420:, has warned that "even a reasonably intelligent (and suspicious) person could be readily misled by the ULC into believing that by becoming a ULC minister he can legally perform marriages throughout the United States, and beyond." In Canada, ULC ministers are currently not authorized to solemnize marriage in any province or territory. In places where being a ULC minister does not legally authorize a person to solemnize marriages, ULC ministers intending to do so must also meet other requirements, which might include registering as a
300:(IRS) became suspicious about tax avoidance efforts within the church, eventually determining that Hensley, the Modesto ULC, and numerous affiliated churches chartered under its name were promoting tax avoidance schemes within church periodicals. As a result, the IRS withdrew ULC Modesto's tax-exempt status in 1984. Over the next 16 years, Hensley and his family battled the IRS in court over disputed tax payments. The matter was eventually settled in 2000 when the Modesto group agreed to pay $ 1.5 million in back taxes.
304:
rolls surged. Between 1962 and 2008, the ULC issued more than 18 million ordinations worldwide. A large number of people seeking ULC ordination do so in order to be able to legally officiate at weddings or perform other spiritual rites. A 2007 article noted that "bout 70 percent of people who become ordained through the
Universal Life Church do so... to officiate at weddings". According to a 2016 internal survey conducted by wedding website
38:
357:
other materials that it publishes from its international headquarters. No specific ethical guidelines except to do "what is right". ... The
Universal Life Church is open and accepting of people of all religions. It is opposed only to those religions that attempt to deny religious freedom. Any minister in the ULC can ordain new members. ... The Universal Life Church has no specific
445:
ordination requests, including attempts to ordain pets: "No one is rejected because of their name, but we must protect the integrity of the records against those who fraudulently submit requests for pets, obscene names, etc. Applying for ordination in the name of a fictitious person or animal, or the
356:
The
Universal Life Church has only one belief. They believe in that which is right and in every person's right to interpret what is right. The Universal Life Church has no creed or authoritative book such as a Bible. Those wishing to learn about the Church can obtain its periodical Universal Life and
440:
The ULC has occasionally been criticized for its openness and ease of ordination. Some people, usually as a joke, submit ordination requests for their pets. The ULC has tried to curb the ordination of pets, but if the name on the application appears to be legitimate, the application will probably be
303:
By 1999, the ULC had begun offering ordinations online. News coverage about journalists and celebrities getting ordained to perform weddings helped boost the popularity of online ordination. As more people became aware of non-traditional officiants presiding over wedding ceremonies, ULC membership
413:
Four U.S. states expressly do not recognize ministers of the
Universal Life Church as wedding celebrants, and in jurisdictions in which Universal Life Church ministers are not authorized to solemnize marriages, the solemnization of a marriage by a minister of the Universal Life Church (who is not
377:
also notes that the ULC "has a very loose structure", with those ordained being given "a set of instructions on how to form a congregation", but otherwise operating with complete autonomy. It further notes that those ordained "may perform any of the functions normally associated with the clergy,
295:
The
Universal Life Church ran into difficulties as new branches of the ULC were granted charters and began moving off in different directions. The Modesto group struggled to maintain control over these other entities as ULC affiliates grew in number. There are currently multiple groups operating
404:
The legitimacy of ULC ordination has been challenged in legal venues, primarily with respect to the questions of whether it constitutes a religious affiliation for tax purposes, and whether ordinations legally permit recipients to perform weddings in various jurisdictions. Lewis notes that the
286:
degree from the ULC for a free-will offering of twenty dollars, including "ten free lessons explaining how to set up a church". By 1974, the church had ordained over 1 million ministers. Also in 1974, a federal judge declared that the ULC was qualified for a religious tax exemption.
373:, and "in the reunification of all religions and governments under the Universal Life banner during thirty years of turmoil around the year 2000"; however, none of these beliefs were doctrinal to the ULC, which allowed members to follow their own doctrines. The U.S. Army's
335:
under the name "Universal Life Church
Ministries"), which remains unaffiliated with the Modesto group. The ULCM formally split from the ULC in 2006 following financial, legal, and philosophical disputes between the two bodies and began ordaining ministers independently.
312:, 43% of couples in the U.S. in 2016 chose to have a friend or family member officiate their wedding, up from 29% in 2009. Another example of a person becoming ordained through ULC in order to perform a religious ritual is that of a Native American in
409:
has generally assumed a negative predisposition towards the ULC, and has sought to eliminate the organization's tax-exempt status. A number of legal cases have addressed this question, as well as the ordination question, with varying results.
278:, which further increased public awareness of the church. In the late 1960s, Hensley "became something of a folk hero among the young", particularly with college students, whom he would mass-ordain at speaking events. In accordance with the
361:, though local congregations celebrate a wide variety of them. There are two gatherings (conventions) each year in the spring and in the fall, at which the members and ministers meet for celebration and to conduct business.
378:
including the conducting of weddings, funerals, etc.", and that "roup worship is not required, but local congregations are required to hold regular meetings". The ULC is noted to have no medical or
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The ULC's popularity stems in part from a rising interest in having friends or loved ones officiate weddings, a trend which has attracted a range of celebrities to become ordained including
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272:. Ordination requests increased dramatically, but the rumor proved to be false. The ULC and its founder, Hensley, were also featured in several publications during this time, including
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have held that they will not recognize marriages solemnized by ULC ministers, while eight states have specifically held such marriages to be valid, these being
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to become a minister free of charge, to anyone who wishes to join. The ULC has ordained ministers from a wide range of backgrounds and beliefs, including
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The ULC began issuing mail-order ordinations shortly after its incorporation. The church's growth was affected in part by social movements; during the
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As of this writing, Canada, the United
Kingdom and Australia do NOT permit ULC ministers to officiate legal marriage ceremonies.
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wrote that the ULC "pumps out ordinations at an assembly-line pace, almost mocking a process that usually requires years of
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that would emphasize what all religions have in common", establishing this entity in 1959 under the name "Life Church" in
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otherwise authorized) may result in questioning of the validity of the marriage. Professor Robert Rains, writing in the
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submission of a person's name without his or her permission is fraud, and may subject you to prosecution!". In 2015,
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796:"MATTER OF LAST WILL & TEST. OF BLACKWELL, 531 So. 2d 1193 - Miss: Supreme Court 1988 - Google Scholar"
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600:"'Need a Minister? How About Your Brother?': The Universal Life Church between Religion and Non-Religion"
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Marriage in the Time of
Internet Ministers: I Now Pronounce You Married, But Who Am I To Do So?
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Marriage in the Time of
Internet Ministers: I Now Pronounce You Married, But Who Am I To Do So?
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wrote that
Hensley "began to conceive of a church that would, on the one hand, offer complete
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Following Kirby Hensley's death in 1999, an organizational split led to the creation of the
744:"Couples looking to marry in Alabama don't need a judge or church; a friend can do the job"
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under the ULC name, most of which are unaffiliated in practice. During this period, the
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ceremonies as part of the prayer ritual for other Native Americans in area hospitals.
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261:. He first held services in his garage, and incorporated the organization in 1962.
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Note—Mail Order Ministries, The Religious Purpose Exemption, and The Constitution
1061:"Inside the Universal Life Church, the Internet's one true religion - The Kernel"
386:. With respect to military service, the handbook notes that the ULC maintains no
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1370:"You may now lick the bride: Canine clergyman helps household pets tie the knot"
237:, "a self-educated Baptist minister who was deeply influenced by his reading in
1091:"Exemptions from the higher education licensing process for religious colleges"
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that exempts religious schools from accreditation, he offered an honorary
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253:, instead of separating them". With this aim, he sought to establish "a
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1438:"The Story of the Church That Ordains You with a Few Clicks Online"
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641:"The wedding singer: Adele and the rise of celebrity ministers"
1396:"Couples Personalizing Role of Religion in Wedding Ceremonies"
675:"Couples Personalizing Role of Religion in Wedding Ceremonies"
577:
Religious Requirements and Practices: A Handbook for Chaplains
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Religious Requirements and Practices: A Handbook for Chaplains
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919:, CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:18-CV-2943-B at *20 (N.D. Tex., 2019).
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The Modesto messiah : the famous mail-order minister
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Religious organization which offers ordination to anyone
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1216:"The new normal: Friends, family presiding at weddings"
887:"South Carolina Office of the Attorney General Opinion"
856:"South Carolina Office of the Attorney General Opinion"
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770:"Center for Inquiry Inc v. Marion Circuit Court Clerk"
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Religious belief systems founded in the United States
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960:"Letter Opinion 1971 No. 117 | Washington State"
930:"Universal Life Church v. Utah, 189 F. Supp. 2d 1302"
993:
The Modesto messiah: The famous mail-order minister
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The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions
365:According to Lewis, Hensley personally believed in
1246:"Pa. judge nullifies weddings by online ministers"
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711:, 2013 N.Y. Slip Op. 02811 (N.Y. App. Div. 2013);
352:, summarized the doctrines of the ULC as follows:
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746:. Huntsville Real-Time News. January 13, 2019.
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729:, 202 S.E.2d 911 (Va. 1974); Robert E. Rains,
466:List of ministers of the Universal Life Church
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220:. The remainder have not addressed the issue.
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320:, who needed such an affiliation to perform
1502:Religious organizations established in 1962
1497:Religious organizations based in California
1333:, 64 U. Miami L. Rev. 809, 834 - 35 (2010).
733:, 64 U. Miami L. Rev. 809, 830 - 34 (2010).
717:, 539 N.Y.S.2d 382 (N.Y. App. Div. 1989);
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251:bring all people of all religions together
121:religious organization founded in 1962 by
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1111:Bryan G. Petkanics, Sandra R. Petkanics,
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400:Legal status of the Universal Life Church
233:The Universal Life Church was founded by
1026:. Bakersfield, Calif.: Universal Press.
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388:doctrinal opposition to military service
339:
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1372:. Pet Weds: Pet & Animal Nuptials.
1299:"Chapel Bound: Getting Ordained Online"
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1171:from the original on September 16, 2018
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940:from the original on September 30, 2018
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441:granted. The ULC website warns against
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1309:from the original on December 28, 2014
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651:from the original on February 12, 2019
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488:. Modesto, CA: Universal Life Church.
1408:from the original on October 24, 2018
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893:from the original on December 8, 2015
862:from the original on December 8, 2015
673:Freedman, Samuel G. (June 27, 2015).
492:from the original on January 28, 2018
750:from the original on October 9, 2019
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593:
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970:from the original on August 9, 2019
832:from the original on August 7, 2017
518:from the original on August 2, 2017
184:, among others. However, courts in
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1454:from the original on July 26, 2024
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598:Hoesly, Dusty (October 23, 2015).
14:
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1487:Organizations based in California
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1274:. The Daily Iowan. Archived from
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42:Logo of the Universal Life Church
1436:Prichep, Deena (July 25, 2024).
917:Ctr. for Inquiry, Inc. v. Warren
249:, and could, on the other hand,
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486:"Contact Universal Life Church"
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21:Universal Life Church Monastery
1346:. Universal Life Church Online
1297:Hodges, Jane (June 12, 2008).
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723:, 272 S.E.2d 349 (N.C. 1980);
639:Wolfson, Sam (April 4, 2018).
632:
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417:University of Miami Law Review
270:legal exemption from the draft
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575:U.S. Department of the Army,
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1204:(April 14, 2007), p. A1, A9.
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291:Later expansion and division
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1368:Cody Clark (Daily Herald).
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346:U.S. Department of the Army
229:Foundation and early growth
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604:Secularism and Nonreligion
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1196:Ordained for the Occasion
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1161:"Universal Life Goes On"
1128:"Cramer v. Commonwealth"
512:"Universal Life Goes On"
407:Internal Revenue Service
298:Internal Revenue Service
19:Not to be confused with
1482:New religious movements
1344:"Wedding Laws By State"
1303:The Wall Street Journal
1201:The Cincinnati Enquirer
1018:Ashmore, Lewis (1977).
989:Ashmore, Lewis (1977).
824:O'Neill v Bucks County
726:Cramer v. Commonwealth
375:Handbook for Chaplains
363:
1477:Universal Life Church
1443:All Things Considered
1067:. December 14, 2014.
579:(2001), p. VII-47-49.
430:marriage commissioner
354:
340:Beliefs and practices
241:". Religious scholar
153:, and people of many
111:Universal Life Church
31:Universal Life Church
1278:on November 13, 2014
1117:(1980), pp. 959-981.
936:. January 17, 2002.
934:Dist. Court, D. Utah
426:justice of the peace
380:dietary restrictions
331:(ULCM; now based in
308:and reported by the
170:Benedict Cumberbatch
93:18,000,000+ ordained
1226:on October 13, 2017
997:. Universal Press.
384:burial requirements
259:Modesto, California
247:freedom of religion
83:Modesto, California
60:Modesto, California
1401:The New York Times
1214:Britto, Brittany.
876:(11 January 1971).
714:Ranieri v. Ranieri
679:The New York Times
553:(2001), p. 769-70.
449:The New York Times
382:, and no specific
284:Doctor of Divinity
119:non-denominational
1404:. June 26, 2015.
1327:Robert E. Rains,
1093:. January 9, 2007
280:Law of California
129:, offering legal
127:religious freedom
117:) is an American
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776:. March 31, 2016
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