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794:(EOD) such as landmines, loading heavy items, and repairing ground conditions under enemy fire. The number of robots used in Iraq increased from 150 in 2004 to 5000 in 2005 where they disarmed over 1000 roadside bombs in Iraq at the end of 2005. By 2013, the U.S. Army had purchased 7,000 such machines and 750 had been destroyed. The U.S. military is building UGVs to act as armed robots outfitted with machine guns and grenade launchers that may replace soldiers in combat. Such uses potentially pose ethical concerns by removing humans from the
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rocket launcher, or 50 caliber machine gun. SWORDS fire with high precision, hitting the bullseye of a target 70/70 times in one test. They are capable of withstanding damage such as multiple 50 caliber rounds, or a fall from a helicopter onto concrete. In addition, the SWORDS robot is capable of making its way through difficult terrain, including underwater. In 2004, only four SWORDS units were in existence. It was named as one of the world's most amazing inventions by
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976:, or scouting a combat zone. The Talon can keep pace with a running soldier. It can operate for 7 days off of one battery charge and is capable of climbing stairs. It was used at Ground Zero during the recovery mission. Talon's durability is attested by one unit that fell off a bridge into a river; the operators turned the control unit back on and drove it out of the river.
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885:, but over five times its size. It can travel at speeds of up to 15 mph, and is the first PackBot capable of carrying a weapon. Like the Packbot, it plays a key role in checking for explosives. They are capable of carrying 68 kilograms and travelling at 8 mph. The Warrior is priced at nearly 400,000. More than 5000 units have already been delivered worldwide.
219:(DARPA). Shakey was a wheeled platform that had a TV camera, sensors, and a computer to help guide its tasks of picking up wooden blocks and placing them in certain areas based on commands. DARPA subsequently developed a series of autonomous and semi-autonomous ground robots, often in conjunction with the
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operations, ground surveillance, gatekeeper/checkpoint operations, urban street presence and to enhance police and military raids in urban settings. UGVs can "draw first fire" from adversaries—reducing military and police casualties. Furthermore, UGVs are used in rescue and recovery mission and were
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THeMIS Combat UGV includes an integrated self-stabilizing remote-controlled weapon system that provides direct fire support for manoeuvre forces. The weapons system provides high precision over wide areas, day and night, increasing standoff distance, force protection, and survivability. They can be
574:, where additional strength or smaller size is needed, or where humans cannot safely go. Military applications include surveillance, reconnaissance, and target acquisition. They are used in industries such as agriculture, mining, and construction. UGVs are effective in naval operations, and for the
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X-2 is a medium-sized tracked UGV built by
Digital Concepts Engineering. It is based on a previous autonomous robotic system designed for use in EOD, search and rescue (SAR), perimeter patrol, communications relay, mine detection and clearing, and as a light weapons platform. It measures 1.31 m in
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SWORDS is a Talon robot with an attached weapon system. Shortly after the release of the
Warrior, the SWORDS robot was designed and deployed. SWORDS is capable of mounting any weapon system weighing less than 300 pounds. In a matter of seconds, the user can fit weapons such as a grenade launcher,
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in
Estonia. The vehicle’s open architecture gives it multi-mission capability. Its main purpose is to increase situational awareness, provide improved intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance over wide areas, support on-base logistics, provide last-mile resupply for frontline units, and aid
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In the manufacturing environment, UGVs are used for transporting materials. Aerospace companies use these vehicles for precision positioning and transporting heavy, bulky components between manufacturing stations, which is faster than using large cranes and can keep people out of dangerous areas.
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Sensors create a model of the environment, showing other vehicles, pedestrians, and obstacles. They also locate the vehicle on the navigation path. Sensors can include compasses, odometers, inclinometers, gyroscopes, cameras, laser and ultrasound rangefinders, GPS radios, and infrared technology.
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via a grant from TUBITAK (Project code 110M396). The vehicle is a low-cost small scale construction machine that can grade soft soil. The machine is capable of autonomous grading within a polygon once the polygon border is defined. The machine determines its position by CP-DGPS and direction by
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The Talon is primarily used for bomb disposal, and is waterproof at 100 ft depth so that it can search for explosives underwater. The Talon was first used in 2000, and over 3,000 units have been distributed worldwide. By 2004, The Talon had been used in over 20,000 separate missions. These
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The SUMET system is a platform and hardware independent, low-cost electro-optical perception, localization, and autonomy package developed to convert a traditional vehicle into a UGV. It performs various autonomous maneuvers in austere/harsh off-road environments, without dependence on a human
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for the Cargo UGV project initiated in 2010, culminating in a technology concept demonstration for the Office of Naval
Research in 2015. Demonstrated uses for the upgraded vehicles include unmanned route clearance (with a mine roller) and reducing personnel required for transportation convoys.
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in
Estonia. Measuring 600 cm long, 290 cm wide, and 220 cm tall, this heavy-duty vehicle weighs in at 12,000 kg and can carry a maximum payload of 4,100 kg. It can be fitted with either autocannon turrets up to 50 mm or various other weapons systems, such as ATGMs, SAMs, radars, mortars, etc.
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Armed autonomous machines must distinguish between combatants and civilians. This is particularly true in conflicts where combatants intentionally disguise themselves as civilians to avoid detection. Even highly accurate but imperfect systems can pose unacceptable civilian losses.
273:, etc., and includes the locomotive apparatus, sensors, and power source. Tracks, wheels, and legs are common forms of locomotion. The platform may include an articulated body and may join with other units. Power sources can be internal combustion engines, batteries, or hydrogen.
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SARGE is a 4-wheel drive all-terrain vehicle that uses the frame of the Yamaha Breeze. The objective is to provide each infantry battalion with up to eight SARGE units. SARGE is primarily used for remote surveillance; sent ahead of the infantry to investigate potential ambushes.
2014:
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THeMIS ISR UGVs have multi-sensor intelligence gathering capabilities. The system can aid dismounted infantry units, border guard, and law enforcement agencies to collect and process raw information and decrease the reaction time for commanders.
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Scientists recently conducted the first demonstration in the
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's (DARPA's) autonomous land vehicle program. The 1-kilometer trip, at a speed of 5 kilometers per hour, was the first in a series of planned
75:
that operates while in contact with the ground without an onboard human presence. UGVs can be used for many applications where it is inconvenient, dangerous, expensive, or impossible to use an onboard human operator. Typically, the vehicle has
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in
January 2004. Spirit operated nominally until it became trapped in deep sand in April 2009, lasting more than 20 times longer than expected. Opportunity was operational for more than 14 years beyond its intended lifespan of three months.
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TerraMax is designed to be integrated into any tactical wheeled vehicle and is fully incorporated into the brakes, steering, engine, and transmission. Fitted vehicles retain the ability to be driver-operated. Vehicles manufactured by
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missile sites. The Taifun-M features laser targeting and a cannon to carry out reconnaissance and patrol, detect and destroy stationary or moving targets, and provide fire support for security personnel. They are remotely operated.
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A remote-operated UGV is controlled by a human operator. The operator makes decisions based upon either direct visual observation or sensors such as cameras. A basic example of remote operation would be a remote-controlled toy car.
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infantry tank in 1941. Known as "Black Prince", it would have been used for drawing the fire of concealed anti-tank guns, or for demolition missions. Due to the costs of converting the transmission system of the tank to
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2018:
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for remote-controlled demolition work. The
Goliath was a tracked vehicle carrying 60 kg of explosive charge, directed through a control cable. It modeled a miniature French tracked vehicle found after the
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The coModule electric bicycle is remotely operated via smartphone, with users able to accelerate, turn and brake the bike by tilting their device. The bike can drive autonomously in a closed environment.
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technologies. The vehicle uses sensors to feed a model of the environment, which supports a control system that determines the next action. This eliminates the need for humans to watch over the vehicle.
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length, weighs 300 kg and can reach speeds of 5 km/h. It traverses slopes up to 45' steep and crosses deep mud. The vehicle is controlled using the
Marionette system which is also used on
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project included two UGVs, Spirit and
Opportunity. Both performed beyond design parameters. This is attributed to redundant systems, careful handling, and long-term interface decision-making.
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and fitted with the package competed in the DARPA Grand Challenges of 2004 and 2005, and the DARPA Urban Challenge of 2007. The Marine Corps Warfighting Lab selected TerraMax-equipped
661:. Unmanned tractors can operate around the clock, to meet short windows for harvesting. UGVs are used for spraying and thinning. They can be used to monitor crop and livestock health.
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are extensively used in warehouses to deal with goods that are dangerous to humans (e.g. corrosive and flammable goods) or need special handling such as passing through freezers.
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in 1940. The combination of cost, low speed, reliance on a cable for control, and poor protection against weapons, meant that the Goliath was not considered a success.
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In the warehouse management system, UGVs have multiple uses from transferring goods with autonomous forklifts and conveyors to stock scanning and taking inventory.
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Unmanned ground vehicles are generally considered Remote-Operated or Autonomous, although Supervisory Control is a combination of autonomous and remote operation.
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UGVs can be used to traverse and map mine tunnels. Combining radar, laser, and visual sensors, UGVs are in development to map 3D rock surfaces in open pit mines.
1951:
Information Systems Architecture and Technology: Proceedings of 36th International Conference on Information Systems Architecture and Technology – ISAT 2015
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missions largely consisted of situations that were considered to be too dangerous for humans. These can include entering booby-trapped caves, searching for
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2040:
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2421:"Kürüme i̇çi̇n küçük ölçekli̇ otonom i̇ş maki̇nesi̇ tasarimi ve üreti̇mi̇ (Design and production of small-scale autonomous work machines for plowing)"
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Communication between UGV and control station can be done via radio or fiber optics. It may include communication with other machines and robots.
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THeMIS (Tracked Hybrid Modular Infantry System) is a ground-based armed drone vehicle designed largely for military applications. It is built by
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UGVs generally include: a vehicle platform, sensors, control systems, guidance interface, communication links, and systems integration features.
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detection and disposal unit, etc. It reduces physical and cognitive load, increases standoff distance, force protection, and survivability.
234:
demonstrated the Autonomous Land Vehicle,(ALV), the first UGV that could navigate completely autonomously on and off roads at useful speeds.
2242:
Māris Andžāns, Ugis Romanovs. Digital Infantry Battlefield Solution. Concept of Operations. Part Two. – Riga Stradins University. – 2017.
2200:"ROBOTS TO THE RESCUE, WHEN DISASTER STRIKES AND DANGER LOOMS, THE HEROES THAT BURST ONTO THE SCENE TO SAVE THE DAY MIGHT NOT EVEN BE HUMAN"
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Uran-9 and Nerekhta UGVs both appeared. Neither are fully autonomous robotic combat vehicles (RCVs), but rather are remotely controlled.
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46:
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Teel, Roger A.. "Ripsaw demonstrates capabilities at APG." The United States Army Homepage. N.p., 16 July 2010. Web. 4 Aug. 2010. <
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accident, UGVs were used in Japan for mapping and structural assessment in areas with too much radiation to allow a human presence.
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magazine. The car was controlled wirelessly via radio; it was thought the technology could be adapted to tanks. In the 1930s, the
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1010:. The SUMET system has been deployed on various tactical and commercial platforms and is open, modular, scalable and extensible.
17:
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equipped with light or heavy machine guns, 40 mm grenade launchers, 30 mm autocannons, and Anti-Tank Missile Systems.
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167:, a small tank, armed with a machine gun. It was remotely controlled by radio from another tank. Teletanks operated in the
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Civilian applications are automating processes in manufacturing environments. They work as autonomous tour guides for the
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The interface between the machine and the human operator can include a joystick, autonomous software, or voice commands.
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A wide variety of UGVs were in use as of 2024. They typically replace humans in hazardous situations, such as handling
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1959:
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860:, the Mult-Utility Tactical Transport ("MUTT") comes in 4-, 6- and 8-wheeled variants. As of 2013 it was in trials.
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617:, are six-wheeled, solar-powered ground vehicles. They were launched in July 2003 and landed on opposite sides of
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Reuben Johnson (4 Oct 2021) NATO’s Big Concern from Russia’s Zapad Exercise: Putin’s Forces Lingering in Belarus
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133:), which had an effective range of 20 to 30 meters, the first known example of an unmanned ground vehicle.
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landed on Mars in September 2011, and its original two-year mission has since been extended indefinitely.
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1055:'s unmanned ground vehicle Weapon Platform (UKAP) was developed by defense contractors Katmerciler and
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1371:(10). Fort Leavenworth. Kansas: Command and General Staff School (published October 1985): 85. 1985.
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Committee on Autonomous Vehicles in Support of Naval Operations, National Research Council (2005).
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238:
100:
31:
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Hebert, Martial; Thorpe, Charles; Stentz, Anthony (2007). "Intelligent Unmanned Ground Vehicles".
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The first prototypes of explosive robotic drones were Aubriot-Gabet 'land torpedoes' invented in
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in 2004. The US Army deployed three to Iraq in 2007 but then cancelled support of the project.
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Volume 388 of the series The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science
1059:. The vehicle is equipped with the 12.7 mm SARP remote-controlled, stabilized weapon systems.
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The Type-X is a 12-tonne tracked and armored robotic combat vehicle designed and produced by
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A robot may also be able to learn autonomously. Autonomous learning includes the ability to:
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Russian army to use unmanned ground robot Taifun-M to protect Yars and Topol-M missile sites
2015:"Use of UAV and UGV for Emergency Response and Disaster Preparedness in Mining Applications"
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The various hardware and software elements must work together to produce desired results.
8:
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Navigate based on maps that allow the vehicle to pick a route from origin to destination.
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1438:"GRRC Technical Report 2009-01 Reliability and Failure in Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV)"
825:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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in 1941. During World War II, the British developed a radio-controlled version of their
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1557:"UGV HISTORY 101: A Brief History of Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) Development Efforts"
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721:, a quadruped robot, was being developed as a mule that can traverse difficult terrain.
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103:. Unmanned robotics are being actively developed for both civilian and military use.
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Unmanned Ground Vehicles, Intelligent Vehicle Systems, Southwest Research Institute.
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http://www.army.mil/-news/2010/07/16/42405-ripsaw-demonstrates-capabilities-at-apg/
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129:. He chose to conduct an initial test in the form of a three-wheeled land vehicle (
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2490:"Turkey's New Armed Unmanned Armed Vehicle 'UKAP' To Be Exported To Asian Region"
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controls its behavior or uses a remote human operator to control the vehicle via
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Avoid harming people, property or itself, unless those are part of its mission.
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in Ukraine, marking the first ever use of UGV's for direct frontline assaults.
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2219:"ROBOTS MAY REPLACE ONE-FOURTH OF U.S. COMBAT SOLDIERS BY 2030, SAYS GENERAL"
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368:
85:
1682:
Autonomous Mobile Robots: Sensing, Control, Decision Making and Applications
111:
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1948:
Borzemski, Leszek; Grzech, Adam; Świątek, Jerzy; Wilimowska, Zofia (2016).
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A working remote-controlled car was reported in the October 1921 issue of
2954:
2710:
2288:"Marines May Be Getting Serious About Buying Robot Vehicles for Infantry"
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249:
automatic grenade launchers was deployed for an assault near the town of
30:
This article is about the general class of vehicle. For the system, see
2379:"First UK trial of heavy Unmanned Ground Vehicles showcases innovative"
2262:
Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century
1524:
A Survey of Sensors for Localization of Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs)
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419:
381:
GROVER – Goddard remotely operated vehicle for exploration and research
340:
180:
168:
81:
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324:
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932:. The vehicle serves as a transport platform, remote weapon station,
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567:
401:
Mesa Associates Tactical Integrated Light-Force Deployment Assembly (
194:
2118:"Smart Technologies for E-commerce Fulfillment | SIPMM Publications"
2041:"Robots Explore Dangerous Mines with Novel Fusion Sensor Technology"
1655:"UV Europe 2011: Unmanned Snatch a work in progress | Shephard"
823:. The reason given is: Years-old info. This is a fast-moving field..
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UGV use by the military has saved many lives. Applications include
506:
408:
Nerekhta UGV, appeared at Zapad 2021 during Belarus-Russia exercise
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in combat; they can help in logistics operations on land and sea.
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171:(1939–1940) between Finland and the USSR and at the start of the
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72:
41:
2465:"Turkey says armed unmanned ground vehicles to be used in Afrin"
2332:"New X-2 Unmanned CBRN Detection Platform launched at DSEI 2017"
1947:
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challenge (driving from Italy to China with autonomous vehicles)
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385:
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215:, took place during the 1960s as a research study for the U.S.
137:
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Russia Shows Off World-Leading Security Bots for Missile Bases
1924:"Cattle-herding robot Swagbot makes debut on Australian farms"
293:
1475:. SPIE-International Society for Optical Engine. p. 97.
1018:
The ASSCM is a civilian unmanned ground vehicle developed in
460:
216:
1984:"Aerospace Automation Stretches Beyond Drilling and Filling"
2181:
The Pentagon's robots: Arming the future: Backgrounder 2093
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UGVs are used in many emergency situations including urban
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Singer, P. (2009). "Military robots and the laws of war".
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1007:
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702:, firefighting, and nuclear response. Following the 2011
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mine clearing, firefighting, and underground mining UGV's
152:
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Technology Development for Army Unmanned Ground Vehicles
729:
British Army trials of X-2 with existing systems in 2020
398:
MacroUSA Armadillo V2 Micro UGV (MUGV) and Scorpion SUGV
2664:
211:
The first major mobile robot development effort, named
2364:
The New Atlantis: A Journal of Technology and Society
1503:
Grand-Clément, Sarah; Bajon, Theò (19 October 2022).
123:
was developing a radio-based control system he named
1814:"Drones for Disaster Response and Relief Operations"
1808:
1806:
1647:
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used by the Royal Netherlands Army and developed by
304:
to operate as part of the border security operations
2314:"DSEI 2017: X-2 UGV emerges from agricultural role"
1865:"A system of UAV application in indoor environment"
1014:
Autonomous Small Scale Construction Machine (ASSCM)
851:
767:, a developmental combat UGV designed and built by
2621:Small Unit Mobility Enhancement Technology (SUMET)
1749:Autonomous Vehicles in Support of Naval Operations
1712:
1502:
1170:, an official military standard for UGVs based on
1035:unveiled Taifun-M UGV as a remote sentry to guard
1001:Small Unit Mobility Enhancement Technology (SUMET)
2515:"Turkey's unmanned ground vehicle ready for duty"
2033:
1803:
1509:United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research
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1862:
1468:
495:An autonomous vehicle must have the ability to:
2191:
2141:
2088:"More robots, inside and outside the warehouse"
1615:"Frontline Robotics Inc. | Cohort Systems"
1148:Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and Equipment
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2353:
2254:
2252:
2250:
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2650:
1915:
1863:Khosiawan, Yohanes; Nielsen, Izabela (2016).
1204:
529:Behave ethically in pursuit of mission goals.
144:, 20 examples were put into service with the
2706:List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications
2626:Sathiyanarayanan; et al. (2012-06-13).
1898:"Are ag robots ready? 27 companies profiled"
1889:
523:Adjust strategies based on the surroundings.
363:G-NIUS Autonomous Unmanned Ground Vehicles (
192:
115:RCA radio controlled car. Dayton, Ohio, 1921
34:. For the application to road vehicles, see
2826:Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV)
2602:Unmanned Ground Vehicle/ RGIT Workshop 2011
2376:
2350:
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1637:
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1435:
748:SWORDS units equipped with various weaponry
502:Detect objects such as people and vehicles.
245:, a platoon of Russian UGV's equipped with
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2643:
2285:
2142:Siciliano, Bruno; Khatib, Oussama (2016).
1975:
1839:"NASA Gives Up On Stuck Mars Rover Spirit"
1079:for evaluation by the United States Army.
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354:Gladiator tactical unmanned ground vehicle
350:Frontline Robotics Teleoperated UGV (TUGV)
47:Gladiator tactical unmanned ground vehicle
2135:
1941:
1880:
1856:
1836:
1535:
1469:Gerhart, Grant; Shoemaker, Chuck (2001).
1436:Nguyen-Huu, Phuoc-Nguyen; Titus, Joshua.
1286:"Crocodile Schneider - Forum PAGES 14-18"
217:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
91:The UGV is the land-based counterpart to
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1782:"Cry Havoc and Let Slip the Bots of War"
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1443:. University of Michigan. Archived from
1332:
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771:for evaluation by the United States Army
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638:and the Swiss National Exhibition Expo.
487:that replaces the human controller with
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1869:Production & Manufacturing Research
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1207:Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II
188:, an order for 60 tanks was cancelled.
14:
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2403:"Automated Driving Systems & UGVs"
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1981:
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756:Turkey's unmanned ground vehicle UKAP
704:Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
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2454:– Armyrecognition.com, 23 April 2014
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2217:Atherton, Kelsey (22 January 2014).
2197:
2012:
1895:
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1153:Remotely operated underwater vehicle
1023:consecutive position measurements.
805:
2816:Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)
1505:"Uncrewed Ground Systems: A Primer"
1414:
1386:Council, National Research (2002).
1098:4D-RCS Reference Model Architecture
455:Battlefield Extraction-Assist Robot
24:
2689:Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV)
2311:
1837:Wolchover, Natalie (24 May 2011).
1678:
1672:
1577:from the original on March 3, 2016
1472:Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology
1233:
1168:UGV Interoperability Profile (IOP)
881:The Warrior is a new model of the
636:Carnegie Museum of Natural History
308:
285:
269:The platform can be a car, truck,
25:
3048:
2811:Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV)
2578:
2512:
2179:Carafano, J.; Gudgel, A. (2007).
1921:
1597:"Chaos High Mobility Robot – ASI"
1528:Frederick Institute of Technology
1082:
586:used to find survivors following
2583:
954:Type-X (unmanned ground vehicle)
852:Multi-Utility Tactical Transport
810:
664:
237:On March 29 2024 as part of the
80:to observe the environment, and
2784:Automatic train operation (ATO)
2545:
2506:
2482:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2413:
2395:
2370:
2324:
2305:
2286:Hodge Seck, Hope (2017-09-13).
2279:
2110:
2080:
2058:
2006:
1774:
1739:
1607:
1589:
1496:
681:
581:UGVs are under development for
2847:Unmanned surface vehicle (USV)
2774:Automated guided vehicle (AGV)
2198:Main, Douglas (8 April 2013).
1379:
1353:
1339:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 40.
1333:Fletcher, David (1994-01-27).
1326:
1296:
1278:
1260:
1227:
1198:
1073:unmanned ground combat vehicle
876:
641:
483:An autonomous UGV (AGV) is an
225:Strategic Computing Initiative
13:
1:
2769:Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV)
2684:Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
2145:Springer Handbook of Robotics
1882:10.1080/21693277.2016.1195304
1679:Ge, Shuzhi Sam (4 May 2006).
1555:Gage, Douglas (Summer 1995).
1336:Matilda Infantry Tank 1938–45
1192:
858:General Dynamics Land Systems
466:
443:Unmanned ground vehicle Miloš
228:
2407:Southwest Research Institute
2259:Singer, P. W. (2009-01-22).
2092:Transport and Logistics News
1752:. National Academies Press.
1236:"Remote Control Wows Public"
1077:Howe & Howe Technologies
769:Howe & Howe Technologies
477:XM1219 armed robotic vehicle
97:unmanned underwater vehicles
7:
1723:10.1007/978-1-4615-6325-9_1
1717:. Springer. pp. 1–17.
1091:
1026:
888:
801:
792:explosive ordnance disposal
737:EuroLink Systems Leopardo B
709:
365:Israel Aerospace Industries
264:
10:
3053:
2607:"How Military Robots Work"
2442:– En.Ria.ru, 22 April 2014
2377:office_zzam (2023-04-02).
2066:"Automation and Computers"
1896:Tobe, Frank (2014-11-18).
1685:. CRC Press. p. 584.
1108:Automated guideway transit
983:
951:
916:
892:
428:Unmanned Snatch Land Rover
358:United States Marine Corps
276:
140:in 1915 and the Crocodile
119:In 1904, Spanish engineer
106:
29:
3003:
2912:
2855:
2839:
2803:
2761:
2726:
2719:
2676:
2628:"Unmanned Ground Vehicle"
2612:"Unmanned and Downrange"
1988:Manufacturing Engineering
1564:Unmanned Systems Magazine
1184:, preparing their unique
1062:
979:
947:
912:
819:This section needs to be
688:Automated Guided Vehicles
673:
509:without human assistance.
256:
101:unmanned surface vehicles
3037:Unmanned ground vehicles
2821:Intervention AUV (I-AUV)
2122:publication.sipmm.edu.sg
1954:. Springer. p. 31.
966:
930:battle damage assessment
842:
597:
239:Eastern Ukraine Campaign
93:unmanned aerial vehicles
32:Automated driving system
2890:spaceflights to the ISS
2185:The Heritage Foundation
1304:"Radio Controlled Cars"
1163:Unmanned aerial vehicle
1047:
630:Civilian and commercial
572:bomb disabling vehicles
561:
489:artificial intelligence
206:German defeat of France
121:Leonardo Torres Quevedo
65:unmanned ground vehicle
59:unmanned ground vehicle
18:Unmanned Ground Vehicle
2990:Remote control vehicle
2985:Radio-controlled model
2590:Unmanned land vehicles
1361:"The Road to autonomy"
1205:H. R. Everett (2015).
1113:Black Knight (vehicle)
1075:designed and built by
1020:Yuzuncu Yil University
871:Wheelbarrow EOD robots
863:
787:
779:"tEODor" robot of the
772:
757:
749:
738:
730:
722:
654:
650:Autonomous tractor by
607:Mars Exploration Rover
526:Adapt to surroundings.
480:
305:
193:
191:From 1942, the German
116:
60:
49:
2995:Remote control animal
2592:at Wikimedia Commons
1982:Waurzyniak, Patrick.
1659:www.shephardmedia.com
1522:Demetriou, Georgios,
1272:modelarchives.free.fr
778:
763:
755:
744:
736:
728:
717:
657:UGVs are one type of
649:
474:
302:Israel Defense Forces
296:
186:Wilson-type gearboxes
114:
55:
44:
2980:Autonomous logistics
2494:www.defenseworld.net
2021:on 16 September 2016
1290:forum.pages14-18.com
1177:Vehicular automation
1138:Goliath tracked mine
1103:Autonomous logistics
447:Serbian Armed Forces
321:Autonomous Solutions
227:of 1983-1993, DARPA
201:Goliath tracked mine
2863:Uncrewed spacecraft
2383:armyrecognition.com
2338:. 12 September 2017
2336:armyrecognition.com
2013:Hatfield, Michael.
1308:World Wide Wireless
1071:is a developmental
1031:In April 2014, the
986:Foster-Miller TALON
746:Foster-Miller TALON
554:Systems integration
546:Communication links
479:. Canceled in 2011.
346:Foster-Miller TALON
325:BTR-90 "Krymsk" APC
271:all-terrain vehicle
157:World Wide Wireless
1314:: 18. October 1921
1213:. pp. 91–95.
1133:Driverless tractor
1128:DARPA LAGR Program
895:TerraMax (vehicle)
788:
783:destroying a fake
773:
758:
750:
739:
731:
723:
694:Emergency response
659:agricultural robot
655:
538:Guidance interface
520:Gain capabilities.
481:
416:Remotec ANDROS F6A
330:Clearpath Robotics
306:
117:
61:
50:
3024:
3023:
3016:Unmanned vehicles
2831:Underwater glider
2799:
2798:
2670:uncrewed vehicles
2588:Media related to
2553:"Blog — COMODULE"
2312:Rovery, Melanie.
2272:978-1-4406-8597-2
2098:on 9 October 2016
2045:Robotics Tomorrow
1767:978-0-309-09676-8
1732:978-1-4613-7904-1
1601:www.asirobots.com
1346:978-1-85532-457-2
1220:978-0-262-02922-3
1118:Burrowing vehicle
840:
839:
700:search and rescue
424:Robowatch ASENDRO
223:. As part of the
173:German-Soviet War
142:Schneider-Creusot
16:(Redirected from
3044:
2975:Autonomous robot
2970:Robot locomotion
2885:Cargo spacecraft
2878:list of orbiters
2779:Self-driving car
2724:
2723:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2614:Technology Today
2587:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2563:on March 4, 2016
2559:. Archived from
2557:www.comodule.com
2549:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2469:The Defense Post
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2409:. March 8, 2017.
2399:
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2164:
2162:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2094:. Archived from
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2017:. Archived from
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1990:. Archived from
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1902:The Robot Report
1893:
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1886:
1884:
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1225:
1224:
1202:
1158:Self-driving car
835:
832:
826:
814:
813:
806:
485:autonomous robot
233:
230:
198:
177:invaded the USSR
36:Self-driving car
21:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
2999:
2908:
2897:Space telescope
2873:list by program
2851:
2835:
2795:
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2292:defensetech.org
2284:
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2257:
2248:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2223:Popular Science
2215:
2211:
2204:Popular Science
2196:
2192:
2187:. pp. 1–6.
2177:
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2111:
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2063:
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2049:
2047:
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2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1994:on 2 March 2022
1980:
1976:
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1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1415:
1408:
1384:
1380:
1374:demonstrations.
1365:Military Review
1359:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1266:
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1261:
1252:
1250:
1234:Alfred, Randy.
1232:
1228:
1221:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1094:
1085:
1065:
1050:
1041:RT-2PM2 Topol-M
1029:
1016:
1006:operator or on
1003:
988:
982:
969:
960:Milrem Robotics
956:
950:
925:Milrem Robotics
921:
915:
902:Oshkosh Defense
897:
891:
879:
866:
854:
845:
836:
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676:
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564:
556:
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540:
505:Travel between
469:
438:Milrem Robotics
311:
309:Remote operated
288:
286:Control systems
279:
267:
259:
231:
146:2nd French Army
109:
39:
28:
27:Type of vehicle
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2906:
2905:
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2894:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:list of probes
2859:
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2841:
2837:
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2639:
2633:
2632:
2623:
2618:
2616:, Summer 2012.
2609:
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2599:
2580:
2579:External links
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2005:
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1922:Klein, Alice.
1914:
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1758:10.17226/11379
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1537:10.1.1.511.710
1514:
1495:
1482:978-0819440594
1481:
1461:
1450:on 27 May 2016
1413:
1406:
1398:10.17226/10592
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1268:"Modelstories"
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1083:Riderless bike
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984:Main article:
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952:Main article:
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917:Main article:
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893:Main article:
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613:and its twin,
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175:after Germany
163:developed the
148:in July 1915.
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