832:), is a European Commission funded project investigating implementation of platooning on unmodified European motorways. The project begun in September 2009, and vehicle platooning, as envisaged by the SARTRE project, is a convoy of vehicles in which a professional driver in a lead vehicle heads a line of closely following vehicles. Each following vehicle autonomously measures the distance, speed and direction and adjusts to the vehicle in front. Once in the platoon, drivers can do other things while the platoon proceeds towards its long-haul destination. All vehicles are detached and can leave the procession at any time.
20:
2336:
381:
48:
775:. However, despite the technical success of the program, investment has moved more toward autonomous intelligent vehicles rather than building specialized infrastructure. The AHS system places sensory technology in cars that can read passive road markings, and use radar and inter-car communications to make the cars organize themselves without the intervention of drivers. Such an
753:
led by Robert E. Fenton, based on funding from the U.S. Federal
Highway Administration. Their first automated vehicle was built in 1962, and is believed to be the first land vehicle to contain a computer. Steering, braking and speed were controlled through the onboard electronics, which filled the
918:
In
November 2019, Hyundai Motor Group successfully conducted its first platooning of trucks on a highway for the first time in Korea. Demonstrations of platooning, cut-in/cut-out of other vehicles, simultaneous emergency braking, and V2V communication technology were conducted.
330:
Interactions between platooning and non-platooning vehicles in real-life situations may be difficult, due to differing requirements for headway and reaction time, different driving styles, and the possibility of a platoon blocking lane changes and merging
910:(MLIT) successfully achieved traveling of trucks on part of the Shin-Tomei Expressway in a platoon in which no drivers were present in either the second or the following trucks, with staff in only the passenger seat for security purposes.
727:
The cars organize themselves into platoons of 8 to 25 cars. The cars within a platoon drive themselves a meter apart, so that air resistance is minimized. The distance between platoons is the conventional
717:. Furthermore, the spikes can have either magnetic north or magnetic south facing up. The roadway thus provides small amounts of digital data describing interchanges and recommended speeds.
1556:
1132:
Carl
Bergenhem, Henrik Pettersson, Erik Coelingh, Cristofer Englund, Steven Shladover, Sadayuki Tsugawa, "Overview of Platooning Systems", ITS World Congress, Vienna, 22–26 October 2012,
713:
In one scheme, the roadway has magnetized stainless-steel spikes driven one meter apart in its center. The car senses the spikes to measure its speed and locate the center of the
196:
327:
Platooning is only possible when enough vehicles with the same software are driving together, and could be difficult in real-life situations with a mixture of vehicle types.
798:
The
Federal Highway Administration in 2013 funded two research projects in heavy truck platooning (without steering automation). One is led by Auburn University with
268:
could automatically join and leave platoons. The automated highway system is a proposal for one such system, where cars organise themselves into platoons of 8 to 25.
1549:
1277:
2607:
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The close spacing of platooning vehicles may serve to further normalize tailgating among drivers of non-platooning vehicles, increasing dangerous driving behavior.
1180:
907:
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1253:
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Platooning of trucks has been proposed as a concept to reduce the energy consumption of semi-trucks and improve the feasibility of electric semi-trucks.
625:
258:. Drivers would probably need a special license endorsement on account of the new skills required and the added responsibility when driving in the lead.
863:
During its
Presidency of the European Union in 2016, the Netherlands organised a European Truck Platooning Challenge. Six brands of automated trucks –
321:
Drivers may be less attentive than usual, and they may not be able to react as quickly to adverse situations if the software or hardware were to fail.
754:
trunk, back seat and most of the front of the passenger side of the car. Research continued at OSU until federal funding was cut in the early 1980s.
645:
1034:
705:
relief, on the grounds that it would drastically reduce following distances and headway, thus allowing a given stretch of road to carry more cars.
1147:"Evaluating the Potential of Platooning in Lowering the Required Performance Metrics of Li-Ion Batteries to Enable Practical Electric Semi-Trucks"
847:
at speeds of up to 90 km/h (56 mph) with a gap between of at most 6 m (20 ft). The companies that participated in SARTRE were
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2065:
807:
239:
Platoons decrease the distances between cars or trucks using electronic, and possibly mechanical, coupling. This capability would allow many
2423:
2055:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1326:
1004:
203:
1222:
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The USDOT-sponsored
National Automated Highway System Consortium (NAHSC) project, a prototype automated highway system, was tested in
73:
2374:
1387:
903:
1494:
2590:
1355:"World's First Test of Expressway Traveling of CACC - mounted Trucks Platooning with Drivers in the Following Trucks Launched"
835:
In
January 2011, SARTRE made the first successful demonstration of its platooning technology at the Volvo Proving Ground near
93:
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In
January 2018, trucks from different manufacturers were successfully driven by platooning for the first time on the
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694:
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The close spacing would not give drivers enough time to react to hazards if the software or hardware were to fail.
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Drivers would be less in control of their own driving, being at the hands of computer software or the lead driver.
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1250:"EU SARTRE road platooning project moving to testing phase; firsts tests of two-vehicle train by end of year"
1051:
On the
Technical Feasibility of Vehicle to Vehicle Charging for Electric Vehicles via Platooning on Freeways
2030:
1999:
1905:
1734:
1693:
1582:
1488:
1048:
Rostami-shahrbabaki, Majid; Haghbayan, Seyed Arman; Akbarzadeh, Meisam; Bogenberger, Klaus (13 July 2022).
768:
630:
78:
63:
1341:"What is the European Truck Platooning Challenge? – ACEA – European Automobile Manufacturers' Association"
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83:
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Simulation of
Cooperative Automated Driving by Bidirectional Coupling of Vehicle and Network Simulators
1121:
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339:
131:
30:
1084:
839:, in which a lead truck was followed by a car. In January 2012, SARTRE made a second demonstration in
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550:
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and the other is led by California Department of Transportation, with UC Berkeley and Volvo Trucks.
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and by reducing the need for acceleration, deceleration, and stopping to maintain traffic flow.
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Platoon capability might require buying new vehicles, or it may be something that can be
1103:"Commercial Vehicle Hacking: The New Hacking Frontier? - Kodsi Forensic Engineering Inc"
2662:
2463:
1868:
1863:
1791:
1698:
1622:
1410:
1278:"SARTRE project completes first successful on-road demo of multiple vehicle platooning"
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On longer highway trips, vehicles could be mostly unattended whilst in following mode.
243:
or trucks to accelerate or brake simultaneously. This system also allows for a closer
19:
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600:
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732:. If anything goes wrong, the maximum number of harmed cars should be one platoon.
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1198:"Auburn engineers collaborate with industry partners on truck platooning project"
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Guttenberg, Matthew; Sripad, Shashank; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian (2017).
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https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/174621/local_174621.pdf
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736:
2209:
2184:
953:
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887:– ran on public roads from several European cities to the Netherlands.
864:
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on specific right-of ways. It is most often recommended as a means of
568:
388:
240:
232:
a group of vehicles together. It is meant to increase the capacity of
2254:
1383:"Successful Autonomous Driving Technology Tests for Truck Platooning"
1305:
880:
799:
1517:
1997 demo of autonomous cars platooning on I-5 San Diego, California
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2258:
2204:
2194:
2161:
1852:
1837:
843:, in which a lead truck was followed by three cars driven entirely
495:
138:
1531:(a lead truck followed by three cars driven entirely autonomously)
724:
and automatic speed controls, which are controlled by a computer.
2418:
2413:
948:
380:
244:
229:
2263:
2045:
1503:
1436:"S. Korea to demonstrate first truck platooning on public road"
1002:
792:
519:
1054:. European control conference. London: IEEE. pp. 503–537.
47:
1984:
1954:
1949:
1944:
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928:
872:
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338:
with the lead vehicle, the entire platoon may be caught in a
16:
Group of vehicles travelling separately but following another
2035:
1761:
1144:
714:
233:
1085:"Security experts hack into moving car and seize control"
1067:"Hackers Hijack a Big Rig Truck's Accelerator and Brakes"
784:
1506:
done in the context of the AutoNet2030 European project.
735:
An overview of platooning systems is given in Bergenhem
2382:
1471:
908:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
311:
Some systems have failed in traffic, as they have been
749:
The origin of research on AHS was done by a team from
315:
by remote computers, creating a hazardous situation.
1568:, self-driving vehicles and enabling technologies
2746:
1491:Forecast for the future of urban transportation.
2066:IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society
1495:Safe Road Trains for the Enivironment (SARTRE)
1388:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)
1271:
1269:
2368:
2122:
1550:
666:
197:
2424:List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications
2056:VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge
1523:2011 SARTRE Project demo, Gothenburg, Sweden
1033:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2544:Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV)
1266:
1215:
349:
2375:
2361:
2335:
2129:
2115:
1557:
1543:
1529:2012 SARTRE Project demo, Barcelona, Spain
1525:(a lead truck with a single following car)
1187:. Memagazine.org. Retrieved on 2013-09-04.
673:
659:
379:
305:
204:
190:
2136:
1502:: An example of platooning simulation in
1483:Vehicle Platooning and Automated Highways
1275:
1247:
1225:. The SARTRE Project. n.d. Archived from
1162:
1005:"The Aerodynamic Performance of Platoons"
1485:Description of the San Diego experiment.
18:
904:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
2747:
1325:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1241:
2356:
2110:
1538:
1489:Underground Automated Highway Systems
1064:
1003:Zabat, Stabile, Frascaroll, Browand,
295:Shorter commutes during peak periods.
271:
94:Pedestrian crash avoidance mitigation
1975:Dedicated short-range communications
1472:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
959:Safe Road Trains for the Environment
830:Safe Road Trains for the Environment
824:Safe Road Trains for the Environment
744:
2534:Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)
697:technology designed to provide for
342:due to the reduced vehicle spacing.
13:
2407:Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV)
1662:Automated emergency braking system
974:Vehicle Infrastructure Integration
641:IEEE Robotics and Automation Award
99:Vehicle infrastructure integration
14:
2771:
2529:Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV)
1684:Advanced driver-assistance system
1593:Intelligent transportation system
1464:Fleet Test and Evaluation Project
1457:
695:intelligent transportation system
236:via an automated highway system.
2334:
1906:Safe speed automotive common law
777:autonomous cruise control system
762:
247:between vehicles by eliminating
46:
2502:Automatic train operation (ATO)
2289:Vehicular communication systems
1598:Context-aware pervasive systems
1428:
1403:
1375:
1347:
1333:
1294:
1190:
2565:Unmanned surface vehicle (USV)
2492:Automated guided vehicle (AGV)
1995:Radio-frequency identification
1719:Automated Lane Keeping Systems
1178:Engineering Newsletters - ASME
1171:
1138:
1126:
1109:
1095:
1077:
1058:
1041:
996:
913:
804:American Trucking Associations
757:
1:
2487:Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV)
2402:Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
1911:Automated lane keeping system
1652:Lane departure warning system
1164:10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01022
989:
859:EU Truck Platooning Challenge
2031:American Center for Mobility
2000:Automotive navigation system
1788:, formerly Google Car (2012)
1735:Automotive navigation system
1694:Intelligent speed adaptation
1583:History of self-driving cars
769:San Diego County, California
708:
301:Vehicle to vehicle charging
64:Assured clear distance ahead
7:
2312:Automated vacuum collection
1689:Driver drowsiness detection
1588:Impact of self-driving cars
922:
251:needed for human reaction.
41:& self-driving vehicles
10:
2776:
1929:Self-driving car liability
1833:Automated guideway transit
1667:Collision avoidance system
1223:"About the SARTRE project"
821:
591:Technological unemployment
353:
340:multiple-vehicle collision
2721:
2630:
2573:
2557:
2521:
2479:
2444:
2437:
2394:
2330:
2297:
2223:
2160:
2151:
2144:
2074:
2061:Eureka Prometheus Project
2041:European Land-Robot Trial
2019:
2008:
1960:Artificial neural network
1935:
1923:
1916:Regulation (EU) 2019/2144
1886:
1823:
1754:
1747:
1707:
1640:
1631:
1608:Smart, connected products
1573:
817:
167:Automatic train operation
2539:Intervention AUV (I-AUV)
2238:Alternative fuel vehicle
1980:Real-time Control System
1859:Freightliner Inspiration
1724:Vehicular ad hoc network
1468:Truck Platooning Testing
1276:GCC staff (2012-01-24).
1248:GCC staff (2010-12-11).
890:
687:automated highway system
350:Automated highway system
172:Unmanned surface vehicle
2760:Automotive technologies
2608:spaceflights to the ISS
2200:Pulse detonation engine
2170:Adaptive compliant wing
1808:Yandex self-driving car
1710:the driving environment
1677:Adaptive cruise control
1643:the driving environment
939:Drafting (aerodynamics)
306:Potential disadvantages
266:artificial intelligence
2708:Remote control vehicle
2703:Radio-controlled model
2269:Personal rapid transit
2190:High-altitude platform
1965:Computer stereo vision
1913:(unece regulation 157)
1641:Human driver monitors
779:is being developed by
617:Trade shows and awards
283:reduced air resistance
23:
2713:Remote control animal
2138:Emerging technologies
2051:DARPA Grand Challenge
1874:Mobility as a service
1824:Buses and commercial
1411:"WHAT IS PLATOONING?"
897:Shin-Tomei Expressway
853:Volvo Car Corporation
751:Ohio State University
389:Automation in general
22:
2698:Autonomous logistics
2284:Transit Elevated Bus
2215:Supersonic transport
1618:Ambient intelligence
1613:Ubiquitous computing
1009:Path Research Report
828:The SARTRE Project (
560:Impact of automation
177:Vehicular automation
2581:Uncrewed spacecraft
2307:Pneumatic transport
2250:Ground-effect train
2175:Backpack helicopter
2092:Anthony Levandowski
1774:General Motors EN-V
1229:on 15 November 2010
984:Wardrop equilibrium
979:Virginia Smart Road
902:In February, 2021,
877:MAN Truck & Bus
1869:Self-driving truck
1864:Driverless tractor
1699:Blind spot monitor
1623:Internet of things
1282:Green Car Congress
1254:Green Car Congress
1183:2010-07-05 at the
1151:ACS Energy Letters
1105:. 4 November 2015.
969:Traffic assignment
837:Gothenburg, Sweden
812:Peloton Technology
703:traffic congestion
334:In the event of a
272:Potential benefits
144:Self-driving truck
24:
2755:Self-driving cars
2742:
2741:
2734:Unmanned vehicles
2549:Underwater glider
2517:
2516:
2388:uncrewed vehicles
2350:
2349:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
1970:Image recognition
1882:
1881:
1743:
1742:
1657:Automatic parking
1566:Self-driving cars
1363:. 12 January 2018
1157:(11): 2642–2646.
1117:Truck RPM Control
1065:Greenberg, Andy.
745:Early development
683:
682:
601:Post-work society
586:Self-driving cars
336:traffic collision
249:reacting distance
214:
213:
117:Automatic parking
69:Autonomous racing
39:Self-driving cars
2767:
2693:Autonomous robot
2688:Robot locomotion
2603:Cargo spacecraft
2596:list of orbiters
2497:Self-driving car
2442:
2441:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2338:
2337:
2279:Self-driving car
2243:Hydrogen vehicle
2158:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2017:
2016:
1768:Spirit of Berlin
1752:
1751:
1708:System monitors
1638:
1637:
1603:Mobile computing
1559:
1552:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1451:
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1425:
1423:
1421:
1415:《Stock Logistic》
1407:
1401:
1400:
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1351:
1345:
1344:
1343:. 10 March 2016.
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1324:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1304:. Archived from
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1055:
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1038:
1032:
1024:
1019:, archived from
1000:
841:Barcelona, Spain
730:braking distance
693:, is a proposed
675:
668:
661:
596:Jobless recovery
383:
360:
359:
228:is a method for
206:
199:
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50:
26:
25:
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2764:
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2717:
2626:
2615:Space telescope
2591:list by program
2569:
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2513:
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2351:
2346:
2318:
2293:
2219:
2140:
2135:
2105:
2096:
2070:
2023:
2021:
2020:Organizations,
2012:
2011:Projects &
2010:
2009:Organizations,
2004:
1937:
1931:
1919:
1878:
1825:
1819:
1802:LUTZ Pathfinder
1739:
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1309:
1302:"Archived copy"
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1185:Wayback Machine
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1091:. 21 July 2015.
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1001:
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699:driverless cars
679:
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612:
555:
490:
486:Vending machine
456:Semi-automation
358:
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17:
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2624:
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2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:list of probes
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2567:
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2559:
2555:
2554:
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2551:
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1458:External links
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1391:. 5 March 2021
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869:Daimler Trucks
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822:Main article:
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771:in 1997 along
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1574:Overview and
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1308:on 2022-01-19
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356:Smart highway
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21:
2678:Nanorobotics
2663:Agricultural
2339:
2273:
2264:Maglev train
2233:Airless tire
1990:Eye tracking
1938:technologies
1901:IEEE 802.11p
1814:Honda Legend
1793:
1445:November 26,
1443:. Retrieved
1440:《Pulse News》
1439:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1386:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1358:
1349:
1335:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:the original
1296:
1285:. Retrieved
1257:. Retrieved
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:the original
1217:
1206:. Retrieved
1204:. 2013-12-12
1201:
1192:
1173:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1128:
1111:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1060:
1050:
1043:
1021:the original
1008:
998:
917:
901:
894:
885:Volvo Trucks
862:
849:Volvo Trucks
845:autonomously
834:
827:
797:
766:
748:
740:
734:
726:
719:
712:
690:
686:
684:
441:Pool cleaner
279:fuel economy
260:
253:
238:
225:
221:
215:
121:
2673:Microbotics
2429:Ornithopter
1896:Legislation
1843:ParkShuttle
914:South Korea
906:(METI) and
758:Deployments
469:Switchboard
256:retrofitted
2749:Categories
2725:Categories
2658:Disability
2522:Underwater
2210:Spaceplane
2185:Flying car
2024:and events
1888:Regulation
1633:SAE Levels
1312:2017-01-15
1287:2013-11-25
1259:2013-11-25
1233:18 January
1208:2023-08-09
990:References
954:Road train
944:Green wave
899:in Japan.
865:DAF Trucks
789:Volkswagen
691:smart road
689:(AHS), or
569:Manumation
539:Industrial
527:Lawn mower
460:Telephone
421:Laboratory
373:Automation
354:See also:
290:congestion
262:Smart cars
222:platooning
127:Regulation
2255:Hyperloop
2153:Transport
2022:projects
1936:Enabling
1924:Liability
1796:Autopilot
1017:1055-1425
881:Scania AB
800:Peterbilt
709:Principle
481:Vehicular
464:Attendant
451:Reasoning
446:Pop music
431:Broadcast
132:Liability
2683:Robotics
2643:Military
2638:Domestic
2454:Humanoid
2299:Pipeline
2259:Vactrain
2205:Scramjet
2195:Jet pack
1853:NuTonomy
1838:CAVForth
1826:vehicles
1748:Vehicles
1420:June 27,
1395:28 April
1367:28 April
1321:cite web
1181:Archived
1029:citation
923:See also
510:Domestic
496:Robotics
404:Building
365:a series
363:Part of
331:traffic.
288:Reduced
277:Greater
226:flocking
139:Robotaxi
74:Datasets
55:Enablers
31:a series
29:Part of
2653:Medical
2558:Surface
2464:Hexapod
2459:Android
2446:Walking
2419:Helicam
2414:Aerobot
2274:Platoon
1576:context
1519:(NAHSC)
1122:YouTube
1089:Reuters
949:Peloton
626:ASP-DAC
426:Library
399:Banking
281:due to
245:headway
230:driving
122:Platoon
79:History
2648:Rescue
2438:Ground
2395:Aerial
2162:Aerial
2145:Fields
2075:People
2046:Navlab
2013:People
1816:(2021)
1810:(2017)
1804:(2015)
1798:(2015)
1782:(2011)
1776:(2010)
1770:(2007)
1764:(1994)
1511:Videos
1504:Webots
1015:
818:SARTRE
810:, and
793:Toyota
737:et al.
608:Threat
520:Roomba
500:robots
313:hacked
108:Topics
84:Impact
2631:Other
2574:Space
2480:Other
1985:rFpro
1955:LIDAR
1950:Laser
1945:Radar
1786:Waymo
1726:(V2V)
1071:Wired
929:Train
891:Japan
873:Iveco
646:ICCAD
544:Paint
264:with
234:roads
2620:list
2507:list
2469:list
2386:and
2341:List
2225:Land
2036:DAVI
1855:taxi
1794:with
1762:VaMP
1755:Cars
1447:2020
1422:2019
1397:2022
1369:2022
1327:link
1235:2011
1035:link
1013:ISSN
883:and
851:and
791:and
715:lane
636:DATE
579:Bias
498:and
409:Home
241:cars
1159:doi
1120:on
785:BMW
685:An
631:DAC
574:OOL
551:ODD
436:Mix
224:or
216:In
2751::
2257:/
1466:–
1438:.
1413:.
1385:.
1357:.
1323:}}
1319:{{
1280:.
1268:^
1252:.
1200:.
1153:.
1149:.
1087:.
1069:.
1031:}}
1027:{{
1011:,
1007:,
879:,
875:,
871:,
867:,
855:.
806:,
802:,
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