98:
203:, the term has come to encompass rich and powerful members of the managerial and professional classes as well. In the years since Irish independence in 1922 the upper class has all but vanished in the Republic of Ireland. Aristocratic titles within the Peerage of Ireland granted by the British monarch have no recognition in the Irish Constitution. Contemporary Ireland is generally perceived to have a two-tier social class system composed of working class and middle class (with the exception of a small number of wealthy billionaires).
117:
2797:
171:
222:
357:, the distribution of wealth in America is the primary highlight of the influence of the upper class. The top 1% of Americans own around 34% of the wealth in the U.S. while the bottom 80% own only approximately 16% of the wealth. This large disparity displays the unequal distribution of wealth in America in absolute terms.
109:), although members of the upper class may have had less actual money than merchants. Upper-class status commonly derived from the social position of one's family and not from one's own achievements or wealth. Much of the population that composed the upper class consisted of aristocrats, ruling families, titled people, and
72:
middle classes that tend to dominate public life in modern social democracies. According to the latter view held by the traditional upper classes, no amount of individual wealth or fame would make a person from an undistinguished background into a member of the upper class as one must be born into a
317:
Upper-class families... dominate corporate
America and have a disproportionate influence over the nation's political, educational, religious, and other institutions. Of all social classes, members of the upper class also have a strong sense of solidarity and 'consciousness of kind' that stretches
259:. The American upper class is estimated to constitute less than 1% of the population. By self-identification, according to this 2001–2012 Gallup Poll data, 98% of Americans identify with the five other class terms used, 48–50% identifying as "middle class".
198:
of noble families with hereditary titles. The vast majority of post-medieval aristocratic families originated in the merchant class and were ennobled between the 14th and 19th centuries while intermarrying with the old nobility and gentry. Since the
270:
through techniques such as money management and investing, rather than engaging in wage-labor salaried employment, although most upper-class individuals today will still hold some sort of employment, which differs from historical norms. Successful
313:, there are now 374 U.S. billionaires. The growth in billionaires took a dramatic leap since the early 1980s, when the average net worth of the individuals on the Forbes 400 list was $ 400 million. Today, the average net worth is $ 2.8 billion.
378:" (list of top donors) and defined the class, for the first time, as "a tiny group – just one-quarter of 1 percent of the population – and it is not representative of the rest of the nation. But its money buys plenty of access."
307:, yet all members of this class are so influential and wealthy as to be considered members of the upper class. At the pinnacle of U.S. wealth, 2004 saw a dramatic increase in the numbers of billionaires. According to
937:
1206:
73:
family of that class and raised in a particular manner to understand and share upper class values, traditions, and cultural norms. The term is often used in conjunction with terms like
1139:
51:. According to this view, the upper class is generally distinguished by immense wealth which is passed on from generation to generation. Prior to the 20th century, the emphasis was on
1172:
861:
991:
929:
3255:
148:, though not necessarily: the prevalence of titles of nobility varied widely from country to country. Some upper classes were almost entirely untitled, for example, the
1195:
140:
In many countries, the term "upper class" was intimately associated with hereditary land ownership. Political power was often in the hands of the landowners in many
536:
105:
Historically in some cultures, members of an upper class often did not have to work for a living, as they were supported by earned or inherited investments (often
3220:
1361:
Farnum, Richard. "Prestige in the Ivy League: Democratization and discrimination at Penn and
Columbia, 1890-1970." in Paul W. Kingston and Lionel S. Lewis, eds.
1873:
800:
514:
3260:
3215:
689:
897:
144:
despite there being no legal barriers to land ownership for other social classes. Upper-class landowners in Europe were often also members of the titled
1014:
3422:
3225:
1106:
893:
725:
685:
580:
622:
1519:
336:
has been increasing, with the top 1% (largely because of the top 0.1%) experiencing significantly larger gains in income than the rest of society.
1033:
3283:
3235:
292:
1045:
1495:
792:
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3210:
1162:
165:
3417:
2601:
2476:
558:
101:
Portrait of the family
Fagoaga Arozqueta, about 1730. Painter unknown. The family was part of the upper class in Mexico City, New Spain.
918:
2486:
3308:
3240:
2744:
688:, should be given the title of prince and their sons the titles of barons and counts. The title of count was suggested by him for a
3278:
1642:
64:
Because the upper classes of a society may no longer rule the society in which they are living, they are often referred to as the
3313:
2593:
2531:
1351:
Davis, Donald F. "The Price of
Conspicious [sic] Production: The Detroit Elite and the Automobile Industry, 1900-1933."
1006:
975:
3303:
3298:
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2573:
1904:
1550:
667:
333:
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1273:
1254:
737:
646:
592:
552:
3549:
3205:
3182:
2578:
2611:
952:
113:. These people were usually born into their status and historically there was not much movement across class boundaries.
2759:
2739:
2718:
153:
3288:
2932:
2723:
2606:
2449:
1420:
1076:
909:
873:
840:
762:
3197:
2833:
2471:
1368:
Ghent, Jocelyn
Maynard, and Frederic Cople Jaher. "The Chicago Business Elite: 1830–1930. A Collective Biography."
796:
510:
3479:
3016:
618:
488:
2893:
2461:
644:
Skwarczyński, Paweł (June 1956). "The
Problem of Feudalism in Poland up to the Beginning of the 16th Century".
304:
97:
2754:
2526:
2521:
2005:
1399:
Jensen, Richard. "Family, Career, and Reform: Women
Leaders of the Progressive Era." in Michael Gordon, ed.,
1201:
1096:
1018:
468:
3177:
3151:
3062:
2749:
2583:
2548:
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296:
216:
1501:
3187:
3172:
3159:
2703:
2693:
2560:
1768:
608:
438:
267:
263:
17:
3516:
3320:
2683:
2022:
1543:
1477:
Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and
American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression
121:
1041:
3167:
3011:
2708:
2648:
1509:
483:
2900:
2888:
2653:
2643:
2000:
1812:
1523:
3544:
3245:
2976:
2800:
2698:
2633:
1445:
778:
1380:
In
Pursuit of Privilege: A History of New York City's Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis
3362:
3085:
2658:
2287:
2029:
1394:
The Urban
Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Chicago, Charleston, and Los Angeles
341:
141:
1490:
1470:
The half-opened door: Discrimination and admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900-1970
540:
3493:
3344:
2713:
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2668:
2663:
2516:
1584:
1536:
110:
86:
3354:
829:
3539:
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3396:
3386:
3100:
3080:
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2826:
2774:
2769:
2673:
2543:
2494:
1888:
1854:
1839:
1675:
1622:
252:
235:
212:
746:
393:
8:
3471:
3368:
3125:
3055:
3006:
2981:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2158:
1963:
1938:
1918:
1822:
1268:. Routledge Studies in Social and Political Thought. Vol. 50. Taylor & Francis.
1236:
388:
349:
195:
40:
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2315:
2297:
2292:
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2114:
1933:
1913:
1883:
1665:
1637:
1167:
1134:
1101:
925:
709:
671:
366:
284:
125:
74:
1429:
McConachie, Bruce A. "New York operagoing, 1825-50: creating an elite social ritual."
681:
3464:
3391:
3110:
3050:
3045:
2320:
2238:
1975:
1928:
1866:
1695:
1449:
1416:
1288:
1269:
1250:
1072:
983:
905:
869:
836:
758:
733:
704:
588:
548:
371:
280:
262:
The main distinguishing feature of the upper class is its ability to derive enormous
3028:
2866:
2764:
2638:
2538:
2368:
2176:
2066:
2017:
1990:
1743:
1738:
1591:
1242:
1231:
Cousin, Bruno and Sébastien Chauvin (2021). "Is there a global super-bourgeoisie?"
200:
3511:
3427:
3115:
3090:
2819:
2509:
2201:
2012:
1758:
1748:
1515:
1412:
403:
375:
354:
309:
299:. There may be prestige differences between different upper-class households. An
48:
882:
2466:
2410:
2249:
2206:
2134:
1878:
1849:
1774:
1728:
1670:
1627:
889:
659:
418:
337:
230:
133:
129:
1464:
The forging of an aristocracy: Harvard & the Boston upper class, 1800-1870
1387:
The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful: Elites and Upper Classes in History
1247:
The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology: A User's Guide to Sociological Language
3533:
3485:
3450:
3095:
2946:
2307:
2104:
1893:
1763:
1753:
1711:
1685:
1680:
1617:
1577:
987:
473:
458:
448:
428:
291:, are considered members of this class by contemporary sociologists, such as
248:
226:
191:
183:
116:
82:
69:
44:
3378:
3120:
2966:
2340:
2267:
2046:
2036:
1955:
1705:
1612:
1562:
613:
288:
272:
244:
78:
36:
344:, sees it as a problem for society, calling it a "very disturbing trend".
3444:
3105:
3035:
3001:
2971:
2504:
2335:
2325:
2275:
2257:
2129:
1923:
1834:
1817:
1505:
1196:"Why the 'donor class' matters, especially in the GOP presidential scrum"
413:
398:
361:
106:
53:
1163:"From Fracking to Finance, a Torrent of Campaign Cash - Top Donors List"
3130:
2920:
2350:
1690:
1434:
1373:
1356:
1285:
The Sociology of Southeast Asia: Transformations in a Developing Region
675:
303:
actor, for example, might not be accorded as much prestige as a former
39:
composed of people who hold the highest social status, usually are the
1128:
Confessore, Nicholas; Cohen, Sarah; Yourish, Karen (10 October 2015).
3349:
3040:
2955:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2396:
2391:
2358:
2330:
2218:
2213:
2149:
2124:
2071:
1985:
1700:
1632:
684:
submitted a memorandum to the parliament (sejm), suggesting that the
655:
478:
463:
408:
65:
1346:
The Perennial Philadelphians: The Anatomy of an American Aristocracy
2405:
2377:
2363:
2230:
2196:
2154:
2139:
2099:
1844:
609:"How should we define working class, middle class and upper class?"
453:
149:
145:
58:
1363:
The high-status track: Studies of elite schools and stratification
583:(2010). "Class in America – 2009". In Rothenberg, Paula S. (ed.).
3023:
2811:
2401:
2386:
2382:
2144:
2094:
2086:
2076:
1980:
1968:
1827:
1723:
1717:
663:
585:
Race, class, and gender in the United States: an integrated study
187:
175:
3457:
3072:
2843:
2373:
2186:
2119:
2059:
2054:
1861:
1528:
822:
820:
818:
423:
300:
256:
170:
797:"Americans Most Likely to Say They Belong to the Middle Class"
2905:
2181:
2109:
1660:
1491:
Number of households with net-worths over one million dollars
1339:
Bobos in paradise: The new upper class and how they got there
815:
2191:
1733:
1409:
Rich People Things: Real-Life Secrets of the Predator Class
755:
The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States
545:
Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture, Volume 1
1161:
Lichtblau, Eric; Confessore, Nicholas (10 October 2015).
959:
Thomas, E.; Gross, D. (23 July 2007). "Taxing the Rich".
587:(8th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 179.
276:
166:
Social structure of the United Kingdom § Upper class
68:
classes, and they are often culturally distinct from the
1332:
Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a New Upper Class
1310:
The Egyptian upper class between revolutions, 1919-1952
1069:
Who Rules America: Power, Politics, & Social Change
888:
239:, a story set in upper-class New York City in the 1870s
1502:"The Aristocracy – how the ruling class survives"
1127:
732:. Akademische Schriftenreihe. GRIN Verlag. p. 5.
1401:
The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective,
1130:"The Families Funding the 2016 Presidential Election"
287:, heir to fortunes, celebrities, and a few number of
1317:
The upper classes: Property and privilege in Britain
1160:
856:
854:
852:
3423:Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor
828:
132:, the upper classes were made up of Europeans and
3531:
1241:
902:Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships
849:
579:
190:, the "upper class" traditionally comprised the
3221:Largest financial services companies by revenue
1154:
1090:
1088:
535:
136:and were heavily influenced by European trends.
976:"Richest Are Leaving Even the Rich Far Behind"
860:
692:. But all these suggestions were not accepted.
3216:Largest corporations by market capitalization
2827:
1544:
2448:
2228:
1121:
1085:
643:
159:
57:, which emphasized generations of inherited
3418:The rich get richer and the poor get poorer
1187:
958:
730:The Old Upper Class – Britain's Aristocracy
3226:Largest manufacturing companies by revenue
2834:
2820:
1551:
1537:
1193:
718:
251:consisting of people who have the highest
1496:Relationship between income and education
1439:
1039:
1012:
2436:
1263:
973:
924:
752:
220:
169:
115:
96:
3236:Largest technology companies by revenue
1406:
1303:Classes and Cultures: England 1918-1951
1094:
1071:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
1066:
826:
724:
712:: Abridgement of Vols I-X in one volume
703:
508:
14:
3532:
3304:Income inequality in the United States
3299:Wealth inequality in the United States
1194:McCutcheon, Chuck (26 December 2014).
668:Modern Humanities Research Association
625:from the original on 15 September 2018
334:income inequality in the United States
323:William Thompson & Joseph Hickey,
3231:Largest software companies by revenue
2815:
2435:
1792:
1532:
791:
654:(83). Salisbury House, Station Road,
647:The Slavonic and East European Review
561:from the original on 21 November 2015
318:across the nation and even the globe.
92:
3211:Largest corporate profits and losses
1282:
1042:"Remarks by Chairman Alan Greenspan"
940:from the original on 5 November 2007
930:"Income Gap is Widening, Data Shows"
3284:Countries by number of billionaires
1479:(2016), especially in New York City
1235:, vol. 15, issue 6, pp. 1–15.
994:from the original on 9 October 2016
974:Johnston, David Cay (5 June 2005).
24:
2841:
1794:
1793:
1323:
1225:
1209:from the original on 11 March 2016
1175:from the original on 10 March 2016
1142:from the original on 10 March 2016
1109:from the original on 11 March 2016
1040:Greenspan, Alan (28 August 1998).
835:. New York: Wadsworth Publishing.
803:from the original on 11 March 2016
686:palatines, or provincial governors
517:from the original on 17 April 2016
25:
3561:
2933:Primitive accumulation of capital
1484:
1249:(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
1013:Pizzigati, S. (7 November 2005).
3279:Cities by number of billionaires
2796:
2795:
1558:
1048:from the original on 6 June 2007
525:– via The Washington Post.
206:
178:department store in London, 1909
3480:The Theory of the Leisure Class
3355:Acquired situational narcissism
1060:
967:
785:
757:. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
619:Guardian News and Media Limited
509:Bartels, Larry (8 April 2014).
489:Ultra high-net-worth individual
3294:Countries by wealth inequality
2894:History of economic inequality
2437:
1017:. TomPaine.com. Archived from
1015:"Alan Greenspan, Egalitarian?"
771:
697:
637:
601:
573:
529:
502:
243:The American upper class is a
154:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
13:
1:
1245:, ed. (2000). "Upper class".
1202:The Christian Science Monitor
1095:Herbert, Bob (19 July 1998).
1044:. The Federal Reserve Board.
543:. In Smith, Jessie C. (ed.).
495:
469:Patrician (post-Roman Europe)
3261:Number of billionaire alumni
3206:Largest companies by revenue
1440:Ostrander, Susan A. (1986).
1067:Domhoff, G. William (2005).
831:The American Class Structure
444:International Debutante Ball
225:First edition dust cover of
217:African-American upper class
7:
3550:High society (social class)
1385:Jaher, Frederic Cople, ed.
439:High society (social class)
381:
35:in modern societies is the
10:
3566:
1643:Weberian (three-component)
1389:(1973), essays by scholars
1264:Hartmann, Michael (2007).
904:. Boston, Mass.: Pearson.
868:. Boston, Mass.: Pearson.
753:Beeghley, Leonard (2004).
714:. Oxford University Press.
372:modern American plutocrats
255:primarily due to economic
210:
163:
61:, not just recent wealth.
3507:
3436:
3410:
3377:
3340:
3333:
3289:Countries by total wealth
3271:
3196:
3168:List of centibillionaires
3150:
3143:
3071:
3012:High-net-worth individual
2994:
2857:
2850:
2791:
2732:
2624:
2592:
2559:
2485:
2457:
2444:
2431:
2349:
2306:
2266:
2248:
2167:
2085:
2045:
1954:
1947:
1902:
1805:
1801:
1788:
1651:
1605:
1601:
1572:
1498:(archived 6 January 2007)
1382:(2016). Covers 1760–1970.
1353:Journal of Social History
864:; Hickey, Joseph (2005).
547:. ABC-CLIO. p. 322.
484:High-net-worth individual
160:Great Britain and Ireland
130:Spain's American colonies
47:, and wield the greatest
2901:International inequality
2889:Consumption distribution
2765:Pre-industrial East Asia
1524:Felipe Fernandez-Armesto
1442:Women of the Upper Class
1392:Jaher, Frederick Cople.
1283:King, Victor T. (2008).
827:Gilbert, Dennis (1998).
142:pre-industrial societies
2977:Conspicuous consumption
1813:Administrative detainee
1446:Temple University Press
1407:Lehmann, Chris (2011).
1370:Business History Review
1308:Baraka, Magda. (1998).
1266:The Sociology of Elites
537:Akhbar-Williams, Tahira
134:American born Spaniards
3363:Argumentum ad crumenam
2229:
1462:Story, Ronald. (1980)
1372:50.3 (1976): 288–328.
1301:McKibbin, Ross.(2000)
347:According to the book
340:, former chair of the
330:
240:
179:
137:
102:
85:as part of a model of
3494:The Wealth of Nations
3345:Diseases of affluence
2770:Pre-industrial Europe
1315:Scott, John. (1982).
660:Cambridgeshire county
315:
224:
173:
119:
100:
87:social stratification
3402:Venture philanthropy
3397:Philanthrocapitalism
3309:Most expensive items
3183:Wealthiest Americans
3163:list of billionaires
2862:Capital accumulation
2627: or countries
2438:By country or region
1676:Class discrimination
1355:16.1 (1982): 21–46.
1330:Baltzell, E. Digby.
1021:on 30 September 2007
795:(30 November 2012).
236:The Age of Innocence
213:American upper class
3458:Greek god of wealth
3369:Prosperity theology
3188:Wealthiest families
3173:Female billionaires
3007:Captain of industry
2982:Conspicuous leisure
2884:Income distribution
2879:Wealth distribution
2874:Economic inequality
2159:Vanniar (Chieftain)
1475:Williams, Peter W.
926:Johnston, David Cay
511:"Rich people rule!"
389:Aristocracy (class)
285:venture capitalists
111:religious hierarchs
3321:Wealthiest animals
2740:18th-century Spain
2594:Standard of living
2298:Upper middle class
2293:Lower middle class
1884:Political prisoner
1666:Chattering classes
1638:Spoon class theory
1319:Macmillan Pub Ltd.
1168:The New York Times
1135:The New York Times
1102:The New York Times
980:The New York Times
934:The New York Times
898:Wahlstrom, Carl M.
710:A Study of History
367:The New York Times
350:Who Rules America?
281:investment bankers
241:
180:
138:
126:Pedro Subercaseaux
103:
93:Historical meaning
75:upper-middle class
3527:
3526:
3503:
3502:
3392:The Giving Pledge
3329:
3328:
3139:
3138:
2809:
2808:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2620:
2619:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2321:Lumpenproletariat
1823:illegal immigrant
1784:
1783:
1696:Classless society
1468:Synnott, Marcia.
1455:978-0-87722-475-4
1433:(1988): 181–192.
1344:Burt, Nathaniel.
1294:978-87-91114-60-1
1275:978-0-415-41197-4
1256:978-0-631-21681-0
1233:Sociology Compass
1097:"The Donor Class"
928:(29 March 2007).
894:Sawyer, Stacey C.
862:Thompson, William
739:978-3-638-74726-4
726:Krummel, Victoria
594:978-1-4292-1788-0
554:978-0-313-35796-1
541:"Class Structure"
394:Bildungsbürgertum
332:Since the 1970s,
16:(Redirected from
3557:
3387:Gospel of Wealth
3338:
3337:
3148:
3147:
2959:
2950:
2867:Overaccumulation
2855:
2854:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2799:
2798:
2626:
2527:Mexican-American
2455:
2454:
2446:
2445:
2433:
2432:
2234:
2177:Business magnate
2067:Knowledge worker
1952:
1951:
1840:dual or multiple
1803:
1802:
1790:
1789:
1744:Social exclusion
1739:Social cleansing
1653:
1603:
1602:
1592:Economic classes
1553:
1546:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1459:
1426:
1298:
1279:
1260:
1243:Allan G. Johnson
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
971:
965:
964:
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
922:
916:
915:
886:
880:
879:
866:Society in Focus
858:
847:
846:
834:
824:
813:
812:
810:
808:
789:
783:
782:
775:
769:
768:
750:
744:
743:
722:
716:
715:
701:
695:
694:
641:
635:
634:
632:
630:
605:
599:
598:
581:Gregory Mantsios
577:
571:
570:
568:
566:
533:
527:
526:
524:
522:
506:
328:
325:Society in Focus
201:Second World War
21:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3499:
3432:
3428:Too big to fail
3406:
3373:
3325:
3267:
3246:Philanthropists
3192:
3135:
3067:
2990:
2846:
2840:
2810:
2805:
2779:
2728:
2616:
2588:
2555:
2539:Underprivileged
2481:
2440:
2439:
2415:
2345:
2302:
2262:
2244:
2163:
2081:
2041:
1943:
1898:
1797:
1796:
1780:
1759:Social position
1749:Social mobility
1647:
1597:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1516:David Cannadine
1487:
1482:
1456:
1423:
1413:Haymarket Books
1403:(1973): 267–80.
1378:Hood. Clifton.
1337:Brooks, David.
1326:
1305:(2000) pp 1–43.
1295:
1276:
1257:
1228:
1226:Further reading
1223:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1011:
1007:
997:
995:
972:
968:
957:
953:
943:
941:
923:
919:
912:
890:Williams, Brian
887:
883:
876:
859:
850:
843:
825:
816:
806:
804:
790:
786:
777:
776:
772:
765:
751:
747:
740:
723:
719:
705:Toynbee, Arnold
702:
698:
642:
638:
628:
626:
607:
606:
602:
595:
578:
574:
564:
562:
555:
534:
530:
520:
518:
507:
503:
498:
493:
404:Corporate class
384:
376:The Donor Class
355:William Domhoff
342:Federal Reserve
329:
322:
310:Forbes Magazine
233:-winning novel
219:
211:Main articles:
209:
168:
162:
95:
49:political power
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3563:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3545:Social classes
3542:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3448:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3256:Endowment size
3250:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3178:Richest royals
3175:
3170:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2953:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2760:Ottoman Empire
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Ancient Greece
2742:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2719:United Kingdom
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2612:Home-ownership
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2467:American Dream
2464:
2458:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1879:Migrant worker
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1795:By demographic
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1775:Status Anxiety
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1729:Ranked society
1726:
1721:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:Class conflict
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1654: topics
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1628:Mudsill theory
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1520:Rosemary Sweet
1499:
1493:
1486:
1485:External links
1483:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1437:
1431:American Music
1427:
1421:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1366:
1359:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1287:. NIAS Press.
1280:
1274:
1261:
1255:
1239:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1186:
1153:
1120:
1084:
1077:
1059:
1032:
1005:
966:
951:
917:
910:
881:
874:
848:
841:
814:
784:
770:
763:
745:
738:
717:
696:
636:
600:
593:
572:
553:
528:
500:
499:
497:
494:
492:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
426:
421:
419:Fat cat (term)
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
385:
383:
380:
338:Alan Greenspan
320:
305:U.S. President
297:Dennis Gilbert
231:Pulitzer Prize
208:
205:
164:Main article:
161:
158:
122:colonial Chile
94:
91:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3562:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:Universities
3251:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3198:Organizations
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Concentration
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:Nouveau riche
2945:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2802:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2724:United States
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:Other regions
2623:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:United States
2447:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Socioeconomic
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Social stigma
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1754:Social orphan
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:Nouveau riche
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:Class traitor
1684:
1682:
1681:Class society
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:Gilbert model
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1492:
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192:landed gentry
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174:The upmarket
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45:class society
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3379:Philanthropy
3361:
3160:
3086:Distribution
3063:Robber baron
2972:Veblen goods
2967:Luxury goods
2956:
2947:
2941:
2775:Soviet Union
2750:Ancient Rome
2607:Homelessness
2532:Upper Middle
2404: /
2385: /
2376: /
2341:Working poor
2237:
2224:Robber baron
2168:
2047:Intellectual
2037:Royal family
2001:Ancient Rome
1855:second-class
1773:
1716:
1715: /
1710:
1706:High society
1613:Elite theory
1590:
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1211:. Retrieved
1199:
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1123:
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1100:
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1050:. Retrieved
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:the original
1008:
996:. Retrieved
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942:. Retrieved
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805:. Retrieved
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629:15 September
627:. Retrieved
614:The Guardian
612:
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563:. Retrieved
544:
531:
519:. Retrieved
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370:referred to
365:
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316:
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245:social group
242:
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181:
139:
104:
79:middle class
63:
59:noble status
52:
37:social class
32:
31:
29:
27:Social class
3540:Upper class
3445:Das Kapital
3314:by category
3036:Millionaire
3002:Billionaire
2960:(old money)
2957:Vieux riche
2951:(new money)
2942:Upper class
2694:New Zealand
2411:Untouchable
2336:Proletariat
2326:Pea-pickers
2276:Bourgeoisie
1964:Aristocracy
1850:naturalized
1845:native-born
1511:In Our Time
1506:BBC Radio 4
690:castellanus
414:Donor Class
399:Black elite
362:Bob Herbert
253:social rank
247:within the
196:aristocracy
107:real estate
54:aristocracy
43:members of
33:Upper class
18:Upper-class
3534:Categories
3517:by country
3466:Superclass
3111:Management
2921:Plutocracy
2684:Luxembourg
2574:Inequality
2239:Superclass
2030:Hereditary
2006:Post-Roman
1997:Patrician
1867:adolescent
1691:Classicide
1514:featuring
799:. Gallup.
565:29 October
496:References
433:Großbürger
70:newly rich
41:wealthiest
3350:Affluenza
3241:Charities
3106:Inherited
3101:Geography
3056:Ukrainian
2926:Plutonomy
2916:Overclass
2911:Oligarchy
2709:Sri Lanka
2602:Education
2569:Household
2462:Affluence
2397:Rat tribe
2359:Ant tribe
2331:Precariat
2316:Lazzaroni
2258:Bohemians
2219:Overclass
2214:Old money
2150:Spartiate
2125:Kshatriya
2115:Hashashin
2072:Professor
2013:Political
1986:Oligarchy
1976:Hanseaten
1894:Stateless
1874:Convicted
1806:By status
1769:Subaltern
1701:Euthenics
1633:New class
988:0362-4331
656:Cambridge
479:Socialite
464:Old money
409:Debutante
360:In 1998,
66:old upper
3512:Category
3126:Religion
3116:National
3091:Dynastic
3046:Business
3041:Oligarch
3029:Business
2851:Concepts
2842:Extreme
2801:Category
2733:Historic
2654:Colombia
2644:Cambodia
2579:Personal
2477:Mobility
2406:Freedman
2392:Plebeian
2378:Prisoner
2364:Commoner
2250:Creative
2231:Seigneur
2197:Nobility
2155:Vanniyar
2140:Pendekar
2100:Cossacks
1734:Snobbery
1606:Theories
1213:10 March
1207:Archived
1179:11 March
1173:Archived
1146:10 March
1140:Archived
1113:10 March
1107:Archived
1046:Archived
992:Archived
961:Newsweek
938:Archived
900:(2005).
807:10 March
801:Archived
728:(2008).
707:(1960).
682:Ostroróg
680:In 1459
623:Archived
621:. 2011.
559:Archived
539:(2010).
515:Archived
454:Nobility
431:(German
382:See also
321:—
229:'s 1920
194:and the
150:Szlachta
146:nobility
120:Ball in
3411:Sayings
3334:Related
3051:Russian
3024:Magnate
2704:Romania
2699:Nigeria
2584:Poverty
2487:Classes
2472:History
2383:Peasant
2369:Outcast
2308:Working
2288:Burgher
2145:Samurai
2135:Ocēlōtl
2095:Chhetri
2087:Warrior
2077:Scholar
1991:Russian
1981:Magnate
1969:Aristoi
1948:By type
1835:Citizen
1828:refugee
1724:Poverty
1718:Parvenu
1652:Related
1623:Marxian
1585:Stratum
1472:(2010).
1396:(1982).
1365:(1990).
1348:(1999).
1334:(1958).
1312:. ISBS.
1052:20 June
1025:20 June
998:26 June
944:20 June
676:4204744
670:: 302.
664:ENGLAND
521:17 July
264:incomes
188:Ireland
176:Harrods
152:of the
3487:Wealth
3452:Plutus
3161:Forbes
3152:People
3096:Effect
3073:Wealth
2995:People
2844:wealth
2659:France
2639:Belize
2634:Africa
2561:Income
2517:Middle
2510:Gentry
2374:Outlaw
2281:Petite
2268:Middle
2202:Landed
2187:Gentry
2120:Knight
2060:Priest
2055:Clergy
2018:Family
1956:Ruling
1905:collar
1862:Clique
1578:Status
1452:
1435:online
1419:
1374:online
1357:online
1341:(2010)
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1237:online
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424:Gentry
327:, 2005
301:A-list
268:wealth
257:wealth
81:, and
3437:Media
3272:Other
3144:Lists
3121:Paper
3017:UHNWI
2906:Elite
2755:Aztec
2714:Tibet
2689:Nepal
2679:Italy
2669:India
2664:Haiti
2649:China
2549:Under
2544:Lower
2522:Black
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2500:Black
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1939:White
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672:JSTOR
266:from
128:. In
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277:CEOs
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