317:
788:
734:
815:
842:
171:
869:
761:
426:), precious gems (including jade, rubies, sapphires and gems), metals and minerals (including silver, lead, zinc, and gold, barite). Sharing of natural resources remains primary factor driving armed conflict in many parts of Upper Myanmar. Upper Myanmar is also home to controversial economic projects, including the
458:
The
Central Dry Zone in Upper Myanmar cultivates 35% of the country's grain crops and occupies two-thirds of arable land in the country. However, the region is remains food insecure, and is the most water-stressed region of the country, due to lack of regular rainfall (the lowest in the country, at
253:
invokes separate land and revenue laws for Upper and Lower
Myanmar. Myanmar's national weather agency, the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, has a dedicated sub-department for Upper Myanmar. Likewise, the country's civil service commission, the
708:, Upper Myanmar had a population of 23,354,199, who make up 46% of the country's population. 75% of residents in Upper Myanmar live in rural townships. 75% of the population in Upper Myanmar lives in Mandalay and Sagaing Regions, and Shan State.
158:, which separates parts of Myanmar from China and Thailand. The low-lying central plains (also dubbed the 'Irrawaddy Basin') between the Arakan Mountains and Shan Hills are predominantly inhabited by the Bamar, while the
101:
peoples in the highlands. Home to over 23 million people, the region's agricultural sector, natural resources, and shared borders with India, China, and
Thailand have made Upper Myanmar a major economic hub. Four of
1120:
85:. By contrast, Lower Myanmar encompasses the southern and coastal-facing regions of Myanmar. Upper Myanmar is home to several distinct cultural regions, including the homeland of the
214:-speaking until the early 19th century), while the Frontier Areas, as designated by the colonial administration, included areas inhabited by ethnic minorities, such as the
174:
The
British subdivided their colonial possessions in Myanmar into three regions: Upper Burma in orange; Lower Burma in pink; and the Frontier Areas in green (as of 1885).
1573:
Herridge, David F.; Win, Mar Mar; Nwe, Khin Mar Mar; Kyu, Khin Lay; Win, Su Su; Shwe, Tun; Min, Yu Yu; Denton, Matthew D.; Cornish, Peter S. (1 February 2019).
1544:
265:
Parts of Kachin and Shan States remain contested; they are administered to varying degrees by the central government as well as numerous non-state actors like
1430:
1011:
1457:
487:
due to its shared borders with India, China, Laos and
Thailand. The region is home to all five of Myanmar's official border gates with China (i.e.,
249:
Upper
Myanmar continues to be used as a geographic designation with respect to government administration and legislation. The national government's
266:
238:
418:
Agricultural cultivation is a mainstay in Upper
Myanmar. The region's proximity to major undammed rivers has also made it the site of many
1405:
603:
179:
103:
154:, which runs throughout the length of the country. The eastern stretches of Upper Myanmar are surrounded by the Shan Hills, and the
960:
384:' in English due to its paucity of rainfall and reliance on water irrigation. For 1,100 years, this region was home to a series of
259:
229:, Upper Myanmar, including the Bamar heartland, has become a major centre of anti-military resistance and fighting in the ongoing
1247:
1205:
230:
234:
61:. Located in the country's centre and north stretches, Upper Myanmar encompasses 6 inland states and regions, including
1711:
250:
1484:"Measuring the Economic Impact of Climate Change on Crop Production in the Dry Zone of Myanmar: A Ricardian Approach"
1545:"Improving access to water in Myanmar's Central Dry Zone: Rehabilitation of the Pywat Ywar pump irrigation project"
435:
1353:
1303:
286:
290:
226:
1716:
294:
278:
1575:"The cropping systems of the Central Dry Zone of Myanmar: Productivity constraints and possible solutions"
1378:
385:
282:
274:
17:
1227:
1185:
419:
255:
1685:
463:, which has intensified droughts in the region. 80% of the land there is used to grow pulses (e.g.,
422:. Natural resources also play a big role in the economy, including extraction of timber (including
187:
350:, also spelt Anyar), the Bamar heartland, is situated around the low-lying central plains of the
203:
1278:
1328:
431:
270:
258:, operates separate civil service academies for Upper and Lower Myanmar. Until 2015, Myanmar's
1631:
262:
was divided into separate departments to support tertiary schools in Upper and Lower
Myanmar.
1586:
1495:
475:, etc.), legumes, sesame, and sunflower. Shan State cultivates most of Myanmar's soybeans.
8:
705:
1659:
1590:
1499:
1458:"From Opium To Meth: How Myanmar Became The World's Leading Producer Of Methamphetamine"
1612:
1253:
1148:
1116:
608:
381:
311:
1616:
1604:
1523:
1257:
1243:
1201:
1152:
1140:
1594:
1513:
1503:
1235:
1193:
1132:
389:
324:, a historic royal capital in the Anya region, the cultural heartland of the Bamar.
316:
199:
139:
36:
739:
443:
367:
355:
151:
135:
62:
985:
1599:
1574:
935:
793:
460:
359:
351:
195:
66:
1239:
1197:
1136:
388:, until the British annexation of Upper Burma (the last remaining part of the
1705:
1608:
1527:
1144:
820:
542:
512:
488:
397:
363:
191:
155:
143:
94:
70:
58:
1518:
1037:
847:
644:
484:
459:
500–1,000 mm (20–39 in)), inequitable distribution of water, and
427:
371:
219:
211:
162:
are inhabited by various Shan-speaking ethnic groups and other minorities.
147:
86:
78:
1354:"Myanmar's Natural Resources: Blessing or Curse? | Heinrich Böll Stiftung"
1088:
1063:
626:
562:
519:). In 2022, total trade volume at these gates stood at US$ 2.7 billion.
500:
492:
468:
215:
98:
90:
170:
1508:
1483:
1482:
Tun Oo, Aung; Van
Huylenbroeck, Guido; Speelman, Stijn (January 2020).
1406:"'It would destroy everything': Thousands protest against Myitsone Dam"
874:
766:
159:
146:
in Lower
Myanmar. Upper Myanmar is home to the country's highest peak,
82:
74:
1431:"Chemicals in, Meth Out in Asia's Booming Golden Triangle Drug Trade"
579:
516:
508:
472:
131:
119:
1192:, University of California Press, pp. 9–22, 31 December 1942,
660:
504:
464:
439:
111:
107:
1234:, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 299–322, 31 December 2020,
961:"The Closing Window Problem Facing Myanmar's Pro-Democracy Forces"
1379:"Hundreds protest restart of China-backed copper mine in Myanmar"
583:
370:. The region has been the homeland of the predominantly Buddhist
183:
54:
186:, a division that accentuated between 1852 and 1885. After the
115:
1481:
1166:
434:. Upper Myanmar's contested border regions, particularly the
599:
546:
496:
447:
321:
207:
150:. The region is bisected by the country's primary river, the
142:
to the west, the latter of which separates this region from
423:
182:
to refer to the central and northern areas of what is now
130:
Upper Myanmar is geographically diverse, bounded by the
269:. Upper Myanmar is also home to all of the country's
206:
of 1885. Historically, Upper Burma was predominantly
1304:"How the junta plunders Myanmar's Natural Resources"
396:(အညာသား) in Burmese, while their counterparts from
198:, while Upper Burma remained independent under the
507:), one of seven border gates with Thailand (i.e.,
89:in the low-lying central plains, and those of the
1572:
986:"ချင်း မိရိုးဖလာမြေပိုင်ဆိုင်ခေတ် ကုန်သွားပြီလား"
1703:
1038:"အထက်မြန်မာပြည်ဌာနခွဲ၏လုပ်ငန်းဆောင်ရွက်ချက်များ"
1121:"Mranma Pran: When context encounters notion"
405:
392:) in 1885. Bamar from this region are called
375:
329:
178:The term 'Upper Burma' was first used by the
44:
1186:"Chapter Ii. Burma: The Land and the People"
523:2022 Total Trade Volume (in US$ millions)
335:
1115:
1598:
1517:
1507:
1403:
1042:မိုးလေဝသနှင့်ဇလဗေဒ ညွှန်ကြားမှုဦးစီးဌာန
315:
210:(whereas Lower Myanmar was historically
169:
1629:
1455:
1089:"Civil Service Academy (Lower Myanmar)"
1064:"Civil Service Academy (Upper Myanmar)"
374:for over a millennia. The Anya region (
14:
1704:
53:) is one of two geographic regions in
27:Geographical region of Myanmar (Burma)
1654:
1652:
1568:
1566:
1539:
1537:
1180:
1178:
511:), and both border gates with India (
442:, are also major global producers of
1276:
1171:. Myanmar Language Commission. 1993.
1111:
1109:
1404:Fishbein, Emily (8 February 2019).
300:
24:
1649:
1563:
1534:
1456:Pomfret, Alice (7 February 2023).
1175:
1125:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
305:
25:
1728:
1106:
1016:Ministry of Home Affairs, Myanmar
483:Upper Myanmar is a major hub for
244:
1630:Downing, Jared (26 March 2018).
1277:Kean, Thomas (1 November 2016).
867:
840:
813:
786:
759:
732:
231:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
1678:
1623:
1475:
1449:
1423:
1397:
1371:
1346:
1329:"Myanmar - Resources and power"
1321:
1296:
1270:
1220:
936:"Upper Burma | region, Myanmar"
478:
380:) is often called the 'Central
1159:
1081:
1056:
1030:
1004:
978:
953:
928:
453:
260:Department of Higher Education
13:
1:
1228:"13 Without the Mon Paradigm"
921:
699:
122:, are located in the region.
125:
104:Myanmar's ten largest cities
7:
1279:"Into the Valley of Rubies"
320:Men on an ox-drawn cart in
10:
1733:
1600:10.1016/j.agsy.2018.12.001
1168:Myanmar-English Dictionary
992:(in Burmese). 8 March 2018
413:
309:
267:ethnic armed organisations
239:ethnic armed organisations
165:
1712:Regions of Southeast Asia
1632:"Myanmar agriculture 101"
1240:10.1515/9780824874414-014
1198:10.1525/9780520351851-005
1137:10.1017/S0022463408000179
1093:Union Civil Service Board
1068:Union Civil Service Board
406:
376:
330:
256:Union Civil Service Board
233:, due to the presence of
45:
40:
1690:Department of Population
1308:Burma News International
940:Encyclopaedia Britannica
251:Ministry of Home Affairs
227:2021 Myanmar coup d'état
225:In the aftermath of the
188:Second Anglo-Burmese War
271:self-administered zones
235:People's Defence Forces
204:Third Anglo-Burmese War
1358:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung
432:Letpadaung Copper Mine
386:Burmese royal capitals
325:
175:
138:to the north, and the
319:
173:
1717:Geography of Myanmar
1664:Ministry of Commerce
1579:Agricultural Systems
1232:The Mists of Rāmañña
46:မြန်မာပြည်အထက်ပိုင်း
1660:"Border Trade Data"
1591:2019AgSys.169...31H
1500:2020Clim....8....9T
1117:Aung-Thwin, Michael
706:2014 Myanmar Census
524:
194:was annexed by the
1686:"2014 Census Data"
1666:. 24 February 2023
1509:10.3390/cli8010009
522:
358:that now comprise
326:
312:Dry Zone (Myanmar)
184:modern-day Myanmar
176:
57:, the other being
1551:. 6 November 2018
1249:978-0-8248-7441-4
1207:978-0-520-35185-1
919:
918:
704:According to the
697:
696:
16:(Redirected from
1724:
1694:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1636:Frontier Myanmar
1627:
1621:
1620:
1602:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1479:
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1468:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1410:Frontier Myanmar
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1283:Frontier Myanmar
1274:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
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1051:
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1034:
1028:
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1025:
1023:
1008:
1002:
1001:
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997:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
932:
873:
871:
870:
846:
844:
843:
819:
817:
816:
792:
790:
789:
765:
763:
762:
738:
736:
735:
711:
710:
612:
525:
521:
444:methamphetamines
409:
408:
390:Konbaung Kingdom
379:
378:
368:Mandalay regions
356:Irrawaddy Rivers
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
333:
332:
301:Cultural regions
140:Arakan Mountains
48:
47:
42:
21:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1702:
1701:
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1684:
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1640:
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1628:
1624:
1571:
1564:
1554:
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1543:
1542:
1535:
1519:1854/LU-8642837
1480:
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1021:
1019:
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1009:
1005:
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993:
990:BBC News မြန်မာ
984:
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979:
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967:
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958:
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944:
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934:
933:
929:
924:
868:
866:
841:
839:
814:
812:
787:
785:
760:
758:
740:Mandalay Region
733:
731:
714:State / Region
702:
606:
481:
456:
436:Golden Triangle
420:hydropower dams
416:
347:
344:
341:
338:
314:
308:
306:Bamar heartland
303:
247:
200:Konbaung empire
168:
152:Irrawaddy River
136:Tibetan Plateau
128:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1730:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1696:
1695:
1677:
1648:
1622:
1562:
1549:Prevention Web
1533:
1474:
1448:
1422:
1396:
1370:
1345:
1320:
1295:
1269:
1248:
1219:
1206:
1174:
1158:
1131:(2): 193–217.
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1080:
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1029:
1003:
977:
952:
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917:
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829:
826:
823:
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794:Sagaing Region
782:
781:
778:
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772:
769:
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754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
728:
727:
724:
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480:
477:
461:climate change
455:
452:
415:
412:
310:Main article:
307:
304:
302:
299:
246:
245:Administration
243:
196:British Empire
167:
164:
156:Thanlwin River
127:
124:
71:Magway Regions
49:, also called
41:အထက်မြန်မာပြည်
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1729:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
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1584:
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1576:
1569:
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1550:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1437:. 31 May 2021
1436:
1432:
1426:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:(June 2008).
1118:
1112:
1110:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1017:
1013:
1007:
991:
987:
981:
966:
965:Wilson Center
962:
956:
941:
937:
931:
927:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
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891:
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878:
876:
865:
864:
860:
857:
854:
851:
849:
838:
837:
833:
830:
827:
824:
822:
821:Magway Region
811:
810:
806:
803:
800:
797:
795:
784:
783:
779:
776:
773:
770:
768:
757:
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752:
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746:
743:
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730:
729:
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719:
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631:
628:
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573:
570:
567:
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561:
560:
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553:
550:
548:
544:
541:
540:
537:Trade Volume
536:
533:
530:
527:
526:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
411:
403:
399:
398:Lower Myanmar
395:
391:
387:
383:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
323:
318:
313:
298:
296:
292:
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205:
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185:
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172:
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161:
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153:
149:
145:
144:Rakhine State
141:
137:
133:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:Lower Myanmar
56:
52:
38:
34:
33:Upper Myanmar
30:
19:
1699:
1689:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1663:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:
1625:
1582:
1578:
1553:. Retrieved
1548:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1462:TalkingDrugs
1461:
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1434:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:
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1385:. 6 May 2016
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1311:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1282:
1272:
1261:, retrieved
1231:
1222:
1211:, retrieved
1190:Modern Burma
1189:
1167:
1161:
1128:
1124:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:
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1071:. Retrieved
1067:
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1044:(in Burmese)
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1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1018:(in Burmese)
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989:
980:
968:. Retrieved
964:
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943:. Retrieved
939:
930:
913:
908:
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898:
893:
848:Kachin State
703:
691:
686:
681:
676:
565:-Qingshuihe
528:Border Gate
485:border trade
482:
479:Border trade
457:
428:Myitsone Dam
417:
401:
393:
372:Bamar people
327:
264:
248:
224:
220:Kachin State
177:
148:Hkakabo Razi
129:
50:
32:
31:
29:
1012:"မြေယာကဏ္ဍ"
607: [
563:Chinshwehaw
493:Chinshwehaw
454:Agriculture
400:are called
218:and modern
216:Shan States
192:Lower Burma
83:Shan States
51:Upper Burma
18:Upper Burma
1706:Categories
1333:Britannica
922:References
909:23,354,199
904:17,623,373
875:Chin State
858:1,642,841
855:1,050,473
831:3,917,055
828:3,329,024
804:5,325,347
801:4,414,012
777:5,824,432
774:4,428,585
771:1,395,847
767:Shan State
750:6,165,723
747:4,022,287
744:2,143,436
700:Population
677:2022 total
661:Kyaingtong
505:Kyaingtong
469:black gram
394:anyar thar
202:until the
160:Shan Hills
1617:158134630
1609:0308-521X
1585:: 31–40.
1528:2225-1154
1263:22 August
1258:242241627
1213:22 August
1153:154992861
1145:1474-0680
899:5,730,826
629:-Houqiao
627:Kanpaikti
604:Zhangfeng
580:Tachileik
557:2099.365
551:1832.468
517:Rikhawdar
509:Tachileik
501:Kanpaikti
473:mung bean
190:of 1852,
132:Himalayas
126:Geography
120:Myitkyina
1494:(1): 9.
885:478,801
882:378,992
852:592,368
825:588,031
798:911,335
692:2750.024
682:2215.233
621:122.760
594:130.664
574:283.396
571:129.900
568:153.496
554:266.897
534:Imports
531:Exports
465:chickpea
440:Wa State
407:အောက်သား
382:Dry Zone
352:Chindwin
345:upstream
287:Pa Laung
112:Taunggyi
108:Mandalay
63:Mandalay
1670:5 March
1641:5 March
1587:Bibcode
1555:5 March
1496:Bibcode
1488:Climate
1467:5 March
1441:5 March
1415:5 March
1389:5 March
1383:Reuters
1363:5 March
1338:5 March
1313:5 March
1288:5 March
1098:4 March
1073:4 March
1048:4 March
1022:4 March
996:4 March
970:4 March
945:4 March
879:99,809
687:534.791
671:10.524
655:15.134
638:88.181
635:10.824
632:77.357
618:32.484
615:90.276
591:85.572
588:45.092
584:Mae Sai
414:Economy
402:auk tha
360:Sagaing
339:
180:British
166:History
67:Sagaing
55:Myanmar
37:Burmese
1615:
1607:
1526:
1256:
1246:
1204:
1151:
1143:
872:
845:
818:
791:
764:
737:
723:Total
720:Rural
717:Urban
668:3.332
665:7.192
652:5.782
649:9.352
503:, and
377:အညာဒေသ
366:, and
364:Magway
328:Anya (
293:, and
279:Kokang
118:, and
116:Monywa
97:, and
95:Kachin
79:Kachin
73:, and
1613:S2CID
1254:S2CID
1149:S2CID
894:Total
645:Moreh
643:Tamu-
611:]
600:Lweje
547:Ruili
497:Lweje
448:opium
322:Bagan
208:Bamar
87:Bamar
1672:2023
1643:2023
1605:ISSN
1557:2023
1524:ISSN
1469:2023
1443:2023
1417:2023
1391:2023
1365:2023
1340:2023
1315:2023
1290:2023
1265:2022
1244:ISBN
1215:2022
1202:ISBN
1141:ISSN
1100:2023
1075:2023
1050:2023
1024:2023
998:2023
972:2023
947:2023
914:100%
834:17%
807:23%
780:25%
753:26%
543:Muse
515:and
513:Tamu
489:Muse
446:and
438:and
430:and
424:Teak
354:and
336:lit.
291:Pa'O
283:Naga
275:Danu
237:and
134:and
99:Shan
91:Chin
81:and
75:Chin
1595:doi
1583:169
1514:hdl
1504:doi
1435:VOA
1236:doi
1194:doi
1133:doi
888:2%
861:7%
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331:အညာ
212:Mon
43:or
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