1146:. No to abusing public money, such as threatening to withhold money from projects in the MP's constituency, and private lives." Former chief whips disclosed that whips have a notebook documenting MPs' indiscretions, and that they help MPs in any sort of trouble ("it might be debt, it might be ... a scandal involving small boys ...") in any way they can to "store up brownie points ... that sounds a pretty, pretty nasty reason, but it's one of the reasons because if we could get a chap out of trouble then he will do as we ask forever more."
829:
mentioned that the ministry had sent for their friends to the north and to Paris, "whipping them in, than which, he said, there could not be a better phrase". Although Burke's particular emphasis on the expression implied its comparative novelty, the hunting term had been used in this political context for at least a generation: on 18 November 1742 Heneage Finch remarked in a letter to Lord Malton that "the Whigs for once in their lives have whipped in better than the Tories".
715:
944:(MLA) on whom to vote. Should a whip's order be violated by a member of the same party, then the whip can recommend immediate dismissal of that member from the house due to indiscipline and the Speaker of the respective house can decide on the matter (without time limit). Should the whip choose not follow up on the violation his/her official whip order by own party member due to any reason, then any member of house can do so to the Speaker.
1312:
1052:. Instead, one of the party's whips votes on behalf of all the members of their party, by declaring how many members are in favour and/or how many members are opposed. They also cast proxy votes for single-member parties whose member is not in the chamber at the time of the vote, and also cast proxy votes during personal votes for absent members of their parties and for absent members of associated single-member parties.
853:, as well as in the parliaments of the six states and two self-governing territories, major political parties have whips to ensure party discipline and carry out a variety of other functions on behalf of the party leadership. The most important function of the whip's office is to ensure that all members and senators are present to take part in votes in the chamber (maintaining
1102:, so the party's wishes are indicated unequivocally but indirectly. These whips are issued to MPs in the form of a letter outlining the parliamentary schedule, with a sentence such as "Your attendance is absolutely essential" next to each debate in which there will be a vote, underlined one, two or three times according to the severity of the whip:
1128:
is a strict instruction to attend and vote according to the party's position, breach of which would normally have serious consequences. Permission not to attend may be given by the whip, but a serious reason is needed. Breach of a three-line whip can lead to expulsion from the parliamentary political
1141:
The role of whips is largely to ensure that MPs vote as required by the party leadership, i.e. to secure the government's business, and to protect the prime minister. Whips use a combination of threats and promises to secure compliance. A former chief whip said that there was a dividing line between
828:
It was within the context of such summonses to members out of town that the first known
Parliamentary instance of the use of the term "whip" occurred. In the debate of 8 May 1769 on a petition from some Middlesex freeholders against the seating of Henry Luttrell instead of John Wilkes, Edmund Burke
1481:. As the office of president pro tempore is largely honorific and usually given to the longest-serving senator of the majority, the majority whip is in reality the second-ranking senator in the majority conference. Similarly, in the House, the majority whip is outranked by both the
1169:"Defying a three-line whip is very serious, and has occasionally resulted in the whip being withdrawn from an MP or Lord. This means that the Member is effectively expelled from their party (but keeps their seat) and must sit as an independent until the whip is restored."
1437:, have majority and minority whips. They in turn have subordinate "regional" whips. While members of Congress often vote along party lines, the influence of the whip is weaker than in the UK system; American politicians have considerably more freedom to diverge from the
783:
Whips are the party's "enforcers". They work to ensure that their fellow political party legislators attend voting sessions and vote according to their party's official policy. Members who vote against party policy may "lose the whip", being expelled from the party.
1159:"Losing the whip is seen by many as one of the strongest punishments a political party can dole out to its MPs. The move essentially expels the member from their party, meaning that while they can remain on the green benches, they have to sit as an independent MP."
1014:-based parliamentary democracies. However, party discipline tends to be tighter in Malaysia and therefore the role of the whip is generally less important, though its importance is heightened when the government majority is less in the lower house.
1468:
in both houses of
Congress, and a whip may be able to offer promotion or threaten demotion within that system. In the House of Representatives, the influence of a single member individually is relatively small and therefore depends a great deal on
995:
From 1998, whips and assistant whips may be entitled to an allowance on top of their base legislator's salary. In 2011, these allowances varied proportional to the size of the group, with Fianna Fáil's Dáil whip's allowance the highest at €19,000.
983:
The timing of most votes are difficult to predict and TDs are expected to stay within earshot of the division bell at all times. All TDs are expected to vote with their party and to receive permission if they intend to be absent for a vote.
1085:, although the chief whip's office is currently located at 9 Downing Street. Government whips report to the prime minister on any possible backbench revolts and the general opinion of MPs within the party, and upon the exercise of the
1154:
Having the whip withdrawn means the MP is effectively expelled from their party. UK parties do not have the power to expel an MP from parliament, but can force the MP to sit as an independent and remove them from ministerial office.
861:). Unlike in the United Kingdom, Australian whips do not hold official office, but they are recognised for parliamentary purposes. In practice, Australian whips play a lesser role than their counterparts in the United Kingdom, as
1211:(Floor Secretary), who enforces party discipline in the same way a whip does in English-speaking nations. The Minister for Parliamentary Relations also often performs a role similar to a whip, but works for the incumbent
1496:
In both the House and the Senate, the minority whip is the second highest-ranking individual in the minority party (the party with the lesser number of legislators in a legislative body), outranked only by the
1274:
said "Voting according to conscience doesn't work in a political party system. We all get into the list of things and go to
Parliament as parliamentarians of the ANC There will be no voting against the ANC."
1476:
In the Senate, the majority whip is the third-highest ranking individual in the majority party (the party with the most seats). The majority whip is outranked by the majority leader and, unofficially, the
1426:, and many county and city legislative bodies are divided along party lines and have whips, as well as majority and minority leaders. The whip is also the assistant majority or assistant minority leader.
1097:
In the sense of 'voting instructions', there are three categories of whip in
British politics that are issued on particular business. An expressed instruction on how to vote could constitute a breach of
1039:
Whips act in an administrative role, making sure members of their party are in the debating chamber when required and organising members of their party to speak during debates. Since the introduction of
912:. In the House of Commons, the whip's office prepares and distributes vote sheets identifying the party position on each bill or motion. The whip is also responsible for assigning offices and scheduling
932:. Usually, they direct the party members to stick to the party's stand on certain issues and directs them to vote as per the direction of senior party members. However, there are some cases such as
816:
as, "a huntsman's assistant who keeps the hounds from straying by driving them back with the whip into the main body of the pack". According to that dictionary, the first recorded use of the term
1298:
When voting for critical bills, whips may issue a top-mobilization order asking members to attend the assembly. Party members failing to obey the order are suspended or expelled from the party.
1453:
open to a wide number of voters, candidates who support their constituents' positions rather than those of their party leaders cannot easily be rejected by their party, due to a democratic
976:
in the Dáil and the analogous
Independent groups in the Seanad nominate whips to attend these meetings even though there is no party line for their whips to enforce. Whips also coordinate
1445:
is raised by individual candidates. Furthermore, nobody, including members of
Congress, can be expelled from a political party, which is formed simply by open registration. Because
1028:
In New
Zealand, the concept of the whip was inherited from British rule. All political parties that have four or more members in Parliament have at least one party whip, although
1247:
after the leader and the spokesperson. The deputy spokesperson enforces party discipline in every vote, being thus the equivalent of a party whip in
English-speaking countries.
1036:. Parties with 25 to 44 members are allowed two whips (one senior and one junior), and parties with 45 or more members are entitled to three whips (one senior and two junior).
1593:
1482:
1409:
794:
Additionally, the term "whip" may mean the voting instructions issued to legislators, or the status of a certain legislator in their party's parliamentary grouping.
1833:
1121:
is an instruction to attend and vote; partially binding for voting according to the party's position, attendance required unless prior permission given by the whip.
2012:
1707:
1418:
In the United States there are legislatures at the local (city councils, town councils, county boards, etc.), state, and federal levels. The federal legislature (
1470:
872:" which controls the ability of members and senators to leave the parliament building during sittings, as well as the entitlement to be absent during divisions.
1110:
is a guide to what the party's policy would indicate, and notification of when the vote is expected to take place; this is non-binding for attendance or voting.
988:
are not a common feature of the Irish parliamentary tradition but they do happen on occasion, and there are calls for them to happen more often. For instance,
1464:
positions, a whip in the United States cannot bargain for votes by promising promotion or threatening demotion in a sitting administration. There is, however,
2076:
1486:
1143:
965:
2057:
1129:
group in extreme circumstances, and even to expulsion from the party. Consequently, three-line whips are generally only issued on key issues, such as
1478:
2268:
1130:
2217:
1808:
1099:
690:
2421:
1720:
1164:"... severe punishment. The most severe is "having the whip withdrawn" - which means you are kicked out of the party within Parliament."
2327:
1659:
1413:
1081:. By virtue of holding the office of Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury, the government chief whip has an official residence at
1041:
743:
1771:
1461:
1074:
2094:
1430:
1070:
928:. Every major political party appoints a whip who is responsible for the party's discipline and behaviours on the floor of the
2370:
2044:
S.I. No. 347/2011 — Oireachtas (Allowances) (Members and
Holders of Parliamentary and Certain Ministerial Offices) Order 2011
1940:
1899:
1465:
1442:
2170:
1376:
1690:
1576:
1348:
1584:
1029:
695:
1560:
1755:
1395:
1355:
2030:
Oireachtas (Allowances To
Members) and Ministerial, Parliamentary, Judicial and Court Offices (Amendment) Act, 1998
1597:
1589:
1329:
700:
346:
2439:
977:
869:
2449:
1601:
1362:
1333:
1192:
941:
933:
2240:
2061:
1608:
was chosen to have the same initials as the original trilogy's protagonist Francis Urquhart, and to reference
1137:. The nature of three-line whips and the potential punishments for revolt vary among parties and legislatures.
2444:
1078:
883:
351:
1525:
1288:
736:
139:
1344:
1256:
1244:
1188:
2287:
875:
682:
1267:
1142:
legitimate and illegitimate persuasion: "Yes to threats on preferment (for government positions) and
901:
808:
663:
1997:
1677:
House of Commons briefing note: The Whip's Office Doc ref. SN/PC/02829. Last updated 10 October 2008
1563:, and the title was also used for subsequent series based on other countries' political systems. In
992:
usually allowed a free vote on abortion bills, as in the Protection of Human Life In Pregnancy Act.
2454:
2029:
1023:
400:
331:
2305:
1801:
2145:
1572:
1322:
850:
729:
355:
1826:
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and vote according to their conscience or their constituents' preferences. One reason is that a
1802:"leaders and chief whips of recognised parties and groups in parliament (facilities) act, 1998"
1544:
1513:
1419:
1240:
879:
844:
591:
1964:
1928:
2362:
2355:
1724:
1623:
references party whips in the lyric "I'm a three-line whip, I'm the sort of thing they ban."
1616:
1044:
in 1996, divisions that require all members in the chamber to vote by taking sides (termed a
1005:
961:
925:
633:
572:
527:
490:
341:
326:
287:
115:
95:
1979:
I act as the whip for the Technical Group even though there is no party line to be enforced.
1862:
1504:
The whip position was created in the House of Representatives in 1897 by Republican Speaker
1460:
Because, unlike members of a parliament, members of Congress cannot serve simultaneously in
2201:
1505:
1490:
1434:
1423:
1369:
1260:
1212:
937:
628:
420:
227:
85:
65:
2331:
1600:. The series charts Underwood's ambitious rise through his party's ranks until he becomes
1077:
so that the incumbent, who represents the whips in general, has a seat and a voice in the
972:. The whips of each house meet weekly to set the agenda for the next week's business. The
8:
1664:
1489:. Unlike the Senate's presiding officer, the Speaker is the leader of his or her party's
929:
895:
668:
658:
653:
638:
618:
475:
297:
282:
157:
105:
908:
or a provincial legislature charged with ensuring party discipline among members of the
2032:
1985:
1779:
1764:
1454:
1295:
the party whip is the executive director of the Policy Committee or the caucus leader.
1184:
1011:
913:
623:
582:
517:
435:
247:
120:
50:
41:
2043:
791:" during a hunt, who tries to prevent hounds from wandering away from a hunting pack.
2366:
1936:
1895:
1751:
1575:
and the trilogy charts his ambitious rise through his party's ranks until he becomes
1540:
1521:
1082:
953:
916:
from his or her party for various bills, motions and other proceedings in the House.
440:
415:
60:
25:
2415:
957:
1548:
1450:
1284:
1226:
905:
862:
806:
in its parliamentary context, derived from its origins in hunting terminology. The
765:
577:
522:
504:
485:
470:
237:
172:
90:
1516:, was appointed in about 1900. In the Senate, the position was created in 1913 by
2244:
2196:
1889:
1694:
1609:
1509:
1498:
1438:
1049:
973:
969:
773:
761:
719:
648:
643:
563:
537:
532:
512:
410:
405:
32:
1687:
788:
2077:"The discreet art of whipping: what are the limits for parliament's enforcers?"
1271:
1134:
858:
769:
445:
395:
336:
202:
187:
2386:
989:
886:. For Labor and the Liberals, the chief whip is assisted by two deputy whips.
2433:
2410:
2119:
1536:
1231:, the Spanish legislature, political parties appoint a member to the role of
316:
232:
222:
2255:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1517:
1446:
1215:
as a whole rather than for a single specific party or parliamentary group.
551:
430:
390:
385:
321:
302:
167:
2222:
1638:
explains that the term "whip" originated from the practice of physically
777:
425:
375:
311:
307:
277:
212:
147:
2425:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 590.
1259:
system, the concept of a political party whip, which was inherited from
868:
Their roles in the chamber include taking divisions, and maintaining a "
714:
1620:
1568:
1336: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1292:
1066:
985:
272:
207:
197:
820:
in the parliamentary sense occurs in 1772. However, P.D.G. Thomas in
1086:
609:
480:
252:
242:
162:
152:
2238:
Structure of Government - Office bearers of legislative institutions
2013:"Fianna Fáil to allow free vote on forthcoming abortion legislation"
1473:(i.e., in most cases, on the length of time they have held office).
1311:
2237:
2120:"What is removing the whip, filibustering and other Brexit jargon?"
1834:"Issuing whips to MPs, MLAs in Presidential poll is an offence: EC"
1627:
900:
In Canada the Party Whip is the member of a political party in the
292:
217:
192:
182:
75:
2269:"ANC MPs will toe party line in no confidence motion - chief whip"
1539:, formerly Chief of Staff for British Conservative Prime Minister
2391:
177:
2171:"Pd: Borghi, segretario d'Aula esperienza straordinaria, grazie"
909:
854:
380:
824:
cites two examples of the use of the term that pre-date 1772.
2095:"What does it mean for MPs to 'lose the whip' in Parliament?"
1555:
between 1990 and 1995. The first book in the trilogy, titled
833:
2414:
1410:
Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives
1794:
1552:
1010:
Party whips in Malaysia serve a similar role as in other
1935:. Institute of Public Administration. pp. 147–150.
1894:. Institute of Public Administration. p. 37, fn.6.
2218:"Guide to party discipline in the Congress of Deputies"
1929:"How parliamentary accountability functions in Ireland"
1708:
Free Votes in Australian and some Overseas Parliaments
1283:
Party whips exist in most of the major parties of the
878:
whips are appointed by the leader of the party, while
1449:
of candidates for office is generally done through a
924:
In India, the concept of the whip was inherited from
2308:. Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives
1612:, the first party whip for the US Democratic Party.
1520:, chair of the Democratic caucus, when he appointed
966:
Minister of State at the Department of the Taoiseach
2330:. Office of the house majority whip. Archived from
2138:
2354:
2288:"Showdown looms over 'state of the nation' speech"
1772:"Derek O'Brien is TMC's Chief Whip in Rajya Sabha"
2087:
1660:How the term 'Whip' came to be used in Parliament
1524:as the first whip, while Republicans later chose
768:(that members of the party vote according to the
2431:
2058:"The Musterer replaces whips in the Green Party"
1881:
1723:. Parliamentary Education Office. Archived from
1706:Parliament of Australia: Parliamentary Library.
1089:, which is used to motivate and reward loyalty.
1922:
1920:
1918:
2010:
1933:Accountability in Irish parliamentary politics
1547:, centred around a fictional party whip named
1512:as the first whip. The first Democratic whip,
1422:), the legislatures in all states except for
1233:
1224:
1205:
1197:
952:Whips exist for all parliamentary parties in
737:
2215:
2112:
2060:. Green Party of New Zealand. Archived from
1926:
1915:
1887:
1551:, which was dramatised and broadcast by the
1291:the party whip is the Caucus leader. In the
1149:
2266:
1857:
1855:
1750:. Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 248–249.
1642:party members to force voting compliance.
822:House of Commons in the Eighteenth Century
744:
730:
1414:Party leaders of the United States Senate
1396:Learn how and when to remove this message
834:In countries using the Westminster system
2409:
1852:
776:or that of donors or constituents) in a
2074:
1745:
1243:), which is the third authority of the
1075:Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury
2432:
2055:
1962:
1671:
16:Position within some political parties
2352:
1969:. Oireachtas. Vol. 734 No.2 p.6 c.250
1531:
1173:
2075:Wintour, Patrick (21 January 2022).
1466:a highly structured committee system
1334:adding citations to reliable sources
1305:
2285:
1748:Whipped: Party Discipline in Canada
1658:Pandiyan, M. Veera (May 14, 2006).
1479:president pro tempore of the Senate
13:
1561:television series of the same name
865:in Australia tends to be tighter.
14:
2466:
2403:
2256:Chief Whips on Parliament Website
1963:Murphy, Catherine (2 June 2011).
1055:
2236:Parliamentary Monitoring Group.
2056:Donald, Rod (14 December 1999).
1814:from the original on 8 July 2014
1686:Parliamentary Education Office.
1310:
1301:
713:
2379:
2346:
2320:
2298:
2279:
2260:
2249:
2230:
2209:
2189:
2163:
2068:
2049:
2037:
2023:
2004:
1956:
1778:. 2 August 2012. Archived from
1321:needs additional citations for
1250:
1092:
2197:"Board of Party Spokespersons"
2011:Ronan McGreevy (30 May 2013).
1739:
1713:
1700:
1680:
1652:
1528:as the party's first in 1915.
1471:the representative's seniority
1069:of the governing party in the
1048:) are rarely used, except for
1017:
942:Member of Legislative Assembly
1:
2286:Hsu, Crystal (2 April 2002).
1927:MacCarthaigh, Muiris (2005).
1888:MacCarthaigh, Muiris (2008).
1688:Fact Sheet 36: The Party Whip
1645:
1429:Both houses of Congress, the
1255:Although South Africa uses a
934:Indian Presidential elections
2216:Carlos Manso (31 May 2017).
1891:Government in Modern Ireland
1443:considerable amount of money
1289:Democratic Progressive Party
1073:is customarily appointed as
936:where whips cannot direct a
838:
797:
787:The term is taken from the "
7:
1807:. Rajya Sabha Secretariat.
1257:proportional representation
1042:proportional representation
999:
696:Political parties by region
486:Party convention/conference
10:
2471:
1721:"Fact Sheet – Party Whips"
1582:In the American remake of
1567:, Francis Urquhart is the
1407:
1021:
1003:
947:
893:
842:
683:Lists of political parties
1634:" features a scene where
1278:
1268:African National Congress
1225:
1150:Having the whip withdrawn
1065:In British politics, the
1060:
964:chief whip is normally a
902:Canadian House of Commons
889:
882:whips are elected by the
809:Oxford English Dictionary
691:Ruling parties by country
664:National unity government
2361:. Basic Books. pp.
2353:Gould, Lewis L. (2005).
2243:19 November 2011 at the
1431:House of Representatives
1218:
1178:
1024:Party whip (New Zealand)
919:
774:their individual beliefs
764:whose task is to ensure
701:Banned political parties
401:Leader of the Opposition
369:Leaders and organization
332:Parliamentary opposition
2422:Encyclopædia Britannica
2357:The Most Exclusive Club
1966:Dáil Reform: Statements
1263:, has been maintained.
1100:parliamentary privilege
851:Parliament of Australia
2440:Government occupations
1746:Marland, Alex (2020).
1514:Oscar Wilder Underwood
1287:. For example, in the
1234:
1223:In both houses of the
1206:
1198:
1193:Senate of the Republic
1171:
1166:
1161:
880:Australian Labor Party
845:Party whip (Australia)
831:
2450:Political terminology
2328:"History of the Whip"
1573:UK Conservative Party
1559:, was adapted into a
1408:Further information:
1261:colonial British rule
1167:
1162:
1157:
1006:Party whip (Malaysia)
926:colonial British rule
826:
634:Confidence and supply
491:Leadership convention
342:Official party status
298:Entrepreneurial party
2445:Parliamentary titles
2202:Congress of Deputies
1869:. Dublin: Oireachtas
1693:24 July 2013 at the
1345:"Whip" politics
1330:improve this article
938:Member of Parliament
760:is an official of a
639:Consensus government
629:Coalition government
421:Parliamentary leader
228:Classical radicalism
2064:on 30 October 2013.
1665:The Star (Malaysia)
1598:US Democratic Party
1594:House Majority Whip
1491:caucus in the House
1245:parliamentary group
1213:governing coalition
1189:Chamber of Deputies
1187:groups in both the
1131:votes of confidence
896:Party Whip (Canada)
720:Politics portal
669:Rotation government
659:Minority government
654:Majority government
619:Parliamentary group
476:Leadership election
158:Christian democracy
2334:on 5 December 2010
2306:"Democratic Whips"
2126:. 4 September 2019
2046:Irish Statute Book
2033:Irish Statute Book
1838:The Times of India
1782:on 14 October 2013
1532:In popular culture
1270:secretary general
1174:In other countries
1012:Westminster system
624:Divided government
518:Crossing the floor
464:Internal elections
436:Party spokesperson
347:Single-issue party
42:Political Spectrum
2372:978-0-465-02778-1
2267:Thulani Gqirana.
1942:978-1-904541-31-8
1901:978-1-904541-72-1
1541:Margaret Thatcher
1522:J. Hamilton Lewis
1406:
1405:
1398:
1380:
1207:Segretario d'Aula
1083:12 Downing Street
1032:whips are called
812:defines the term
754:
753:
600:
599:
416:Political faction
129:
128:
2462:
2426:
2418:
2397:
2396:
2383:
2377:
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2035:
2027:
2021:
2020:
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1816:. Retrieved
1796:
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1780:the original
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1729:. Retrieved
1725:the original
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386:Caucus chair
322:Ruling party
303:Ethnic party
283:Cartel party
168:Conservatism
116:Centre-Right
96:Centre-Right
24:Part of the
18:
2223:ABC (Spain)
1994:|work=
1973:21 February
1948:21 February
1907:21 February
1873:21 February
1604:. The name
1506:Thomas Reed
1030:Green Party
1018:New Zealand
990:Fianna Fáil
778:legislature
583:Multi-party
426:Party chair
376:Backbencher
312:Minor party
308:Major party
288:Competitive
278:Elite party
213:Nationalism
148:Agrarianism
86:Centre-Left
66:Centre-Left
2434:Categories
2155:8 November
2130:8 November
2104:8 November
1646:References
1621:The Police
1615:The song "
1569:chief whip
1543:, wrote a
1439:party line
1386:March 2016
1356:newspapers
1293:Kuomintang
1199:Segretario
1195:appoint a
1067:chief whip
1022:See also:
986:Free votes
962:government
870:pairs book
818:whipper-in
814:whipper-in
789:whipper-in
610:Coalitions
528:Party line
317:Mass party
273:Bloc party
248:Syncretism
208:Monarchism
198:Liberalism
140:Ideologies
106:Right-Wing
2181:29 August
1996:ignored (
1986:cite book
1630:episode "
1602:president
1266:In 2017,
1087:patronage
1034:musterers
839:Australia
798:Etymology
578:Two-party
564:One-party
481:Open list
441:Secretary
253:Third Way
243:Socialism
163:Communism
153:Anarchism
121:Far-Right
51:Left-Wing
2338:18 April
2312:21 April
2241:Archived
2124:BBC News
2099:Sky News
1867:Glossary
1844:3 August
1818:3 August
1809:Archived
1786:3 August
1691:Archived
1640:whipping
1628:Seinfeld
1596:for the
1571:for the
1485:and the
1424:Nebraska
1420:Congress
1239:(deputy
1191:and the
1115:two-line
1000:Malaysia
940:(MP) or
914:speakers
218:Populism
193:Islamism
183:Feminism
61:Far-Left
2392:YouTube
2146:"Whips"
1863:"Whips"
1731:27 July
1592:is the
1487:speaker
1455:mandate
1370:scholar
1144:honours
1079:Cabinet
978:pairing
948:Ireland
849:In the
178:Fascism
2387:"Whip"
2369:
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2273:News24
1939:
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1435:Senate
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960:. The
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884:Caucus
855:quorum
381:Caucus
138:Major
76:Centre
1812:(PDF)
1805:(PDF)
1619:" by
1377:JSTOR
1363:books
1219:Spain
1183:Most
1179:Italy
930:house
920:India
780:.
266:Types
2367:ISBN
2340:2010
2314:2010
2183:2022
2157:2023
2132:2023
2106:2023
1998:help
1975:2012
1950:2012
1937:ISBN
1909:2012
1896:ISBN
1875:2012
1846:2012
1820:2012
1788:2012
1752:ISBN
1733:2013
1626:The
1433:and
1412:and
1349:news
1133:and
956:and
804:whip
758:whip
451:Whip
1553:BBC
1332:by
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2079:.
2015:.
1990::
1988:}}
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