321:
lever could not provide enough power to engage and lock the brake band, thus the need for the foot pedal. The actual movement of the brake bands was controlled by the 'toggle' mechanism, a distinctive feature of the Wilson design. When the pedal was pressed and released, a series or 'busbar' of finger-like levers were pressed upwards by a strong coil spring, against a series of light linkages or 'operating struts'. The position of each linkage was controlled by the gear selection camshaft. If the cam (for each gear) held the linkage in place, rather than allowing it to swing out of the way, the busbar finger would then press, via the operating strut, onto the toggles controlling the brake bands themselves. These toggles provided the additional leverage necessary to hold the brake band in place, under the force of the coil spring, until the pedal was next pressed. A further characteristic of the Wilson design was the use of self-adjusting nuts on each band, to compensate for wear. The action of engaging and disengaging each band was sufficient to advance the ratchet nuts and so adjust for wear by taking up any slack.
335:
347:
132:
480:
ratios from the overall set, and the two clutches select which gearbox is in effect. Changes within the gearbox are done automatically, to predict which ratio the driver will require next. Provided that the next ratio has been selected correctly (i.e. the computer guessed correctly as to an up-shift vs. a down-shift) the shift itself is merely a rapid movement of the clutch. Unexpected shifts may confuse the system though and it must first select the correct ratio before engaging the clutch, giving a far slower shift.
419:
and controlling dog clutches for gear trains arranged on four shafts. The cylinders were controlled by a rotary valve on a simple quadrant gear lever and activated by pushing the lever sideways into its gate. The combination of the three cylinders permitted eight different ratios, although in reverse these were limited to just the lowest four. When a captured Tiger I tank was studied by the
British in 1943, the report on the gearbox was carried out by Armstrong Siddeley motors.
2318:
2308:
216:
633:
461:
clutches were multi-plate oil-supplied wet clutches. The first gearboxes gained a reputation for unreliability and in 1985 the original developers, Brockhouse, licensed them to Avon
Maxwell Transmissions. A developed version, with an enlarged oil pump, was available as a retrofit for most UK buses. An unusual feature of this gearbox was the ability to engage first and second gear simultaneously. This acted as a 50 hp hydraulic
313:. Although this same arrangement of epicyclics would become the precursor for the post-war automatic transmission, the automatic transmission's use of a torque converter, together with the broad power band and excess power of US V8 engines, meant that wider-spaced, thus fewer, ratios were acceptable. Unlike the "crash" gearboxes of the first half of the 20th century, the gearwheels in a preselector box are permanently in mesh in an
300:, avoided a clutch altogether and relied on the progressive engagement of the gearbox's band brake on lowest gear when starting. When fitted with a centrifugal clutch or fluid coupling, starting from a standstill involved simply selecting first gear, then the clutch would automatically engage once the accelerator pedal was pressed. On other cars, the gear change pedal functioned like a clutch when starting from a standstill.
362:(instead of band brakes) to engage the gears. A downside to this approach was that a loss of electrical power meant that the engine could no longer drive the wheels. The clutches were controlled by a simple dashboard or column-mounted switch, described as "a cherry on a cocktail stick", and relays. There was no mechanical servo action, so no need for the Wilson's cam or toggle arrangements and the change gear pedal.
562:
aggregating over 160,000 h.p., incorporate this transmission ... it has yet to be proved that any other system offers all the advantages of the
Daimler Fluid Flywheel Transmission. Our Daimler, Lanchester and BSA cars remain what we set out to make them ā the aristocrats of their class and type ... We have also received numerous inquiries from overseas markets. (Applause)".
202:. This meant that non-rotating brake bands could be used for the parts which are subject to wear, which results in a simpler design than a rotating component such as a typical clutch. The wearing components could also be mounted on the outside of the mechanism (rather than buried within it), providing easier access for maintenance and adjustment.
479:
The idea of rapid shifting by clutch alone has also been developed as the dual-clutch transmission, in recent high-performance cars. This combines the simplicity of a shifting gearbox with the rapid shifts of a clutch-based design. There are effectively two separate gearboxes, each offering alternate
776:
engines and a preselector gearbox. These were operated by pressing the gear pedal down to select 1st gear, then pulling in the clutch lever and on its return the gear engaged and drove forward. Pressing the gear pedal again selected 2nd gear, which was engaged only after the lever has been pulled in
672:
Typical operation of London buses was they had a very low first gear, only used on hills, so the driver when starting would select second gear, depress and release the change gear pedal to engage the transmission, and then select third ready for changing gear on the move, all this done while the bus
158:
pedal and shift lever in order to achieve a smooth shift in a non-synchromesh manual transmission. Most pre-selector transmissions avoid a driver-controlled clutch entirely. Some use one solely for starting from a standstill. Preselector gearboxes were most common prior to the widespread adoption of
320:
Changing gear with the Wilson box relied on the control of the brake bands that held each epicyclic's annulus in fixed position. The brake band to be selected was controlled by a rotating cam, moved by the gear shift lever. Only one band was engaged for each gear selection. This small hand-operated
150:
mostly used on passenger cars and racing cars in the 1930s, in buses from 1940ā1960 and in armoured vehicles from the 1930s to the 1970s. The defining characteristic of a preselector gearbox is that the gear shift lever allowed the driver to "pre-select" the next gear, usually with the transmission
436:
at all. It operates as a number of separate gearboxes, each one controlled by a separate clutch, interlocked to avoid multiple selection. Selecting a gear is a matter of selecting the appropriate clutch. An advantage of this type is that it's simple to arrange remote operation, as there is no gear
418:
armoured tank used a form of pre-selective gearbox that was built by
Maybach and offered 8 ratios. The shift mechanism was hydraulic, to reduce driver effort. Clutches were used in combinations, allowing many more ratios than actuators. There were three hydraulic cylinders, each with two positions
460:
with rear-mounted transverse engines. Their use also involves much stop-start driving, thus heavy clutch wear for conventional gearboxes. The advantage of this arrangement was its use of four clutches, all easily serviced from outside the engine assembly, without needing to remove the engine. The
308:
for the straight-through top gear and a further epicyclic for reverse. Four gears were provided, at a time when many cars (especially
American ones) usually only had a three speed gearbox. This was owing to the sporting, or indeed racing, market for the Wilson gearbox, so that the ratios could be
393:
This gearbox would automatically pre-select first gear when reverse was engaged. On engaging second gear, the gearbox would then pre-select third, and fourth when third was engaged. It would then cycle between third and fourth until another gear was pre-selected manually. Initial versions were
561:
model in 1958. The
Daimler chairman reported to the shareholders at their Annual General Meeting in November 1933 "The Daimler Fluid Flywheel Transmission now has three years of success behind it and more than 11,000 vehicles, ranging from 10 h.p. passenger cars to double-deck omnibuses,
498:, only automate the clutch system, and have used various different control systems to facilitate clutch operation, while still requiring the driver's input to manually change gear. These systems were introduced by numerous production car manufacturers, prior to the arrival and production of
303:
The Wilson gearbox relied on a number of epicyclic gears, coupled in an ingenious manner that was also Wilson's invention. Successive gears operated by compounding or 'reducing the reduction' provided by the previous gear. A separate epicyclic was required for each intermediate gear, with a
502:, starting from the mid-1930s, to the early-to-mid-1990s. These systems would either fully eliminate the clutch pedal, or would retain the clutch pedal, but the clutch would only be required to be operated for performing standing starts from a stationary position, not for shifting gears.
390:ā used an "accelerating gearbox" designed by Georges Roesch, based on the Wilson patents. The Roesch gearbox was vastly revised in both design and materials, resulting in a lighter gearbox that was able to withstand three times the power of the Wilson gearbox.
1375:
174:
There are several radically different mechanical designs of preselector gearbox. The best known is the Wilson design. Some gearboxes, such as the Cotal, shift gears immediately as the control is moved, without requiring the separate gear change pedal.
239:, had become an advocate for the benefits of the epicyclic gearbox, which allowed large torques to be transmitted whilst still being controllable through a small input force. Walter Wilson was a major co-inventor of the armoured tank during and after
394:
produced without any form of clutch, however a centrifugal clutch was soon added to the design. Described by Talbot as the 'Traffic Clutch'. this was a simple device, with two radially swinging shoes (similar to a drum brake).
644:
Preselector gearboxes were used in several racing cars and motorbike, including the
International Six Days Trial 1921 and 1922 ā Switzerland were Marcel Viratelle motorcycles were entered with series motorcycles; the 1935
676:
The preselector buses were also exported to various countries ā the AEC Regent III with the Wilson type gearboxes were used in
Western Australia for 25 years as part of the public transport fleet from 1950 until 1976.
505:
Further advancements and development were introduced later, and several other methods have been used to automate the process of clutch operation and gear selection together simultaneously, most notably with the modern
166:
Preselector gearboxes were often marketed as "self-changing" gearboxes, however this is an inaccurate description as the driver is required to choose the gear (and often manually actuate the gear change). An
1370:
378:. It was broadly similar to the Wilson, but used direct hydraulic actuation of the brake bands (selected via a lever on the steering column) therefore avoiding the need for a change-gear pedal.
358:
During the 1920s and 1930s, several French luxury car manufacturers used three-speed or four-speed preselector gearbox manufactured by Cotal. A unique aspect of the Cotal gearbox was the use of
262:
Walter Wilson continued experimentation with epicyclic gearboxes for cars and in 1928 his "Wilson gearbox" was invented. Walter and one of the co-owners of
Armstrong Siddeley Motors formed the
673:
was still stationary. On starting, just the accelerator pedal was pressed, with the eventual shift into third gear made by simply pressing the gear change pedal.
274:
was one of the first cars to use the Wilson gearbox. The gearbox was also built under licence by other manufacturers including Cord, ERA, Daimler and
Maybach.
296:, similar to racing manual clutches of the time, but with the pressure plate centrifugally actuated to engage at around 600rpm. Pure racing cars, such as the
277:
The driver pre-selected the next gear using a lever mounted to the steering wheel, then pressed the 'gear change pedal' (often located in place of the usual
449:. Each ratio has its own shaft, and its own clutch. Provided the clutches are interlocked so that only one may be engaged at a time, the system is simple.
665:
Several buses built in the United Kingdom from around 1940 to 1960 had preselector transmission, including those built by Leyland, Daimler and AEC. The
118:
1303:
669:, a bus commonly used in London during this period, used compressed air to actuate the gear shifts, while other gearboxes used mechanical actuation.
187:) manual transmissions, preselector gearboxes were easier for drivers to operate smoothly, since they did not require techniques such as double
1759:
2342:
191:. Preselector gearboxes also had faster shift times, could handle greater power outputs and had less mass and could shift under load.
24:
1634:
1058:
251:
in the United Kingdom also produced cars with manually-controlled epicyclic gearboxes from 1900 and built an experimental tank (the
1415:
1389:
886:
1186:
1708:
446:
111:
1455:
1921:
1835:
750:
851:
Peter Banjo Meyer: The Wilson Preselector Gearbox, Armstrong Siddeley Type; pbm verlag, Seevetal, Hamburg, Germany, 2011
708:
2037:
1354:
87:
288:, used for touring cars such as the Daimler (Armstrong Siddeley used a centrifugal clutch). Sports cars used a Newton
2347:
1890:
1868:
1847:
913:
462:
104:
1032:
2047:
1275:
375:
1784:
445:
This type of gearbox appeared in the March 1917 Oldbury gearbox trials testing different transmissions on eight
1994:
495:
40:
2072:
507:
92:
188:
160:
45:
2147:
1683:
489:
63:
334:
231:. A precursor to the Wilson gearbox was the manually-controlled epicyclic gearbox used in the 1901ā1904
1984:
297:
2283:
2172:
2112:
2077:
151:
remaining in the current gear until the driver pressed the "gear change pedal" at the desired time.
2062:
1914:
1007:
577:
474:
248:
171:
is a true "self-changing gearbox" since it is able to change gears without any driver involvement.
82:
271:
2032:
2004:
1522:
1540:
2022:
2012:
1308:
1080:
566:
499:
359:
168:
72:
59:
1639:
1459:
637:
2117:
2052:
861:
346:
236:
8:
2122:
1907:
1644:
1485:
1066:
726:
581:
403:
402:
An early pre-selector gearbox was a prototype three-speed motorcycle gearbox patented by
310:
263:
147:
31:
432:
A multi-clutch gearbox avoids the difficulties of shifting gear by avoiding the need to
2288:
2193:
554:
536:
289:
131:
2307:
2082:
2017:
1969:
1951:
1886:
1878:
1864:
1843:
1350:
666:
457:
314:
293:
228:
194:
A design advantage of many preselector gearboxes is that the friction components are
1658:
1225:
452:
In the early 1980s this transmission was developed for urban buses in the UK as the
2157:
1964:
1501:
1191:
918:
891:
1733:
284:
The Wilson gearbox was produced with a variety of clutches. The best-known is the
2177:
2107:
1858:
1463:
720:
558:
550:
220:
136:
1105:
2278:
2092:
2087:
1978:
1974:
769:
609:
510:, introduced by several car manufacturers in the 1990s, but first pioneered by
371:
285:
232:
1250:
2336:
2321:
2260:
2245:
2225:
2152:
1989:
1959:
1441:
738:
732:
714:
654:
2230:
2167:
2137:
2132:
1792:
790:
773:
756:
694:
650:
615:
387:
354:
2300S; gear selection lever mounted on the left side of the steering column
227:
The most common type of pre-selector gearbox was the Wilson, which used an
154:
The design removed the need for the driver to master the timing of using a
159:
the automatic transmission, so they were considered in comparison to the "
2311:
2235:
2208:
2203:
2067:
2057:
1805:
305:
244:
240:
184:
1154:
1152:
1150:
2293:
2255:
2097:
1930:
744:
704:
688:
602:
598:
594:
1328:
1326:
2250:
2240:
2162:
2127:
1610:
1584:
1567:
1147:
621:
588:
215:
77:
1442:"Technical data on the gearbox and transmission of the Tiger I tank"
632:
2042:
1323:
808:
806:
374:
cars were fitted with a four-speed preselector gearbox produced by
339:
789:
in the 1930s used the Wilson preselector gearbox. The AEC-engined
1486:"Fleetline bus with experimental Maxwell-Brockhouse transmission"
1206:
786:
646:
543:
415:
351:
1123:
803:
406:
in France in 1906. The design and production were very compact.
235:
cars built in the United Kingdom. One of the company directors,
2213:
2027:
1416:"Le secret de la boite de vitesse VIRATELLE - Marcel VIRATELLE"
1390:"Le secret de la boite de vitesse VIRATELLE - Marcel VIRATELLE"
437:
shift linkage as such, merely duplication of a clutch linkage.
278:
199:
155:
1135:
2198:
2102:
1899:
1598:
Daimler Days, Part Four 1958, Brian E. Smith, 1996, p.818-819
1373:, Marcel-Narcisse Viratelle, published 30 August 1906
515:
511:
195:
1821:(7th ed.). Motor Racing Publications. pp. 159ā171.
1624:
Lanchester Legacy Volume Two 1931 to 1956, C. S. Clark, 2016
1169:
1167:
914:"The Ill-Fated 1930s Racing Tech That's Mounting a Comeback"
2220:
1830:. Vol. II (2 June 1956 ed.). Caxton. p. 109.
1826:
Chapman, G.W. (1949). "7: Oil-engined Locos and Railcars".
939:
937:
1499:
Bryan Jarvis (8 March 1986). "No Longer a Pandora's Box".
1941:
1535:
1533:
1164:
954:
952:
1760:"Tanks That Will Rule the World: Abrams and Challengers"
988:
934:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
386:
Several Talbot cars in the 1930sā such as the 1932ā1935
976:
281:
pedal) to activate the gearchange at the desired time.
1530:
949:
422:
135:
Gear selection lever on the steering column of a 1934
1369:
818:
494:
Semi-automatic transmissions, usually in the form of
964:
1434:
1033:"Sticktory: The Evolution Of Classic Transmissions"
270:) to design and build the Wilson gearbox. The 1929
1804:
1332:
1212:
1158:
1141:
1129:
812:
456:, with a four-speed gearbox. UK buses are mostly
2334:
1582:"A New Daimler Novel Transmission Combination".
1635:"Track test of 1935 ERA R4D vs Porsche 911 GT3"
1614:. No. 46604. 17 November 1933. p. 22.
483:
1304:"Origin and Development of the Roesch Talbots"
1915:
1817:Blower, W.E. (1958). "Pre-selector gearbox".
1448:
112:
1498:
1106:"The Armstrong Siddely Pre-Selector Gearbox"
1592:
243:, and was responsible for the 1918 British
1922:
1908:
1819:The Complete MG Workshop and Tuning Manual
1588:. No. 45553. 1 July 1930. p. 14.
1541:"Crossley Regis - ENV Preselector Gearbox"
553:ā various models, beginning with the 1930
440:
324:
119:
105:
1856:
1757:
1684:"1939 AEC Regent III prototype bus - RT1"
1571:. No. 45501. 1 May 1930. p. 13.
994:
970:
605:and several other models during this time
427:
247:using an epicyclic steering gearbox. The
1877:
1834:
1347:Georges Roesch and the Invincible Talbot
982:
958:
943:
862:"ENV Type 75 Preselector Gearbox Manual"
839:
631:
345:
333:
223:cockpit, with Wilson preselector gearbox
214:
130:
1825:
1758:Robertson, Jackson (2 September 2014).
1627:
338:Pre select lever of Cotal gearbox in a
2335:
1881:(1976). "Gearbox". In Ian Ward (ed.).
1816:
1344:
1173:
785:Some early petrol- and diesel-engined
1903:
2343:Automotive transmission technologies
1513:
1187:"An Electrically Controlled Gearbox"
680:
259:) fitted with an epicyclic gearbox.
183:Compared with the contemporary (non-
1812:(13th ed.). Iliffe & Sons.
1251:"1935 Talbot Saloon Darracq bodied"
751:Fox armoured reconnaissance vehicle
423:Comparison with other transmissions
13:
2038:Continuously variable transmission
1808:(c. 1935). "Clutch and Gear Box".
1709:"1952 AEC Regent III bus - RT2775"
1059:"Porsche 911 GT3: Put to the Test"
887:"The Wilson Pre-selective Gearbox"
14:
2359:
1608:"Birmingham Small Arms Company".
529:
500:hydraulic automatic transmissions
365:
2317:
2316:
2306:
1777:
1751:
1726:
1701:
1676:
1651:
1618:
1601:
1575:
1558:
1492:
1478:
1408:
1382:
1363:
1338:
1296:
1268:
1243:
1218:
1179:
1098:
1073:
1051:
1025:
1000:
627:
496:clutchless manual transmissions
163:" type of manual transmission.
1929:
906:
879:
854:
845:
763:
468:
409:
1:
2073:Automated manual transmission
1828:Modern High-Speed Oil Engines
1785:"British Diesel Rail Coaches"
1565:"Simpler And Safer Driving".
796:
772:motorcycles were built using
508:automated manual transmission
1840:The British Tanks, 1915ā1919
791:GWR 'Flying Banana' railcars
573:used the ENV Type 75 gearbox
484:Semi-automatic transmissions
397:
7:
2148:Semi-automatic transmission
1526:. 22 April 1931. p. 5.
1456:"Rebuilding Tiger tank 131"
1008:"The cars from 1919 ā 1960"
780:
580:ā all models, except a few
490:Semi-automatic transmission
178:
16:Type of manual transmission
10:
2364:
1985:Internal combustion engine
1283:www.talbotownersclub.co.uk
655:Auto Union 'Silver Arrows'
487:
472:
266:company (initially called
253:Lanchester Gearbox Machine
205:
2302:
2284:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
2271:
2186:
2173:Transmission control unit
2113:Limited-slip differential
2078:Electrorheological clutch
2003:
1950:
1937:
1226:"The Talbot AX65 Darracq"
1085:www.armstrongsiddeley.org
1081:"The Preselector Gearbox"
584:cars with manual gearbox.
381:
294:multiple plate dry clutch
272:Armstrong Siddeley Thirty
210:
2348:Automobile transmissions
2063:Dual-clutch transmission
1883:Anatomy of the Motor Car
1857:Glanfield, John (2001).
1734:"AEC Regal III (MTT378)"
1659:"Leyland Worldmaster 34"
1349:. Grenville Publishing.
1345:Blight, Anthony (1970).
709:Maybach-Variorex gearbox
660:
475:Dual-clutch transmission
360:electromagnetic clutches
329:
264:Self-Changing Gears Ltd.
249:Lanchester Motor Company
25:Automotive transmissions
2033:Constant-velocity joint
1713:www.londonbusmuseum.com
1688:www.londonbusmuseum.com
1523:The Manchester Guardian
1276:"The Talbot Gearbox v2"
1255:www.carandclassic.co.uk
1037:www.historicvehicle.org
653:cars such as the 1930s
441:Single ratio per clutch
325:Other epicyclic designs
2013:Automatic transmission
1643:. 2004. Archived from
1545:www.crossley-regis.org
1333:Autocar handbook, 13th
1213:Autocar handbook, 13th
1159:Autocar handbook, 13th
1142:Autocar handbook, 13th
1130:Autocar handbook, 13th
866:www.crossley-regis.org
813:Autocar handbook, 13th
641:
524:
428:Multi-clutch gearboxes
376:Laycock-de Normanville
355:
343:
257:Experimental Machine K
224:
169:automatic transmission
139:
1885:. Orbis. p. 91.
1460:Bovington Tank Museum
1063:www.automobilemag.com
635:
414:The 1942ā1945 German
349:
337:
218:
134:
88:Continuously variable
2118:Locking differential
2053:Direct-shift gearbox
1860:The Devil's Chariots
1795:on 18 February 2013.
1420:www.sites.google.com
1394:www.sites.google.com
793:had such a gearbox.
557:and ending with the
237:Walter Gordon Wilson
2143:Preselector gearbox
2123:Manual transmission
1176:, pp. 159ā171.
1161:, pp. 115ā116.
447:British Heavy Tanks
404:fr:Marcel Viratelle
388:Talbot AX65 Darracq
342:sportscar from 1935
268:Improved Gears Ltd.
148:manual transmission
144:preselector gearbox
2289:Electric generator
2194:Wheel hub assembly
1879:Setright, L. J. K.
1039:. 4 September 2012
922:. 18 February 2015
642:
555:Daimler Double-Six
537:Armstrong Siddeley
370:During the 1930s,
356:
344:
290:centrifugal clutch
225:
140:
2330:
2329:
2083:Epicyclic gearing
1952:Automotive engine
1842:. Crowood Press.
1335:, pp. 98ā99.
1110:www.v-twin.org.uk
946:, pp. 70ā74.
681:Armoured vehicles
638:Auto Union Type D
129:
128:
2355:
2320:
2319:
2310:
2187:Wheels and tires
2158:Torque converter
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1874:
1853:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1810:Autocar Handbook
1797:
1796:
1791:. Archived from
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1647:on 8 March 2005.
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1502:Commercial Motor
1496:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1462:. Archived from
1452:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1192:Commercial Motor
1183:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1069:on 8 March 2005.
1065:. Archived from
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1012:www.siddeley.org
1004:
998:
995:Glanfield (2001)
992:
986:
980:
974:
971:Glanfield (2001)
968:
962:
956:
947:
941:
932:
931:
929:
927:
910:
904:
903:
901:
899:
892:Commercial Motor
883:
877:
876:
874:
872:
858:
852:
849:
843:
837:
816:
810:
697:and the related
546:ā various models
539:ā various models
229:epicyclic design
121:
114:
107:
93:Automated manual
21:
20:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2298:
2267:
2182:
2178:Universal joint
2108:Hotchkiss drive
1999:
1946:
1933:
1928:
1893:
1871:
1850:
1836:Fletcher, David
1801:
1800:
1789:Engrail History
1783:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1717:
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1531:
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1493:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1466:on 5 March 2016
1454:
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1078:
1074:
1057:
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1052:
1042:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1006:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
983:Fletcher (2001)
981:
977:
969:
965:
959:Fletcher (2001)
957:
950:
944:Fletcher (2001)
942:
935:
925:
923:
912:
911:
907:
897:
895:
885:
884:
880:
870:
868:
860:
859:
855:
850:
846:
840:Setright (1976)
838:
819:
811:
804:
799:
783:
768:Some 1950s-era
766:
761:
721:Stridsvagn m/42
683:
663:
630:
532:
527:
492:
486:
477:
471:
443:
430:
425:
412:
400:
384:
368:
332:
327:
221:Bugatti Type 51
213:
208:
181:
137:Daimler Fifteen
125:
46:Non-synchronous
17:
12:
11:
5:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2279:Electric motor
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
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2206:
2196:
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2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2093:Friction drive
2090:
2088:Fluid coupling
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1979:Plug-in hybrid
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1875:
1869:
1854:
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1832:
1823:
1814:
1799:
1798:
1776:
1764:www.medium.com
1750:
1725:
1700:
1675:
1650:
1626:
1617:
1600:
1591:
1574:
1557:
1529:
1512:
1509:(4161): 46ā47.
1491:
1477:
1447:
1433:
1407:
1381:
1362:
1356:978-0953206414
1355:
1337:
1322:
1295:
1267:
1242:
1217:
1215:, p. 120.
1205:
1178:
1163:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1097:
1072:
1050:
1024:
999:
997:, p. 271.
987:
985:, p. 122.
975:
963:
961:, p. 190.
948:
933:
905:
878:
853:
844:
817:
815:, p. 112.
801:
800:
798:
795:
782:
779:
765:
762:
760:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
727:Daimler Ferret
723:
717:
711:
701:
691:
684:
682:
679:
662:
659:
629:
626:
625:
624:
618:
612:
610:Lagonda Rapier
606:
591:
585:
574:
571:Crossley Regis
563:
547:
540:
531:
530:Passenger cars
528:
526:
523:
488:Main article:
485:
482:
473:Main article:
470:
467:
458:double-deckers
442:
439:
429:
426:
424:
421:
411:
408:
399:
396:
383:
380:
367:
366:de Normanville
364:
331:
328:
326:
323:
311:closely spaced
286:fluid flywheel
233:Wilson-Pilcher
212:
209:
207:
204:
198:, rather than
180:
177:
127:
126:
124:
123:
116:
109:
101:
98:
97:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
67:
66:
64:Semi-automatic
56:
55:
54:
53:
48:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2259:
2257:
2254:
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2242:
2239:
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2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Shift-by-wire
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
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2091:
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2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
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2071:
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2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
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2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:Petrol engine
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:Diesel engine
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1894:
1892:0-85613-230-6
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1870:0-7509-4152-9
1866:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1849:1-86126-400-3
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
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1815:
1811:
1807:
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1802:
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1246:
1231:
1227:
1221:
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1209:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1174:Blower (1958)
1170:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1132:, p. 98.
1131:
1126:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1013:
1009:
1003:
996:
991:
984:
979:
972:
967:
960:
955:
953:
945:
940:
938:
921:
920:
915:
909:
894:
893:
888:
882:
867:
863:
857:
848:
842:, p. 91.
841:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
814:
809:
807:
802:
794:
792:
788:
778:
775:
771:
758:
754:
752:
748:
746:
742:
740:
739:Alvis Saladin
736:
734:
733:Alvis Saracen
730:
728:
724:
722:
718:
716:
715:Daimler Dingo
712:
710:
706:
702:
700:
696:
692:
690:
686:
685:
678:
674:
670:
668:
658:
656:
652:
648:
640:hillclimb car
639:
634:
623:
619:
617:
613:
611:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
590:
586:
583:
579:
575:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:
541:
538:
534:
533:
522:
520:
518:
514:, with their
513:
509:
503:
501:
497:
491:
481:
476:
466:
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459:
455:
450:
448:
438:
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363:
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348:
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318:
316:
312:
307:
301:
299:
295:
292:. This was a
291:
287:
282:
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275:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
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217:
203:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
176:
172:
170:
164:
162:
161:crash gearbox
157:
152:
149:
146:is a type of
145:
138:
133:
122:
117:
115:
110:
108:
103:
102:
100:
99:
94:
91:
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52:
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47:
44:
42:
39:
38:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
26:
23:
22:
19:
2231:Racing slick
2168:Transfer box
2142:
2138:Park-by-wire
2133:Parking pawl
2048:Differential
2023:Direct-drive
2005:Transmission
1995:Steam engine
1940:Part of the
1939:
1882:
1859:
1839:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1793:the original
1788:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1763:
1753:
1743:21 September
1741:. Retrieved
1737:
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1687:
1678:
1668:21 September
1666:. Retrieved
1662:
1653:
1645:the original
1638:
1629:
1620:
1609:
1603:
1594:
1583:
1577:
1566:
1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1544:
1521:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:the original
1450:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1393:
1384:
1365:
1346:
1340:
1313:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1282:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:
1220:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1190:
1181:
1137:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1109:
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1084:
1075:
1067:the original
1062:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1036:
1027:
1015:. Retrieved
1011:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
924:. Retrieved
917:
908:
896:. Retrieved
890:
881:
869:. Retrieved
865:
856:
847:
784:
767:
757:Challenger 2
707:, using the
698:
695:Panzer 38(t)
675:
671:
664:
651:hillclimbing
643:
628:Motor racing
616:Cord 810/812
570:
567:Crossley Ten
519:transmission
516:
504:
493:
478:
453:
451:
444:
433:
431:
413:
401:
392:
385:
369:
357:
319:
302:
283:
276:
267:
261:
256:
252:
226:
193:
189:de-clutching
182:
173:
165:
153:
143:
141:
50:
18:
2209:Alloy wheel
2068:Drive wheel
2058:Drive shaft
2018:Chain drive
1806:The Autocar
1769:22 February
1738:BPSWA (INC)
1718:28 February
1693:28 February
1663:BPSWA (INC)
1550:18 February
1422:(in French)
1396:(in French)
1309:Motor Sport
1230:Classic Car
871:22 February
764:Motorcycles
699:Praga LT-38
667:AEC RT type
549:1930sā1958
521:, in 1985.
469:Dual-clutch
410:Tiger tanks
306:cone clutch
245:Mark V tank
241:World War I
185:synchromesh
83:Dual-clutch
51:Preselector
2337:Categories
2294:Alternator
1942:Automobile
1931:Powertrain
1863:. Sutton.
1640:Automobile
1520:"Wilson".
1470:30 January
1426:24 January
1400:24 January
1371:FR 364844A
1315:26 January
1288:24 January
1260:24 January
1235:24 January
1198:24 January
1115:22 January
1090:22 January
1043:22 January
1017:22 January
926:22 January
898:22 January
797:References
755:1993ā2002
749:1972ā19??
745:OT-64 SKOT
743:1963ā197?
737:1958ā1972
731:1952ā1976
725:1952ā1971
719:1943ā1945
713:1940ā1974
705:Panzer III
703:1939ā1945
693:1939ā1945
689:Matilda II
687:1937ā1943
614:1936ā1937
608:1934ā1935
603:Riley 12/6
599:Riley 12/4
595:Riley Nine
593:1932ā1938
587:1932ā1934
578:Lanchester
576:1931ā1953
565:1931ā1937
559:One-O-Four
542:1929ā1941
535:1929ā1959
41:Sequential
2163:Transaxle
2128:Manumatic
2098:Gearshift
1970:Fuel cell
1611:The Times
1585:The Times
1568:The Times
1488:. Flickr.
622:Tucker 48
589:MG K-type
582:Roadrider
398:Viratelle
315:epicyclic
78:Manumatic
73:Hydraulic
60:Automatic
2322:Category
2261:Tubeless
2246:Run-flat
2226:Off-road
2043:Coupling
1965:Electric
1838:(2001).
787:railcars
781:Railcars
774:Villiers
463:retarder
340:Delahaye
317:layout.
200:clutches
179:Benefits
777:again.
647:ERA R4D
551:Daimler
544:Maybach
454:Maxwell
416:Tiger I
352:Salmson
206:Designs
2312:Portal
2272:Hybrid
2236:Radial
2214:Hubcap
2028:Clutch
1975:Hybrid
1944:series
1889:
1867:
1846:
1377:
1353:
649:, and
382:Talbot
372:Humber
330:Cotal
279:clutch
211:Wilson
196:brakes
156:clutch
32:Manual
2256:Spare
2199:Wheel
2103:Giubo
1279:(PDF)
919:Wired
770:James
661:Buses
636:1939
620:1948
517:NAVi5
512:Isuzu
434:shift
350:1954
309:more
219:1931
2251:Snow
2241:Rain
2221:Tire
1887:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1771:2020
1745:2023
1720:2020
1695:2020
1670:2023
1552:2020
1472:2009
1428:2020
1402:2020
1351:ISBN
1317:2020
1290:2020
1262:2020
1237:2020
1200:2020
1117:2020
1092:2020
1045:2020
1019:2020
928:2020
900:2020
873:2020
569:and
2204:Rim
1507:163
525:Use
298:ERA
255:or
2339::
1787:.
1762:.
1736:.
1711:.
1686:.
1661:.
1637:.
1543:.
1532:^
1505:.
1458:.
1418:.
1392:.
1325:^
1306:.
1281:.
1253:.
1228:.
1189:.
1166:^
1149:^
1108:.
1083:.
1061:.
1035:.
1010:.
951:^
936:^
916:.
889:.
864:.
820:^
805:^
657:.
601:,
597:,
465:.
142:A
62:/
1981:)
1977:(
1923:e
1916:t
1909:v
1895:.
1873:.
1852:.
1773:.
1747:.
1722:.
1697:.
1672:.
1554:.
1474:.
1444:.
1430:.
1404:.
1359:.
1319:.
1292:.
1264:.
1239:.
1202:.
1144:.
1119:.
1094:.
1047:.
1021:.
973:.
930:.
902:.
875:.
120:e
113:t
106:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
