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British and/or German descent while those in urban areas were often
Catholic or Jewish and came from eastern or southern Europe. The rural-urban divide was seen most dramatically in the intense debate about Prohibition as urban Americans tended to be "wets" while rural Americans tended to be "drys". The way that American society was fractured along an urban-rural divide served to distract public attention from foreign affairs. In the 1920s, the State Department had about 600 employees in total with an annual budget of $ 2 million, which reflected a lack of interest on the part of Congress in foreign affairs. The State Department was very much an elitist body that recruited mostly from graduates of the select "Ivy League" universities, which reflected the idea that foreign policy was the concern of elites. Likewise, the feeling that the United States was taking in far many immigrants from eastern and southern Europe-who were widely depicted in the American media as criminals and revolutionaries-led to laws restricting immigration from Europe. In turn, the anti-immigrant mood increased isolationism as the picture of Europe as a place overflowing with dangerous criminals and equally dangerous Communist revolutionaries led to the corresponding conclusion that the United States should have little as possible to do with nations whose peoples were depicted as disagreeable and unpleasant. The same way that Congress had virtually banned all non-white immigration to the United States likewise led an indifference about the fate of non-white nations such as China and Ethiopia. The debate about Prohibition in the 1920s also encouraged nativist and isolationist feelings as "drys" often engaged in American exceptionalism by arguing that the United States was a uniquely morally pure nation that had banned alcohol, unlike the rest of the world which remained "wet" and was depicted as mired in corruption and decadence.
598:. This pact that was said to have outlawed war and showed the United States commitment to international peace had its semantic flaws. For example, it did not hold the United States to the conditions of any existing treaties, it still allowed European nations the right to self-defense, and it stated that if one nation broke the Pact, it would be up to the other signatories to enforce it. Briand had sent a message on 6 April 1927 to mark the 10th anniversary of the American declaration of war on Germany in 1917 proposing that France and the United States sign a non-aggression pact. Briand was attempting to create a Franco-American alliance to counter Germany as Briand envisioned turning the negotiations for the non-aggression pact into an some sort of an alliance. Kellogg had no interest in an alliance with France, and countered with a vague offer for a treaty to ban all war. The Kellogg–Briand Pact was more of a sign of good intentions on the part of the US, rather than a legitimate step towards the sustenance of world peace.
607:
low in the United States with
American public opinion being especially incensed by France's decision to default on its war debts on 15 December 1932. French diplomats throughout the interwar period complained that the German embassy and consulates in the United States waged a slick, well funded propaganda campaign designed to persuade the Americans that the Treaty of Versailles was a monstrous, unjust peace treaty while the French embassy and consulates did nothing equivalent to make the case for France. The effect of German propaganda tended to persuade many Americans it had been a huge mistake to have declared war on Germany in 1917 and it would be wrong for the United States to go to war to maintain the international order created by the Treaty of Versailles.
647:
copies of French films to
American universities and high schools. The French Information Center provided briefings to American journalists and columnists about the French point of view with the emphasis upon France as a democracy that had potential powerful enemies in the form of totalitarian dictatorships such as Germany and Italy. Such propaganda did not seek to challenge American isolationism directly, but the prevailing theme was that France and the United States as democracies had more in common than what divided them. By 1939,
499:. That American proclamation was less triumphalist than the stated aims of some other belligerents, and its final point proposed that a "general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike." After the war, Wilson traveled to Europe and remained there for months to labor on the post-war treaty, longer than any previous Presidential sojourn outside the country. In that
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797:, were investigated and dampened by federal prosecutors before and after U.S. joined WWII. In 1941, Fish was implicated in the America First Committee franking controversy, whereby isolationist politicians were found to be using their free mailing privileges to aid the German propaganda campaign. William Power Maloney's grand jury investigated Nazi penetration in the United States and secured convictions of Viereck and George Hill, Fish's chief of staff.
446:
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383:, which some have interpreted as non-interventionist in intent: "In the wars of the European powers, in matters relating to themselves, we have never taken part, nor does it comport with our policy, so to do. It is only when our rights are invaded, or seriously menaced that we resent injuries, or make preparations for our defense." It was applied to Hawaii in 1842 in support of eventual annexation there, and to support
1602:"JOHNSON ASSAILS LEAGUE OF NATIONS; Californian Calls It a "Gigantic War Trust" in Speech to Senate. SEES AMERICA SWALLOWED Declares the Monroe Doctrine is Left to the Interpretation of Foreign Nations. FEARS VOTES OF ENGLAND Senator Attacks the Shantung "Secret Treaty" and Plan toProtect France. Sees No War Preventive. Danies Monroe Doctrine Safeguard. Asserts League is Deceptive"
897:—including yours truly—are not 'isolationist.' They are merely sensible people who recognize that we may not have vital interests there, that deeper involvement may not lead to a better outcome and could make things worse, and who believe that the last thing the United States needs to do is to get dragged into yet another nasty sectarian fight in the Arab/Islamic world."
364:. Jefferson said that one of the "essential principles of our government" is that of "peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none." He also stated that "Commerce with all nations, alliance with none", should be the motto of the United States. Extending at times into
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reported that their newest poll, "American's Place in the World 2013," had revealed that 52 percent of respondents in the national poll said that the United States "should mind its own business internationally and let other countries get along the best they can on their own." This was the most people
838:
Differences over collective security in the G.O.P. were real in 1952, but Taft tried during his pre-convention campaign to moderate his image as a "go-it-aloner" in foreign policy. His whole effort proved unsuccessful, largely because by spring the internationalist camp had a formidable candidate of
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or Israel. But the United States had limited funds and problems at home and must therefore curb its commitments....This fear of overcommitment was rooted in Taft's even deeper faith in liberty, which made him shrink from a foreign policy that would cost large sums of money, increase the power of the
746:
As 1940 became 1941, the actions of the
Roosevelt administration made it more and more clear that the United States was on a course to war. This policy shift, driven by the President, came in two phases. The first came in 1939 with the passage of the Fourth Neutrality Act, which permitted the United
646:
based in New York, a cultural propaganda council designed to give
Americans a more favorable image of France. Better known as the French Information Center, the group created a French Cinema Center to distribution of French films in the United States and by 1939 had handled out for free about 5, 000
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who in August 1930 called France a greedy "Shylock" intent upon taking the last "pound of flesh" from
Germany via reparations while refusing to pay its war debts to the United States. In the early 1930s, French diplomats at the embassy in Washington stated that the image of France was at an all-time
815:
Taft fought a mostly losing battle to reduce government expenditures and to curtail or prevent foreign aid measures such as the
British loan of 1945 and the Marshall Plan. He feared that these measures would "destroy the freedom of the individual, freedom of States and local communities, freedom of
573:
American society in the interwar period was characterized by a division in values between urban and rural areas as
Americans in urban areas tended to be liberal while those in rural areas tended to be conservative. Adding to the division was that Americans in rural areas tended to be Protestant of
754:
Act of early 1941. This act allowed the
President "to lend, lease, sell, or barter arms, ammunition, food, or any 'defense article' or any 'defense information' to 'the government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.'" American public opinion
908:
A July 2014 poll of "battleground voters" across the United States found "77 percent in favor of full withdrawal from
Afghanistan by the end of 2016; only 15 percent and 17 percent interested in more involvement in Syria and Ukraine, respectively; and 67 percent agreeing with the statement that,
725:
asked, "How could we sit back as spectators of a war against ourselves?" In an address to the American people on December 29, 1940, President Roosevelt said, "the Axis not merely admits but proclaims that there can be no ultimate peace between their philosophy of government and our philosophy of
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subsequently declared war on Germany. In an address to the American people two days later, President Roosevelt assured the nation that he would do all he could to keep them out of war. "When peace has been broken anywhere, the peace of all countries everywhere is in danger," Roosevelt said. Even
847:
Eisenhower won the nomination and secured Taft's support by promising Taft a dominant voice in domestic policies, while Eisenhower's internationalism would set the foreign-policy agenda. Graebner argues that Eisenhower succeeded in moving the conservative Republicans away from their traditional
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Two basic beliefs continued to form a fairly consistent core of Taft's thinking on foreign policy. First, he insisted on limiting America's overseas commitments. "Nobody today can be an isolationist.... The only question is the degree to which we shall take action throughout the entire world."
717:
survey published in July found that in the summer of 1940, 67% of Americans believed that a German-Italian victory would endanger the United States, that if such an event occurred 88% supported "arm to the teeth at any expense to be prepared for any trouble", and that 71% favored "the immediate
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Non-interventionists rooted a significant portion of their arguments in historical precedent, citing events such as Washington's farewell address and the failure of World War I. "If we have strong defenses and understand and believe in what we are defending, we need fear nobody in this world,"
340:
The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent
413:
declined, "defending 'our policy of non-intervention—straight, absolute, and peculiar as it may seem to other nations,'" and insisted that "he American people must be content to recommend the cause of human progress by the wisdom with which they should exercise the powers of self-government,
699:
The war in Europe split the American people into two camps: non-interventionists and interventionists. The two sides argued over America's involvement in this World War II. The basic principle of the interventionist argument was fear of German invasion. One of the rhetorical criticisms of
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declined by seven percentage points from 1936. Of the 20 counties in which his share declined by 35 points or more, 19 were largely German-speaking. Of the 35 counties in which his share declined by 25 to 34 points, German was the largest or second-largest original nationality in 31.
341:
controversies the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.
601:
Another reason for isolationism was the belief that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh towards Germany and the question of war debts to the United States. American public opinion was especially hostile towards France, which was depicted in the words of the Republican Senator
843:. As the personification of post-1945 American commitment to collective security, particularly in Europe, General Eisenhower had decided to run because he feared, apparently, that Taft's election would lead to repudiation of the whole collective security effort, including NATO.
708:, and Britain was the only democratic enemy of Germany. In a 1940 speech, Roosevelt argued, "Some, indeed, still hold to the now somewhat obvious delusion that we … can safely permit the United States to become a lone island … in a world dominated by the philosophy of force."
880:. A poll from late April 2013 found that 62% of Americans thought that the "United States has no responsibility to do something about the fighting in Syria between government forces and antigovernment groups," with only twenty-five percent disagreeing with that statement.
224:
between the late 18th century and the first half of the 20th century whereby it sought to avoid alliances with other nations in order to prevent itself from being drawn into wars that were not related to the direct territorial self-defense of the United States.
696:
though he was intent on neutrality as the official policy of the United States, he still echoed the dangers of staying out of this war. He also cautioned the American people to not let their wish to avoid war at all costs supersede the security of the nation.
729:
There were still many who held on to non-interventionism. Although a minority, they were well organized, and had a powerful presence in Congress. Pro-German or anti-British opinion contributed to non-interventionism. Roosevelt's national share of the
2141:
George Fujii. "Review of Wunderlin, Clarence E., Robert A. Taft: Ideas, Tradition, and Party in U.S. Foreign Policy (Biographies in American Foreign Policy) and Wunderlin, Clarence E. Jr.., ed., The Papers of Robert A. Taft, Volume 3: 1945-1948."
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Polls indicate growing impatience among Americans with the war in Ukraine, with 2023 polls showing just 17% of Americans think their country is "not doing enough" to support Ukraine. This percentage is the lowest since the war began.
680:. For example, in the final Neutrality Act, Americans could not sail on ships flying the flag of a belligerent nation or trade arms with warring nations. Such activities had played a role in American entrance into World War I.
483:
with the slogan "He kept us out of war." The neutrality policy was supported by the tradition of shunning foreign entanglements, and by the large population of immigrants from Europe with divided loyalties in the conflict.
304:
Prime Minister, proclaimed in 1723: "My politics are to keep free from all engagements as long as we possibly can." He emphasized economic advantage and rejected the idea of intervening in European affairs to maintain a
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found support among elite and popular opinion in the United States, which varied depending on the international context and the country's interests. At times, the degree and nature of this policy was better known as
943:" and pursued foreign policy goals designed to promote national interests. Conservatives were the only group that was "realist" in the academic sense in that they defined the national interest narrowly, strove for
767:, by late 1941 72% of Americans agreed that "the biggest job facing this country today is to help defeat the Nazi Government", and 70% thought that defeating Germany was more important than staying out of the war.
577:
The United States acted independently to become a major player in the 1920s in international negotiations and treaties. The Harding Administration achieved naval disarmament among the major powers through the
566:, of California, denounced the League of Nations as a "gigantic war trust." While some of the sentiment was grounded in adherence to Constitutional principles, most of the sentiment bore a reassertion of
718:
adoption of compulsory military training for all young men". The magazine wrote that the survey showed "the emergence of a majority attitude very different from that of six or even three months ago".
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was a leading opponent of interventionism after 1945, although it always played a secondary role to his deep interest in domestic affairs. Historian George Fujii, citing the Taft papers, argues:
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States to trade arms with belligerent nations, as long as these nations came to America to retrieve the arms, and pay for them in cash. This policy was quickly dubbed, 'Cash and Carry.'
614:, also continued to abet non-intervention. The attention of the country focused mostly on addressing the problems of the national economy. The rise of aggressive imperialist policies by
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the farmer to run his own farm and the workman to do his own job" (p. 375), thereby threatening the foundations of American prosperity and leading to a "totalitarian state" (p. 377).
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strongly objected to, calling the description "sloppy journalism." According to Walt, "the overwhelming majority of people who have doubts about the wisdom of deeper involvement in
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in April 1917, however. Congress voted to declare war on Germany, 373 to 50 in the House of Representatives and 82 to 6 in the Senate. Technically the US joined the side of the
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In 1951, in the midst of bitter partisan debate over the Korean War, Taft increasingly spoke out on foreign policy issues. According to his biographer James T. Patterson:
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to answer that question this way in the history of the question, one which pollsters began asking in 1964. Only about a third of respondents felt this way a decade ago.
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704:- businesses who had profited from World War I lobbying for involvement in order to profit from another large war. By the summer of 1940, France suffered a stunning
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Doenecke, Justus D. "Non-interventionism of the Left: the Keep America Out of the War Congress, 1938-41." Journal of Contemporary History 12.2 (1977): 221–236.
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743:, President of the University of Chicago, wrote in a 1940 essay. Isolationists believed that the safety of the nation was more important than any foreign war.
537:
supported the Treaty with reservations to be sure Congress had final authority on sending the U.S. into war. Wilson and his Democratic supporters rejected the
2402:
630:. These events led to ineffectual condemnations by the League of Nations. Official American response was muted. America also did not take sides in the brutal
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Ultimately, the ideological rift between the ideals of the United States and the goals of the fascist powers empowered the interventionist argument. Writer
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273:. Non-interventionist policies have had continued support from some Americans even after World War II, mostly regarding specific armed conflicts like the
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and reciprocal trade policies, and collective security arrangements, to support for those policies. By 1964 the Republican conservatives rallied behind
3307:
Aregood, Richard, Richard Shafer, and Eric Freedman. "American Isolationism and The Political Evolution of Journalist-Turned-US Senator Gerald P. Nye."
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Brian C. Rathbun, "Does One Right Make a Realist? Conservatism, Neoconservatism, and Isolationism in the Foreign Policy Ideology of American Elites,"
1935:, vol. 16, (Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 1968),4, N.B. The Annals of America is a multivolume collection of primary sources grouped by year.
1885:, vol. 16, (Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 1968),6, N.B. The Annals of America is a multivolume collection of primary sources grouped by year.
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in 1934. In an attempt to influence American public opinion into taking a more favorable view of France, the Quai d'Orsay founded in 1935 the
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continued to demand American neutrality. Between 1936 and 1937, much to the dismay of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Congress passed the
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A few months after the declaration of war, Wilson gave a speech to Congress outlining his aims for conclusion of the conflict, labeled the
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558:, had great objections regarding the clauses of the treaty which compelled America to come to the defense of other nations. Senator
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3304:. (1957).; says it's based on economic self-sufficiency and the illusion of security, together with Irish and German ethnic factors.
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The strongest opposition to American entry into the League of Nations came from the Senate where a tight-knit faction known as the
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declared neutrality, with unanimous support of his cabinet, after deciding that the treaty with France of 1778 did not apply.
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533:, even with reservations, was rejected by the Senate in the final months of Wilson's presidency. Republican Senate leader
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against Colombia, completed November 1903, in order to secure construction rights for the Panama Canal (begun in 1904).
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America had obligations that it had to honor – such as NATO – and it could not turn a blind eye to such countries as
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washingtonpost. com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/12/04/american-isolationism-just-hit-a-50-year-high-why-that-matters
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Republican presidential candidate; Paul's stance on foreign policy is one of consistent non-intervention, opposing
651:, the French ambassador in Washington reported that image of France was much higher than what it had been in 1932.
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Dunn, David. "Isolationism revisited: seven persistent myths in the contemporary American foreign policy debate."
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debated about forming an alliance with France. It rejected non-interventionism when it was apparent that the
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announced their support of the war effort. Isolationist families' sons fought in the war as much as others.
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refinanced war debts and helped restore prosperity to Germany. In August 1928, fifteen nations signed the
562:, of Idaho, declared that it would "purchase peace at the cost of any part of our independence." Senator
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872:, some members of the United States federal government, including President Obama and Secretary of State
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who was an aggressive advocate of an anti-communist internationalist foreign policy. Goldwater wanted to
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958:, and isolationists sought to minimize any involvement in foreign affairs and raise new barriers to
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forbearing at all times, and in every way, from foreign alliances, intervention, and interference."
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Kertzer, Joshua D. "Making sense of isolationism: foreign policy mood as a multilevel phenomenon."
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only as an "associated power" fighting the same enemy, not as officially allied with the Entente.
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referred to this as "an isolationist streak," a characterization international relations scholar
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2818:"Rep. Justin Amash on Trump, Ryan, and the 'Stupidity' of How the Government Spends Your Money"
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into Public Record in 1971, Democratic Presidential Candidate in 2008 and 2020. Founder of the
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with diplomatic and military interventionism, engaging or somehow intervening in virtually any
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Gilbert, Felix. "The English Background of American Isolationism in the Eighteenth Century."
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Felix Gilbert, "The English Background of American Isolationism in the Eighteenth Century,"
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in the Senate. The United States' policy of non-intervention was wholly abandoned with the
368:, both Jefferson and Madison also practiced the boycotting of belligerent nations with the
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ever since, and concluding multiple bilateral and regional military alliances, chiefly the
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Selling War: The British Propaganda Campaign against American "Neutrality" in World War II
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Rathbun (2008) compares three separate themes in conservative policies since the 1980s:
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909:'U.S. military actions should be limited to direct threats to our national security.'"
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Johnstone, Andrew. "Isolationism and internationalism in American foreign relations."
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Doenecke, Justus D. "Explaining the Antiwar Movement, 1939-1941: The Next Assignment"
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US Foreign Policy in Context: National Ideology from the Founders to the Bush Doctrine
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Association our la Constitution aux Etats-Unis d'un Office Français de Renseignements
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3552:
Weinberg, Albert K. "The Historical Meaning of the American Doctrine of Isolation."
3443:
2143:
1482:"The Welfare Cost of Autarky: Evidence from the Jeffersonian Trade Embargo, 1807–09"
5393:
5362:
5342:
5337:
3352:
Doenecke, Justus D. "Literature of Isolationism, 1972-1983: A Bibliographic Guide"
3029:
2835:
2833:
2831:
1496:
1343:
1338:
1088:
1083:
967:
877:
705:
555:
418:
395:
384:
357:
282:
169:
36:
525:
of the First World War, the non-interventionist tendencies gained ascendancy. The
5408:
5388:
5357:
5352:
5327:
5312:
5197:
2575:
2078:
1995:
1538:
1232:
1050:
1025:
947:
internationally, viewed international relations as amoral, and especially valued
932:
853:
713:
619:
615:
595:
547:
496:
380:
239:
226:
130:
51:
3399:
The Pursuit of Isolationism in the United States from Versailles to Pearl Harbor
3376:
Fisher, Max. "American isolationism just hit a 50-year high. Why that matters."
3270:
Schwartz, Benjamin (Fall 1996). "Review: The Tragedy of American Isolationism".
2828:
2628:"Coolidge against the world: Peace, prosperity, and foreign policy in the 1920s"
5372:
5347:
3507:
1588:"William e. Borah, Speech on the League of Nations [November 19, 1919]"
1274:
1219:
1101:
1073:
1060:
1016:
783:
688:
489:
472:
297:
830:
military, and transform American society into what he called a garrison state.
5504:
5451:
5367:
3607:
3323:
The Vanity of Power: American Isolationism and the First World War, 1914–1917
3169:"What the World Could Expect From Dr. Ron Paul's Non-Interventionist America"
2859:"The question no one asked: What did Russia get for hacking our electorates?"
2530:
1477:
1310:
described America's history of isolationism as a tragedy and being rooted in
1299:
1165:
1149:
808:
611:
591:
563:
559:
551:
221:
163:
3436:
Isolationism: A History of America's Efforts to Shield Itself from the World
2748:
1952:. The American Presidency Project, University of California at Santa Barbara
1851:. The American Presidency Project, University of California at Santa Barbara
1222:, U.S. Senator from Vermont, 2016 and 2020 Democratic presidential candidate
3625:
3210:
1999:
1333:
1269:
1155:
1139:
1122:
1079:
990:
936:
928:
890:
403:
376:
365:
235:
5446:
3515:
An Uncertain Idea of France Essays and Reminiscence on the Third Republic
1530:
1135:
1046:
959:
955:
948:
665:
A protest march against American involvement in World War II, before the
476:
336:
of 1796 explicitly announced the policy of American non-interventionism:
274:
3283:
774:
caused America to enter the war in December 1941, isolationists such as
3557:
3392:
939:. These approaches are similar in that they all invoked the mantle of "
873:
751:
603:
583:
301:
278:
258:
3079:"Rand Paul's Foreign Policy: For the Situation Room or the Dorm Room?"
2474:
360:
extended Washington's ideas about foreign policy in his March 4, 1801
2978:
2905:"Tulsi Gabbard Opposes 'Regime Change Wars' — But She's Not Anti-war"
2691:
2479:
1205:
1092:
986:
445:
1049:(1930–2021), former US senator from Alaska (1969–1981), Entered the
5476:
3097:"Rand Paul Found His Voice: Can He Find Noninterventionist Voters?"
2654:"Mike Gravel: Everything you need to know about the 2020 candidate"
1265:
1213:
1171:
1126:
1020:
963:
857:
755:
supported Roosevelt's actions. As United States involvement in the
654:
250:
661:
503:, Wilson's "general association of nations" was formulated as the
309:. Walpole's position was known to Americans. However, during the
2519:"Taiwan matters more to US Republicans than Ukraine – here's why"
1311:
246:
to be a pejorative used to discredit non-interventionist policy.
3389:
William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History
789:
Propaganda activities conducted by German embassy staff such as
970:
and frequently opposed military intervention in countries like
826:
399:
5249:
3359:
Doenecke, Justus D. "Anti-Interventionism of Herbert Hoover"
3332:(1962) scholarly history of neutrality legislation in 1930s.
2878:"Rep. Tulsi Gabbard Stands Firm on Anti-Regime Change Stance"
1564:
http://www.newsinhistory.com/blog/wwi-us-declares-war-germany
1216:, 2016 Republican presidential candidate, the son of Ron Paul
1179:
1143:
1082:(1873–1950), U.S. Representative from Indiana pushed for the
894:
2377:"It's not isolationist for America to mind its own business"
1647:
1645:
1643:
954:
By contrast, neoconservatives based their foreign policy on
406:
asked the United States to "join in a protest to the Tsar."
2955:"Thomas Massie Stands Against Neoconservative Intervention"
2403:"The Public's Mixed Message on America's Role in the World"
1162:(1995–2003), 2012 and 2016 Libertarian Presidential Nominee
1105:
975:
971:
325:, which Benjamin Franklin successfully negotiated in 1778.
3504:
Langer of North Dakota: A Study in Isolationism, 1940–1959
2931:"Gary Johnson presidential campaign, 2016/Foreign affairs"
2288:"A closer look at next week... Spending, Syria, ObamaCare"
1384:
From colony to superpower: US foreign relations since 1776
863:
860:
Communism and win the Cold War, asking "Why Not Victory?"
517:
Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration
3316:
America First: The Battle Against Intervention, 1940–1941
2191:
The National Security: Its Theory and Practice, 1945-1960
2163:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. pp.
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1112:, 1940, 1948 & 1952 Republican presidential candidate
802:
345:
3302:
The Isolationist Impulse: Its Twentieth Century Reaction
2602:"Howard Buffett: Anticommunist and Anti-interventionist"
2236:
U.S. vs. Them: Conservatism in the Age of Nuclear Terror
1820:
1769:
1730:
1620:
The Isolationist Impulse: Its Twentieth Century Reaction
1551:"Ulysses S. Grant: Foreign Affairs | Miller Center"
966:
favored a return to the non-interventionist policies of
700:
interventionism was that it was driven by the so-called
3338:
Doenecke, Justus D. "American Isolationism, 1939-1941"
2800:"George Will: Justin Amash, one to watch from Michigan"
1839:
1837:
1835:
1810:
1808:
1759:
1757:
3457:
Promise and Peril: America at the Dawn of a Global Age
1684:
1657:
1625:
1429:
510:
5541:
History of the foreign relations of the United States
2451:"Americans show signs of impatience with Ukraine war"
2401:
Lindsay, James M.; Kauss, Rachael (3 December 2013).
1994:(2nd ed.). Anchor Press. pp. 139–140, 142.
1264:, 2012 Republican U.S. Representative candidate from
672:
As Europe moved closer to war in the late 1930s, the
2573:
2475:"US Polling and Politics on Ukraine War is Changing"
2405:. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press
2396:
2394:
1938:
1832:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1754:
1742:
1152:, former U.S. Representative from Hawaii (2013–2021)
1000:
2075:
440:
2841:"Will the Real GOP Non-Interventionists Stand up?"
2187:
2156:
2154:
2077:
5282:
3294:
3187:"Inside the Pentagon's "Office of Special Plans""
3007:"Entangling Alliances Distort our Foreign Policy"
2772:
2391:
1575:The Encyclopedia of World War I: A - D., Volume 1
1304:America First! Its History, Culture, and Politics
914:United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
5502:
3239:"Tucker Carlson Goes to War Against the Neocons"
2417:
2310:
2308:
2232:
655:Non-interventionism before entering World War II
529:, and thus, United States' participation in the
464:'s administration is credited with inciting the
261:, its traditional foreign policy turned towards
2339:
2337:
1239:intelligence officer & former chief of the
793:, assisted by isolationist politicians such as
759:grew with incidents such as the sinking of the
379:articulated what would come to be known as the
2775:"Robert Taft and His Forgotten "Isolationism""
2746:
2368:
2253:
2102:
1989:
610:The economic depression that ensued after the
425:in 1870, but failed to get the support of the
385:U.S. expansion on the North American continent
328:After Britain and France went to war in 1792,
257:and the rise of the United States as a global
3590:
3055:
2599:
2499:
2497:
2317:"Poll Shows Isolationist Streak in Americans"
2305:
2279:
2194:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 249.
2159:Mr. Republican: a biography of Robert A. Taft
1985:
1983:
1969:
1967:
687:, marking the start of World War II, and the
194:
2676:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2400:
2334:
2261:"Text of President Obama's Remarks on Syria"
1900:
993:has called on the United States to push for
590:, brainchild of American Secretary of State
3413:Encyclopedia of the New American Nation,"
2730:"Louis Ludlow and the Power to Declare War"
2652:Ayesh, Orion Rummler,Rashaan (2019-05-05).
2314:
2285:
1945:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (29 December 1940).
1844:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (3 September 1939).
1076:(1886–1959), U.S. Senator from North Dakota
876:, considered intervening militarily in the
5196:
3597:
3583:
3021:
3013:. House of Representatives. Archived from
2494:
2006:
1980:
1964:
1408:
201:
187:
3450:Prequel An American Fight Against Fascism
3342:Summer/Fall 1982, 6(3), pp. 201–216.
3027:
2346:"Sloppy journalism at the New York Times"
2129:Prequel An American Fight Against Fascism
1947:"154 – Fireside Chat – December 29, 1940"
1944:
1843:
1435:
1288:Criticism of United States foreign policy
997:rather than continue to support Ukraine.
352:Washington Doctrine of Unstable Alliances
3462:
3269:
2971:
2875:
2625:
2144:H-Diplo, H-Net Reviews. December, 2005"
1697:
1678:
1666:
1651:
1634:
1535:America's Will to War: The Turning Point
922:
660:
444:
3624:
2902:
2574:Stromberg, Joseph R. (April 24, 2001).
2516:
2286:Kasperowicz, Pete (September 6, 2013).
1526:
1524:
1226:
1146:, 2018 Republican U.S. Senate candidate
1131:2020 Libertarian presidential candidate
983:Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine
864:Non-interventionism in the 21st century
5503:
3613:Foreign relations of the United States
3570:American isolationism and World War II
3438:(Oxford University Press, USA, 2020).
2423:
1019:(1903–1964), U.S. Representative from
803:Non-interventionism after World War II
346:No entangling alliances (19th century)
5546:History of United States isolationism
5281:
5195:
3623:
3578:
3512:
3236:
3203:
2651:
2374:
1826:
1814:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1748:
1736:
1622:(New York: The Free Press, 1957), 201
1476:
321:could be won in no other manner than
3363:Summer 1987, 8(2), pp. 311–340.
3356:Spring 1983, 7(1), pp. 157–184.
3349:Winter 1986, 8(1), pp. 139–162.
3004:
2343:
2315:Thee-Brenan, Megan (30 April 2013).
2110:"Isolationist Groups Back Roosevelt"
2084:. Oxford University Press. pp.
1521:
450:Wake Up, America! Civilization Calls
5030:Greater Republic of Central America
5025:Federal Republic of Central America
3206:"What Does Tucker Carlson Believe?"
3204:Plott, Elaina (December 15, 2019).
2773:Bresiger, Gregory (March 8, 2014).
1168:, U.S. Representative from Kentucky
1069:United States Secretary of Commerce
989:" against Russia. Former President
511:Isolationism between the World Wars
475:was able to navigate neutrality in
220:that was eventually applied by the
13:
3422:Isolationism in America, 1935-1941
3251:from the original on July 23, 2018
3218:from the original on July 26, 2020
2974:"Ron Paul to Retire from Congress"
2903:Gabbard, Tulsi (16 October 2019).
2126:
1436:Jefferson, Thomas (4 March 1801).
1125:, former U.S. Representative from
271:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14:
5557:
3563:
3554:American Political Science Review
3459:(Harvard University Press, 2011).
3278:(3). Duke University Press: 107.
2986:from the original on July 8, 2019
2749:"Henrik Shipstead Against the UN"
2747:Liberty, Power (August 1, 2005).
1489:Review of International Economics
1251:
1001:Supporters of non-interventionism
214:United States non-interventionism
5145:Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
3836:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3672:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3606:
3406:Journal of Transatlantic Studies
3058:"The Foreign Policy of Ron Paul"
2972:Trygstad, Kyle (July 12, 2011).
2712:"'Wild Bill' dies, Nov. 8, 1959"
2424:Kassel, Whitney (29 July 2014).
2375:Healy, Gene (10 December 2013).
1501:10.1111/j.1467-9396.2005.00527.x
1247:, blogger, political commentator
962:. Former Republican Congressman
441:20th century non-interventionism
3455:Nichols, Christopher McKnight.
3411:Jonas, Manfred. "Isolationism"
3371:Review of International Studies
3361:Journal of Libertarian Studies,
3354:Journal of Libertarian Studies,
3347:Journal of Libertarian Studies,
3340:Journal of Libertarian Studies,
3263:
3230:
3197:
3179:
3161:
3149:Bernie Sanders Official Website
3137:
3121:. June 29, 2017. Archived from
3107:
3089:
3071:
3049:
2998:
2965:
2947:
2923:
2896:
2876:Martinez, Remso (17 May 2019).
2869:
2851:
2810:
2792:
2766:
2740:
2722:
2704:
2684:
2645:
2619:
2600:Daher, Trevor (July 27, 2020).
2593:
2567:
2543:
2510:
2467:
2443:
2344:Walt, Stephen M. (1 May 2013).
2226:
2217:
2208:
2181:
2148:
2135:
2120:
2069:
2056:
2043:
2031:
2019:
1992:The Future of American Politics
1926:
1888:
1876:
1863:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1612:
1594:
1580:
1568:
1557:
1104:(1889–1953), U.S. Senator from
1091:(1881–1960), U.S. Senator from
323:a military alliance with France
242:, while some consider the term
4057:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
3295:References and further reading
3115:"The Two Non-Interventionists"
1543:
1470:
1456:
1442:The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
1402:
1389:
1376:
1361:
1005:
636:withdrew its troops from Haiti
628:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
479:for about three years, and to
1:
3318:(1953), the standard history.
3237:Mills, Curt (July 14, 2017).
1415:. Routledge. pp. 50–52.
1349:Pacifism in the United States
1042:Lt. Governor of Massachusetts
638:with the inauguration of the
622:led to conflicts such as the
334:Washington's Farewell Address
292:
5511:Criticism of neoconservatism
3145:"Responsible Foreign Policy"
3056:Rockwell, Lew (2007-05-21).
2076:Cull, Nicholas John (1995).
1281:
649:René Doynel de Saint-Quentin
624:Italian conquest of Ethiopia
594:and French Foreign Minister
423:annex the Dominican Republic
136:Involvement in regime change
7:
5265:International organizations
5165:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
5020:Duchy of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg
3467:. New York: Berkley Books.
2517:Stanley, Tim (2023-06-15).
2505:Political Science Quarterly
2188:Norman A. Graebner (1986).
2155:James T. Patterson (1972).
1317:
834:Norman A. Graebner argues:
580:Washington Naval Conference
570:and inward-looking policy.
315:Second Continental Congress
10:
5562:
5308:Proclamation of Neutrality
5095:North German Confederation
3330:The Illusion Of Neutrality
3038:. House of Representatives
2692:"About – Gravel Institute"
2426:"What Would Nietzsche Do?"
1908:"What the U. S. A. Thinks"
1370:William and Mary Quarterly
1285:
1260:, retired Lt. Col. of the
911:
870:presidency of Barack Obama
514:
349:
319:American Revolutionary War
5521:Old Right (United States)
5427:
5381:
5296:
5292:
5277:
5205:
5191:
4997:
4962:
4926:
4895:
4874:
4867:
4807:
4704:
4626:
4558:
4551:
4439:
4373:
4315:
4262:
4226:
4219:
4144:
4121:
4070:
3994:
3987:
3892:
3856:
3808:
3700:
3644:
3637:
3633:
3619:
3513:Young, Robert J. (2005).
2959:Liberty Conservative News
2845:The American Conservative
2233:J. Peter Scoblic (2008).
2116:. 1941-12-09. p. 44.
1464:"Thomas Jefferson Quotes"
1438:"First Inaugural Address"
1397:From colony to superpower
1268:, whistleblower from the
1038:Governor of Massachusetts
750:The second phase was the
486:America did enter the war
255:aftermath of World War II
16:Type of diplomatic policy
5100:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
3662:Central African Republic
3517:. New York: Peter Lang.
3321:Cooper, John Milton Jr.
3028:Paul, Ron (2007-05-22).
3005:Paul, Ron (2002-09-16).
2632:James Madison University
2131:. pp. 243, 250–251.
1914:. 1940-07-29. p. 20
1577:, p.1264 ABC-CLIO, 2005.
1354:
1277:, television personality
1116:
791:George Sylvester Viereck
281:wars or the more recent
249:Due to the start of the
216:primarily refers to the
5260:Third Border Initiative
3463:Sevareid, Eric (1978).
2239:. Penguin. p. 46.
1990:Lubell, Samuel (1956).
1950:(Text of Radio Address)
1849:(Text of Radio Address)
1262:United States Air Force
1241:Bin Laden Issue Station
1097:America First Committee
1095:, also a member of the
1063:(1874–1964), 31st U.S.
1028:(1872–1933), 30th U.S.
1010:
780:America First Committee
741:Robert Maynard Hutchins
435:Philippine–American War
267:overseas armed conflict
24:expansion and influence
5170:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
5160:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4722:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3556:34#3 (1940): 539–547.
3431:75.01 (2013): 225-240.
3373:31.02 (2005): 237–261.
1444:. Princeton University
1160:Governor of New Mexico
1110:Senate Majority Leader
900:In December 2013, the
772:attack on Pearl Harbor
757:Battle of the Atlantic
732:1940 presidential vote
685:Germany invaded Poland
674:United States Congress
669:
667:attack on Pearl Harbor
457:
454:James Montgomery Flagg
3692:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3677:Republic of the Congo
3397:Guinsburg, Thomas N.
3334:online free to borrow
3244:The National Interest
3103:. September 17, 2015.
3101:The National Interest
2734:Indiana State Library
2379:. Washington Examiner
1933:The Annals of America
1895:The Annals of America
1883:The Annals of America
1846:"120 – Fireside Chat"
1245:Georgetown University
923:Conservative policies
683:On 1 September 1939,
664:
515:Further information:
448:
126:Foreign interventions
94:Military bases abroad
42:Territorial evolution
5482:Special Relationship
5323:Good Neighbor policy
5085:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
5080:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
5075:Grand Duchy of Hesse
5010:Grand Duchy of Baden
4684:Special Relationship
4534:United Arab Emirates
3434:Kupchan, Charles A.
3311:9.2 (2015): 279–294.
3272:World Policy Journal
3175:. November 28, 2007.
3035:Congressional Record
2882:www.theadvocates.org
2753:History News Network
2507:2008 123(2): 271-299
2064:Isolationist Impulse
2051:Isolationist Impulse
2014:Isolationist Impulse
1975:Isolationist Impulse
1871:Isolationist Impulse
1295:World Policy Journal
1227:Government officials
1200:entangling alliances
841:Dwight D. Eisenhower
640:Good Neighbor Policy
527:Treaty of Versailles
501:Treaty of Versailles
431:Spanish–American War
263:American imperialism
89:Military deployments
5531:Paleolibertarianism
5516:Non-interventionism
5472:Progressive realism
5467:Non-interventionism
5318:Roosevelt Corollary
5255:Major non-NATO ally
5140:Kingdom of Sardinia
5065:Hanseatic Republics
4062:Trinidad and Tobago
4047:St. Kitts and Nevis
4002:Antigua and Barbuda
3429:Journal of Politics
3309:Journalism Practice
3011:Texas Straight Talk
2804:The Washington Post
2736:. January 14, 2020.
2718:. November 8, 2013.
1409:Adam Quinn (2009).
1382:George C. Herring,
1202:with other nations.
902:Pew Research Center
588:Kellogg–Briand Pact
481:win 1916 reelection
437:from 1899 to 1902.
427:Radical Republicans
375:In 1823, President
370:Embargo Act of 1807
311:American Revolution
287:Russo-Ukrainian War
231:non-interventionism
121:Non-interventionism
79:Military operations
5536:Political theories
5462:Middle East policy
5060:Kingdom of Hanover
5015:Kingdom of Bavaria
4027:Dominican Republic
3328:Divine, Robert A.
2863:LibertyFighters.uk
2847:. August 29, 2017.
2321:The New York Times
2265:The New York Times
2114:The New York Times
1829:, p. 201-202.
1778:, p. 192-193.
1739:, p. 187-188.
1606:The New York Times
1480:(September 2005).
1196:wars of aggression
886:The New York Times
723:Archibald MacLeish
702:merchants of death
670:
540:Lodge Reservations
462:Theodore Roosevelt
458:
433:, followed by the
408:Secretary of State
394:put down the 1863
300:, Britain's first
175:America's Backyard
5526:Paleoconservatism
5498:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5273:
5272:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5155:Republic of Texas
5105:Orange Free State
5050:Republic of Genoa
4993:
4992:
4863:
4862:
4547:
4546:
4215:
4214:
3983:
3982:
3682:Equatorial Guinea
3544:value: checksum (
3494:value: checksum (
3408:9.1 (2011): 7-20.
3391:(1944): 138–160.
3085:. April 15, 2014.
2911:. Huffington Post
2865:. March 13, 2017.
2806:. April 19, 2013.
2246:978-1-4406-3901-2
2214:Patterson, p. 577
2201:978-0-19-802103-2
2174:978-0-395-13938-7
2095:978-0-19-508566-2
2038:Annals of America
2026:Annals of America
1553:. 4 October 2016.
1422:978-1-135-26882-4
1324:Empire of Liberty
1308:Benjamin Schwartz
1258:Karen Kwiatkowski
945:balances of power
795:Hamilton Fish III
776:Charles Lindbergh
706:defeat by Germans
632:Spanish Civil War
535:Henry Cabot Lodge
531:League of Nations
505:League of Nations
466:Panamanian Revolt
411:William H. Seward
402:, French Emperor
392:Tsar Alexander II
362:inaugural address
330:George Washington
211:
210:
47:American frontier
5553:
5294:
5293:
5279:
5278:
5193:
5192:
5070:Hawaiian Kingdom
5035:Congo Free State
4939:Marshall Islands
4908:Papua New Guinea
4872:
4871:
4556:
4555:
4224:
4223:
3992:
3991:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3621:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3549:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3528:
3506:(1979). Senator
3502:Smith, Glenn H.
3499:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3478:
3465:Between the Wars
3448:Maddow, Rachel.
3420:Jonas, Manfred.
3288:
3287:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3193:. March 7, 2014.
3183:
3177:
3176:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3125:on June 28, 2019
3111:
3105:
3104:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2961:. June 24, 2019.
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2909:www.huffpost.com
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2837:
2826:
2825:
2824:. April 9, 2018.
2814:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2514:
2508:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2356:on 9 August 2014
2352:. Archived from
2341:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2267:. 31 August 2013
2257:
2251:
2250:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2162:
2152:
2146:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2127:Maddow, Rachel.
2124:
2118:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2083:
2073:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1987:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1841:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1682:
1681:, p. 47-48.
1676:
1670:
1664:
1655:
1654:, p. 46-47.
1649:
1638:
1632:
1623:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1503:. Archived from
1486:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1386:(2008). pp 14-23
1380:
1374:
1373:(1944) 1#2 p 142
1365:
1344:Little Englander
1339:Ludlow Amendment
1089:Henrik Shipstead
1084:Ludlow Amendment
1055:Gravel Institute
968:Thomas Jefferson
878:Syrian Civil War
582:in 1921–22. The
419:Ulysses S. Grant
396:January Uprising
358:Thomas Jefferson
307:balance of power
283:Syrian Civil War
203:
196:
189:
170:American Century
74:Military history
37:Manifest destiny
19:
18:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5486:
5429:
5423:
5389:Lodge Corollary
5382:Other doctrines
5377:
5299:
5288:
5269:
5201:
5179:
5090:Duchy of Nassau
4989:
4958:
4922:
4913:Solomon Islands
4891:
4859:
4803:
4774:North Macedonia
4737:Northern Cyprus
4700:
4622:
4543:
4435:
4369:
4311:
4258:
4211:
4140:
4117:
4066:
3979:
3888:
3852:
3804:
3696:
3629:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3566:
3541:
3539:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3491:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3380:Washington Post
3314:Cole, Wayne S.
3297:
3292:
3291:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3252:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3202:
3198:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3173:LewRockwell.com
3167:
3166:
3162:
3153:
3151:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3083:National Review
3077:
3076:
3072:
3063:
3061:
3054:
3050:
3041:
3039:
3026:
3022:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2970:
2966:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2884:. The Advocates
2874:
2870:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2839:
2838:
2829:
2822:Reason Magazine
2816:
2815:
2811:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2779:Mises Institute
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2745:
2741:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2606:Mises Institute
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2576:"The Old Cause"
2572:
2568:
2559:
2557:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2342:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2313:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2231:
2227:
2223:Graebner, p 249
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2136:
2125:
2121:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1641:
1633:
1626:
1617:
1613:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1539:Mises Institute
1529:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1484:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1329:Interventionism
1320:
1290:
1284:
1254:
1243:, professor at
1233:Michael Scheuer
1229:
1119:
1051:Pentagon Papers
1026:Calvin Coolidge
1013:
1008:
1003:
933:neoconservatism
925:
916:
866:
854:Barry Goldwater
805:
678:Neutrality Acts
657:
620:Empire of Japan
596:Aristide Briand
548:Irreconcilables
519:
513:
497:Fourteen Points
443:
381:Monroe Doctrine
354:
348:
295:
240:interwar period
207:
145:
131:Monroe Doctrine
98:
61:
52:Alaska Purchase
23:
22:History of U.S.
17:
12:
11:
5:
5559:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5304:
5302:
5290:
5289:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5245:United Nations
5242:
5237:
5232:
5230:European Union
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5135:Ryukyu Kingdom
5132:
5130:Russian Empire
5127:
5122:
5120:Duchy of Parma
5117:
5112:
5110:Ottoman Empire
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5040:Czechoslovakia
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4694:Cayman Islands
4691:
4686:
4679:United Kingdom
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4583:
4578:
4576:Czech Republic
4573:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3630:
3617:
3616:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3564:External links
3562:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3523:
3510:
3508:William Langer
3500:
3473:
3460:
3453:
3452:(Crown, 2023).
3446:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3385:
3382:. Dec 12, 2013
3374:
3367:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3300:Adler, Selig.
3296:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3262:
3229:
3196:
3178:
3160:
3136:
3106:
3088:
3070:
3060:. Lew Rockwell
3048:
3020:
3017:on 2002-09-23.
2997:
2964:
2946:
2922:
2895:
2868:
2850:
2827:
2809:
2791:
2765:
2739:
2721:
2703:
2683:
2644:
2626:Joel Webster.
2618:
2592:
2566:
2542:
2509:
2493:
2483:. 19 June 2023
2466:
2442:
2430:Foreign Policy
2416:
2390:
2367:
2350:Foreign Policy
2333:
2304:
2278:
2252:
2245:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2200:
2180:
2173:
2147:
2134:
2119:
2101:
2094:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2005:
1979:
1963:
1937:
1925:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1862:
1831:
1819:
1817:, p. 201.
1804:
1802:, p. 196.
1792:
1790:, p. 200.
1780:
1768:
1766:, p. 188.
1753:
1751:, p. 187.
1741:
1729:
1727:Adler, 214–215
1720:
1711:
1702:
1683:
1671:
1656:
1639:
1624:
1611:
1608:. 3 June 1919.
1593:
1579:
1567:
1556:
1542:
1520:
1495:(4): 631–645.
1478:Irwin, Douglas
1469:
1455:
1428:
1421:
1401:
1388:
1375:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1302:'s 1995 book
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1275:Tucker Carlson
1272:
1253:
1252:Public figures
1250:
1249:
1248:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1220:Bernie Sanders
1217:
1203:
1176:Representative
1174:, former U.S.
1169:
1163:
1153:
1147:
1138:, former U.S.
1133:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1102:Robert A. Taft
1099:
1086:
1077:
1074:William Langer
1071:
1061:Herbert Hoover
1058:
1044:
1034:Vice President
1023:
1017:Howard Buffett
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
924:
921:
865:
862:
845:
844:
832:
831:
818:
817:
809:Robert A. Taft
804:
801:
784:Herbert Hoover
765: (DD-245)
689:United Kingdom
656:
653:
512:
509:
490:Triple Entente
473:Woodrow Wilson
442:
439:
350:Main article:
347:
344:
343:
342:
298:Robert Walpole
294:
291:
238:, such as the
218:foreign policy
209:
208:
206:
205:
198:
191:
183:
180:
179:
178:
177:
172:
167:
160:
158:Exceptionalism
152:
151:
147:
146:
144:
143:
133:
128:
123:
118:
116:Foreign policy
113:
105:
104:
103:Foreign policy
100:
99:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
68:
67:
63:
62:
60:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5558:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5452:Domino theory
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5235:Latin America
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5190:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5055:German Empire
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:Former states
4996:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4835:Liechtenstein
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4795:
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4790:
4787:
4785:
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4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
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4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
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4735:
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4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
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4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
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4609:
4606:
4604:
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4458:
4455:
4453:
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4444:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
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4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:Guinea-Bissau
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3534:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3484:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3444:online review
3441:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3233:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3191:natsummit.org
3188:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3059:
3052:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2990:September 22,
2985:
2981:
2980:
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2968:
2960:
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2926:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2883:
2879:
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2860:
2854:
2846:
2842:
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2834:
2832:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2754:
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2743:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2693:
2687:
2679:
2673:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2523:The Telegraph
2520:
2513:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2404:
2397:
2395:
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2318:
2311:
2309:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1897:, vol. 16, 8.
1896:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1700:, p. 48.
1699:
1698:Sevareid 1978
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1680:
1679:Sevareid 1978
1675:
1669:, p. 47.
1668:
1667:Sevareid 1978
1663:
1661:
1653:
1652:Sevareid 1978
1648:
1646:
1644:
1637:, p. 46.
1636:
1635:Sevareid 1978
1631:
1629:
1621:
1618:Selig Adler,
1615:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1510:on 2018-12-24
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1424:
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1413:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:Bill Kauffman
1297:
1296:
1289:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:Thomas Massie
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:Tulsi Gabbard
1148:
1145:
1141:
1140:State Senator
1137:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1014:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
920:
915:
910:
906:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
887:
883:A writer for
881:
879:
875:
871:
861:
859:
855:
851:
842:
837:
836:
835:
828:
823:
822:
821:
814:
813:
812:
810:
807:Ohio Senator
800:
799:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
764:
758:
753:
748:
744:
742:
736:
733:
727:
726:government."
724:
719:
716:
715:
709:
707:
703:
697:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
668:
663:
659:
652:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:Fascist Italy
613:
612:Crash of 1929
608:
605:
599:
597:
593:
592:Frank Kellogg
589:
585:
581:
575:
571:
569:
565:
564:Hiram Johnson
561:
560:William Borah
557:
556:George Norris
553:
552:William Borah
549:
544:
542:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
518:
508:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
455:
451:
447:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:attempted to
420:
415:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
353:
339:
338:
337:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
232:
228:
223:
222:United States
219:
215:
204:
199:
197:
192:
190:
185:
184:
182:
181:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
165:
164:Pax Americana
161:
159:
156:
155:
154:
153:
149:
148:
141:
140:Latin America
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:
102:
101:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
65:
64:
58:
55:
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:
38:
35:
34:
33:
32:
28:
27:
21:
20:
5466:
5442:China policy
5428:Policies and
5298:Presidential
5198:Multilateral
5150:Soviet Union
5115:Papal States
5045:East Germany
4970:Cook Islands
4591:Transnistria
4519:Saudi Arabia
4249:Turkmenistan
3970:Sierra Leone
3905:Burkina Faso
3884:South Africa
3553:
3524:0-82940781-9
3514:
3503:
3474:425-039710-4
3464:
3456:
3449:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3253:. Retrieved
3242:
3232:
3220:. Retrieved
3211:The Atlantic
3209:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3152:. Retrieved
3148:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3123:the original
3118:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3062:. Retrieved
3051:
3040:. Retrieved
3033:
3030:"Patriotism"
3023:
3015:the original
3010:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2977:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2938:. Retrieved
2934:
2925:
2913:. Retrieved
2908:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2881:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2778:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2752:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2695:. Retrieved
2686:
2661:. Retrieved
2657:
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2631:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2579:
2569:
2558:. Retrieved
2554:
2545:
2534:. Retrieved
2522:
2512:
2504:
2485:. Retrieved
2478:
2469:
2458:. Retrieved
2454:
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2433:. Retrieved
2429:
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2381:. Retrieved
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2354:the original
2349:
2324:. Retrieved
2320:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2264:
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2235:
2228:
2219:
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2183:
2158:
2150:
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2128:
2122:
2113:
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2071:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2008:
1991:
1974:
1954:. Retrieved
1940:
1932:
1928:
1918:November 10,
1916:. Retrieved
1911:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1822:
1795:
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1570:
1559:
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1531:Raico, Ralph
1512:. Retrieved
1505:the original
1492:
1488:
1472:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1441:
1431:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1368:
1363:
1334:Isolationism
1303:
1293:
1291:
1156:Gary Johnson
1123:Justin Amash
1080:Louis Ludlow
1040:, 46th U.S.
1036:, 48th U.S.
1032:, 29th U.S.
991:Donald Trump
980:
953:
937:isolationism
929:conservatism
926:
917:
907:
899:
891:Stephen Walt
884:
882:
867:
846:
833:
819:
806:
788:
769:
763:Reuben James
762:
749:
745:
737:
728:
720:
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710:
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682:
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658:
643:
609:
600:
576:
572:
545:
538:
520:
494:
470:
459:
452:, poster by
449:
416:
404:Napoleon III
389:
377:James Monroe
374:
366:isolationism
355:
327:
296:
248:
244:isolationism
243:
236:isolationism
213:
212:
162:
120:
84:List of wars
5457:Foreign aid
5447:Containment
5399:Kirkpatrick
5283:Doctrines,
5240:Middle East
5215:Arab League
4887:New Zealand
4875:Australasia
4855:Switzerland
4850:Netherlands
4416:Philippines
4323:Afghanistan
4302:South Korea
4297:North Korea
4088:El Salvador
3780:South Sudan
3542:|isbn=
3492:|isbn=
3442:; also see
3255:January 29,
2935:Ballotpedia
2637:February 1,
2580:Antiwar.com
2297:9 September
2271:9 September
1136:Eric Brakey
1047:Mike Gravel
1006:Politicians
995:peace talks
960:immigration
956:nationalism
949:sovereignty
868:During the
850:foreign aid
848:attacks on
839:its own in
477:World War I
111:Imperialism
57:Ceded lands
29:Colonialism
5505:Categories
5404:Weinberger
5333:Eisenhower
5287:, concepts
5175:Yugoslavia
4944:Micronesia
4927:Micronesia
4840:Luxembourg
4784:San Marino
4769:Montenegro
4452:Azerbaijan
4391:East Timor
4328:Bangladesh
4254:Uzbekistan
4244:Tajikistan
4239:Kyrgyzstan
4234:Kazakhstan
4083:Costa Rica
3950:Mauritania
3920:The Gambia
3910:Cape Verde
3773:Somaliland
3763:Seychelles
3753:Mozambique
3738:Madagascar
3154:2022-11-28
3064:2007-11-06
3042:2007-10-23
2940:2022-11-28
2784:October 5,
2697:2022-11-28
2663:2022-11-28
2611:October 5,
2585:October 5,
2560:2023-07-09
2536:2023-07-09
2487:2023-07-09
2460:2023-07-09
1827:Young 2005
1815:Young 2005
1800:Young 2005
1788:Young 2005
1776:Young 2005
1764:Young 2005
1749:Young 2005
1737:Young 2005
1718:Adler, 217
1709:Adler, 213
1514:2021-08-14
1314:thinking.
1298:review of
1286:See also:
1057:think tank
912:See also:
874:John Kerry
770:After the
752:Lend-Lease
604:Reed Smoot
584:Dawes Plan
471:President
460:President
417:President
356:President
293:Background
259:superpower
227:Neutrality
66:Militarism
5419:Wolfowitz
5300:doctrines
5225:East Asia
5200:relations
4963:Polynesia
4896:Melanesia
4882:Australia
4664:Lithuania
4509:Palestine
4421:Singapore
4396:Indonesia
4374:Southeast
4365:Sri Lanka
4275:Hong Kong
4207:Venezuela
4152:Argentina
4108:Nicaragua
4093:Guatemala
4052:St. Lucia
3995:Caribbean
3748:Mauritius
3628:relations
3626:Bilateral
3533:cite book
3483:cite book
2979:Roll Call
2555:USA TODAY
2531:0307-1235
2480:Kyiv Post
2455:Brookings
2409:13 August
2383:13 August
1956:13 August
1855:13 August
1448:13 August
1395:Herring,
1282:Criticism
1235:, former
1206:Rand Paul
1093:Minnesota
1065:President
1030:President
987:proxy war
858:roll back
761:USS
550:, led by
5477:Rollback
5437:Blowback
5430:concepts
5414:Rumsfeld
5285:policies
4934:Kiribati
4794:Slovenia
4779:Portugal
4749:Holy See
4705:Southern
4627:Northern
4613:Slovakia
4571:Bulgaria
4482:military
4426:Thailand
4406:Malaysia
4386:Cambodia
4358:military
4353:Pakistan
4343:Maldives
4292:Mongolia
4197:Suriname
4187:Paraguay
4172:Colombia
4122:Northern
4098:Honduras
4022:Dominica
4012:Barbados
3988:Americas
3869:Eswatini
3864:Botswana
3857:Southern
3800:Zimbabwe
3785:Tanzania
3728:Ethiopia
3718:Djibouti
3657:Cameroon
3558:in JSTOR
3393:in JSTOR
3284:40209494
3249:Archived
3222:July 22,
3216:Archived
3119:HuffPost
2984:Archived
2915:15 March
2888:15 March
2716:Politico
2672:cite web
2435:8 August
2360:8 August
2326:8 August
2292:The Hill
2000:6193934M
1399:pp 66-73
1318:See also
1270:Pentagon
1266:Virginia
1214:Kentucky
1190:, &
1172:Ron Paul
1127:Michigan
1021:Nebraska
964:Ron Paul
626:and the
618:and the
568:nativist
251:Cold War
150:Concepts
5394:Stimson
5363:Clinton
5343:Johnson
5338:Kennedy
5125:Prussia
5005:Artsakh
4918:Vanuatu
4868:Oceania
4830:Germany
4820:Belgium
4815:Austria
4808:Western
4727:Croatia
4717:Andorra
4712:Albania
4689:Bermuda
4654:Ireland
4649:Iceland
4644:Finland
4639:Estonia
4634:Denmark
4618:Ukraine
4603:Romania
4586:Moldova
4581:Hungary
4566:Belarus
4559:Eastern
4499:Lebanon
4462:Georgia
4457:Bahrain
4447:Armenia
4440:Western
4431:Vietnam
4411:Myanmar
4227:Central
4202:Uruguay
4177:Ecuador
4157:Bolivia
4071:Central
4042:Jamaica
4032:Grenada
4007:Bahamas
3965:Senegal
3960:Nigeria
3940:Liberia
3879:Namibia
3874:Lesotho
3848:Tunisia
3831:Morocco
3816:Algeria
3768:Somalia
3723:Eritrea
3713:Comoros
3708:Burundi
3645:Central
3424:(1966).
3401:(1982).
3325:(1969).
3129:July 4,
2758:May 12,
2088:, 241.
2062:Adler,
2049:Adler,
2012:Adler,
1973:Adler,
1869:Adler,
1312:Puritan
1292:In his
1210:Senator
1208:, U.S.
1158:, 29th
941:realism
827:Formosa
521:In the
275:Vietnam
253:in the
5409:Powell
5358:Reagan
5353:Carter
5328:Truman
5313:Monroe
5210:Africa
4985:Tuvalu
4845:Monaco
4825:France
4789:Serbia
4759:Kosovo
4744:Greece
4732:Cyprus
4674:Sweden
4669:Norway
4659:Latvia
4608:Russia
4598:Poland
4552:Europe
4529:Turkey
4494:Kuwait
4489:Jordan
4477:Israel
4381:Brunei
4333:Bhutan
4307:Taiwan
4182:Guyana
4162:Brazil
4129:Canada
4113:Panama
4103:Mexico
4078:Belize
3930:Guinea
3795:Zambia
3790:Uganda
3758:Rwanda
3743:Malawi
3652:Angola
3638:Africa
3540:Check
3521:
3490:Check
3471:
3440:online
3415:online
3282:
2529:
2243:
2198:
2171:
2092:
2016:, 284.
1998:
1977:, 257.
1873:, 259.
1419:
1067:, 3rd
981:After
935:, and
693:France
456:, 1917
400:Poland
390:After
313:, the
279:Korean
5373:Obama
5348:Nixon
4980:Tonga
4975:Samoa
4954:Palau
4949:Nauru
4799:Spain
4764:Malta
4754:Italy
4539:Yemen
4524:Syria
4514:Qatar
4348:Nepal
4338:India
4316:South
4287:Japan
4280:Macau
4270:China
4167:Chile
4145:South
4134:trade
4037:Haiti
3955:Niger
3925:Ghana
3900:Benin
3843:Sudan
3826:Libya
3821:Egypt
3809:North
3733:Kenya
3687:Gabon
3280:JSTOR
2658:Axios
2167:–76.
2028:, 71.
1508:(PDF)
1485:(PDF)
1355:Notes
1212:from
1180:Texas
1178:from
1144:Maine
1142:from
1117:Alive
895:Syria
5368:Bush
5250:C5+1
5220:Asia
4903:Fiji
4504:Oman
4472:Iraq
4467:Iran
4401:Laos
4263:East
4220:Asia
4192:Peru
4017:Cuba
3975:Togo
3945:Mali
3893:West
3701:East
3667:Chad
3546:help
3519:ISBN
3496:help
3469:ISBN
3257:2019
3224:2020
3131:2019
2992:2012
2917:2022
2890:2022
2786:2021
2760:2022
2678:link
2639:2020
2613:2021
2587:2021
2527:ISSN
2437:2014
2411:2014
2385:2014
2362:2014
2328:2014
2299:2013
2273:2013
2241:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2066:282.
2053:257.
2040:, 75
1958:2014
1920:2011
1912:Life
1857:2014
1450:2014
1417:ISBN
1198:and
1192:2012
1188:2008
1184:1988
1106:Ohio
1011:Dead
976:Iraq
974:and
972:Iran
782:and
714:Life
691:and
634:and
554:and
523:wake
302:Whig
285:and
277:and
229:and
2165:475
2086:185
1497:doi
1237:CIA
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