230:
269:, some American officials believed that a propaganda program was essential to convey the United States and its culture and politics to the world, and to offset negative Soviet propaganda against the US. With heightened fears about the influence of communism, some Americans believed that the films produced by the Hollywood movie industry, when critical of American society, damaged its image in other countries. The USIA "exist as much to provide a view of the world to the United States as it to give the world a view of America". Films produced by the USIA could by law not be screened publicly within the United States due to the
47:
59:
1096:'... in a separate category, the 'non-profit, grantee corporations' Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) and Radio Free Asia (RFA). Although it is claimed that this arm's-length structure acts as 'a firewall, protecting editors and reporters from government and congressional censorship' this is something of a fiction as the broadcasters are funded by Congress and expected to serve clear foreign policy purposes-which they do, in the case of the surrogates in particular, with missionary zeal.'
302:
322:
independent voices would be more persuasive." The USIA used various forms of media, including "personal contact, radio broadcasting, libraries, book publication and distribution, press motion pictures, television, exhibits, English-language instruction, and others". Through these different forms, the United States government distributed its materials more easily and engaged a greater concentration of people.
262:
international engagement to
American citizens and institutions by helping them build strong long-term relationships with their counterparts overseas; and to advise the President and U.S. government policy-makers on the ways in which foreign attitudes would have a direct bearing on the effectiveness of U.S. policies. The Department of State provided foreign policy guidance.
366:). USIA would mount exhibitions in its libraries overseas to reach people in other countries. "Fulbrighters" were grant recipients under the USIA educational and cultural exchange program. To ensure that those grant programs would be fair and unbiased, persons of educational and cultural expertise in the grant subject areas selected the grantee recipients.
254:. USIA was also responsible for the overseas administration of the exchange of persons program formerly conducted by IIA. The USIA was the largest full-service public relations organization in the world, spending over $ 2 billion per year to highlight the views of the U.S. while diminishing those of the
415:
Finally, the USIA-operated foreign press centers in
Washington, New York, and Los Angeles to "assist resident and visiting foreign journalists". In other major American cities, such as Chicago, Houston, Atlanta, Miami, and Seattle, the USIA worked cooperatively with other international press centers.
261:
Its stated goals were to explain and advocate U.S. policies in terms that are credible and meaningful in foreign cultures; to provide information about the official policies of the United States, and about the people, values and institutions which influence those policies; to bring the benefits of
466:
When dismantled, the agency budget was $ 1.109 billion. After reductions of staff in 1997, the agency had 6,352 employees, of which almost half were civil service employees in the United States (2,521). About 1,800 of these employees worked in international broadcasting, while approximately 1,100
404:
information service, was intended to provide, in the words of the agency "both time-sensitive and in-depth information in five languages", incorporating full transcripts of speeches, Congressional testimony, articles by
Administration officials, and materials providing analysis of key issues. The
321:
From the beginning, President Dwight
Eisenhower said that "audiences would be more receptive to the American message if they were kept from identifying it as propaganda. Avowedly propagandistic materials from the United States might convince few, but the same viewpoints presented by the seemingly
292:
The agency regularly conducted research on foreign public opinion about the United States and its policies, in order to inform the president and other key policymakers. It conducted public opinion surveys throughout the world. It issued a variety of reports to government officials, including a
241:
established the United States
Information Agency on August 1, 1953, during the postwar tensions with the communist world known as the Cold War. The USIA's mission was "to understand, inform and influence foreign publics in promotion of the national interest, and to broaden the dialogue between
242:
Americans and U.S. institutions, and their counterparts abroad". The USIA was established "to streamline the U.S. government's overseas information programs, and make them more effective". It operated all of the foreign information activities formerly carried out by the
Department of State's
220:
recalled in his 1995 memoir that "the U.S. government ran a full-service public relations organization, the largest in the world, about the size of the twenty biggest U.S. commercial PR firms combined. Its full-time professional staff of more than 10,000, spread out among some 150 countries,
276:
Within the US, the USIA was intended to assure
Americans that "he United States was working for a better world". Abroad, the USIA tried to preserve a positive image of the U.S. regardless of negative depictions from communist propaganda. One notable example was
382:
By the time the agency was reorganized in 1999, the educational and informational efforts encompassed a wide range of activities, outside of broadcasting. These were focused in four areas, the agency produced extensive electronic and printed materials.
483:(BBG). This continues to operate independently from the State Department. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, some commentators characterized United States international broadcasters, such as Radio Free Asia, Radio Free Europe, and Voice of America as
221:
burnished
America‘s image and trashed the Soviet Union 2,500 hours a week with a 'tower of babble' comprised of more than 70 languages, to the tune of over $ 2 billion per year". The USIA was "the biggest branch of this propaganda machine."
212:
Since the merger of USIA with the
Department of State, public diplomacy and public affairs sections at U.S. missions have carried on this work. When USIA was abolished in 1999, USIS posts once again were operated by the Department of State.
881:
These commentaries were prepared by a group of USIA editors (...) A long-running commentary on economic developments was attributed for many years to a fictional Guy Sims Fitch, whose views were often cited authoritatively in overseas
342:
The first division dealt with broadcasting information, both in the United States and around the world. The radio was one of the most widely used forms of media at the onset of the Cold War, as television was not widely available. The
351:. Voice of America was intended as an unbiased and balanced "Voice from America", as originally broadcast during World War II. The VOA was used to "tell America's stories ... to information deprived listeners behind the
373:
The fourth division dealt with the motion picture service. After the USIA failed in its effort to collaborate with
Hollywood filmmakers to portray America in a positive light, the agency began producing their own documentaries.
369:
The USIA's third division included press services. Within its first two decades, the "USIA publishe sixty-six magazines, newspapers, and other periodicals, totaling almost 30 million copies annually, in twenty-eight languages".
408:
Second, the agency ran a "Speakers and Specialists Program", sending Americans abroad for various public speaking and technical assistance roles. These speakers were referred to as "American Participants" or "AmParts".
165:
worldwide since World War II became the field operations offices of the USIA. In 1978, USIA was merged with the Bureau of Educational Cultural Affairs of the Department of State into a new agency called the
2373:
2293:
459:, abolished the U.S. Information Agency effective October 1, 1999. Its information and cultural exchange functions were folded into the Department of State under the newly created
460:
190:
96:
229:
2651:
1171:
4419:
4409:
3336:
1269:
Papers of Abbott Washburn (Special Assistant to the Director of the USIA, 1953 & Deputy Director of the USIA, 1953–1961), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
4389:
2398:
479:(in Eastern Europe), Radio Free Asia, and Radio Liberty (in Russia and other areas of the former Soviet Union), were consolidated as an independent entity under the
419:
Beginning with the 1958 Brussels World Fair, the USIA directed the design, construction, and operation of the U.S. pavilions representing the United States at major
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2229:
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The Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998, Division G of the Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1999,
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355:". By 1967, the VOA was broadcasting in 38 languages to up to 26 million listeners. In 1976 VOA gained its "Charter", requiring its news to be balanced.
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Third, the agency operated more than 100 "Information Resource Centers" abroad. These included some public-access libraries in developing countries.
17:
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The U.S. is propagandizing the world with a jumble of wasteful, redundant radio and TV programs – Voice of America, Radio Free This-and-That.
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unfavorably and the United States positively. Articles reflecting the views promoted by the USIA were frequently published under fictitious
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Cull, Nicholas J. "The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989",
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Tobia, Simona "Advertising America. The United States Information Service in Italy (1945–1956)", LED Edizioni Universitarie,
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at The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration website. Page reviewed 25 November 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
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1954:
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Warriors of Disinformation: American Propaganda, Soviet Lies, and the Winning of the Cold War: An Insider's Account
273:. This restriction also meant that Americans could not view the material even for study at the National Archives.
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3131:
2481:
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1521:
1148:
Premises For Propaganda: The United States Information Agency's Operating Assumptions in the Cold War
233:
A propaganda poster produced by USIA, exhorting Northern Vietnamese residents to move South, in 1954.
1172:
Taking Off the Soft Power Lens: The United States Information Service in Cold War Belgium, 1950–1958
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194:
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assigned USIA's cultural exchange and non-broadcasting intelligence functions to the newly created
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468:
358:
The second division of the USIA consisted of libraries and exhibits. The Smith–Mundt Act and the
1108:
1057:
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worked on the agency's educational and informational programs, such as the Fulbright program.
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Jane Barlow and Witaly Osins, ballet teachers who worked in postwar Japan, and their students
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Warriors of Disinformation: American Propaganda, Soviet Lies, and the Winning of the Cold War
522:
178:
31:
3879:
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281:. This secretly funded project created newsreels in Mexico during the 1950s that portrayed
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8:
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The Information Machine: The United States Information Agency and American Foreign Policy
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2015:
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consisting of about 1,000 members of the work force. Broadcasting functions, including
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174:). Use of the name United States Information Agency (USIA) was restored in 1982.
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both authorized international cultural and educational exchanges (including the
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1947:
1932:
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1491:
1442:
1412:
1247:, Pan-Asian Journal of Sports & Physical Education, Vol.3(Sep), 2012.
1207:
Sorensen, Thomas C. "Word War: The Story of American Propaganda" (1968)
811:
790:
778:
Total Cold War: Eisenhower's Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad
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2020:
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Four main divisions were established when the USIA began its programs.
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3273:
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2589:
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1989:
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314:
282:
855:
Inventing public diplomacy: the story of the U.S. Information Agency
377:
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2614:
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2500:
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266:
826:"Meet Guy Sims Fitch, a Fake Writer Invented by the US Government"
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4294:
3935:
3263:
2959:
2294:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
2159:
2030:
1449:
1422:
1360:
830:
791:"New Empire into Old: Making Mexican Newsreels the Cold War Way."
293:
twice-daily report on foreign media commentary around the world.
461:
Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
191:
under secretary of state for public diplomacy and public affairs
3814:
2997:
2599:
286:
3136:
3069:
2659:
405:
Agency also ran a number of websites to transmit information.
3783:
2393:
1197:
Kiehl, William P. (ed.) "America's Dialogue with the World",
588:
Records of the United States Information Agency (RG 306) page
4284:
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3049:
3024:
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930:
The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War
456:
1234:
United States Information Agency, Commemoration Booklet
1185:
Propaganda, Inc.: Selling America's Culture to the World
1258:
Records of the United States Information Agency (USIA)
1691:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
1323:
944:
The United States Information Agency: A Commemoration
2560:
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
1888:
724:(Cleveland, OH: The World Publishing Company, 1957).
605:
at Federal Register website. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
1663:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
1286:is available for free viewing and download at the
1137:"'Public Diplomacy': An Old Art, a New Profession"
616:
433:
205:. USIA's broadcasting functions were moved to the
4420:Anti-communist organizations in the United States
4410:United States government propaganda organizations
2215:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1767:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1058:"Mapping US Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century"
780:. 2006. University Press of Kansas. Lawrence, KS.
378:Non-broadcast educational and information efforts
168:United States International Communications Agency
4390:Defunct agencies of the United States government
4371:
2110:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
1101:
747:(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1968).
1237:Public Diplomacy: Looking Forward, Looking Back
798:, Vol. 28, No. 5, November 2004, pp. 703-748.
426:
2645:
2423:Election denial movement in the United States
1309:
932:(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000).
851:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
535:Bureau of International Information Programs
216:Former USIA director of TV and film service
4385:1999 disestablishments in the United States
1643:
1113:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
1063:Australian Journal of International Affairs
674:Reorganization Plan No. 8 of 1953, 67
347:authorized information programs, including
30:"USIA" redirects here. For other uses, see
4400:Government agencies disestablished in 1999
2652:
2638:
2095:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
1316:
1302:
691:
689:
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608:
598:
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583:
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526:, an Academy Award-winning documentary by
887:
772:
770:
716:
714:
547:, initial, acting, director of the agency
517:Clandestine HUMINT operational techniques
258:, through about 150 different countries.
4380:1953 establishments in the United States
4012:
2448:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
950:. USIA. 1999. p. 38. Archived from
654:
652:
650:
648:
300:
244:International Information Administration
228:
177:In 1999, prior to the reorganization of
4425:American propaganda during the Cold War
4395:Government agencies established in 1953
2247:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
1019:
736:
734:
732:
730:
722:Ethics and United States Foreign Policy
684:
665:1995. Arcade Publishing, Inc. New York.
593:
562:
119:Federal government of the United States
14:
4372:
3409:
2374:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
2165:Soviet influence on the peace movement
1762:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
767:
711:
614:
296:
4415:Public relations in the United States
3691:
3574:
2633:
2521:
2099:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
1887:
1800:
1708:
1642:
1339:
1297:
1055:
823:
762:National Film Preservation Foundation
645:
603:United States Information Agency page
540:Foreign Broadcast Information Service
975:
783:
727:
623:. New York: Arcade Pub. p. xi.
497:WORLDNET Television and Film Service
248:Technical Cooperation Administration
3972:
2369:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
1579:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
1109:"The Charles Guggenheim Collection"
150:which operated from 1953 to 1999.
102:Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
63:Logo of the U.S. Information Agency
51:Seal of the U.S. Information Agency
24:
4211:
1840:Misinformation related to abortion
1283:Answering Soviet Propaganda (1964)
1129:
824:Novak, Matt (September 27, 2016).
438:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
209:, which had been created in 1994.
25:
4436:
4405:United States Department of State
3853:
3833:
3676:
3564:
2057:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
1670:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
1251:
224:
203:International Broadcasting Bureau
155:United States Information Service
18:United States Information Service
3843:
2610:United States Information Agency
1889:Operations and events by country
804:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00447.x
390:Speakers and Specialists Program
136:United States Information Agency
57:
45:
40:United States Information Agency
4002:
3467:
3457:
3227:
2210:Information war against Ukraine
1757:International Jewish conspiracy
1725:Congo Free State propaganda war
1049:
1013:
969:
935:
922:
845:
817:
502:Committee on Public Information
481:Broadcasting Board of Governors
207:Broadcasting Board of Governors
144:United States government agency
3962:
3602:
3419:
3237:
3217:
2522:
2438:Information Operations Roadmap
2348:Psychological Warfare Division
1918:Chinese information operations
1867:Water fluoridation controversy
852:Wilson P., Jr, Dizard (2004).
750:
668:
13:
1:
3592:
2545:Active Measures Working Group
2203:during the Russo-Georgian War
2170:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
981:"The Smith-Mundt Act of 1948"
758:The Wall (1962) - Film Notes
556:
364:Fulbright Scholarship Program
2428:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
2105:Fake news in the Philippines
1709:
1477:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
1240:, Commemorative volume, 1999
393:Information Resource Centers
289:, such as "Guy Sims Fitch".
106:U.S. Agency for Global Media
7:
2662:European Broadcasting Union
2555:Counter Misinformation Team
2550:Counter disinformation unit
2000:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
1487:Forgery as covert operation
533:U.S. Department of State's
490:
427:Abolition and restructuring
146:devoted to the practice of
10:
4441:
2565:The Disinformation Project
1995:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
1351:Algorithmic radicalization
1264:Archive of agency Web site
1177:Journal of Belgian History
1027:Columbia Journalism Review
530:, commissioned by the USIA
360:Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961
29:
4321:
4277:
4268:
3771:
3553:
3544:
3345:
3304:
2677:
2668:
2528:
2517:
2488:
2482:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
2476:
2458:Tobacco industry playbook
2389:CIA Kennedy assassination
2361:
2307:
2281:
2269:
2183:
2130:
2118:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2008:
1982:
1970:
1910:
1898:
1894:
1883:
1715:
1704:
1649:
1638:
1522:Manipulation (psychology)
1346:
1340:
1335:
1274:January 14, 2009, at the
1141:Virginia Quarterly Review
1076:10.1080/10357710120095252
999:10.1080/10402659808426214
161:) posts operating out of
124:
114:
89:
81:
73:
68:
56:
44:
2570:East StratCom Task Force
2384:9/11 conspiracy theories
1381:List of cognitive biases
1260:in the National Archives
1056:Smyth, Rosaleen (2001).
860:Lynne Rienner Publishers
485:United States propaganda
469:Foreign service officers
329:Broadcasting information
195:U.S. Department of State
27:Former government agency
2496:Public opinion brigades
2453:Niger uranium forgeries
2443:Litter boxes in schools
1813:COVID-19 misinformation
1735:Free energy suppression
1644:Books and documentaries
1418:Euphemistic misspeaking
1022:"A Babel of Broadcasts"
2242:2016 Brexit referendum
1591:Scientific fabrication
1502:Historical negationism
1180:42 (Dec. 2012), 10–49.
1020:Hopkins, Mark (1999).
615:Snyder, Alvin (1995).
475:, Radio and TV Marti,
338:Motion picture service
332:Libraries and exhibits
318:
313:, in 1965, during the
252:Mutual Security Agency
234:
2538:Fact-checking website
2343:Operation Mass Appeal
2325:Clockwork Orange plot
1835:Mental illness denial
1730:Climate change denial
1547:Psychological warfare
1517:Internet manipulation
1482:Firehose of falsehood
1408:Disinformation attack
523:Nine from Little Rock
396:Foreign press centers
304:
232:
179:intelligence agencies
32:USIA (disambiguation)
1677:Who's Who in the CIA
239:Dwight D. Eisenhower
153:Previously existing
2379:Conspiracy theories
2320:Double-Cross System
2289:Conspiracy theories
2150:Operation INFEKTION
1938:Internet Water Army
1792:Strategy of tension
1657:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
1542:Post-truth politics
1243:Yoshida, Yukihiko,
699:. USIA. August 1998
697:"USIA: an overview"
507:Crusade for Freedom
402:The Washington File
387:Information service
297:Media and divisions
41:
2275:HIV/AIDS denialism
2252:Trolls from Olgino
2026:Paid news in India
2016:Fake news in India
1830:HIV/AIDS denialism
1684:Merchants of Doubt
1557:Military deception
1532:Media manipulation
1371:Circular reporting
928:Friedman, Norman,
795:Diplomatic History
528:Charles Guggenheim
512:Cultural diplomacy
319:
235:
199:independent agency
90:Superseding agency
39:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4264:
4263:
3540:
3539:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2463:Operation Shocker
2265:
2264:
2145:K-1000 battleship
1976:Operation Neptune
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1700:
1699:
1634:
1633:
1626:Yellow journalism
1574:counterpropaganda
1455:List of fallacies
1388:Conspiracy theory
1356:Alternative facts
1230:978-88-7916-400-9
1220:978-3-530-82750-7
1166:978-0-521-81997-8
776:Osgood, Kenneth.
720:Lefever, Ernest.
477:Radio Free Europe
250:, as well as the
132:
131:
16:(Redirected from
4432:
4275:
4274:
4213:
4014:
4004:
3974:
3964:
3855:
3845:
3835:
3693:
3678:
3604:
3594:
3576:
3566:
3551:
3550:
3469:
3459:
3421:
3411:
3239:
3229:
3219:
2675:
2674:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2519:
2518:
2338:MMR autism fraud
2221:On US elections
2155:Operation Toucan
2128:
2127:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1850:anti-vaccination
1798:
1797:
1745:Holocaust denial
1720:Bermuda Triangle
1706:
1705:
1640:
1639:
1569:black propaganda
1537:Potemkin village
1462:False accusation
1438:list of websites
1337:
1336:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1288:Internet Archive
1170:Gerits, Frank, “
1135:Bardos, Arthur,
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1017:
1011:
1010:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
956:
949:
939:
933:
926:
920:
919:
917:
915:
908:"USIA Factsheet"
904:
885:
884:
878:
876:
849:
843:
842:
840:
838:
821:
815:
787:
781:
774:
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754:
748:
738:
725:
718:
709:
708:
706:
704:
693:
682:
672:
666:
656:
643:
642:
622:
612:
606:
600:
591:
585:
473:Voice of America
458:
457:October 21, 1998
439:
435:
349:Voice of America
305:USIA library in
148:public diplomacy
128:Washington, D.C.
97:State Department
61:
49:
42:
38:
21:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4359:
4317:
4270:
4260:
3767:
3546:
3536:
3341:
3300:
2670:
2664:
2660:Members of the
2658:
2628:
2619:
2524:
2505:
2484:
2472:
2357:
2353:Zinoviev letter
2303:
2277:
2261:
2185:Post-Soviet era
2179:
2140:Active Measures
2123:
2114:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2004:
1978:
1966:
1906:
1904:Jihadunspun.com
1890:
1871:
1796:
1772:New World Order
1740:Genocide denial
1711:
1696:
1645:
1630:
1552:Memetic warfare
1342:
1331:
1322:
1280:The short film
1276:Wayback Machine
1254:
1132:
1130:Further reading
1127:
1117:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1054:
1050:
1018:
1014:
974:
970:
960:
958:
957:on June 7, 2011
954:
947:
941:
940:
936:
927:
923:
913:
911:
906:
905:
888:
874:
872:
870:
862:. p. 159.
850:
846:
836:
834:
822:
818:
788:
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775:
768:
755:
751:
741:Robert E. Elder
739:
728:
719:
712:
702:
700:
695:
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685:
673:
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646:
631:
613:
609:
601:
594:
586:
563:
559:
493:
437:
429:
380:
345:Smith–Mundt Act
299:
271:Smith–Mundt Act
227:
110:
104:
100:
85:October 1, 1999
69:Agency overview
64:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Habbush letter
2430:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
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2359:
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2315:Bell Pottinger
2311:
2309:
2308:United Kingdom
2305:
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2291:
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2279:
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2200:
2189:
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2125:
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2037:
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2034:
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2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1971:Czechoslovakia
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1943:PLA Unit 61398
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1818:by governments
1810:
1804:
1802:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
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1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
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1687:
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1673:
1666:
1659:
1655:Disinformation
1650:
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1632:
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1618:
1613:
1608:
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1435:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1376:Cognitive bias
1373:
1368:
1366:Cherry picking
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1332:
1329:misinformation
1325:Disinformation
1321:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1278:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1252:External links
1250:
1249:
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1205:
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1181:
1168:
1158:
1144:
1131:
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1125:
1100:
1070:(3): 421–444.
1048:
1012:
993:(4): 619–624.
968:
934:
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886:
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683:
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551:Leo P. Ribuffo
548:
545:Arthur Kimball
542:
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442:105–277 (text)
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340:
339:
336:
335:Press services
333:
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226:
225:Stated mission
223:
183:George W. Bush
163:U.S. embassies
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2575:FactCheck.org
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1923:50 Cent Party
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1467:False dilemma
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1203:0-9764391-1-5
1200:
1196:
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1193:1-888363-74-6
1190:
1186:
1183:Snow, Nancy,
1182:
1179:
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1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1156:0-02-904390-5
1153:
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1146:Bogart, Leo,
1145:
1143:, Summer 2001
1142:
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899:
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895:
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891:
883:
882:publications.
875:September 27,
871:
869:9781588262882
865:
861:
857:
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848:
837:September 27,
833:
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677:
671:
664:
660:
659:Snyder, Alvin
655:
653:
651:
649:
640:
636:
632:
630:1-55970-321-0
626:
621:
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316:
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308:
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290:
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284:
280:
279:Project Pedro
274:
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263:
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249:
245:
240:
231:
222:
219:
214:
210:
208:
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200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:by President
180:
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160:
156:
151:
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145:
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137:
127:
123:
120:
117:
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107:
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98:
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94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
60:
55:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
4271:participants
4230:
4210:
4011:
4001:
3971:
3961:
3852:
3842:
3832:
3690:
3675:
3601:
3591:
3573:
3563:
3466:
3456:
3418:
3408:
3236:
3226:
3216:
2609:
2335:
2270:South Africa
2257:Web brigades
2193:Cyberwarfare
2175:Useful idiot
2124:Soviet Union
2069:Fintas Group
1961:Global Times
1959:
1928:cyberwarfare
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1654:
1621:Whataboutism
1616:Urban legend
1586:Quote mining
1282:
1244:
1236:
1184:
1175:
1147:
1140:
1116:. Retrieved
1103:
1095:
1067:
1061:
1051:
1043:
1031:
1025:
1015:
990:
986:Peace Review
984:
971:
959:. Retrieved
952:the original
943:
937:
929:
924:
912:. Retrieved
880:
873:. Retrieved
854:
847:
835:. Retrieved
829:
819:
793:
789:Fein, Seth.
785:
777:
752:
744:
721:
703:November 24,
701:. Retrieved
670:
662:
618:
610:
521:
465:
430:
418:
414:
411:
407:
401:
399:
381:
372:
368:
357:
353:Iron Curtain
341:
324:
320:
311:South Africa
307:Johannesburg
291:
275:
264:
260:
256:Soviet Union
236:
218:Alvin Snyder
215:
211:
197:and the now
187:Bill Clinton
185:, President
176:
171:
167:
158:
154:
152:
139:
135:
133:
125:Headquarters
115:Jurisdiction
36:
4172:TFM/JOAU-FM
2468:Yellow rain
2088:Philippines
1948:Spamouflage
1933:Little Pink
1787:Rothschilds
1777:Red mercury
1492:Gaslighting
1443:Lying press
1413:Doublespeak
977:Snow, Nancy
447:, 112
421:world Expos
265:During the
77:August 1953
4374:Categories
2595:PolitiFact
2523:Opposition
2399:Sandy Hook
2198:on Estonia
2132:Soviet era
2045:Team Jorge
2021:Godi-media
1782:Reptilians
1752:Illuminati
1611:Truthiness
1601:Social bot
1564:Propaganda
1497:Half-truth
1472:False flag
858:. London:
557:References
455:, enacted
237:President
3545:Associate
3305:Suspended
2590:NewsGuard
2585:Logically
2580:Full Fact
2477:Venezuela
2411:Fake news
2299:AK Trolls
1990:Funkspiel
1512:Infodemic
1428:Fake news
1403:Denialism
1398:Deception
1118:April 10,
1092:153524399
1084:1035-7718
1040:0010-194X
1034:(2): 44.
1007:1040-2659
961:April 18,
914:April 18,
315:apartheid
283:Communism
82:Dissolved
4313:TV5Monde
4300:Euronews
4269:Approved
2975:KRO-NCRV
2955:AVROTROS
2615:USAFacts
2605:StopFake
2501:Force 47
2406:COVID-19
2330:Euromyth
2081:Peñabots
1955:COVID-19
1860:COVID-19
1845:Vaccines
1710:Examples
1596:Smearing
1272:Archived
979:(1998).
812:24914821
639:32430655
491:See also
453:2681-761
267:Cold War
142:) was a
4329:Abertis
4295:Cellnex
4278:Current
4227:UAERTVD
3797:AMÉRICA
3599:CBC/SRC
3554:Current
3547:members
3152:SRG SSR
2960:BNNVARA
2678:Current
2671:members
2489:Vietnam
2160:Seat 12
2031:OpIndia
1983:Germany
1450:Fallacy
1423:Factoid
1361:Big lie
831:Gizmodo
434:Pub. L.
287:bylines
193:at the
4322:Former
4142:SABTVS
4044:PANTEL
3772:Former
3580:ACORAB
3346:Former
3132:RTVSLO
2998:PowNed
2669:Active
2600:Snopes
2416:online
2336:Lancet
2282:Turkey
2120:Russia
2076:Mexico
2064:Kuwait
2040:Israel
1899:Canada
1855:autism
1801:Health
1433:online
1228:
1218:
1211:
1201:
1191:
1164:
1154:
1090:
1082:
1038:
1005:
910:. USIA
866:
810:
678:
637:
627:
451:
440:
201:, the
74:Formed
4304:JPMRD
4013:(PNG)
3911:GLOBO
3784:ABERT
3708:ORTAS
3474:NERIT
3390:GRMC
3337:VGTRK
3142:SMRTV
3018:Zwart
2970:HUMAN
2877:İCTI
2752:ARMTV
2394:QAnon
2052:Korea
2009:India
1911:China
1825:Ebola
1341:Types
1088:S2CID
955:(PDF)
948:(PDF)
808:JSTOR
676:Stat.
449:Stat.
445:(PDF)
172:USICA
4356:URTI
4352:SNTC
4347:RTRN
4342:RETE
4337:MEBC
4285:Arte
4251:WGBH
4231:USIA
4223:TVRI
4212:(MR)
4185:TIME
4147:SLBC
4137:SABC
4074:RCTV
4064:QTBC
4039:ORTN
4034:NYPR
4029:NTVC
4003:(NG)
3994:NAEB
3989:NACB
3973:(KR)
3963:(MW)
3944:KBTS
3940:IBTE
3916:GRTS
3892:EURT
3860:CMRT
3854:(LK)
3844:(BB)
3834:(AR)
3806:ATEC
3788:AFMN
3763:WFMT
3758:TVNZ
3753:TEME
3728:RTHK
3713:PART
3692:(US)
3683:NBAB
3677:(MU)
3658:IRIB
3653:ICRT
3648:Free
3624:CGTN
3619:CCTV
3603:(CA)
3593:(CL)
3575:(US)
3565:(AU)
3532:UJRT
3492:RTVS
3482:ORTF
3478:OFRT
3468:(HU)
3458:(FI)
3439:LJBC
3430:ITCA
3420:(IL)
3410:(GB)
3386:ERTT
3371:CRCA
3366:COPE
3321:RDO
3312:BTRC
3254:UKIB
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