Vehicular automation

743:(AI). In order for full autonomous vehicles to be implemented, the lower levels of automation must be thoroughly tested and implemented before moving on to the next level. Through implementing autonomous systems, such as navigation, collision avoidance and steering, autonomous vehicle manufacturers work towards higher levels of autonomy by designing and implementing different systems of the car. These autonomous systems, along with the use of artificial intelligence methods, can use the machine learning aspect of AI in order for the vehicle to control each of the other autonomous systems and processes. Thus, autonomous vehicle manufacturers are researching and developing appropriate AI specifically for autonomous vehicles. While many of these companies are continuously developing technologies to be implemented into their autonomous vehicles, the general consensus is that the underlying technology is still in need of further development before fully autonomous vehicles are possible. 2782:

encounters an inevitable accident, the driver will take a spontaneous action based on ethical and moral logic. However, when a driver has no control over the vehicle (Level 5 autonomy), the system of an autonomous vehicle is the one who needs to make that instant decision. Unlike humans, autonomous vehicles don't have reflexes and it can only make decisions based on what it is programmed to do. However, the situation and circumstances of accidents differ from one another, and one decision might not be the best decision for certain accidents. Based on two research studies in 2019, the implementation of fully automated vehicles in traffic where semi-automated and non-automated vehicles are still present might lead to many complications. Some flaws that still need consideration include the structure of liability, distribution of responsibilities, efficiency in decision making, and the performance of autonomous vehicles with its diverse surroundings. Still, researchers

2769: The possibility of autonomous vehicle's technology to experience malfunctions is also one of the causes of user's distrust in autonomous driving systems. In fact, it is the concern that most respondents voted for in the AAAFTS survey. Even though autonomous vehicles are made to improve traffic safety by minimizing crashes and their severity, they still caused fatalities. At least 113 autonomous vehicle related accidents have occurred until 2018. In 2015, Google declared that their automated vehicles experienced at least 272 failures, and drivers had to intervene around 13 times to prevent fatalities. Furthermore, other automated vehicles’ manufacturers also reported automated vehicles’ failures, including the Uber car incident. The self-driving Uber car accident that happened in 2018 is one of the examples of autonomous vehicle accidents that are also listed in List of self-driving car fatalities. A report made by the 821:(SAfe Road TRains for the Environment) project's main goal was to create platooning, using a mixed train of automated cars and trucks led by a manually driven vehicle. The road train will provide comfort and have the ability for the driver of the following vehicles to arrive safely to a destination. Along with the ability to be along the train, drivers that are driving past these platoons, can join in with a simple activation of the automated driving system that correlates with a truck that leads the platoon. Sartre is taking what we know as a convoy system and mixing it with automated driving technology. This is intended to allow for an easier transportation between cities and ultimately help with traffic flow in heavy automobile traffic. The Project included consideration as to how the automated road-train would interact with other road users in the mixed mode operation. 2762: 47: 1365: 2405:“Motoroid” can hold its balance, autonomous driving, recognizing riders and going to a designated location with a hand gesture. Yamaha utilized the “Human beings react a hell of a lot quicker” research philosophy into the motoroid. The idea is that the autonomous vehicle is not attempting to replace human beings, but to augment the abilities of the human with advanced technology. They have tactile feedback such as a gentle squeeze to a rider's lower back as a reassuring caress at dangerous speeds, as if the vehicle was responding and communicating with the rider. Their goal is to “meld” the machine and human together to form one experience. 747:

vehicles are being addressed by this system, which places an unequivocal emphasis on it to be flawless, as human lives would be subject to harm if a faulty system were to be developed. The main purpose for the perception system is to constantly scan the surrounding environment and determine which objects in the environment pose a threat to vehicles. In a sense, the perception system's main goal is to act like human perception, allowing the system to sense hazards and to prepare or correct for these hazards. In terms of the detection part of the perception system, many solutions are being tested for accuracy and compatibility, such as

771:(GPS), and be able to process route information, detecting such things as traffic jams, tolls and or road construction. From this information, the vehicle can then take the appropriate action to either avoid the area or plan accordingly. However, there may be problems in using this method, such as outdated information, in which case vehicle to infrastructure communication can play a large role in constantly having up-to-date information. An instance of this is having street signs and other regulatory markers display information to the vehicle, which allows the vehicle to make decisions based on the current information. 975:

are resisting most regulations, whereas groups representing vulnerable road users and traffic safety are pushing for regulatory barriers. To improve traffic safety, the regulators are encouraged to find a middle ground that protects the public from immature technology while allowing autonomous vehicle companies to test the implementation of their systems. There have also been proposals to adopt the aviation automation safety regulatory knowledge into the discussions of safe implementation of autonomous vehicles, due to the experience that has been gained over the decades by the aviation sector on safety topics.

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take to draft regulation. This process is in different phases across the world as each country will tackle the topic independently. For example, Iceland's government and departments of transport, aviation, police have already started issuing licenses for drone operations. It has a permissive approach and together with Costa Rica, Italy, the UAE, Sweden and Norway, has a fairly unrestricted legislation on commercial drone use. Those countries are characterized by a body of regulation that may give operational guidelines or require licensing, registration and insurance.

1989: 2749:(KBB) in 2016, it is shown that the majority of people would still choose to have a certain level of control behind their own vehicle rather than having the vehicle operate in Level 5 autonomy, or in other words, completely autonomous. According to half of the respondents, the idea of safety in an autonomous vehicle diminishes as the level of autonomy increases. This distrust of autonomous driving systems proved to be unchanged throughout the years when a nationwide survey conducted by 1349: 767:, and contain systems to do such actions as parallel parking and emergency braking. Along these systems, autonomous navigation systems play a role in the development of autonomous vehicles. In implementing the navigation system, there are two ways in which navigation can be implemented: sensing from one vehicle to another or sensing from the infrastructure. These navigation systems would work in tandem with already well established navigation systems, such as the 1389:

safety are significantly less challenging than those for automated cars, which seek to match the performance of conventional vehicles. Many trials have been undertaken, mainly on quiet roads with little traffic or on public pathways or private roadways and specialised test sites. The capacity of different models varies significantly, between 6-seats and 20-seats. (Above this size there are conventional buses that have driverless technology installed.)

2753:(AAAFTS) in 2019 showed the same outcome as the survey KBB did in 2016. AAAFTS survey showed that even though people have a certain level of trust in automated vehicles, most people also have doubts and distrust towards the technology used in autonomous vehicles, with most distrust in Level 5 autonomous vehicles. It is shown by AAAFTS’ survey that people's trust in autonomous driving systems increased when their level of understanding increased. 2343: 1493: 280: 2182:

time, some companies like Starsky, are aiming for Level 3 Autonomy, which would see the driver playing a control role around the truck's environment. The company's project, remote truck driving, would give truck drivers a greater work-life balance, enabling them to avoid long periods away from their home. This would however provoke a potential mismatch between the driver's skills with the technological redefinition of the job.

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attract more customers, they filed a patent for having a gyroscope at the back of the vehicle that will keep the balance of the motorcycle for the rider at low speeds. After 3 miles per hour, the system disengages. However anything below that, the gyroscope can handle the balance of the vehicle which means it can balance even at a stop. This system can be removed if the rider feels ready without it (meaning it is modular).

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system stopped when approaching both a moving and nonmoving target. It found that systems capable of preventing crashes reduced vehicle speeds by twice that of the systems designed to merely mitigate crash severity. When the two test vehicles traveled within 30 mph of each other, even those designed to simply lessen crash severity avoided crashes 60 percent of the time.

2582:, a team formed from the University of Buffalo, creates technology for semi-autonomous features for boats. They started out creating navigation assist technologies for freighters called AutoMate, which is like having another very experienced “first mate” that will look out for the ship. The system helps make twists and turns of difficult waterways. 2388:

will keep the vehicle upright. It automatically lowers the center of balance by extending the wheelbase. It then takes control of the steering to keep the vehicle balanced. This allows users to navigate the vehicle more easily when walking or driving in stop and go traffic. However, this system is not for high speed driving.

1013:(ac) "Dynamic control" refers to carrying out all the real-time operational and tactical functions required to move the vehicle. This includes controlling the vehicle's lateral and longitudinal motion, monitoring the road environment, responding to events in the road traffic environment, and planning and signalling for manoeuvres. 914:

cars should agree on traffic rules, whose turn it is to drive in an intersection, and so on. This scales into a larger issue when there exists both human-operated cars and self-driving cars due to more uncertainties. A robust autonomous vehicle is expected to improve on understanding the environment better to address this issue.

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in hand with the use of real-time data to optimize both efficiency and productivity of the service delivered, as a way to tackle traffic congestion for example. Driverless trucks could enable new business models that would see deliveries shift from day time to night time or time slots in which traffic is less heavily dense.

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is the largest such trial in the United States. In November 2021, EasyMile has become the first driverless solutions provider in Europe authorized to operate at Level 4 in mixed traffic, on a public road. "EZ10" has been making test runs on a medical campus in the southwestern city of Toulouse since March.

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2021 survey of over 100 shuttle experiments across Europe concluded that low speed - 15–20 kilometres per hour (9.3–12.4 mph) - was the major the barrier to implementation of autonomous shuttle buses. The current cost of the vehicles at €280,000 and the need for onboard attendants were also issues.

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cars, automated busses have been tested in California. The lateral control of the automated buses uses magnetic markers such as the platoon at San Diego, while the longitudinal control of the automated truck platoon uses millimeter wave radio and radar. Current examples around today's society include the

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Ainsalu, Jaagup; Arffman, Ville; Bellone, Mauro; Ellner, Maximilian; Haapamäki, Taina; Haavisto, Noora; Josefson, Ebba; Ismailogullari, Azat; Lee, Bob; Madland, Olav; Madžulis, Raitis; Müür, Jaanus; Mäkinen, Sami; Nousiainen, Ville; Pilli-Sihvola, Eetu; Rutanen, Eetu; Sahala, Sami; Schønfeldt, Boris;

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Another concern related to vehicle automation is its ethical issues. In reality, autonomous vehicles can encounter inevitable traffic accidents. In situations like that, many risks and calculations need to be made in order to minimize the amount of damage the accident could cause. When a human driver

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This robot is a four-legged nimble robot that was created to be able to navigate through many different terrain outdoors and indoors. It can walk on its own without colliding into anything. It utilizes many different sensors, including 360 vision cameras and gyroscopes. It is able to keep its balance

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Inspired by the Uni-cub, Honda implemented their self-balancing technology into their motorcycles. Due to the weight of motorcycles, it is often a challenge for motorcycle owners to keep balance of their vehicles at low speeds or at a stop. Honda's motorcycle concept has a self-balancing feature that

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bus depot, performing tasks such as driving to the washing station, refuelling point and then parking up at a dedicated parking space in the depot. Passenger-carrying driverless bus trials in Scotland commenced in January 2023, with a fleet of five identical vehicles to the Manchester trial used on a

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One critical step to achieve the implementation of autonomous vehicles is the acceptance by the general public. It is an important ongoing research because it provides guidelines for the automobile industry to improve their design and technology. Studies have shown that many people believe that using

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To overcome some of the challenges for automated driving systems, novel methodologies based on virtual testing, traffic flow simulation and digital prototypes have been proposed, especially when novel algorithms based on Artificial Intelligence approaches are employed which require extensive training

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Through the autonomy level, it is shown that the higher the level of autonomy, the fewer control humans have on their vehicles (highest level of autonomy needing zero human interventions). One of the few concerns regarding the development of vehicular automation is related to the end-users’ trust in

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On the other side, other countries have decided to ban, either directly (outright ban) or indirectly (effective ban), the use of commercial drones. The RAND Corporation thus makes the difference between countries forbidding drones and those that have a formal process for commercial drone licensing,

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BMW Motorrad developed the ConnectRide self driving motorcycle in order to push the boundaries of motorcycle safety. The autonomous features of the motorcycle include emergency braking, negotiating intersections, assisting during tight turns, and front impact avoidance. These are features similar to

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In August 2021 a one-year trial was launched at the Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado. The trial will use nine vehicles (with seven active at any time) and will provide a 5-10 minute service along three routes at a maximum speed of 12 mph (19 km/h). At the time of launch this

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running at 5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h) on a dedicated stretch of road. EasyMile was operating in ten U.S. states, including California, Florida, Texas, Ohio, Utah, and Virginia before U.S. service was suspended after a February 2020 injury. In August 2020 EasyMile was operating shuttles in 16

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monorail with driverless vehicles that would run on the existing elevated superstructure as well as continue onto ordinary roads. The project has since been named the "Ultimate Urban Circulator" or "U2C" and testing has been carried out on shuttles from six different manufacturers. The cost of the

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Real-time testing of autonomous vehicles is an inevitable part of the process. At the same time, vehicular automation regulators are faced with challenges to protect public safety and yet allow autonomous vehicle companies to test their products. Groups representing autonomous vehicle companies

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The social influence factor studies whether the influence of others would influence consumer's likelihood of having autonomous vehicles. Studies have shown that the social influence factor is positively related to behavioral intention. This might be due to the fact that cars traditionally serve as a

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autonomous vehicles is safer, which underlines the necessity for the automobile companies to assure that autonomous vehicles improve safety benefits. The TAM research model breaks down important factors that affect the consumer's acceptance into: usefulness, ease to use, trust, and social influence.

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Automated driving systems have been known to be successful in situations like rural road settings. Rural road settings would be a setting in which there is lower amounts of traffic and lower differentiation between driving abilities and types of drivers. "The greatest challenge in the development of

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In consideration of the development of autonomous vehicles, companies also are considering operator preferences and needs. These instances include allowing the user to minimize time, follow a precise route and accommodate any possible disabilities that the operator may have. Along with accommodating

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Along with the development of autonomous vehicles, many of these vehicles are expected to be primarily electric, meaning that the main power source of the vehicle will be battery-based rather than fossil fuel-based. Along with that, there comes the extra demand on autonomous vehicle manufacturers to

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Sea Machines offers an autonomous system for workboats. While it does require a human operator to oversee its actions, the system takes care of a lot of active domain perception and navigation duties that normally a few members of the crew would have to do. They use AI to have situational awareness

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However, most countries seem to be struggling on the integration of drones for commercial uses into their aviation regulatory frameworks. Thus, constraints are placed on the use of those drones such as that they must be operating within the visual line of sight (VLOS) of the pilot and thus limiting

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However, even if technology seems to allow for those solutions to function correctly as various tests of various companies show, the main throwback to the market launch and use of such drones is inevitably the legislation in place and regulatory agencies have to decide on the framework they wish to

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Companies that buy driverless trucks could massively cut down on costs: human drivers will no longer be required, companies' liabilities due to truck accidents will diminish, and productivity will increase (as the driverless truck doesn't need to rest). The usage of self driving trucks will go hand

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A large number of trials have been conducted since 2016, with most involving only one vehicle on a short route for a short period of time and with an onboard conductor. The purpose of the trials has been to both provide technical data and to familiarize the public with the driverless technology. A

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Prediction and trust among autonomous vehicles: Fully autonomous cars should be able to anticipate the actions of other cars like humans do. Human drivers are great at predicting other drivers' behaviors, even with a small amount of data such as eye contact or hand gestures. In the first place, the

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There is still debate about what an autonomous vehicle should look like. For example, whether to incorporate lidar to autonomous driving systems is still being argued. Some researchers have come up with algorithms utilizing camera-only data that achieve the performance that rival those of lidar. On

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This definition would include vehicle automation systems that may be available in the near term—such as traffic-jam assist, or full-range automated cruise control—if such systems would be designed such that the human operator can reasonably divert attention (monitoring) away from the performance of

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conducted a test of two automatic emergency braking systems: those designed to prevent crashes and others that aim to make a crash less severe. The test looked at popular models like the 2016 Volvo XC90, Subaru Legacy, Lincoln MKX, Honda Civic and Volkswagen Passat. Researchers tested how well each

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in order to provide a sufficient foundation for autonomous vehicles. Along these same lines of the vehicle's environment accommodating the vehicle, the user of these vehicles may also have to be technologically connected in order to operate these autonomous vehicles. With the advent of smartphones,

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Scaling up: The coverage of autonomous vehicles testing could not be accurate enough. In cases where heavy traffic and obstruction exist, it requires faster response time or better tracking algorithms from the autonomous vehicles. In cases where unseen objects are encountered, it is important that

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produce higher quality electric cars in order to implement all the autonomous systems associated with the vehicle. However, much of modern-day vehicle components can still be used in autonomous vehicles, such as the use of the automatic transmissions and operator protection equipment like airbags.

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From PWC's Strategy& Report, self driving trucks will be the source of a lot of concern around how this technology will impact around 3 million truck drivers in the US, as well as 4 million employees in support of the trucking economy in gas stations, restaurants, bars and hotels. At the same

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In the 2010s, self-driving shuttle became able to run in mixed traffic without the need for embedded guidance markers. So far the focus has been on low speed, 20 miles per hour (32 km/h), with short, fixed routes for the "last mile" of journeys. This means issues of collision avoidance and

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In some parts of the world the self-driving car has been tested in real life situations such as in Pittsburgh. Self-driving Uber vehicles were tested in Pittsburgh, though the tests were paused for nine months after a self-driving car killed a woman in Arizona. In addition to testing self-driving

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Arguably one of the most important systems of any autonomous vehicle, the perception system must be fully developed and well-tested in order for autonomy to advance. With the development and implementation of the perception system on autonomous vehicles, much of the safety standards of autonomous

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due to the need to share the road with other road users. Autonomy implies that the vehicle is responsible for all perceptual, monitoring and control functions. Automated systems may not be capable of operating under all conditions, leaving the rest for a human operator. A further subtlety is that

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This Massachusetts based company has led the forefront of unmanned sailing drones. The Datamarans are out autonomously sailing around to collect ocean data. They are created to enable large payload packages. Due to the automated system and their solar panels, they are able to navigate for longer

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While their motorcycles are popular, one of the largest problems of owning a Harley-Davidson is the reliability of the vehicle. It is difficult to manage the weight of the vehicle at low speeds and picking it up from the ground can be a difficult process even with correct techniques. In order to

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Singapore also announced a set of provisional national standards on January 31, 2019, to guide the autonomous vehicle industry. The standards, known as Technical Reference 68 (TR68), will promote the safe deployment of fully driverless vehicles in Singapore, according to a joint press release by

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The usefulness factor studies whether or not autonomous vehicles are useful in that they provide benefits that save consumers' time and make their lives simpler. How well the consumers believe autonomous vehicles will be useful compared to other forms of transportation solutions is a determining

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If the vehicle is designed to require you to resume driving after being prompted to, while the vehicle is driving itself, you MUST remain in a position to be able to take control. For example, you should not move out of the driving seat. You should not be so distracted that you cannot take back

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The general trend is that legislation is moving fast and laws are constantly being reevaluated. Countries are moving towards a more permissive approach but the industry still lacks infrastructures to ensure the success of such a transition. To provide safety and efficiency, specialized training

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In some countries, specific laws and regulations apply to road traffic motor vehicles (such as cars, bus and trucks) while other laws and regulations apply to other ground vehicles such as tram, train or automated guided vehicles making them to operate in different environments and conditions.

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beer from Fort Collins, CO to Colorado Springs. The run was completed at night on Interstate 25 after extensive testing and system improvements in cooperation with the Colorado State Police. The truck had a human in the cab but not sitting in the driver's seat, while the Colorado State Police

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The technology involved in implementing autonomous vehicles ranges from changes to the vehicle to providing support in the driving environment. Automated vehicles present safety concerns, especially in land transport, and in road traffic, given the complexity of driving, geographical/cultural

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unveiled its technology that allows to make trucks autonomous. Unlike its bigger competitors in this industry that aims to tackle Level 4 and 5 Autonomy, Starsky Robotics is aiming at producing Level 3 Autonomy trucks, in which the human drivers should be prepared to respond to a "request to

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An automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV) is a mobile robot that follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses vision, magnets, or lasers for navigation. They are most often used in industrial applications to move materials around a manufacturing facility or warehouse.

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have announced plans to offer fully automated cars in the future. Extensive research and development is being put into automated driving systems, but the biggest problem automakers cannot control is how drivers will use system. Drivers are stressed to stay attentive and safety warnings are

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There is a sense of urgency that breathes from this innovation as competition is high and companies lobby to integrate them rapidly in their products and services offerings. Since June 2017, the US Senate legislation reauthorized the Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of

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periods of time. More than anything they boast their technologies on advanced metocean surveys which collect “wind velocity profiles with altitude, water current, conductivity, temperature profiles with depth, hi-resolution bathymetry, sub-bottom profiling, magnetometer measurements”

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completed a week of autonomous driving across Europe, organized by the Dutch, in an effort to get self-driving trucks on the road. With developments in self-driving trucks progressing, U.S. self-driving truck sales is expected to reach 60,000 by 2035 according to a report released by

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The ease to use factor studies the user-friendliness of the autonomous vehicles. While the notion that consumers care more about ease to use than safety has been challenged, it still remains an important factor that has indirect effects on the public's intention to use autonomous

1199:(AHS) aims to construct lanes on highways that would be equipped with, for example, magnets to guide the vehicles. Automation vehicles have auto-brakes named as Auto Vehicles Braking System (AVBS). Highway computers would manage the traffic and direct the cars to avoid crashes. 909:

Software Integration: Because of the large number of sensors and safety processes required by autonomous vehicles, software integration remains a challenging task. A robust autonomous vehicle should ensure that the integration of hardware and software can recover from component

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is the mode that is set in order for the automated actions to take over, while the driver mode is the mode set in order to have the operator controlling all functions of the car and taking the responsibilities of operating the vehicle (Automated driving system not engaged).

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Another flaw with automated driving systems is that in situations where unpredictable events such as weather or the driving behavior of others may cause fatal accidents due to sensors that monitor the surroundings of the vehicle not being able to provide corrective action.

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current technologies that are being developed and implemented in autonomous cars. This motorcycle can also fully drive on its own at normal driving speed, making turns and returning to a designated location. It lacks the self standing feature that Honda has implemented.

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system in the Netherlands will be renewed and expanded including extending the route network beyond the exclusive right of way so vehicles will run in mixed traffic on ordinary roads. The plans were delayed and the extension into mixed traffic is now expected in 2021.

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the driver, autonomous vehicles also impose a technological factor onto the environment around it, generally needing a higher sense of connectivity in the vehicle's environment. With this new factor to consider, many urban governments are considering becoming a

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In February 2018, Embark Trucks announced it had completed the first cross-country trip of an automated semi, driving 2,400 miles from Los Angeles, CA to Jacksonville, FL on Interstate 10. This followed a November 2017 announcement that it had partnered with

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automated functions is still inner-city traffic, where an extremely wide range of road users must be considered from all directions." This technology is progressing to a more reliable way of the automated driving cars to switch from auto-mode to driver mode.

1941:, a fleet of 20 vehicles was used to ferry athletes and others around the Athletes' Village. Each vehicle could carry 20 people or 4 wheelchairs and had a top speed of 20 mph (32 km/h). (The event also used 200 driver operated variants called the 1141:(ASR) and Electronic differential lock (EDL)). Uses various sensors to intervene when the car senses a possible loss of control. The car's control unit can reduce power from the engine and even apply the brakes on individual wheels to prevent the car from 1999:

Autonomous buses are proposed as well as self driving cars and trucks. Grade 2 level automated minibuses were trialed for a few weeks in Stockholm. China has also a small fleet of self-driving public buses in the tech district of Shenzhen, Guangdong.

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and announced that it would go into production. This long-haul, electric semi-truck can drive itself and move in "platoons" that automatically follow a lead vehicle. It was disclosed in August 2017 that it sought permission to test the vehicles in

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There are still many obstacles in developing fully autonomous Level 5 vehicles, which is able to operate in any conditions. Currently, companies are focused on Level 4 automation, which is able to operate under certain environmental circumstances.

1945:, to take athletes to their events.) On August 27, 2021, Toyota suspended all "e-Pallete" services at the Paralympics after a vehicle collided with and injured a visually impaired pedestrian, and restarted on 31 with improved safety measures. 1380:

in The Netherlands. The system uses small magnets in the road surface to allow the vehicle to determine its position. The use of shared autonomous vehicles was trialed around 2012 in a hospital car park in Portugal. From 2012 to 2016 the

4658: 2104:, an Israeli AI startup, introduced its mapless autonomous driving solution at Busworld Europe, leveraging a real-time image recognition system and a spatial deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) to mimic human driving behavior. 4701: 2536:

but requirements are either impossible to meet or licenses do not appear to have been approved. In the US, UPS is the only one with the Part 135 Standard certification that is required to use drones to deliver to real customers.

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along a 7.5 km (4.7 mi), with plans to extend the route to 12.6 km (7.8 mi) to serve tourist destinations. In January 2021, Level 4 "WinBus" got a license for one-year experimental sandbox operation.

646:. Automated vehicles in the European Union legislation are also more specifically motor vehicles (car, truck or bus). That is a road traffic vehicles. For those vehicles, a specific difference is legally defined between 4680: 1188:(Denmark) and TriTrack (USA) are working on projects consisting of specialized private cars that are driven manually on normal roads but also that dock onto a monorail/guideway along which they are driven autonomously. 2540:

their potential range. This would be the case of the Netherlands and Belgium. Most countries do let pilot operate outside the VLOS but is subject to restrictions and pilot ratings, which would be the case of the US.

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university as part of its "Transportation Technology Initiative" in a project run by academics and students on the campus. Another trial, this time using Navya vehicles, was run in 2019 from September to November.

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in south London on a 3.4 kilometres (2.1 mi) route. A number of other trials have been conducted Birmingham, Manchester, Lake District National Park, University of the West of England and Filton Airfield.

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Adnan, Nadia; Md Nordin, Shahrina; bin Bahruddin, Mohamad Ariff; Ali, Murad (December 2018). "How trust can drive forward the user acceptance to the technology? In-vehicle technology for autonomous vehicle".

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has redesigned automated driving, they have created car models that allow drivers to put in the destination and let the car take over. These are two modern day examples of the automated driving system cars.

1107:(EBD), which prevents the brakes from locking and losing traction while braking. This shortens stopping distances in most cases and, more importantly, allows the driver to steer the vehicle while braking. 3711: 2245:, which Uber acquired in August 2016. In March 2018, Uber announced it was using its automated trucks to deliver freight in Arizona, while also leveraging the UberFreight app to find and dispatch loads. 1475:

Self-driving shuttles are already in use on some private roads, such as at the Yutong factory in Zhengzhou where they are used to transport workers between buildings of the world's largest bus factory.

1057:) technology which consists of autonomous vehicles, a magnetic track and a supervisory system. The FROG system is deployed for industrial purposes in factory sites and has been in use since 1999 on the 762:

With the development of these autonomous subsystems of the car, autonomous vehicle manufacturers have already developed systems which act as assistance features on a vehicle. These systems are known as

6293:"Toyota Tsusho Launches Drone Delivery of Medical and Pharmaceutical Supplies Business in Nagasaki Prefecture's Goto Islands- Network Powered by Zipline, the World's Leading Instant Logistics System -" 1385:

funded CityMobil2 project examined the use of shared autonomous vehicles and passenger experience including short term trials in seven cities. This project led to the development of the EasyMile EZ10.

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Level 0: No Driving Automation Level 1: Driver Assistance Level 2: Partial Driving Automation Level 3: Conditional Driving Automation Level 4: High Driving Automation Level 5: Full Driving Automation

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The trust factor studies the safety, data privacy and security protection of autonomous vehicles. A more trusted system has a positive impact on the consumer's decision to use autonomous vehicles.

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The implementation of automated driving systems poses the possibility of changing build environments in urban areas, such as the expansion of suburban areas due to the increased ease of mobility.

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From level 3, the driver can conditionally transfer the driving task to the vehicle, but the driver must take back control when the conditional automation is no longer available. For instance an

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Human-Centered Mobility Research Center modified Yamaha Motor's electric "Land Car" and the tracing road of an abandoned Eiheiji railway line. This system was legally approved as Level 3.

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to evaluate vehicles from different vendors as part of its plan for the Ultimate Urban Circulator (UC). Among the six vehicles tested are the Local Motors "Olli 2.0", Navya "Autonom" and

2712:), which carry out some tasks, but where the driver is still responsible for driving. If you are driving a vehicle with assisted driving features, you MUST stay in control of the vehicle. 5357: 3262: 3224: 2220:, announced it was applying its technology to semi trucks. In the announcement, Waymo noted it would be using automated trucks to move freight related to Google's data centers in the 1032:

There are two clear states – a vehicle is either assisted with a driver being supported by technology or automated where the technology is effectively and safely replacing the driver.

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while a vehicle may attempt to operate under all circumstances, the vehicle may require a human to assume control in unanticipated circumstance arises or when the vehicle misbehaves.

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Semi-autonomous designs could be implemented sooner as they rely less on technology that is still at the forefront of research. An example is the dual mode monorail. Groups such as

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magazine, self-driving trucks were being developed for combat convoys, whereby only the lead truck would be driven by a human and the following trucks would rely on satellite, an

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in Dubai. The demonstration was a collaboration with between Next-Future and Dubai's Roads and Transport Authority and the vehicles are under consideration for deployment there.

239: 6338: 4453: 6662: 2773:(NTSB) showed that the self-driving Uber car was unable to identify the victim in a sufficient amount of time for the vehicle to slow down and avoid crashing into the victim. 888:

Around 2015, several self-driving car companies including Nissan and Toyota promised self-driving cars by 2020. However, the predictions turned out to be far too optimistic.

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Hallerbach, Sven; Xia, Yiqun; Eberle, Ulrich; Koester, Frank (3 April 2018). "Simulation-Based Identification of Critical Scenarios for Cooperative and Automated Vehicles".

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In January 2021, Navya released an investor report which predicted global autonomous shuttle sales will reach 12,600 units by 2025, with a market value of EUR 1.7 billion.

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Campbell, Mark; Egerstedt, Magnus; How, Jonathan P.; Murray, Richard M. (13 October 2010). "Autonomous driving in urban environments: approaches, lessons and challenges".

4834: 1750:

In February 2018, the ten passenger (six seated), 12 miles per hour (19 km/h), autonomous pods which are capable of joining to form a bus, were demonstrated at the

699:

Level 3: Conditional automation, where the vehicle can control both steering and speed autonomously under normal environmental conditions, but requires driver oversight.

2664:

even when pushed over. This vehicle, while it is not intended to be ridden, can carry heavy loads for construction workers or military personnel through rough terrain.

2498:

Aircraft has received much attention for automation, especially for navigation. A system capable of autonomously navigating a vehicle (especially aircraft) is known as

896:

the other hand, camera-only data sometimes draw inaccurate bounding boxes, and thus lead to poor predictions. This is due to the nature of superficial information that

2516:

Various industries such as packages and food experimented with delivery drones. Traditional and new transportation companies are competing in the market. For example,

2321:

unveiled his new autonomous driving company, Pronto, which is building L2 ADAS technology for the commercial trucking industry. The company is based in San Francisco.

1053:

There are a lot of autonomous and semi-autonomous ground vehicles being made for the purpose of transporting passengers. One such example is the free-ranging on grid (

2704:

Automated vehicles can perform all the tasks involved in driving, in at least some situations. They differ from vehicles fitted with assisted driving features (like

4242: 2431:

The concept for autonomous vehicles has also been applied for commercial uses, like for autonomous trains. The world's first driverless urban transit system is the

1855:. The 10-seat second generation vehicle has been delivered to Guangzhou, Nanjing, Zhengzhou, Sansha, Changsha with public trials due to commence in July 2021 in 5815: 3112:

Van Brummelen, Jessica; O’Brien, Marie; Gruyer, Dominique; Najjaran, Homayoun (April 2018). "Autonomous vehicle perception: The technology of today and tomorrow".

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were among the first to replace human-operated trucks with driverless commercial trucks run by computers. In April 2016, trucks from major manufacturers including

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Anderson, Mark (May 2020). "The road ahead for self-driving cars: The AV industry has had to reset expectations, as it shifts its focus to level 4 autonomy - ".

2562:

Autonomous boats can provide security, do research, or perform hazardous or repetitive tasks (such as guiding a large ship into a harbor or transporting cargo).

784:

it is predicted that autonomous vehicles will be able to have this connection with the user's smartphone or other technological devices similar to a smartphone.

5040: 4755: 2528:, an American medical drone delivery company, has the largest active drone delivery operations in the world, and its drones are capable of Level 4 autonomy. 1547:, claiming to be the world's first solution for managing hybrid fleets with both autonomous and non-autonomous vehicles. And the test ended in October 2021. 5882: 809:

the vehicle while the automation system is engaged. This definition would also include automated platooning (such as conceptualized by the SARTRE project).

657:

Vehicular automation topic is notable for road traffic due to the number of vehicles and drivers but present specific concerns in an environment subject to

4406: 3957: 3931: 3624:

Shladover, Steven E.; Nowakowski, Christopher (April 2019). "Regulatory challenges for road vehicle automation: Lessons from the California experience".

2008: 1768:

expo after tests in Xiamen and Chongqing cities as part of Project Apollo, a mass-produced autonomous vehicle project launched by a consortium including

603:

such as a car, lorry, aircraft, or watercraft. A vehicle using automation for tasks such as navigation to ease but not replace human control, qualify as

524: 6887: 6520: 5502: 4109: 5748:"HS Clarifies Autonomous Vehicle Sales Forecast – Expects 21 Million Sales Globally in the Year 2035 and Nearly 76 Million Sold Globally Through 2035" 5130: 4930: 3855: 5747: 2783: 544: 1910:

In March 2023, "ZEN drive Pilot" became the first legally approved Level 4 Automatic operation device under the amended "Road Traffic Act" of 2023.

5721: 702:

Level 4: High automation, where the vehicle can complete travel autonomously under normal environmental conditions, not requiring driver oversight.

6443: 6040: 4052: 3589:

Panagiotopoulos, Ilias; Dimitrakopoulos, George (October 2018). "An empirical investigation on consumers' intentions towards autonomous driving".

3142:

Bansal, Prateek; Kockelman, Kara M. (January 2017). "Forecasting Americans' long-term adoption of connected and autonomous vehicle technologies".

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or self-driving car which may result in less-stressed "drivers", higher efficiency (the driver can do something else), increased safety and less

4333: 3821: 696:

Level 2: Partial automation, where the vehicle can control both steering and speed autonomously in specific circumstances to assist the driver.

693:

Level 1: Driver assistance, where the vehicle can control either steering or speed autonomously in specific circumstances to assist the driver.

5436:[Tokyo Metropolitan Government decided to conduct trials on autonomous mobility services in west-Shinjyuku area and bay-front area]. 5227: 4004: 2544:

courses, pilot exams (type of UAV and flying conditions) as well as liability management measures regarding insurances have to be developed.

6495: 3232: 1942: 6941:"Designing AI for Explainability and Verifiability: A Value Sensitive Design Approach to Avoid Artificial Stupidity in Autonomous Vehicles" 5954: 4358: 1928: 5909: 2961: 1904:

started test operation of driverless autonomous driving mobility services by making use of a remotely-operated autonomous driving system.

2794:

approach is one method that can be used to design autonomous vehicles to avoid some of these ethical issues and design for human values.

654:

differences, and road conditions. Various technological challenges need to be overcome to make autonomous vehicles robust and scalable.

650:

and (more advanced) autonomous/automated vehicles due to differences of liability for the driver and/or the entity driving the vehicle.

4974: 2690:, we mean those listed as automated vehicles by the Secretary of State for Transport under the Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018. 6904:"The Safety and Reliability of Networked Autonomous Vehicles: Ethical Dilemmas, Liability Litigation Concerns, and Regulatory Issues". 6147: 6100: 3001:"J3016_202104: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles - SAE International" 246: 1332:

Enterprise Singapore (ESG), Land Transport Authority (LTA), Standards Development Organisation and Singapore Standards Council (SSC).

728:

but the driver should take back control when traffic jam is over. Level 5 refers to a vehicle which does not need any (human) driver.

7049: 1242: 1119:(AWD) with a centre differential. Distributing power to all four wheels lessens the chances of wheel spin. It also suffers less from 5597: 4526: 6385: 6225: 116: 17: 6172: 6083: 4548: 4074: 5628: 5312: 5254: 2571:

for different ships within the route. They utilize camera, lidar, and proprietary software to inform the operator of its status.

1864: 1021:

An automated driving feature must be described sufficiently clearly so that it is distinguished from an assisted driving feature.

6317: 6267: 6243: 3284: 1010:" refers to a vehicle system that uses both hardware and software to exercise dynamic control of a vehicle on a sustained basis. 6844:"How Should Autonomous Vehicles Make Moral Decisions? Machine Ethics, Artificial Driving Intelligence, and Crash Algorithms". 6634:"Despite Autonomous Vehicle Intrigue, Americans Still Crave Control Behind The Wheel, According To New Kelley Blue Book Study" 5935: 5109: 4783: 4220: 3302: 2241:

provided a rolling closure of the highway. At the time, Uber's automated truck was based primarily on technology developed by

1472:. Testing has been carried out in a number of cities since 2019 with trials open to the public due to commence in July 2021. 2912: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1393: 136: 4294: 2599:

The autonomous vessel called Mayflower is expected to be the first large ship that makes an unmanned transatlantic journey.

6789: 5857: 2770: 2175: 818: 571: 534: 6120: 3712:"Explanatory memorandum: Proposal of Amendment to Article 1 and new Article 34 BIS of the 1968 Convention on Road Traffic" 3661:"Adopting Aviation Safety Knowledge into the Discussions of Safe Implementation of Connected and Autonomous Road Vehicles" 2350: 1500: 677: 4268: 3982: 1626: 1104: 472: 3184:"Who's behind the wheel? Visioning the future users and urban contexts of connected and autonomous vehicle technologies" 7011: 5799: 3023:"Disruptive Impacts of Automated Driving Systems on the Built Environment and Land Use: An Urban Planner's Perspective" 1658:

along the guided busway, for possible use as an after hours service once the regular bus service has stopped each day.

764: 714: 539: 141: 6595:

Liljamo, Timo; Liimatainen, Heikki; Pöllänen, Markus (November 2018). "Attitudes and concerns on automated vehicles".

4319: 2925:

Robust Formation Coordination of Robot Swarms with Nonlinear Dynamics and Unknown Disturbances: Design and Experiments

934:

to measure acceleration around multiple orthogonal axes — critical to detecting and controlling the vehicle's motion.

6663:"Users' Understanding of Automated Vehicles and Perception to Improve Traffic Safety –Results from a National Survey" 5832: 5546: 5044: 2823: 2750: 2059: 1251: 999: 792: 647: 4904: 2650:

Underwater vehicles have been a focus for automation for tasks such as pipeline inspection and underwater mapping.

1878: 1810: 6751:

Smolnicki, Piotr Marek; Soe, Ralf-Martin; Sääski, Juha; Szymańska, Magdalena; Vaskinn, Ingar; Åman, Milla (2018).

4878: 6999: 4996: 4856: 3362: 2673: 2454: 1735: 969: 683: 169: 6066: 5791:

Breakout: Pioneers of the Future, Prison Guards of the Past, and the Epic Battle That Will Decide America's Fate

5651: 5572: 4622: 2439:, Japan, opened in 1981. The first self-driving train in the UK was launched in London on the Thameslink route. 3795: 3686: 2063: 2004: 5278: 3958:"JTA recommends replacing Skyway with driverless vehicles, creating corridor from Riverside to EverBank Field" 1654:

In October 2017, RDM Group began a trial service with two seat vehicles between Trumpington Park and Ride and

900:

provide, whereas incorporating lidar gives autonomous vehicles precise distance to each point on the vehicle.

7044: 4504: 2761: 2709: 2645: 2335:

Several self-balancing autonomous motorcycles were demonstrated in 2017 and 2018 from BMW, Honda and Yamaha.

1961: 1219: 721: 4132:"China Autonomous Shuttle Market Report 2021 Featuring 10 Chinese Companies & 5 International Companies" 3329: 1713:, Columbus, Ohio, and Corpus Christi, Texas. In October 2020 a new trial was launched in Fairfax, Virginia. 926:(MEMS) to maintain a small size, high efficiency, and low cost. Foremost among MEMS sensors in vehicles are 4574: 4088: 2818: 1833: 1306:

Following another car on a motorway – "enhanced" or "adaptive" cruise control, as used by Ford and Vauxhall

1296: 1232: 1138: 1130: 705:

Level 5: Full autonomy, where the vehicle can complete travel autonomously in any environmental conditions.

529: 121: 106: 1458:. Toyota has announced it intends to have the vehicle available for commercial applications before 2025. 46: 5816:"Transportation invests for a new future: Automation is rapidly accelerating and disrupting the industry" 484: 126: 6292: 2937: 2236:

completed the first driverless operation of an automated truck on public roads, delivering a trailer of

1237: 7039: 5487: 3759: 2899: 2168: 2118:

The concept for autonomous vehicles has been applied for commercial uses, such as autonomous or nearly

2055: 1938: 1677: 489: 174: 73: 38: 5527: 4623:"Denver's first driverless shuttle hits the test track, avoids tumbleweed before possible 2018 launch" 3183: 2975:"Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles" 2426: 1655: 1152: 768: 682:

Autonomy in motor vehicles is often categorized in six levels: The level system was developed by the

635: 623: 449: 324: 232: 209: 5979: 5307: 5088: 3825: 2745:

the technology that controls automated vehicles. According to a nationally conducted survey made by

2062:, entered full passenger service also in January 2023. The trial route is planned to be extended to 1364: 1017:

This amendment will enter into force on 14 July 2022, unless it is rejected before 13 January 2022.

7005:

U.S. Department of Transportation - Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office website

5624:"Public Road Demonstration Tests of Mid-Sized Buses with Autonomous Driving Systems to be Launched" 4432: 2622: 2557: 2525: 2478: 1455: 1420:

model, with plans for commercial sales. As of July 2021 they have not gone into volume production.

1301: 1272: 1196: 1096: 1007: 851: 671: 619: 564: 432: 374: 314: 214: 6690:"Exploring the mechanism of crashes with automated vehicles using statistical modeling approaches" 6121:"Harley-Davidson Wants To Make Self-Balancing Motorcycles By Putting A Gyroscope In Your Top Case" 6031: 4644: 3531:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

1077:

metro station). The system experienced a crash in 2005 that proved to be caused by a human error.

5183: 5066: 4733: 4198: 4166: 2493: 2443: 1920: 1751: 1577:

Navya claimed in May 2017 to have carried almost 150,000 passengers across Europe with trials in

1261: 1214: 1110: 1084: 1054: 984: 847: 826: 740: 713:. Level 1 and 2 refer to vehicles where one part of the driving task is performed by the vehicle 710: 631: 592: 297: 3877: 3737: 61: 6785:"Collision Between Vehicle Controlled by Developmental Automated Driving System and Pedestrian" 2884:

Group Coordinated Control of Networked Mobile Robots with Applications to Object Transportation

2791: 2629: 2029: 1618: 1544: 1538: 1377: 1100: 1066: 1062: 413: 339: 5250:"Test Operation of Remote Controlled Driverless Autonomous Driving Mobility Services to Start" 4243:"BESTMILE AND TRAPEZE JOIN FORCES TO BRING AUTONOMOUS MOBILITY TO CITIES ALL AROUND THE GLOBE" 2354: 1504: 1423:

In August 2020, it was reported there were 25 autonomous shuttle manufacturers, including the

6921: 6881: 6869: 6637: 5789: 5770: 4295:"Washington D.C. residents can ride in this adorable driverless shuttle starting this summer" 2012: 1993: 1727: 1669: 1267: 1113:(TCS) actuates brakes or reduces throttle to restore traction if driven wheels begin to spin. 367: 319: 271: 6784: 4659:"'This is our future': Fairfax tests region's first self-driving shuttle for public transit" 1376:

has been operating on an 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) exclusive right of way in the city of

6701: 3848:"Singapore's driverless vehicle ambitions reach next milestone with new national standards" 3538: 2040: 1887: 1829: 1319:

into automotive application, primarily heavy vehicles, and there may also be a need to add

1316: 1312: 344: 329: 164: 5623: 5459: 5249: 4927:"Baidu's Robin Li Reveals Unmanned Bus, AI Chip, Digital Assistant Upgrade at Tech Summit" 3781: 3727:

SMMT publishes guiding principles for marketing automated vehicles, SMMT, 22 November 2021

2913:

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/573902/EPRS_BRI(2016)573902_EN.pdf

2548:

Transportation to create a carrier certificate allowing for package deliveries by drones.

8: 6521:"This Engineer Is Building an Armada of Saildrones That Could Remake Weather Forecasting" 5205: 4479: 2318: 1848: 1468:

claimed to have delivered 100 models of its 10-seat Xiaoyu 2.0 autonomous bus for use in

1397: 1203: 557: 362: 349: 302: 263: 55: 6705: 6410: 5488:"Self-driving buses are being tested in China and they're the largest of their kind yet" 4953:"JTA, FSCJ execute agreement for autonomous vehicle testing and educational initiatives" 4157:"Yutong has already delivered 100 autonomous micro-buses Xiaoyu 2.0 models to Zhengzhou" 3542: 2924: 2484:

Application of the automatic guided vehicle has broadened during the late 20th century.

2094: 1968:

is going to overcome unique and difficult conditions in operation in the central of the

6978: 6861: 6724: 6689: 6612: 6005:"Exclusive: Tesla developing self-driving tech for semi-truck, wants to test in Nevada" 5152: 4552: 4407:"Navya driverless shuttles to begin ferrying University of Michigan students this fall" 4030: 3902: 3641: 3606: 3562: 3506: 3206: 3159: 3077: 2808: 2579: 2517: 2164: 2113: 1988: 1622: 1047: 857: 596: 425: 186: 5358:"Covid Won't Stop The Olympics Nor Toyota's Autonomous EV Transportation For Athletes" 4756:"France approves fully autonomous bus for driving on public roads in a European first" 2974: 7004: 6982: 6970: 6865: 6729: 6616: 6418: 5795: 5508: 5433: 3660: 3645: 3610: 3554: 3510: 3337: 3288: 3210: 3163: 3081: 3000: 2156: 2119: 2025: 1965: 1578: 1256: 1185: 1046:

include shipyard gantries, mining trucks, bomb-disposal robots, robotic insects, and

658: 499: 159: 111: 5279:"AIST's efforts toward social implementation of automated driving mobility services" 4600: 4454:"HITCHING A RIDE Project looks to bring autonomous shuttles to Texas A&M campus" 3566: 2911:

EPRS Automated vehicles in the EU, Members' Research Service Page 2 of 12, Glossary

2858: 2003:

The first autonomous bus trial in the United Kingdom commenced in mid-2019, with an

1228:

There are plenty of further uses for automation in relation to cars. These include:

998:

An automated driving system is defined in a proposed amendment to Article 1 of the

6960: 6952: 6913: 6853: 6764: 6719: 6709: 6604: 4110:"Toyota e-Palette autonomous vehicles to be rolled out "within the next few years"" 3633: 3598: 3546: 3498: 3466: 3198: 3151: 3121: 3069: 3034: 2838: 2803: 2787: 2746: 2679: 2521: 2466: 2432: 2304: 2160: 2086: 1932: 1895: 1693: 1191:

As a method of automating cars without extensively modifying the cars as much as a

1172: 1116: 615: 608: 506: 494: 437: 81: 31: 3202: 6925: 6873: 6714: 6641: 6248: 5384:"Toyota halts all self-driving e-Palette vehicles after Olympic village accident" 2151: 2138: 2130: 2021: 1648: 1558: 1291: 477: 384: 354: 307: 5883:"Colorado officer recounts how Otto's autonomous beer delivery became a reality" 5696:"Neuronale Netze und selbstlernende KI: Mapless-Autonomous-Fahrlösung für Busse" 4975:"JTA Receives 6th Autonomous U2C Program Test Vehicle; FSCJ Part Of Latest Test" 2700:

The UK considers the way to update its British Highway Code for automated code:

2171:

to improve efficiency and reduce cost at various mining and construction sites.

2090: 1552: 6956: 6496:"Testing begins on an autonomous 'Mayflower' ship ahead of its Atlantic voyage" 5335: 4005:"Introducing the world's first completely unattended public autonomous vehicle" 3502: 2883: 2705: 2511: 2242: 2078: 1901: 1891: 1710: 1454:

showcased its 20-passenger "e-Palette" vehicle, which is due to be used at the

1382: 1324: 1320: 1156: 1074: 801: 408: 334: 191: 131: 6608: 5473: 5336:"Chinese autonomous driving startup WeRide launches Mini Robobus in Guangzhou" 5173: 4809: 4723: 4702:"Nation's largest fleet of autonomous, electric shuttles launches in Colorado" 4188: 4156: 4053:"Baidu just made its 100th autonomous bus ahead of commercial launch in China" 3903:"Final Report Summary - CITYMOBIL2 (Cities demonstrating cybernetic mobility)" 3637: 3602: 3155: 3125: 3073: 2900:

A Decentralized Cluster Formation Containment Framework for Multirobot Systems

7033: 6974: 6940: 6422: 3341: 2833: 2607:

This autonomous unmanned vessel uses both solar and wind energy to navigate.

2217: 2126: 1791: 1689: 1663: 1440: 1134: 1043: 959:

status symbol that represents one's intent to use and his social environment.

927: 897: 5110:"NEWS New Zealand's first autonomous shuttle debuts at Christchurch Airport" 4784:"EasyMile First Authorized at Level 4 of Autonomous Driving on Public Roads" 4681:"Transdev partners with Fairfax County to launch connected AV pilot project" 1764:

In July 2018, a driverless eight seater shuttle bus was trialed at the 2018

1348: 739:

The primary means of implementing autonomous vehicles is through the use of

30:

For vehicles relying completely either on automation or remote control, see

6917: 6857: 6733: 6444:"Self Driving Water Taxis: Buffalo Automation speaks to our Inventive Past" 3558: 3550: 1819: 1638: 1566: 1428: 1178: 866: 834: 830: 588: 5131:"Autonomous shuttle rides for Christchurch public to park the fear factor" 4645:"U.S. agency suspends self-driving shuttle EasyMile use in 10 U.S. states" 3039: 3022: 37:"Intelligent car" redirects here. For the European Commission policy, see 6818: 4831:"Westfield Technology Group autonomous POD confirmed for Fleet Live 2019" 3470: 3431: 2278: 2047: 2043: 2036: 1969: 1950: 1825: 1800: 1614: 1610: 1424: 1405: 1373: 1277: 1192: 1058: 725: 442: 6965: 5310:[Domestically the first! Approved as Level 4 self-driving car]. 2066:

following the acquisition of a larger single-decker by the end of 2023.

1569:

to provide transport shuttle to employees and guests within the campus.

1163:

Research is ongoing and prototypes of autonomous ground vehicles exist.

717:(ADAS) under the responsibility/accountability/liability of the driver. 6769: 6752: 6318:"International Commercial Drone Regulation and Drone Delivery Services" 6198: 6032:"Silicon Valley's Levandowski returns with self-driving truck start-up" 5858:"Uber's Self-Driving Truck Makes Its First Delivery: 50,000 Budweisers" 5410: 5406:"Toyota self-driving buses in Paralympic village to restart on Aug. 31" 2619: 2615: 2286: 2264: 2256: 1142: 1124: 780: 467: 287: 6469: 6386:"Autonomous Boats Will Be On the Market Sooner Than Self-Driving Cars" 5833:"Waymo's self-driving trucks will start delivering freight in Atlanta" 1080:

Applications for automation in ground vehicles include the following:

5228:"First Homegrown Autonomous Shuttle Wins Operating License in Taiwan" 5067:"Self-driving people mover makes its maiden trip at brussels airport" 2927:" IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 2021. 2828: 2499: 2282: 2237: 1856: 1852: 1598: 1534: 1469: 1432: 1281: 1146: 1120: 1070: 931: 627: 6355: 6148:"Robots Replace Humans the One Place We Least Expected: Motorcycles" 6101:"Robots replace humans the one place we least expected: motorcycles" 5174:"Riding an Autonomous Bus ON THE CITY STREETS in China (Xiaoyu 2.0)" 4359:"Las Vegas launches driverless shuttle bus test run on public roads" 4189:"Walkabout The World's Largest Bus Factory (Yutong Industrial Park)" 3418:"Automated Vehicle Technology." King Coal Highway 292 (2014): 23-29. 3414: 3412: 918:

the algorithms are able to track these objects and avoid collisions.

5089:"NTU Singapore to test autonomous vehicles on the NTU Smart Campus" 4760: 3925:"Experiments on autonomous and automated driving: an overview 2015" 2765:

A prototype of an autonomous Uber car being tested in San Francisco

2224:, GA area. The trucks will be manned and operated on public roads. 2143: 2051: 2016: 1992:

The United Kingdom's first autonomous bus, currently on trial with

1954: 1874: 1868: 1804: 1765: 1697: 1685: 1673: 1590: 1285: 394: 181: 6819:"Ethics in the design of automated vehicles: the AVEthics project" 6546: 5955:"A self-driving truck just drove from Los Angeles to Jacksonville" 3111: 1731: 865:

implemented to alert the driver when corrective action is needed.

5206:"Taiwan's first autonomous minibus begins operations in Changhua" 5178: 4728: 4551:. Northern Territory Government. 5 September 2017. Archived from 4193: 4161: 3409: 2813: 2221: 1759: 1582: 1561:

In 2020, a four-month trial was undertaken at the United Nations

1417: 1356: 1069:

to connect the Rivium business park with the neighboring city of

643: 600: 279: 6597:

Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour

4578: 4221:"Autonomous Shuttle Pilots in Europe, AMD Aspirations in Austin" 3983:"JTA Board Chair Embraces Autonomous Vehicles To Replace Skyway" 2082: 5722:"Suncor Seeks Cost Cutting With Robot Trucks in Oil-Sands Mine" 2447: 2291: 2213: 2101: 1841: 1824:

In 2019, Trials with their 15-person shuttle were conducted in

1705: 1594: 1562: 1465: 1451: 1444: 1246: 1088: 922:

These features require numerous sensors, many of which rely on

639: 418: 6226:"First self-driving train launches on London Thameslink route" 4601:"Society Driverless bus test in Taipei gets positive feedback" 3588: 3363:"California's first driverless bus hits the road in San Ramon" 3058: 3027:

Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity

2859:"Self-steering Mars Rover tested at ESO's Paranal Observatory" 1923:. In June 2021, the company also launched trials at Nanjing. 1637:

In August 2017, a driverless four seat shuttle was trialed at

1340: 90: 5659: 4527:"Driverless robot 'pods' take to the Cambridge guided busway" 3459:

SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles

3392:"Ford remains wary of Tesla-like autonomous driving features" 2633: 2626: 2260: 2209: 2134: 2077:

started a series of demonstration tests for mid-sized buses,

2074: 2073:

Human-Centered Mobility Research Center with Nippon Koei and

1769: 1745: 1701: 1681: 1602: 1436: 1413: 861: 756: 752: 748: 398: 4334:"The Future of European Transit: Driverless and Utilitarian" 3020: 1964:

starts three trials. As one of the three, a lead contractor

1177:

Extensive automation for cars focuses on either introducing

709:

Level 0 refers, for instance, to vehicles which do not have

6749: 6244:"Germany launches world's first autonomous tram in Potsdam" 5980:"A Self-Driving Truck Might Deliver Your Next Refrigerator" 5910:"Uber acquires Otto to lead Uber's self-driving car effort" 5153:"Yutong 5G-Enabled Intelligent Mobility Solution Live Show" 3687:"Amendment proposal to the 1968 Convention on Road Traffic" 2436: 2233: 1606: 1586: 1206:

has established a smart car development program called the

923: 6594: 6411:"Forget Robo-Cars and Hit the Water on an Autonomous Boat" 3528: 3456: 2962:

Path to Autonomy: Self-Driving Car Levels 0 to 5 Explained

1919:

In January 2021, WeRide began testing its Mini Robobus on

1159:

system to adapt it to vehicle's speed and road conditions.

5675: 5652:"The Isuzu Group Value Creation Story: Growth Strategies" 5460:"Self-driving shuttle buses hit the streets of Stockholm" 3330:"After a Deadly Crash, Uber Returns Robocars to the Road" 2898:

Hu, J.; Bhowmick, P.; Jang, I.; Arvin, F.; Lanzon, A., "

2007:

single-decker bus modified with autonomous software from

1847:

Testing with the first generation vehicle in 2019 at the

51: 7012:"Indian AI And Robotics Startup Claims Level 5 Autonomy" 6067:"Honda's self-balancing motorcycle is perfect for noobs" 5528:"First driverless Edinburgh to Fife bus trial announced" 4857:"Dubai tests the world's first autonomous mobility pods" 6088:, Agence France-Presse, 12 January 2018 – via IOL 5762: 1181:

or modifying modern car designs to be semi-autonomous.

6939:

Umbrello, Steven; Yampolskiy, Roman V. (15 May 2021).

6636:(Press release). Kelley Blue Book. 28 September 2016. 4575:"Easymile | Driverless shuttle for the last mile" 4089:"Toyota Unveils Their e-Palette Self-Driving Shuttles" 3796:"Vauxhall Vectra | Auto Express News | News" 3303:"Uber Self-Driving Cars Hit The Streets Of Pittsburgh" 6575:"Rules on safe use of automated vehicles on GB roads" 3591:

Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies

3114:

Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies

1877:

city in Taiwan, connecting four tourism factories in

1809:

In 2019, trials were held at Brussels Airport and at

1730:

called "POD", four vehicles were used as part of the

678:

Automatic train operation § Grades of automation

2267:

refrigerators from El Paso, TX to Palm Springs, CA.

6173:"Self-balancing Yamaha motorcycle comes on command" 5936:"First self-drive train launched on mainline track" 4433:"Experimentations with Navya's Autonomous Shuttles" 3626:

Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice

3623: 3144:

Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice

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Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice

6938: 6030: 5547:"First passengers board Stagecoach autonomous bus" 5503:"UK's first driverless bus trialled in Manchester" 5501: 4905:"baidu starts mass production of autonomous buses" 3824:. Nissan-global.com. 15 March 2006. Archived from 3021:Yigitcanlar; Wilson; Kamruzzaman (24 April 2019). 2886:" IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2021. 1726:In 2017 and 2018, using a modified version of the 607:, whereas a fully self-operated vehicle is termed 6085:Self-balancing Yamaha motorcycle comes on command 4151: 4149: 3385: 3383: 3225:"AAA Studies Technology Behind Self-Driving Cars" 1617:. Other trials on private sites are underway at 7031: 6268:"3 Companies Looking to Dominate Drone Delivery" 6115: 6113: 4320:Autonomous shuttle Olli deployed in Turin, Italy 3658: 2442:An example of an automated train network is the 2081:with autonomous driving systems, in five areas; 1309:Distance control assist – as developed by Nissan 1137:proprietary Electronic Stability Program (ESP), 6906:Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice 6846:Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice 6190: 5598:"UK's first self-driving electric bus unveiled" 5019:"JTA testing ADA accessible autonomous vehicle" 4647:. 25 February 2020 – via www.reuters.com. 3782:"S&P Global Homepage | S&P Global" 3141: 6886:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 6098: 4999:. Jacksonville Daily Record. 16 September 2020 4146: 3380: 3191:Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 3182:Wigley, Edward; Rose, Gillian (2 April 2020). 2212:, the automated vehicle company spun off from 1786:has been using a 'test and learn' site at the 1668:EasyMile has had trials longer term trials at 1065:-style public transport system in the city of 6110: 5781: 5573:"Autonomous bus starts trials in Oxfordshire" 4484:Unmanned Systems Lab Texas A&M University 3723: 3721: 3665:SAE Technical Papers (SAE WCX Digital Summit) 3659:Umar Zakir Abdul, Hamid; et al. (2021). 3426: 3424: 1543:In October 2016, BestMile started trials in 565: 240: 65:Automated vehicle system technology hierarchy 6816: 3878:"EU SUSTAINABLE ENERGY WEEK 18-22 JUNE 2012" 3692:. Economic Commission for Europe. March 2020 2923:Hu, J.; Turgut, A.; Lennox, B.; Arvin, F., " 2585: 1093:Rear-view alarm, to detect obstacles behind. 787: 7000:European Commission Intelligent Car website 4929:. Yicai Global. 4 July 2018. Archived from 4381:"Driverless bus takes to the road in Perth" 2472: 1709:cities across the United States, including 1557:At the end of 2016, the Olli was tested in 1396:has announced its intention to replace the 27:Automation for various purposes of vehicles 6569: 6567: 6145: 6064: 4997:"Olli 2.0 joins JTA's U2C testing program" 4603:. Focus Taiwan News Channel. 5 August 2017 4505:"Catch A Ride On TTI's Autonomous Shuttle" 3718: 3421: 3181: 2011:able to operate in driverless mode within 1099:(ABS) (also Emergency Braking Assistance ( 572: 558: 278: 247: 233: 6964: 6768: 6723: 6713: 5933: 5681: 5276: 4075:"Top 25 autonomous shuttle manufacturers" 3038: 2163:made early developments in 2013 with the 1605:. Ongoing public trials are underway in 1243:Advanced Automatic Collision Notification 1042:Ground vehicles employing automation and 6945:International Journal of Social Robotics 6688:Wang, Song; Li, Zhixia (28 March 2019). 5787: 5434:"【東京の西新宿と臨海副都心で自動運転移動サービスへ都が実証実験の実施を決定" 3488: 2760: 2308:intervene" in case anything goes wrong. 1987: 1363: 1355: 1347: 1339: 993: 963: 841: 60: 54:Seeker autonomous rover during tests at 45: 6564: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6261: 6259: 6060: 6058: 5952: 4269:"Swiss move on with self-driving buses" 3955: 3389: 2938:"Automated Vehicles for Safety | NHTSA" 2393:BMWs Motorrad Vision concept motorcycle 1873:In July 2020, a trial service began in 1401:project is estimated at $ 379 million. 903: 672:Self-driving_car § Classifications 14: 7032: 6899: 6897: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6745: 6743: 6687: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6628: 6626: 6590: 6588: 6223: 5768: 3956:Kitchen, Sebastian (8 December 2016). 3760:"Driverless robot buses crash, Part 2" 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3137: 3135: 2902:" IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 2021. 2625:(USV) launched in 2016 as part of the 2263:to test its automated truck by moving 2028:, from the north bank of the Forth to 1890:"Land Car" based "ZEN drive Pilot" in 1416:stated it had built 100 of its 8-seat 1404:In January 2017, it was announced the 1210:. The goals of that program include: 937: 7009: 6753:"State of the Art of Automated Buses" 6493: 6196: 6146:Sorokanich, Bob (11 September 2018). 6043:from the original on 11 December 2022 5186:from the original on 14 December 2021 4736:from the original on 14 December 2021 4549:"Driverless Bus TESTING ROUTE NOTICE" 4331: 4201:from the original on 14 December 2021 4169:from the original on 14 December 2021 3259:products.bosch-mobility-solutions.com 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2894: 2892: 2751:AAA Foundation for Traffic and Safety 2724:control when prompted by the vehicle. 2695:The Highway Code - 27/07/2022, page 4 2574: 2054:with support from Fusion Processing, 1788:Florida State College at Jacksonville 1784:Jacksonville Transportation Authority 1778:Jacksonville Transportation Authority 1744:Next Future Transportation "pods" in 1394:Jacksonville Transportation Authority 137:Pedestrian crash avoidance mitigation 6790:National Transportation Safety Board 6373: 6256: 6199:"世界初の完全自動無人運転、「ポートライナー」が40年前に開業した理由" 6099:Bob Sorokanich (11 September 2018), 6055: 5570: 5544: 5516:from the original on 11 August 2022. 5041:"JTA Unveils U²C Gen-2 Test Vehicle" 3327: 2771:National Transportation Safety Board 2729:proposed changes to The Highway Code 2717:proposed changes to The Highway Code 2653: 2524:are all developing delivery drones. 2337: 2176:Safe Road Trains for the Environment 1723:Westfield Autonomous Vehicles "POD" 1487: 1372:Since 1999, the 12-seat/10-standing 848:Computer security § Automobiles 6894: 6832: 6805: 6740: 6648: 6623: 6585: 6265: 5794:. Regnery Publishing. p. 114. 3573: 3517: 3477: 3170: 3132: 2917: 2882:Hu, J.; Bhowmick, P.; Lanzon, A., " 2876: 2097:and other three areas in sequence. 1627:Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant 1208:Intelligent Car Flagship Initiative 1105:Electronic brake force distribution 1073:(where the route terminates at the 24: 5907: 5693: 3822:"Nissan | News Press Release" 3231:. 18 February 2019. Archived from 3088: 3047: 3007: 2889: 2739: 2632:Continuous Trail Unmanned Vessel ( 2505: 1921:Guangzhou International Bio Island 1704:In December 2017 a trial began in 978: 765:advanced driver-assistance systems 715:advanced driver-assistance systems 665: 540:IEEE Robotics and Automation Award 142:Vehicle infrastructure integration 25: 7061: 6993: 5953:Kolodny, Lora (6 February 2018). 5934:McFarland, Matt (26 March 2018). 5788:Gingrich, Newt (7 October 2014). 4790:(Press release). 22 November 2021 3390:Mearian, Lucas (19 August 2016). 2824:Intelligent Transportation System 2159:system and ground-speed sensors. 2129:, a Canadian energy company, and 2060:University of the West of England 2046:minibus on a circular service to 1252:Intelligent Parking Assist System 1000:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic 793:AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety 648:advanced driver-assistance system 7050:Ethics of science and technology 6932: 6777: 6681: 6539: 6513: 6494:Shead, Sam (11 September 2020). 6487: 6462: 6436: 6403: 6348: 6331: 6310: 6285: 6236: 6217: 6165: 6139: 6092: 6076: 6023: 5997: 5972: 5946: 5927: 5901: 5875: 5850: 5825: 5808: 5740: 5714: 5687: 5644: 5616: 5590: 5564: 5538: 5520: 5494: 5480: 5466: 5452: 5426: 5398: 5376: 5350: 5328: 4879:"Baidu apollo self driving cars" 3762:. Wolfstad.com. 17 December 2005 2341: 1943:"Accessible People Movers (APM)" 1879:Changhua Coastal Industrial Park 1811:Nanyang Technological University 1491: 1224:Project AWAKE for drowsy drivers 924:micro-electro-mechanical systems 89: 7010:Sheth, Aadit (3 January 2024). 6266:Lee, Jason (23 December 2019). 5571:Peat, Chris (23 January 2023). 5545:Peat, Chris (23 January 2023). 5300: 5270: 5242: 5220: 5198: 5166: 5145: 5123: 5102: 5081: 5059: 5033: 5021:. Mass Transit. 5 November 2019 5011: 4989: 4967: 4945: 4919: 4897: 4871: 4849: 4833:. 1 August 2019. Archived from 4823: 4802: 4776: 4748: 4716: 4694: 4673: 4651: 4637: 4615: 4593: 4567: 4541: 4519: 4497: 4472: 4446: 4425: 4399: 4373: 4351: 4325: 4313: 4287: 4261: 4235: 4213: 4181: 4124: 4102: 4081: 4067: 4045: 4023: 3997: 3975: 3949: 3917: 3895: 3870: 3840: 3814: 3788: 3774: 3752: 3740:. Wolfstad.com. 6 December 2005 3730: 3704: 3679: 3652: 3617: 3450: 3355: 3321: 3295: 3277: 3247: 3217: 2756: 2674:Regulation of self-driving cars 2639: 2565: 2455:List of automated train systems 2024:park-and-ride route across the 1593:and the nuclear power plant at 1315:– there is a move to introduce 1284:(e.g. via completely automated 970:Regulation of self-driving cars 684:Society of Automotive Engineers 614:Automated vehicles may include 6224:Topham, Gwyn (26 March 2018). 5230:. Auto Future. 11 January 2021 4704:. Mass Transit. 13 August 2021 3738:"Driverless robot buses crash" 2993: 2967: 2964:- Car and Driver, October 2017 2955: 2930: 2905: 2851: 2330: 2285:, revealed a prototype of the 2064:Didcot Parkway railway station 2005:Alexander Dennis Enviro200 MMC 13: 1: 6817:Dogan, E; Chatila, R (2016). 6065:Eric Adams (6 January 2017), 5462:. New Atlas. 25 January 2018. 5308:"国内初！自動運転車に対するレベル4の認可を取得しました" 4112:. caradvice. 11 February 2021 3203:10.1080/04353684.2020.1747943 2844: 2667: 2646:Autonomous underwater vehicle 2602: 2551: 2465:In 2018 the first autonomous 2402:Yamaha's riderless motorcycle 1979:Vehicle names are in "quotes" 1962:Tokyo Metropolitan Government 1220:Lane departure warning system 883: 759:and moving image processing. 734: 6715:10.1371/journal.pone.0214550 5490:. Mashable. 4 December 2017. 5476:– via www.youtube.com. 5208:. Taiwan Today. 16 July 2020 2819:Intelligent speed adaptation 2594: 2189: 2149:As reported in June 1995 in 2035:Another autonomous trial in 1953:tuned by Nippon Mobility in 1834:Christchurch Botanic Gardens 1464:In June 2021, Chinese maker 1233:Assured Clear Distance Ahead 1139:Acceleration Slip Regulation 1131:Electronic Stability Control 599:to assist the operator of a 107:Assured clear distance ahead 7: 6860:(inactive 29 August 2024). 5440:(in Japanese). 19 July 2021 5277:Shin Kato (November 2021). 4955:. Mass Transit. 5 June 2020 4332:Scott, Mark (28 May 2017). 2797: 2734: 2487: 1676:as well as short trials in 1155:(DSR) corrects the rate of 722:automated traffic jam pilot 84:& self-driving vehicles 10: 7066: 6957:10.1007/s12369-021-00790-w 5663:. 10 July 2020. p. 26 4055:. Tech Crunch. 4 July 2018 3503:10.1109/MSPEC.2020.9078402 2776: 2671: 2643: 2555: 2509: 2491: 2476: 2424: 2169:Carnegie Mellon University 2111: 2056:Oxfordshire County Council 1939:2021 Tokyo Summer Olympics 1335: 1170: 982: 967: 877:and validation data sets. 845: 675: 669: 490:Technological unemployment 39:Intelligent Car Initiative 36: 29: 6826:CEUR Workshop Proceedings 6609:10.1016/j.trf.2018.08.010 6474:Autonomous Marine Systems 6197:枝久保達也 (25 January 2021). 5771:"Leave The Driving To Us" 5769:Nelson, Ray (June 1995). 5386:. Reuters. 28 August 2021 4977:. WJCT. 15 September 2020 3638:10.1016/j.tra.2017.10.006 3603:10.1016/j.trc.2018.08.013 3156:10.1016/j.tra.2016.10.013 3126:10.1016/j.trc.2018.02.012 3074:10.1016/j.tra.2018.10.019 2586:Autonomous Marine Systems 2427:Automatic train operation 2420: 2107: 1782:Since December 2018, the 1656:Cambridge railway station 1479: 1264:with pedestrian detection 1197:Automated highway systems 1153:Dynamic steering response 812: 788:Success in the technology 769:Global Positioning System 620:unmanned surface vehicles 210:Automatic train operation 7016:Prompt Engineering Daily 6547:"Home | Boston Dynamics" 5474:"Smart Mobility is here" 2623:unmanned surface vehicle 2610: 2558:Unmanned surface vehicle 2479:Automated guided vehicle 2473:Automated guided vehicle 2460: 2039:, England, which uses a 1983: 1456:2021 Tokyo Olympic Games 1302:Traffic sign recognition 1273:Driver Monitoring System 1097:Anti-lock braking system 1008:Automated driving system 856:Many automakers such as 852:Autonomous car liability 215:Unmanned surface vehicle 18:Automated driving system 5750:. ihs-.com. 9 June 2016 4031:"Rivium 3rd generation" 4009:Euro Transport Magazine 2710:lane-keeping assistance 2658: 2494:Unmanned aerial vehicle 2444:Docklands Light Railway 2069:In July 2020 in Japan, 1752:World Government Summit 1262:Automotive night vision 1215:Adaptive cruise control 1166: 1111:Traction control system 1103:)), often coupled with 1085:Vehicle tracking system 985:Unmanned ground vehicle 741:Artificial Intelligence 711:adaptive cruise control 690:Level 0: No automation. 593:artificial intelligence 6918:10.22381/CRLSJ11220191 6858:10.22381/CRLSJ11120191 6551:www.bostondynamics.com 6205:(in Japanese). Diamond 3551:10.1098/rsta.2010.0110 2792:value sensitive design 2766: 2732: 2720: 2698: 2630:Anti-Submarine Warfare 2030:Edinburgh Park station 2020:14 miles (23 km) 1996: 1916:WeRide "Mini Robobus" 1619:University of Michigan 1545:Neuhausen am Rheinfall 1539:Neuhausen am Rheinfall 1392:In December 2016, the 1378:Capelle aan den IJssel 1369: 1361: 1353: 1345: 1133:(ESC) (also known for 1067:Capelle aan den IJssel 1040: 1029: 1015: 516:Trade shows and awards 66: 58: 5577:Bus & Coach Buyer 5551:Bus & Coach Buyer 4247:Motion Digest Network 3040:10.3390/joitmc5020024 2764: 2721: 2702: 2688:self-driving vehicles 2684: 2520:, Alphabet Wing, and 2178:is such an approach. 2112:Further information: 2013:Stagecoach Manchester 1994:Stagecoach Manchester 1991: 1670:Wageningen University 1367: 1359: 1352:Navya Autonom Shuttle 1351: 1343: 1268:Blind spot monitoring 1030: 1019: 1004: 994:Road traffic vehicles 983:Further information: 964:Regulatory challenges 842:Risks and liabilities 676:Further information: 288:Automation in general 64: 49: 7045:Vehicular automation 6252:. 23 September 2018. 6039:. 18 December 2018. 4555:on 12 September 2017 4480:"Autonomous Shuttle" 3471:10.4271/2018-01-1066 3291:on 27 November 2010. 3285:"The SARTRE project" 3265:on 16 September 2017 2355:adding missing items 1830:Christchurch Airport 1505:adding missing items 1297:Safe speed governing 904:Technical challenges 638:, as well as guided 626:, advanced airliner 587:involves the use of 585:Vehicular automation 459:Impact of automation 220:Vehicular automation 6706:2019PLoSO..1414550W 5534:. 22 November 2018. 4933:on 12 November 2018 4581:on 1 September 2017 4507:. 17 September 2019 3962:Florida Times-Union 3543:2010RSPTA.368.4649C 3537:(1928): 4649–4672. 3309:. 14 September 2016 2788:Roman V. Yampolskiy 2319:Anthony Levandowski 1849:Boao Forum for Asia 1734:trial conducted in 1553:Local Motors "Olli" 1398:Jacksonville Skyway 1204:European Commission 1048:driverless tractors 938:Societal challenges 597:multi-agent systems 6770:10.3390/su10093118 6669:. 17 December 2019 5258:. 11 December 2020 5133:. 16 February 2020 4859:. 15 February 2018 4387:. 1 September 2016 4338:The New York Times 4077:. 15 October 2020. 4011:. 20 February 2017 3905:. 11 November 2016 3858:on 2 February 2019 3828:on 27 October 2011 3802:. 29 November 2005 3367:ABC7 San Francisco 3328:Marshall, Aarian. 2809:Self-driving truck 2767: 2580:Buffalo Automation 2575:Buffalo Automation 2518:UPS Flight Forward 2353:; you can help by 2317:In December 2018, 2165:Robotics Institute 2125:Companies such as 2114:Self-driving truck 1997: 1960:In November 2021, 1951:Hino "Poncho Long" 1929:Toyota "e-Palette" 1900:In December 2020, 1623:Salford University 1503:; you can help by 1450:In December 2020, 1370: 1362: 1354: 1346: 1238:Adaptive headlamps 659:traffic collisions 187:Self-driving truck 67: 59: 7040:Uncrewed vehicles 5728:. 13 October 2013 5604:. 23 January 2023 5512:. 19 March 2019. 5509:Independent.co.uk 5338:. 29 January 2021 4907:. DW. 5 July 2018 4810:"GATEway Project" 4764:. 2 December 2021 4724:"The Mines Rover" 4625:. 4 December 2017 4529:. 18 October 2017 4361:. 12 January 2017 4249:. 10 October 2016 2979:SAE International 2790:propose that the 2654:Assistance robots 2418: 2417: 2371: 2370: 2328: 2327: 2277:In November 2017 2232:In October 2016, 2157:inertial guidance 2120:autonomous trucks 2100:In October 2023, 2026:Forth Road Bridge 2009:Fusion Processing 1976: 1975: 1966:Keio Dentetsu Bus 1521: 1520: 1368:King Long Apolong 1317:deadman's braking 1313:Dead man's switch 1257:Automatic Parking 1087:system ESITrack, 724:can drive in the 624:autonomous trains 616:self-driving cars 582: 581: 500:Post-work society 485:Self-driving cars 257: 256: 160:Automatic parking 112:Autonomous racing 82:Self-driving cars 16:(Redirected from 7057: 7026: 7024: 7022: 6987: 6986: 6968: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6901: 6892: 6891: 6885: 6877: 6841: 6830: 6829: 6823: 6814: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6747: 6738: 6737: 6727: 6717: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6659: 6646: 6645: 6630: 6621: 6620: 6592: 6583: 6582: 6571: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6382: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6322: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6263: 6254: 6253: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6152:Road & Track 6143: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6117: 6108: 6107: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6062: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6034: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6011:. 10 August 2017 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5908:Dillet, Romain. 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5656: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5505: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5414:. 30 August 2021 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5283: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5043:. 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Archived from 3929: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3882: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3854:. Archived from 3852:Channel NewsAsia 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3691: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3586: 3571: 3570: 3526: 3515: 3514: 3486: 3475: 3474: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3428: 3419: 3416: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3287:. Archived from 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3261:. Archived from 3255:"The next steps" 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3229:Your AAA Network 3221: 3215: 3214: 3188: 3179: 3168: 3167: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3109: 3086: 3085: 3056: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3018: 3005: 3004: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2934: 2928: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2887: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2863:ESO Announcement 2855: 2839:Uncrewed vehicle 2804:Self-driving car 2747:Kelley Blue Book 2730: 2718: 2696: 2522:Amazon Prime Air 2467:trams in Potsdam 2433:Port Island Line 2384:Honda motorcycle 2376:Company/Location 2373: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2305:Starsky Robotics 2300:Starsky Robotics 2194: 2193: 2161:Caterpillar Inc. 2095:Hyōgo Prefecture 2087:Shiga prefecture 2079:Isuzu "Erga Mio" 2041:battery electric 1896:Fukui prefecture 1818:Ohmio "Lift" in 1760:"Apolong/Apollo" 1694:Sophia Antipolis 1526:Company/Location 1523: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1495: 1494: 1488: 1321:penalty switches 1173:Self-driving car 1117:Four wheel drive 1038: 1027: 636:planetary rovers 574: 567: 560: 495:Jobless recovery 282: 259: 258: 249: 242: 235: 93: 69: 68: 32:Uncrewed vehicle 21: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7030: 7029: 7020: 7018: 6996: 6991: 6990: 6937: 6933: 6903: 6902: 6895: 6879: 6878: 6843: 6842: 6833: 6821: 6815: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6793:. 28 March 2018 6783: 6782: 6778: 6748: 6741: 6700:(3): e0214550. 6686: 6682: 6672: 6670: 6661: 6660: 6649: 6632: 6631: 6624: 6593: 6586: 6573: 6572: 6565: 6555: 6553: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6528: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6504: 6502: 6492: 6488: 6478: 6476: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6453: 6451: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6394: 6392: 6384: 6383: 6374: 6364: 6362: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6320: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6276: 6274: 6272:The Motley Fool 6264: 6257: 6249:TheGuardian.com 6242: 6241: 6237: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6195: 6191: 6181: 6179: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6144: 6140: 6130: 6128: 6119: 6118: 6111: 6097: 6093: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6063: 6056: 6046: 6044: 6037:Financial Times 6029: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6012: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5951: 5947: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5890: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5864: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5786: 5782: 5775:Popular Science 5767: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5694:Hübner, Irina. 5692: 5688: 5684:, pp. 3–4. 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5543: 5539: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5417: 5415: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5319: 5317: 5316:. 31 March 2023 5306: 5305: 5301: 5291: 5289: 5288:. pp. 5–13 5281: 5275: 5271: 5261: 5259: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5047:on 28 June 2021 5039: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4980: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4837:on 28 June 2021 4829: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4155: 4154: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4134:. 21 April 2021 4130: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3985:. 15 April 2021 3981: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3719: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3657: 3653: 3622: 3618: 3587: 3574: 3527: 3518: 3487: 3478: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3432:"A Tragic Loss" 3430: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3388: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3307:www.cbsnews.com 3301: 3300: 3296: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3235:on 20 June 2021 3223: 3222: 3218: 3186: 3180: 3171: 3140: 3133: 3110: 3089: 3057: 3048: 3019: 3008: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2946: 2944: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2897: 2890: 2881: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2800: 2784:Steven Umbrello 2779: 2759: 2742: 2740:Lack of control 2737: 2731: 2728: 2719: 2716: 2697: 2694: 2676: 2670: 2661: 2656: 2648: 2642: 2613: 2605: 2597: 2588: 2577: 2568: 2560: 2554: 2514: 2508: 2506:Delivery drones 2496: 2490: 2481: 2475: 2463: 2429: 2423: 2410:Harley-Davidson 2367: 2361: 2358: 2342: 2333: 2216:parent company 2208:In March 2018, 2192: 2174:In Europe, the 2152:Popular Science 2139:Daimler Company 2131:Rio Tinto Group 2116: 2110: 2022:Stagecoach Fife 1986: 1792:EasyMile "EZ10" 1732:GATEway project 1714: 1664:EasyMile "EZ10" 1649:LUTZ Pathfinder 1621:since 2016, at 1574:Navya "Autonom" 1559:Washington D.C. 1517: 1511: 1508: 1492: 1482: 1338: 1325:cruise controls 1292:Precrash system 1175: 1169: 1039: 1036: 1028: 1025: 996: 987: 981: 979:Ground vehicles 972: 966: 940: 906: 886: 854: 844: 815: 790: 737: 680: 674: 668: 666:Autonomy levels 605:semi-autonomous 578: 549: 511: 454: 389: 385:Vending machine 355:Semi-automation 253: 224: 196: 146: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7063: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7028: 7027: 7007: 7002: 6995: 6994:External links 6992: 6989: 6988: 6951:(2): 313–322. 6931: 6912:(2): 9. 2019. 6893: 6831: 6804: 6776: 6757:Sustainability 6739: 6680: 6667:AAA Foundation 6647: 6622: 6584: 6563: 6538: 6512: 6486: 6470:"DATAMARAN AF" 6461: 6448:Buffalo Rising 6435: 6402: 6372: 6347: 6339:"Bill S. 1405" 6330: 6309: 6284: 6255: 6235: 6216: 6189: 6164: 6138: 6109: 6105:Road and Track 6091: 6075: 6054: 6022: 5996: 5971: 5945: 5926: 5900: 5889:. 9 March 2018 5874: 5849: 5824: 5807: 5801:978-1621572817 5800: 5780: 5761: 5739: 5726:Bloomberg-.com 5713: 5686: 5682:Shin Kato 2021 5674: 5643: 5632:. 10 July 2020 5615: 5589: 5563: 5537: 5519: 5493: 5479: 5465: 5451: 5425: 5397: 5375: 5364:. 30 June 2021 5349: 5327: 5299: 5269: 5241: 5219: 5197: 5165: 5144: 5122: 5101: 5080: 5058: 5032: 5010: 4988: 4966: 4944: 4918: 4896: 4870: 4848: 4822: 4801: 4775: 4747: 4715: 4693: 4672: 4650: 4636: 4614: 4592: 4566: 4540: 4518: 4496: 4471: 4445: 4424: 4413:. 21 June 2017 4398: 4385:The Australian 4372: 4350: 4324: 4312: 4301:. 16 June 2016 4286: 4260: 4234: 4212: 4180: 4145: 4123: 4101: 4080: 4066: 4044: 4022: 3996: 3974: 3948: 3937:on 4 June 2022 3916: 3894: 3869: 3839: 3813: 3787: 3773: 3751: 3729: 3717: 3703: 3678: 3667:(2021–01–0074) 3651: 3616: 3572: 3516: 3476: 3449: 3438:. 30 June 2016 3420: 3408: 3396:Computer World 3379: 3354: 3320: 3294: 3276: 3246: 3216: 3197:(2): 155–171. 3169: 3131: 3087: 3046: 3006: 2992: 2981:. 15 June 2018 2966: 2954: 2929: 2916: 2904: 2888: 2875: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2796: 2778: 2775: 2758: 2755: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2726: 2714: 2706:cruise control 2692: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2644:Main article: 2641: 2638: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2556:Main article: 2553: 2550: 2512:Delivery drone 2510:Main article: 2507: 2504: 2492:Main article: 2489: 2486: 2477:Main article: 2474: 2471: 2469:were trialed. 2462: 2459: 2425:Main article: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2369: 2368: 2348: 2346: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2191: 2188: 2146:in June 2016. 2109: 2106: 2050:, operated by 1985: 1982: 1974: 1973: 1958: 1947: 1946: 1935: 1925: 1924: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1898: 1884: 1883: 1871: 1861: 1860: 1845: 1838: 1837: 1822: 1815: 1814: 1813:in Singapore. 1807: 1796: 1795: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1748: 1741: 1740: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1711:Salt Lake City 1666: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1644: 1643: 1635: 1634:Texas A&M 1631: 1630: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1541: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1519: 1518: 1498: 1496: 1481: 1478: 1412:In July 2018, 1383:European Union 1337: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1240: 1235: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1217: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1157:power steering 1150: 1128: 1114: 1108: 1094: 1091: 1075:Kralingse Zoom 1034: 1023: 995: 992: 980: 977: 965: 962: 961: 960: 956: 953: 949: 939: 936: 928:accelerometers 920: 919: 915: 911: 905: 902: 898:stereo cameras 885: 882: 843: 840: 814: 811: 789: 786: 736: 733: 707: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 670:Main article: 667: 664: 632:drone aircraft 580: 579: 577: 576: 569: 562: 554: 551: 550: 548: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 521: 518: 517: 513: 512: 510: 509: 504: 503: 502: 497: 487: 482: 481: 480: 470: 464: 461: 460: 456: 455: 453: 452: 447: 446: 445: 435: 433:Guided vehicle 430: 429: 428: 423: 422: 421: 414:Vacuum cleaner 405: 402: 401: 391: 390: 388: 387: 382: 377: 375:Teller machine 372: 371: 370: 365: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 315:Highway system 312: 311: 310: 300: 294: 291: 290: 284: 283: 275: 274: 268: 267: 255: 254: 252: 251: 244: 237: 229: 226: 225: 223: 222: 217: 212: 206: 203: 202: 201:Related topics 198: 197: 195: 194: 192:Tunnel problem 189: 184: 179: 178: 177: 167: 162: 156: 153: 152: 148: 147: 145: 144: 139: 134: 132:Lane centering 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 103: 100: 99: 95: 94: 86: 85: 78: 77: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7062: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7017: 7013: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6958: 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6042: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5817: 5811: 5803: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5784: 5777:. p. 26. 5776: 5772: 5765: 5749: 5743: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5701: 5700:Elektroniknet 5697: 5690: 5683: 5678: 5662: 5661: 5653: 5647: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5504: 5497: 5489: 5483: 5475: 5469: 5461: 5455: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5401: 5385: 5379: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5337: 5331: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5303: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5229: 5223: 5207: 5201: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5169: 5154: 5148: 5132: 5126: 5111: 5105: 5090: 5084: 5069:. 13 May 2019 5068: 5062: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5020: 5014: 4998: 4992: 4976: 4970: 4954: 4948: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4906: 4900: 4885:. 2 July 2017 4884: 4880: 4874: 4858: 4852: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4811: 4805: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4719: 4703: 4697: 4682: 4676: 4660: 4654: 4646: 4640: 4624: 4618: 4602: 4596: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4528: 4522: 4506: 4500: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4434: 4428: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4360: 4354: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4223:. 3 June 2021 4222: 4216: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4152: 4150: 4133: 4127: 4111: 4105: 4090: 4084: 4076: 4070: 4054: 4048: 4032: 4026: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3984: 3978: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3933: 3926: 3920: 3904: 3898: 3879: 3873: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3783: 3777: 3761: 3755: 3739: 3733: 3724: 3722: 3713: 3707: 3688: 3682: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3491:IEEE Spectrum 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