214:
147:
84:
3189:
926:
43:
867:
have been in large part (although not solely), products of the upper middle class. Some claim this is because this is the largest class (and the lowest class) with any true political power for change, while others claim some of the more restrictive social movements (such as with smoking and drinking)
498:
in excess of $ 62,500 ($ 101,000 in 2024 dollars), who commonly reside in households with six-figure incomes. The difference between personal and household income can be explained by considering that 76% of households with incomes exceeding $ 90,000 (the top 20%, $ 170,000 to cross this threshold in
411:
In addition to having autonomy in their work, above-average incomes, and advanced educations, the upper middle class also tends to be influential, setting trends and largely shaping public opinion. Overall, members of this class are also secure from economic down-turns and, unlike their counterparts
393:
The upper middle class has grown ... and its composition has changed. Increasingly salaried managers and professionals have replaced individual business owners and independent professionals. The key to the success of the upper middle class is the growing importance of educational certification ...
777:
The above income thresholds may vary greatly based on region due to significant differences in average income based on region and urban, suburban, or rural development. In more expensive suburbs, the threshold for the top 15% of income earners may be much higher. For example, in 2006 the
493:
Sociologists Dennis
Gilbert, William Thompson and Joseph Hickey estimate the upper middle class to constitute roughly 15% of the population. Using the 15% figure one may conclude that the American upper middle class consists, strictly in an income sense, of professionals with
816:; however, a statistical relationship is seen between the level of one's educational attainment and one's likelihood of subscribing to a particular political ideology. In terms of income, liberals tend to be tied with pro-business conservatives. Most
1802:; Pinçon, Michel (2010). "Regard sociologique sur l'oligarchie: Entretien avec Monique Pinçon-Charlot et Michel Pinçon" [Sociological view on the oligarchy: Interview with Monique Pinçon-Charlot and Michel Pinçon].
782:
had median household incomes of $ 85,000 compared to a national average of about $ 50,000. The top 15% of all US income earners nationally tend to be more concentrated in these richer suburban counties where the
458:, and value systems are equally important variables. Income is in part determined by the scarcity of certain skill sets. An occupation that requires a scarce skill set which is attained through higher
787:
is also higher. If middle-class households earning between the 50th percentile ($ 46,000) and the 85th percentile ($ 62,500) tend to live in lower cost of living areas, then their difference in
836:. For example, in 2005, 72% of surveyed full-time faculty members at four-year institutions, the majority of whom would be considered upper middle class, identified themselves as liberal.
882:
The upper middle class in
Britain traditionally consists of the educated professionals who were born into higher-income backgrounds, such as legal professionals, executives, and
287:
but also a higher degree of autonomy in their work. The main occupational tasks of upper-middle-class individuals tend to center on conceptualizing, consulting, and instruction.
1590:
1525:
828:-leaning on social issues. The majority, between 50% and 60%, of households with incomes above $ 50,000 overall, not all of whom are upper middle class, supported the
394:
its lifestyles and opinions are becoming increasingly normative for the whole society. It is in fact a porous class, open to people ... who earn the right credentials.
890:
natively. A typical Mosaic geodemographic type for this group would be cultural leadership. It is also usually assumed that this class is most predominant in the
2265:
1165:
1163:
1161:
490:. To illustrate, two nurses each making $ 55,000 per year can out-earn, in a household sense, a single attorney who makes a median of $ 95,000 annually.
1158:
416:, do not need to fear downsizing, corporate cost-cutting, or outsourcing—an economic benefit largely attributable to their postgraduate degrees and
462:, and which involves higher autonomy, responsibility and influence, will usually offer higher economic compensation. Qualifying for such higher
94:
1217:
779:
877:
499:
2020 dollars) had two or more income earners. In 2024, the threshold for entering the top 15% of
American household incomes is $ 202,000
2993:
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284:
272:
1409:
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which will typically charge fees of at least £11,500 per year per pupil (as of 2013) followed by studying at post-graduation level.
2034:
2985:
2923:
1879:
296:
264:
275:, and occupation as the predominant indicators. In the United States, the upper middle class is defined as consisting mostly of
2965:
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1942:
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1910:
1850:
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1789:
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1742:
1708:
1687:
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471:
441:
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280:
3003:
907:
56:
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17:
3115:
2998:
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971:
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200:
182:
128:
70:
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833:
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1171:"US Census Bureau, income quintile and top 5% household income distribution and demographic characteristics, 2006"
1210:
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911:
437:
314:
31:
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in the 2000, 2004, and 2006 elections. Those with postgraduate degrees in education statistically favor the
3141:
2975:
2940:
2891:
2615:
1726:
399:
350:
252:. There is considerable debate as to how the upper middle class might be defined. According to sociologist
3215:
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3085:
2952:
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463:
451:
268:
313:
do not agree on defining the term. In academic models, the term "upper middle class" applies to highly
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2414:
1935:
246:, which is used for the group at the opposite end of the middle-class stratum, and to the broader term
1496:
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for themselves and their children, favoring the pursuit of undergraduate and postgraduate degrees.
155:
110:
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commonly exceed $ 100,000 ($ 163,000 in 2024 dollars). Typical professions for this class include
329:, with educational attainment serving as the main distinguishing feature of this class. Household
3192:
3090:
3025:
466:
often requires that individuals obtain the necessary skills (e.g., by attending law, medical, or
106:
62:
1869:
Bagley, Bruce
Michael (1990). "Middle Class". In Hanratty, Dennis M.; Meditz, Sandra W. (eds.).
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Money, Morals, and
Manners: The Culture of the French and the American Upper-Middle Class
864:
821:
467:
326:
276:
257:
93:
deal primarily with France, the United
Kingdom, and United States and do not represent a
1703:. Contributions in Labor Studies. Vol. 27. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
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342:
161:
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1983:
1811:
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852:
840:
479:
421:
413:
217:
1218:"Bureau of Labor statistics data published by Monster.com, 20 highest paying jobs"
2901:
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2404:
2150:
2140:
899:
470:) and demonstrate the necessary competencies. There are also differences between
305:(and its subdivisions) is not a strictly defined concept across disciplines, as
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2641:
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2241:
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2019:
1810:(64). Interviewed by Bourdeau, Vincent; Flory, Julienne; Maric, Michel: 22–40.
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The upper middle class is often the dominant group to shape society and bring
3209:
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2009:
1969:
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346:
1526:"Thank God I Don't Have that Ghastly Sense of Entitlement that Eton Instils"
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2004:
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1878:(4th ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 87–90.
30:
This article is about socio-economic studies. For the musical work, see
2742:
2082:
1080:
1078:
378:
338:
1270:"Household Income Percentile Calculator for the United States in 2020"
1056:"Middle class according to The Drum Major Institute for public policy"
256:, the upper middle class consists of well-educated professionals with
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is one of the most distinguishing features of the upper middle class.
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until about 13 years old and then at one of the "major" or "minor"
860:
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1102:"Professional Occupations according to the US Department of Labor"
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Income statistics (2024) (source from 2006, inflation adjusted)
486:; as a result, 18% of households but only 5% of individuals had
2765:
2578:
2511:
2451:
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1920:
1331:"US Census Bureau, personal income distribution, age 25+, 2006"
1298:"US Census Bureau, overall household income distribution, 2006"
981:
903:
334:
330:
318:
167:
You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
2573:
2501:
2052:
1197:"US Department of Labor, median income of registered nurses"
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1007:
1005:
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1001:
878:
Social class in the United
Kingdom § Upper middle class
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2125:
1782:
The
Cambridge Urban History of Britain. Volume 3: 1840–1950
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smaller than what the differences in nominal income suggest
1433:
1431:
1357:"Pew Research Center. (10 May 2005). Beyond Red vs. Blue"
1244:"US Census Bureau, distribution of personal income, 2006"
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998:
1038:
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as the prime determinant of class, occupational status,
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Political ideology is not found to be correlated with
389:, civil service executives, and civilian contractors.
1120:
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921:
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Fear of
Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class
1497:"College Faculties a Most Liberal Lot, Study Finds"
1784:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
1730:
1580:
1115:
1146:
1019:
906:. Children of this group are often educated at a
3207:
1841:Thompson, William E.; Hickey, Joseph V. (2005).
868:are based upon "saving people from themselves."
886:. This stratum, in England, traditionally uses
805:Upper-middle-class people tend to highly value
478:. In 2005, 42% of US households (76% among the
1840:
1758:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
1382:Arora, Raksha; Saad, Lydia (9 December 2004).
1088:
1013:
290:
279:professionals who not only have above-average
1936:
1700:Occupation and Class Consciousness in America
871:
91:The examples and perspective in this article
2840:
2620:
236:constituted by higher status members of the
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1943:
1929:
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201:Learn how and when to remove this message
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
2828:
1905:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1575:
843:to the forefront. Movements such as the
212:
1772:
1725:
1611:
1140:
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1084:
297:Upper middle class in the United States
14:
3208:
1897:
1868:
1751:
1696:
1628:Comet, Catherine; Finez, Jean (2010).
1582:"Is There a Private School Prejudice?"
1549:
1152:
1025:
2827:
2184:
1924:
1885:from the original on 18 February 2017
1491:
729:Lower threshold (annual gross income)
675:Lower threshold (annual gross income)
592:Lower threshold (annual gross income)
538:Lower threshold (annual gross income)
442:Household income in the United States
1593:from the original on 12 January 2022
446:Personal income in the United States
321:professionals whose work is largely
140:
77:
36:
824:-leaning on fiscal issues but more
24:
2186:
2185:
1861:
1737:. New York: Wadsworth Publishing.
240:. This is in contrast to the term
25:
3232:
1845:(5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
1552:"Who's Posher: Clegg or Cameron?"
967:Hipster (contemporary subculture)
52:This article has multiple issues.
3188:
3187:
1950:
1550:Byrnes, Sholto (20 April 2010).
1384:"Marketing to the Mass Affluent"
924:
145:
82:
41:
1776:(2000). "The Middle Class". In
1755:Social Class and Stratification
1620:
1569:
1543:
1514:
1485:
1452:
1375:
752:Exact percentage of individuals
615:Exact percentage of individuals
60:or discuss these issues on the
2829:
1630:"Le cœur de l'élite patronale"
698:Exact percentage of households
561:Exact percentage of households
438:Affluence in the United States
32:Upper Middle Class White Trash
13:
1:
987:
972:Professional–managerial class
1733:The American Class Structure
1682:. New York: Harper Collins.
992:
859:, and even in the past with
404:The American Class Structure
351:certified public accountants
7:
1697:Eichar, Douglas M. (1989).
917:
820:households tend to be more
780:ten highest income counties
291:American upper middle class
267:is defined similarly using
265:American upper middle class
105:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3237:
2035:Weberian (three-component)
1089:Thompson & Hickey 2005
1014:Thompson & Hickey 2005
875:
872:British upper middle class
720:
667:
583:
530:
450:While many Americans cite
435:
294:
29:
3183:
3124:
3016:
2984:
2951:
2877:
2849:
2836:
2823:
2741:
2698:
2658:
2640:
2559:
2477:
2437:
2346:
2339:
2294:
2197:
2193:
2180:
2043:
1997:
1993:
1964:
1872:Colombia: A Country Study
1388:Gallup Management Journal
800:
503:Income statistics (2006)
431:
260:and comfortable incomes.
3157:Pre-industrial East Asia
1472:"CNN. (2006). Exit Poll"
1439:"CNN. (2004). Exit Poll"
1410:"CNN. (2000). Exit Poll"
414:statistical middle class
2205:Administrative detainee
1800:Pinçon-Charlot, Monique
1752:Levine, Rhonda (1998).
154:This article cites its
2621:
912:British public schools
898:and the more affluent
888:Received Pronunciation
456:educational attainment
409:
221:
3162:Pre-industrial Europe
1816:10.3917/mouv.064.0022
1647:10.3917/sopr.021.0049
1634:Sociologies Pratiques
876:Further information:
857:anti-smoking movement
849:anti-nuclear movement
436:Further information:
391:
303:American middle class
216:
3019: or countries
2830:By country or region
2068:Class discrimination
1524:(17 December 2011).
327:postgraduate degrees
258:postgraduate degrees
111:create a new article
103:improve this article
2551:Vanniar (Chieftain)
1674:Ehrenreich, Barbara
1579:(28 January 2013).
1501:The Washington Post
1250:on 23 December 2006
1224:on 27 December 2006
865:temperance movement
641:
504:
468:postgraduate school
422:top income quintile
418:comfortable incomes
285:educational degrees
3216:Upper middle class
3132:18th-century Spain
2986:Standard of living
2690:Upper middle class
2685:Lower middle class
2276:Political prisoner
2058:Chattering classes
2030:Spoon class theory
908:preparatory school
896:South East England
807:tertiary education
639:
502:
488:six-figure incomes
482:) had two or more
460:educational degree
363:financial planners
243:lower middle class
230:upper middle class
222:
18:Upper-middle class
3201:
3200:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3012:
3011:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2713:Lumpenproletariat
2215:illegal immigrant
2176:
2175:
2088:Classless society
1912:978-0-226-92259-1
1852:978-0-205-41365-2
1825:978-2-7071-6653-1
1791:978-0-521-41707-5
1765:978-0-8476-8543-1
1744:978-0-534-50520-2
1710:978-0-313-26111-4
1689:978-0-06-097333-9
1657:978-2-7246-3205-7
1522:Delingpole, James
1495:(29 March 2005).
1304:on 4 January 2007
1177:on 4 January 2007
941:Bildungsbürgertum
774:
773:
637:
636:
476:individual income
343:military officers
211:
210:
203:
193:
192:
185:
160:does not provide
139:
138:
131:
113:, as appropriate.
75:
16:(Redirected from
3228:
3191:
3190:
3018:
2919:Mexican-American
2847:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2825:
2824:
2626:
2569:Business magnate
2459:Knowledge worker
2344:
2343:
2232:dual or multiple
2195:
2194:
2182:
2181:
2136:Social exclusion
2131:Social cleansing
2045:
1995:
1994:
1984:Economic classes
1945:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1856:
1843:Society in Focus
1837:
1795:
1774:Trainor, Richard
1769:
1748:
1736:
1722:
1693:
1669:
1649:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1584:
1573:
1567:
1566:
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1547:
1541:
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1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1468:
1462:
1461:, CNN.com, 2008.
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1412:. Archived from
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1359:. Archived from
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1337:on 19 March 2007
1333:. Archived from
1327:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1300:. Archived from
1294:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1246:. Archived from
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1220:. Archived from
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1173:. Archived from
1167:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1098:
1092:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
934:
929:
928:
853:environmentalism
841:social movements
834:Democratic Party
830:Republican Party
669:Household income
642:
638:
532:Household income
505:
501:
496:personal incomes
420:, likely in the
407:
281:personal incomes
218:Higher education
206:
199:
188:
181:
177:
174:
168:
149:
148:
141:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3171:
3120:
3008:
2980:
2947:
2931:Underprivileged
2873:
2832:
2831:
2807:
2737:
2694:
2654:
2636:
2555:
2473:
2433:
2335:
2290:
2189:
2188:
2172:
2151:Social position
2141:Social mobility
2039:
1989:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1919:
1913:
1899:Lamont, Michèle
1888:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1864:
1862:Further reading
1859:
1853:
1826:
1792:
1778:Daunton, Martin
1766:
1745:
1727:Gilbert, Dennis
1711:
1690:
1658:
1623:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1577:Farndale, Nigel
1574:
1570:
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1503:
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1408:
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1403:
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1305:
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1215:
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1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1137:Ehrenreich 1989
1135:
1131:
1123:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1083:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1043:Ehrenreich 1989
1041:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
999:
995:
990:
930:
923:
920:
880:
874:
803:
776:
722:Personal income
585:Personal income
448:
434:
408:
398:
299:
293:
207:
196:
195:
194:
189:
178:
172:
169:
166:
162:page references
150:
146:
135:
124:
118:
115:
100:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:Ottoman Empire
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Ancient Greece
3134:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3111:United Kingdom
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3004:Home-ownership
3001:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:American Dream
2856:
2850:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2271:Migrant worker
2268:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2187:By demographic
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2167:Status Anxiety
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2121:Ranked society
2118:
2113:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Class conflict
2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2046: topics
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2020:Mudsill theory
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1895:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1838:
1824:
1796:
1790:
1770:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1723:
1709:
1694:
1688:
1670:
1656:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1614:, p. 679.
1604:
1568:
1542:
1513:
1484:
1463:
1451:
1427:
1416:on 22 May 2008
1401:
1390:. Gallup Press
1374:
1348:
1315:
1282:
1261:
1235:
1209:
1188:
1157:
1145:
1129:
1114:
1093:
1074:
1047:
1030:
1018:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
936:
935:
932:Society portal
919:
916:
873:
870:
845:peace movement
802:
799:
785:cost of living
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
726:
725:
718:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
695:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
672:
671:
665:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
635:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
612:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
589:
588:
581:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
558:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
535:
534:
528:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
484:income earners
433:
430:
400:Dennis Gilbert
396:
387:urban planners
295:Main article:
292:
289:
209:
208:
191:
190:
153:
151:
144:
137:
136:
97:of the subject
95:worldwide view
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3233:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3116:United States
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:Other regions
3015:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:United States
2839:
2835:
2826:
2822:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Socioeconomic
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Social stigma
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:Social orphan
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2104:Nouveau riche
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:Class traitor
2076:
2074:
2073:Class society
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Gilbert model
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:(in French).
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1640:(21): 49–66.
1639:
1636:(in French).
1635:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1613:
1608:
1592:
1588:
1587:The Telegraph
1583:
1578:
1572:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1531:
1530:The Spectator
1527:
1523:
1517:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:Kurtz, Howard
1488:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1363:on 2 May 2007
1362:
1358:
1352:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1271:
1265:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1198:
1192:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
997:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
962:Grand Burgher
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
942:
938:
937:
933:
927:
922:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:home counties
889:
885:
879:
869:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:mass affluent
815:
810:
808:
798:
796:
792:
791:
786:
781:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
727:
723:
719:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
696:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
673:
670:
666:
662:
659:
656:
654:Top quintile
653:
650:
647:
644:
643:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
536:
533:
529:
525:
522:
519:
517:Top quintile
516:
513:
510:
507:
506:
500:
497:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
447:
443:
439:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
405:
401:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:psychologists
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:self-directed
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
298:
288:
286:
283:and advanced
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
250:
245:
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
219:
215:
205:
202:
187:
184:
176:
164:
163:
157:
152:
143:
142:
133:
130:
122:
119:February 2016
112:
108:
104:
98:
96:
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3221:Middle class
3203:
3167:Soviet Union
3142:Ancient Rome
2999:Homelessness
2924:Upper Middle
2796: /
2777: /
2768: /
2733:Working poor
2689:
2629:
2616:Robber baron
2439:Intellectual
2429:Royal family
2393:Ancient Rome
2247:second-class
2165:
2108:
2107: /
2102:
2098:High society
2005:Elite theory
1982:
1975:
1968:
1955:Social class
1902:
1887:. Retrieved
1871:
1842:
1807:
1803:
1781:
1754:
1732:
1699:
1678:
1637:
1633:
1621:Bibliography
1612:Trainor 2000
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1586:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1556:The Guardian
1555:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1466:
1459:"Exit Polls"
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1418:. Retrieved
1414:the original
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1387:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:the original
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1335:the original
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1273:. Retrieved
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1248:the original
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:the original
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1175:the original
1148:
1141:Gilbert 1998
1132:
1125:Gilbert 1998
1105:. Retrieved
1096:
1085:Gilbert 1998
1065:. Retrieved
1059:
1050:
1021:
939:
881:
838:
814:social class
811:
804:
788:
775:
651:Top quarter
514:Top quarter
492:
480:top quintile
449:
410:
403:
392:
359:optometrists
325:. Many have
311:sociologists
300:
277:white-collar
262:
249:middle class
247:
241:
238:middle class
234:social group
229:
223:
197:
179:
173:October 2017
170:
159:
125:
116:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
27:Social class
3086:New Zealand
2803:Untouchable
2728:Proletariat
2718:Pea-pickers
2668:Bourgeoisie
2356:Aristocracy
2242:naturalized
2237:native-born
1341:28 December
1308:28 December
1228:27 December
1181:28 December
1153:Levine 1998
1026:Eichar 1989
977:Upper class
952:Bourgeoisie
947:Black elite
790:real income
355:pharmacists
3210:Categories
3076:Luxembourg
2966:Inequality
2631:Superclass
2422:Hereditary
2398:Post-Roman
2389:Patrician
2259:adolescent
2083:Classicide
1889:21 October
1804:Mouvements
1597:21 October
1561:21 October
1535:21 October
1275:8 February
1254:9 December
988:References
747:$ 159,000
724:(age 25+)
693:$ 263,000
648:Top third
610:$ 100,000
587:(age 25+)
556:$ 166,200
511:Top third
383:architects
379:professors
375:scientists
339:physicians
307:economists
57:improve it
3101:Sri Lanka
2994:Education
2961:Household
2854:Affluence
2789:Rat tribe
2751:Ant tribe
2723:Precariat
2708:Lazzaroni
2650:Bohemians
2611:Overclass
2606:Old money
2542:Spartiate
2517:Kshatriya
2507:Hashashin
2464:Professor
2405:Political
2378:Oligarchy
2368:Hanseaten
2286:Stateless
2266:Convicted
2198:By status
2161:Subaltern
2093:Euthenics
2025:New class
1834:1776-2995
1719:0886-8239
1666:2104-3787
1202:2 January
993:Citations
861:blue laws
744:$ 119,000
690:$ 187,000
687:$ 158,618
684:$ 145,000
681:$ 127,000
678:$ 103,000
553:$ 118,200
550:$ 100,000
472:household
426:top third
371:engineers
273:education
254:Max Weber
226:sociology
107:talk page
63:talk page
3193:Category
3125:Historic
3046:Colombia
3036:Cambodia
2971:Personal
2869:Mobility
2798:Freedman
2784:Plebeian
2770:Prisoner
2756:Commoner
2642:Creative
2623:Seigneur
2589:Nobility
2547:Vanniyar
2532:Pendekar
2492:Cossacks
2126:Snobbery
1998:Theories
1901:(2012).
1880:Archived
1729:(1998).
1676:(1989).
1591:Archived
918:See also
900:boroughs
884:surgeons
863:and the
741:$ 99,000
738:$ 83,000
735:$ 75,000
732:$ 59,000
660:Top 10%
657:Top 15%
607:$ 75,000
604:$ 62,500
601:$ 52,500
598:$ 47,500
595:$ 37,500
547:$ 91,705
544:$ 80,000
541:$ 65,000
523:Top 10%
520:Top 15%
397:—
367:dentists
319:salaried
315:educated
101:You may
3096:Romania
3091:Nigeria
2976:Poverty
2879:Classes
2864:History
2775:Peasant
2761:Outcast
2700:Working
2680:Burgher
2537:Samurai
2527:Ocēlōtl
2487:Chhetri
2479:Warrior
2469:Scholar
2383:Russian
2373:Magnate
2361:Aristoi
2340:By type
2227:Citizen
2220:refugee
2116:Poverty
2110:Parvenu
2044:Related
2015:Marxian
1977:Stratum
1780:(ed.).
1477:11 July
1394:19 July
1367:12 July
1107:26 July
1067:25 July
957:Chungin
793:may be
663:Top 5%
526:Top 5%
412:in the
335:lawyers
331:incomes
232:is the
156:sources
3051:France
3031:Belize
3026:Africa
2953:Income
2909:Middle
2902:Gentry
2766:Outlaw
2673:Petite
2660:Middle
2594:Landed
2579:Gentry
2512:Knight
2452:Priest
2447:Clergy
2410:Family
2348:Ruling
2297:collar
2254:Clique
1970:Status
1909:
1849:
1832:
1822:
1788:
1762:
1741:
1717:
1707:
1686:
1664:
1654:
1506:2 July
1444:27 May
1420:27 May
982:Yuppie
904:London
855:, the
847:, the
801:Values
770:5.63%
767:10.29%
764:14.47%
761:19.74%
758:24.03%
755:33.55%
716:5.00%
713:10.00%
710:17.80%
707:20.00%
704:25.60%
701:34.72%
633:5.63%
630:10.29%
627:14.47%
624:19.74%
621:24.03%
618:33.55%
579:5.00%
576:10.00%
573:17.80%
570:20.00%
567:25.60%
564:34.72%
464:income
452:income
444:, and
432:Income
406:, 1998
269:income
228:, the
3147:Aztec
3106:Tibet
3081:Nepal
3071:Italy
3061:India
3056:Haiti
3041:China
2941:Under
2936:Lower
2914:Black
2897:Donor
2892:Black
2887:Upper
2794:Slave
2743:Under
2599:Petty
2574:Elite
2561:Upper
2502:Harii
2497:Cuāuh
2331:White
2311:Green
2210:Alien
2053:Caste
1883:(PDF)
1876:(PDF)
822:right
645:Data
508:Data
109:, or
3066:Iran
2779:Serf
2584:Lord
2522:Nair
2415:List
2326:Pink
2316:Grey
2306:Blue
2295:By "
1907:ISBN
1891:2017
1847:ISBN
1830:ISSN
1820:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1760:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1715:ISSN
1705:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1662:ISSN
1652:ISBN
1599:2017
1563:2017
1537:2017
1508:2007
1479:2007
1446:2008
1422:2008
1396:2007
1369:2007
1343:2006
1310:2006
1277:2020
1256:2006
1230:2006
1204:2007
1183:2006
1109:2006
1069:2006
826:left
474:and
309:and
301:The
263:The
158:but
2321:New
1812:doi
1642:doi
1061:PBS
902:of
894:of
424:or
224:In
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1139:;
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1087:;
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1033:^
1000:^
851:,
797:.
440:,
428:.
402:,
385:,
381:,
377:,
373:,
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1937:t
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