, the upper house is frequently given other powers to compensate for its restrictions:
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Many jurisdictions once possessed upper houses but abolished them to adopt unicameral systems, including
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It may have equal power to the lower house regarding the constitution or the territorial collectivities.
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It may not vote a motion of no confidence against the government, but it may investigate State cases.
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cannot initiate most kinds of legislation, especially those pertaining to supply/money, fiscal policy
430:, it often has much less power than the lower house. Therefore, in certain countries the upper house
366:
1912:
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2148:
1421:
1012:
487:
249:
2358:
2323:
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1977:
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Congress via a constitutional amendment in 1941, and via adoption of a new constitution in 1987.
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No absolute veto of proposed legislation, though suspensive vetoes are permitted in some states.
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against the government (or such an act is much less common), while the lower house always can.
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2012:
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It frequently has the sole authority to give consent to ratify and abrogate foreign treaties.
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in semi-presidential France, the Government can decide to legislate a normal law without the
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to some executive decisions (e.g. appointments of cabinet ministers, judges or ambassadors).
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1972:
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8:
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Executive appointments, to the cabinet and other offices, usually require its approval.
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224:
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veto legislation (such as the Netherlands), it may not be able to amend the proposals.
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In some countries, its members are not popularly elected; membership may be indirect,
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2002:
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1937:
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Members may be elected in portions, for staggered terms, rather than all at one time.
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standoff. For example, when the Labour Government of 1999 tried to expel all
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votes on only limited legislative matters, such as constitutional amendments,
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are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister.
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than the lower house (though notably not in the United Kingdom parliament).
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was alone among major parties in supporting the retention of the Seanad.
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Members' terms may be longer than in the lower house and may be for life.
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It may have specific powers not granted to the lower house. For example:
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to resolve situations where the two houses are at odds with each other.
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In parliamentary democracies and among European upper houses the
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It may have the sole power to try (but not necessarily initiate)
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It has usually a higher age of candidacy than the lower house.
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It may have equal or nearly equal power with the lower house.
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known as "perfect bicameralism" or "equal bicameralism."
844:, the upper house prior to 1934, continues to assemble.
603:
A reduced or even absent role in initiating legislation.
626:
The chamber of the House of Lords, the UK's Upper House
30:
For the demesne in the Keys to the Kingdom series, see
671:
house that no longer wishes to proceed with the bill.
2430:
1469:"REFORMING THE HOUSE OF LORDS: Lessons from Overseas"
836:
with a unicameral legislature, having abolished its
412:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
502:'s agreement (Article 45 of the constitution), but
906:both supported the abolition, while the centrist
513:It may make proposals of laws to the lower house.
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892:referendum on the abolition of its upper house
1609:
1533:Ceased to be a parliamentary chamber in 1993.
1329:
367:
497:
493:It may have less power than the lower house
809:had a Legislative Council prior to joining
1616:
1602:
860:until 2016, have always been unicameral).
698:
374:
360:
913:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
657:
621:
579:
563:
1463:
1439:
682:
14:
2534:
1545:
1476:Australasian Study of Parliament Group
1597:
1569:
871:had an appointed second chamber, the
666:, the Indian Parliament's Upper House
475:It may have the sole power to ratify
2471:
1579:. UWA Publishing. pp. 175–195.
1485:from the original on 25 October 2022
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
1007:and in German-speaking monarchies (
24:
1539:
832:Nebraska is the only state in the
548:It typically has fewer members or
27:Chamber of a bicameral legislature
25:
2558:
413:Definite specific characteristics
2514:
2497:
2480:
2452:
2440:
1838:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1415:
1391:
1370:
1346:
1318:
1294:
1270:
1246:
1222:
1198:
1174:
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1114:
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1066:
1042:
1022:
805:, and some other jurisdictions.
41:
2420:List of legislatures by country
1167:Regional Representative Council
918:
801:, subnational entities such as
664:Council of States (Rajya Sabha)
52:needs additional citations for
2415:List of abolished upper houses
1527:
1497:
1457:
1445:
927:— by far the most common
737:List of abolished upper houses
401:, the other chamber being the
13:
1:
1382:National Council of Provinces
637:Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949
1505:"National Parliament - Beta"
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7:
1032:
890:(the 31st Dáil) promised a
10:
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1301:Republic of China (Taiwan)
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29:
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2134:
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1753:
1635:
1546:Aroney, Nicholas (2008).
1509:www.amyothahluttaw.gov.mm
1454:(1997) by George Tsebelis
1112:
1033:Upper house unique title
1003:, as well as formerly in
959:) or Federation Council (
886:A previous government of
880:Senate of the Philippines
559:
2103:Northern Mariana Islands
948:that has an upper house)
488:semi-presidential system
250:International parliament
1408:Senior Council (Senate)
1162:Dewan Perwakilan Daerah
1017:Prussian House of Lords
1013:Austrian House of Lords
699:Institutional structure
653:House of Lords Act 1999
441:motion of no confidence
350:Legislatures by country
259:Parliamentary procedure
1665:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1330:
1263:House of Nationalities
1239:State Council (Senate)
1049:Bosnia and Herzegovina
985:First Chamber —
914:Titles of upper houses
667:
627:
596:In countries where it
576:
498:
1843:Republic of the Congo
1570:Stone, Bruce (2008).
1102:Yefedereshn Mekir Bet
1083:Deliberative assembly
937:having upper houses;
930:Legislative Council (
875:, from 1946 to 1999.
863:Like Queensland, the
721:Seventeenth Amendment
661:
625:
580:Parliamentary systems
567:
1440:Notes and references
1191:House of Councillors
683:Presidential systems
428:parliamentary system
308:Member of Parliament
235:Member of parliament
230:Parliamentary leader
215:Parliamentary system
61:improve this article
2043:Trinidad and Tobago
1768:Antigua and Barbuda
1552:Adelaide Law Review
1515:on 14 December 2014
1143:Legislative Council
1107:House of Federation
966:Council of States (
840:in 1934, while the
662:The chamber of the
450:presidential system
220:Parliamentary group
2264:Kingdom of Ireland
2209:Dominican Republic
1853:Dominican Republic
1205:Kingdom of Hungary
842:Senate of Nebraska
799:Canadian provinces
668:
628:
606:No power to block
577:
529:or by appointment.
463:advice and consent
320:Member of Congress
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2080:other territories
1918:Japan (post-1947)
1863:Equatorial Guinea
1586:978-1-921401-09-1
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1311:Supervisory House
1287:National Assembly
1215:House of Magnates
1131:Council of States
951:Federal Council (
902:and Left-leaning
873:Senate of Bavaria
651:Amendment to the
574:Luxembourg Palace
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328:Municipal council
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1511:. Archived from
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1059:House of Peoples
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795:Brazilian states
706:Senate of Canada
648:hereditary peers
572:, hosted in the
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2472:sister projects
2469:at Knowledge's
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1258:Amyotha Hluttaw
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1061:
1056:
1051:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1001:United Kingdom
999:– seen in the
997:House of Lords
994:
983:
964:
949:
928:
920:
917:
915:
912:
896:Seanad Éireann
858:Norfolk Island
825:from 1791 (as
735:Main article:
732:
729:
700:
697:
696:
695:
692:
684:
681:
633:House of Lords
616:Italian Senate
612:
611:
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581:
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505:
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484:
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482:
481:
480:
473:
466:
456:
446:
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439:cannot vote a
437:
434:
414:
411:
390:is one of two
382:
381:
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364:
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26:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
2559:
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2526:from Wikidata
2525:
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2478:
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2443:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:Tricameralism
2403:
2401:
2400:Unicameralism
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
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2217:
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2197:
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2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
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2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2118:Non-UN states
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2078:Dependent and
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
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2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
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1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
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1764:
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1760:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1745:United States
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
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1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
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1666:
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1658:
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1634:
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1607:
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1600:
1599:
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1588:
1582:
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1574:
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1530:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
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1460:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1023:Unique titles
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
988:
984:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
962:
958:
954:
950:
947:
944:
940:
936:
933:
929:
926:
923:
922:
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909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
834:United States
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:Indian states
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
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756:
752:
748:
744:
738:
728:
724:
722:
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690:
689:
688:
680:
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672:
665:
660:
656:
654:
649:
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634:
624:
620:
617:
609:
605:
602:
599:
595:
592:
588:
587:
586:
575:
571:
570:French Senate
566:
554:
551:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
531:
528:
524:
523:
522:
521:
512:
509:
506:
500:
495:
494:
492:
491:
489:
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478:
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460:
459:
457:
454:
453:
451:
447:
442:
438:
435:
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431:
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389:
377:
372:
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329:
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321:
317:
314:
313:
309:
305:
302:
301:
300:
299:
295:
294:
289:
286:
283:
282:no-confidence
279:
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266:
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251:
248:
246:
243:
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236:
233:
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228:
226:
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218:
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212:
211:
210:
207:
204:
203:
197:
194:
191:
187:
184:
183:
179:
176:
174:
173:Tricameralism
171:
170:
167:
164:
162:
161:Unicameralism
159:
158:
157:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
76:"Upper house"
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2547:Upper houses
2542:Legislatures
2521:
2509:from Commons
2504:
2487:
2466:
2395:Bicameralism
2359:Soviet Union
2349:South Africa
2214:East Germany
2164:Burkina Faso
2023:South Africa
1629:legislatures
1627:of national
1625:Upper houses
1624:
1572:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1551:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:the original
1508:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1475:
1465:Russell, Meg
1459:
1452:Bicameralism
1451:
1447:
1431:
1422:Turkmenistan
1407:
1377:South Africa
1362:
1338:
1332:Državni svet
1310:
1306:Control Yuan
1286:
1262:
1238:
1234:Dewan Negara
1214:
1190:
1166:
1142:
1130:
1106:
1082:
1058:
1036:Translation
1011:), e.g. the
1008:
941:; and every
919:Common terms
885:
877:
865:German state
862:
846:
831:
827:Lower Canada
819:Upper Canada
817:when it was
807:Newfoundland
740:
725:
713:
710:
702:
686:
677:
673:
669:
644:
641:
635:. Under the
629:
613:
607:
597:
583:
519:
518:
461:It may give
420:
419:
416:
387:
385:
288:Mass meeting
185:
166:Bicameralism
138:
123:
117:January 2021
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2489:Definitions
2467:Upper house
2354:South Korea
2299:New Zealand
2229:El Salvador
2159:British Raj
2144:Afghanistan
2108:Puerto Rico
2098:Isle of Man
2013:Saint Lucia
1993:Philippines
1973:Netherlands
1908:Ivory Coast
1740:Switzerland
1730:South Sudan
1561:21 February
1403:Wutthisapha
1126:Rajya Sabha
1078:Landstinget
1030:Government
989:(formerly,
987:Netherlands
976:Rajya Sabha
968:Switzerland
939:Isle of Man
908:Fianna Fáil
838:lower house
829:) to 1968.
771:New Zealand
716:Rajya Sabha
470:impeachment
403:lower house
399:legislature
388:upper house
340:The Estates
196:Lower house
186:Upper house
145:Legislature
18:Upper House
2536:Categories
2294:Mauritania
2184:Costa Rica
2126:Somaliland
2058:Uzbekistan
2033:Tajikistan
1948:Madagascar
1928:Kazakhstan
1489:24 January
1353:Somaliland
1210:Főrendiház
1054:Dom naroda
1009:Herrenhaus
943:Australian
853:Queensland
849:Australian
803:Queensland
767:Mauritania
527:ex officio
407:unicameral
332:Councillor
304:Parliament
206:Parliament
87:newspapers
2374:Venezuela
2304:Nicaragua
1893:Indonesia
1650:Australia
1645:Argentina
1157:Indonesia
904:Sinn Féin
900:Fine Gael
851:state of
813:, as did
787:Venezuela
731:Abolition
723:in 1913.
590:offices.)
396:bicameral
268:Committee
2459:Politics
2329:Rhodesia
2319:Portugal
2284:Maldives
2234:Ethiopia
2068:Zimbabwe
2038:Thailand
2018:Slovenia
1988:Paraguay
1868:Eswatini
1833:Colombia
1818:Cameroon
1813:Cambodia
1783:Barbados
1715:Pakistan
1695:Malaysia
1680:Ethiopia
1480:Archived
1467:(2000).
1398:Thailand
1325:Slovenia
1229:Malaysia
1097:Ethiopia
1015:and the
477:treaties
392:chambers
316:Congress
152:Chambers
2433:Portals
2388:Related
2339:Senegal
2324:Prussia
2249:Hungary
2219:Ecuador
2204:Denmark
2189:Croatia
2149:Austria
2136:Defunct
2093:Bermuda
2053:Uruguay
2003:Romania
1963:Namibia
1958:Myanmar
1953:Morocco
1943:Liberia
1938:Lesotho
1913:Jamaica
1898:Ireland
1883:Grenada
1808:Burundi
1803:Bolivia
1788:Belarus
1778:Bahrain
1773:Bahamas
1763:Algeria
1755:Unitary
1725:Somalia
1710:Nigeria
1685:Germany
1660:Belgium
1655:Austria
1637:Federal
1519:2 March
1253:Myanmar
1186:Sangiin
1073:Denmark
1005:Ireland
957:Austria
953:Germany
888:Ireland
869:Bavaria
815:Ontario
789:, many
759:Iceland
755:Hungary
751:Estonia
747:Denmark
743:Croatia
520:Status:
421:Powers:
225:Speaker
101:scholar
2369:Turkey
2364:Sweden
2344:Serbia
2244:Greece
2174:Ceylon
2008:Rwanda
1998:Poland
1923:Jordan
1873:France
1798:Bhutan
1793:Belize
1720:Russia
1700:Mexico
1675:Canada
1670:Brazil
1583:
991:Sweden
961:Russia
935:states
932:Indian
925:Senate
894:, the
823:Quebec
811:Canada
783:Turkey
779:Sweden
608:supply
560:Powers
278:Motion
273:Quorum
190:Senate
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2506:Media
2289:Malta
2279:Libya
2224:Egypt
2179:China
2169:Burma
2063:Yemen
2028:Spain
1983:Palau
1968:Nepal
1933:Kenya
1903:Italy
1888:Haiti
1878:Gabon
1858:Egypt
1828:Chile
1735:Sudan
1705:Nepal
1690:India
1577:(PDF)
1483:(PDF)
1472:(PDF)
1277:Nepal
1181:Japan
1121:India
980:Sudan
972:India
946:state
550:seats
533:not).
499:Sénat
486:In a
448:In a
426:In a
394:of a
296:Types
245:Clerk
108:JSTOR
94:books
2523:Data
2314:Peru
2259:Iraq
2254:Iran
2239:Fiji
2194:Cuba
1978:Oman
1823:Chad
1581:ISBN
1563:2021
1521:2016
1491:2022
878:The
847:The
821:and
775:Peru
763:Iran
568:The
240:Whip
80:news
2447:Law
978:),
867:of
598:can
386:An
63:by
2538::
1556:29
1554:.
1550:.
1507:.
1478:.
1474:.
970:,
955:,
797:,
793:,
785:,
781:,
777:,
773:,
769:,
765:,
761:,
757:,
753:,
749:,
745:,
490::
452::
409:.
2475::
2435::
1617:e
1610:t
1603:v
1589:.
1565:.
1523:.
1493:.
993:)
982:)
974:(
963:)
479:.
375:e
368:t
361:v
334:)
330:(
322:)
318:(
310:)
306:(
284:)
280:(
192:)
188:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
