1527:
agenda item 6: "Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries: approaches to stimulate action", again written here exactly as in the official text. The name for the agenda item was also used at COP 13 in Bali, December 2007. By COP 15 in
Copenhagen, December 2009, the scope of the agenda item was broadened to "Methodological guidance for activities relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries", moving to "Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries" by COP 16. At COP 17 the title of the decision simply referred back to an earlier decision: "Guidance on systems for providing information on how safeguards are addressed and respected and modalities relating to forest reference emission levels and forest reference levels as referred to in decision 1/CP.16". At COP 19 the titles of decisions 9 and 12 refer back to decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 70 and appendix I respectively, while the other decisions only mention the topic under consideration.
525:. The UNFCCC decisions on REDD+ are silent on the issue of rewarding countries and participants for their verified net emission reductions or enhanced removals of greenhouse gases. It is not very likely that specific requirements for sub-national implementation of the distribution of benefits will be adopted, as this will be perceived to be an issue of national sovereignty. Generic guidance may be provided, using language similar to that of the safeguards, such as "result-based finance has to accrue to local stakeholders" without being specific on percentages retention for management, identification of stakeholders, type of benefit or means of distribution. Countries may decide to channel any benefits through an existing program on rural development, for instance, provide additional services (e.g. extension, better market access, training, seedlings) or pay local stakeholders directly. Many financial entities do have specific requirement on the design of a system to use funds received, and reporting on the use of these funds.
967:, subjecting the forests and its inhabitants to new ways of expropriation and enclosure at the hands of polluting companies and market speculators. So-called "carbon cowboys" – unscrupulous entrepreneurs who attempt to acquire rights to carbon in rainforest for small-scale projects – have signed on indigenous communities to unfair contracts, often with a view to on-selling the rights to investors for a quick profit. In 2012 an Australian businessman operating in Peru was revealed to have signed 200-year contracts with an Amazon tribe, the Yagua, many members of which are illiterate, giving him a 50 per cent share in their carbon resources. The contracts allow him to establish and control timber projects and palm oil plantations in Yagua rainforest. This risk is largely negated by the focus on national and subnational REDD+ programs, and by government ownership of these initiatives.
370:) of emissions or removals per year. If the amounts are emissions, the reference level becomes a reference emission level (REL); however these RELs are seen by some as incomplete as they do not take into account removals. Reference levels are based on a scope ‒ what is included? ‒ a scale ‒ the geographical area from which it is derived or to which it is applied ‒ and a period over which the reference level is calculated. The scope, the scale and the period can be modified in reference to national circumstances: specific conditions in the country that would call for an adjustment of the basis from which the reference levels are constructed. A reference level can be based on observations or measurements of amounts in the past, in which case it is retrospective, or it can be an expectation or projection of amounts into the future, in which case it is prospective.
1102:
are arguably not mandated or required by the COP decisions. A body of research suggests that, at least as of 2016, REDD+ as a global architecture has only had a limited effect on local political realities, as pre-existing entrenched power dynamics and incentives that promote deforestation are not easily changed by the relatively small sums of money that REDD+ has delivered to date. In addition, issues like land tenure that fundamentally determine who makes decisions about land use and deforestation have not been adequately addressed by REDD+, and there is no clear consensus on how complex political issues like land tenure can be easily resolved to favor standing forests over cleared forests through a relatively top-down mechanism like REDD+.
1065:(CER) under the CDM of the Kyoto Protocol. Such carbon credits could then offset emissions in the country or company of the buyer of the carbon credits. This would require Annex I countries to agree to deeper cuts in emissions of greenhouse gases in order to create a market for the carbon credits from REDD+, which is unlikely to happen soon given the current state of negotiations in the COP, but even then there is the fear that the market will be flooded with carbon credits, depressing the price to levels where REDD+ is no longer an economically viable option. Some developing countries, such as Brazil and China, maintain that developed countries must commit to real emissions reductions, independent of any offset mechanism.
1684:, decision 4/CP.15: "Methodological guidance for activities relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries" provided more substantive information on requirements for REDD+. Specifically, the national forest monitoring system was introduced, with elements of measurement, reporting and verification (MRV). Countries were encouraged to develop national strategies, develop domestic capacity, establish reference levels, and establish a participatory approach with "full and effective engagement of Indigenous peoples and local communities in (…) monitoring and reporting".
211:
5385:
1082:
239:
submitted in a certain format and open for review by the convention. There are certain aspects that go beyond this basic philosophy – such as the 'safeguards', explained in more detail below – but in essence REDD+ is no more than a set of guidelines on how to report on forest resources and forest management strategies and their results in terms of reducing emissions and enhancing removals of greenhouse gases. However, a set of requirements has been elaborated to ensure that REDD+ programs contain key elements and that reports from
Parties are consistent and comparable and that their content are open to review and in function of the objectives of the convention.
1509:
and meet UNFCCC requirements for REDD+ results-based payments. It does so through a country-based approach that provides advisory and technical support services tailored to national circumstances and needs. The UN-REDD Programme is a collaborative programme of the United
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and harnesses the technical expertise of these UN agencies. Other examples of REDD+ multilaterals include the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility and Forest Investment Program, hosted by The World Bank.
684:) in 2007, a partnership aimed at assisting developing countries in addressing certain measures needed in order to effectively participate in the REDD+ mechanism. These measures include capacity development, governance, engagement of Indigenous Peoples and technical needs. The initial set of supported countries were Bolivia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Tanzania, Vietnam, and Zambia. By March 2014 the Programme counted 49 participants, 18 of which are receiving financial support to kick start or complement a variety of national REDD+ readiness activities. The other 31
1712:
safeguards; technical assessment of reference (emission) levels; modalities for measuring, reporting and verifying (MRV); and information on addressing the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. Requirements to be eligible access to "results-based finance" have been specified: through submission of reports for which the contents have been specified; technical assessment through
International Consultation and Analysis (ICA) for which procedures have been specified. With these decisions the overall framework for REDD+ implementation was completed, although many details still needed to be provided.
544:" (UNDRIP). Article 19 of UNDRIP requires that "States shall consult and cooperate in good faith with the Indigenous peoples concerned through their own representative institutions in order to obtain their free, prior and informed consent before adopting and implementing legislative or administrative measures that may affect them". This article is interpreted by many organizations engaged in REDD+, for example in the UN-REDD "Guidelines on Free, Prior and Informed Consent," to mean that every, or at least many, communities need to provide their consent before any REDD+ activities can take place.
1661:, December 2007, where the first substantial decision on REDD+ was adopted, Decision 2/CP.13: "Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries: approaches to stimulate action", calling for demonstration activities to be reported upon two years later and assessment of drivers of deforestation. REDD+ was also referenced in decision 1/CP.13, the "Bali Action Plan", with reference to all five eligible activities for REDD+ (with sustainable management of forests, conservation of forest carbon stocks and enhancement of forest carbon stocks constituting the "+" in REDD+).
145:
737:(FCPF) was presented to the international community at COP 13 in Bali, December 2007. Recipient countries can apply $ 3.6 million towards: the development of national strategies; stakeholder consultation; capacity building; development of reference levels; development of a national forest monitoring system; and social and environmental safeguards analysis. Those countries that successfully achieve a state of readiness can apply to the related Carbon Fund, for support towards national implementation of REDD+.
351:
enhanced removals. It establishes the confidence of the international community in the national REDD+ program. The results measured against these baselines may be eligible for results-based payments. Setting the reference levels too lax will erode the confidence in the national REDD+ program, while setting them too strict will erode the potential to earn the benefits with which to operate the national REDD+ program. Careful consideration of all relevant information is therefore of crucial importance.
5413:
752:"United States" The United States has provided more than $ 1.5 billion in support for REDD+ and other sustainable landscape activities since 2010. It supports several multilateral partnerships including the FCPF, as well as flagship global programs such as SilvaCarbon, which provides support to REDD+ countries in measuring and monitoring forests and forest-related emissions. The United States also provides significant regional and bilateral support to numerous countries implementing REDD+.
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sustainable charcoal production, and agroforestry. Although it is not clear whether these diverse projects are genuinely different from older integrated conservation and development initiatives that pre-date REDD+, there is evidence that REDD+ has altered global policy conversations, possibly elevating issues like
Indigenous peoples' land rights to higher levels, or conversely threatening to bypass safeguards for Indigenous rights. Debate surrounding these issues is ongoing.
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developing countries" environmental and social safeguards were introduced, with a reiteration of requirements for the national forest monitoring system. These safeguards were introduced to ensure that implementation of REDD+ at the national level would not lead to detrimental effects for the environment or the local population. Countries are required to provide summaries of information on how these safeguards are implemented throughout the three "phases" of REDD+.
4092:
7016:
5453:
4370:
7004:
5371:
1148:
5463:
7040:
7028:
5441:
1139:
5399:
99:
653:
national strategies or action plans that could involve further capacity-building, technology development and transfer and results-based demonstration activities, and evolving into results-based actions that should be fully measured, reported and verified". The initial phase of the development of national strategies and action plans and capacity building is typically referred to as the "Readiness phase" (a term like
5357:
4394:
425:". This provides reporting templates to be included in National Communications of Parties to the UNFCCC. Also included in the guidance are standard measurements protocols and analysis procedures that greatly impact the measurement systems that countries need to establish. The actual reporting of REDD+ results goes through the Biennial Update Reports (BURs), instead of the National Communications of Parties.
4382:
5427:
38:
407:
of information for national REDD+ programs. A fully functional monitoring system can go beyond the requirements posted by the UNFCCC to include issues such as a registry of projects and participants, and evaluation of program achievements and policy effectiveness. It may be purpose-built, but it may also be integrated into existing forest monitoring tools.
476:(e) That actions are consistent with the conservation of natural forests and biological diversity, ensuring that the actions are not used for the conversion of natural forests, but are instead used to incentivize the protection and conservation of natural forests and their ecosystem services, and to enhance other social and environmental benefits;
1699:: "Guidance on systems for providing information on how safeguards are addressed and respected and modalities relating to forest reference emission levels and forest reference levels as referred to in decision 1/CP.16". Details are provided on preparation and submission of reference levels and guidance on providing information on safeguards.
853:
national development strategies, the participation of forest communities and
Indigenous peoples in the design and maintenance of REDD+, funding for the countries implementing REDD+, and the consistent monitoring of forest resources to detect permanence of the forest resources that have been reported by countries under the REDD+ mechanism.
1114:(due to fast agreements and lack of planning); the lack of safeguards to protect Indigenous Peoples' rights; and the lack of regional policies to stop deforestation. A growing coalition of civil society organization, social movement, and other actors critical of REDD+ emerged between 2008 and 2011, criticizing the mechanism on
470:(c) Respect for the knowledge and rights of indigenous peoples and members of local communities, by taking into account relevant international obligations, national circumstances and laws, and noting that the United Nations General Assembly has adopted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples;
429:(ICA), which is effectively a peer-review by a team composed of an expert from an Annex I Party and an expert from a non-Annex I Party which "will be conducted in a manner that is nonintrusive, non-punitive and respectful of national sovereignty". This "technical team of experts shall analyse the extent to which:
519:) and with carbon credits traded on the international voluntary carbon market. However, under the UNFCCC REDD+ is defined as national (Decisions 4/CP.15 and 1/CP.16 consistently refer to national strategies and action plans and national monitoring, with sub-national coverage allowed as an interim measure only).
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decision 1/CP.16 was adopted. In section C: "Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in
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mechanism and instead favors creation of a multilateral development assistance fund created from donations by developed states. For REDD to be successful science and regulatory infrastructure related to forests will need to increase so nations may inventory all their forest carbon, show that they can
1344:
The UN-REDD Programme's 2016-2020 governance arrangements allow for the full and effective participation of all UN-REDD Programme stakeholders – partner countries, donors, Indigenous peoples, civil society organizations, participating UN agencies – while ensuring streamlined decision-making processes
1286:
In addition to the UN-REDD Programme, other initiatives assisting countries that are engaged in REDD+ include the World Bank's Forest Carbon
Partnership Facility, Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative, the Global Environment Facility, Australia's International Forest Carbon Initiative,
995:
Safeguard (c): Respect for the knowledge and rights of indigenous peoples and members of local communities, by taking into account relevant international obligations, national circumstances and laws, and noting that the United
Nations General Assembly has adopted the United Nations Declaration on the
762:(ITTO) has launched a thematic program on REDD+ and environmental services with an initial funding of US$ 3.5 million from Norway. In addition, the 45th session of the ITTO Council held in November 2009, recommended that efforts relating REDD+ should focus on promoting "sustainable forest management".
499:
All pertinent issues that comprise REDD+ are exclusively those that are included in the decisions of the COP, as indicated in the above sections. There is, however, a large variety of concepts and approaches that are labelled (as being part of) REDD+ by their proponents, either being a substitute for
406:
In
Decision 2/CP.15 of the UNFCCC countries are requested to develop national forest monitoring systems (NFMS) that support the functions of measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of actions and achievements of the implementation of REDD+ activities. NFMS is the key component in the management
238:
As with other approaches under the UNFCCC, there are few prescriptions that specifically mandate how to implement the mechanism at national level; the principles of national sovereignty and subsidiarity imply that the UNFCCC can only provide guidelines for implementation, and require that reports are
1723:
The remaining outstanding decisions on REDD+ were completed at COP 21 in 2015. With the conclusion of decisions on reporting on the safeguards, non-market approaches, and non-carbon benefits, the UNFCCC rulebook on REDD+ was completed. All countries were also encouraged to implement and support
1526:
The original submission by Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica, on behalf of the
Coalition for Rainforest Nations, dated 28 July 2005, was entitled "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries: Approaches to Stimulate Action". COP 11 entered the request to consider the document as
1508:
The United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries – or UN-REDD Programme – is a multilateral body. It partners with developing countries to support them in establishing the technical capacities needed to implement REDD+
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The UN-REDD Programme adheres to the belief that information is fundamental to the effective participation of all stakeholders, including the public, in the advancement of REDD+ efforts around the world. Information sharing promotes transparency and accountability and enables public participation in
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When REDD+ was first discussed by the UNFCCC, no indication was given of the positive incentives that would support developing countries in their efforts to implement REDD+ to reduce emissions and enhance removals of greenhouse gases from forests. In the absence of guidance from the COP, two options
809:
Following the Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus, the first country had submitted a Biennial Update Report with a Technical Annex containing the details on emission reductions from REDD+ eligible activities. Brazil submitted its first Biennial Update Report on 31 December 2014. The Technical Annex covers
800:
Some countries are already implementing aspects of a national forest monitoring system and activities aimed at reducing emissions and enhancing removals that go beyond REDD+ readiness. For example, the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility has 19 countries in the pipeline of the Carbon Fund, which will
773:
in five pilot countries: Ecuador, Peru, Tanzania, Viet Nam and Zambia. As part of this programme, the Government of Tanzania will soon complete the country's first comprehensive forest inventory to assess its forest resources including the size of the carbon stock stored within its forests. A forest
568:
Deforestation and forest degradation account for 17–29% of global greenhouse gas emissions, the reduction of which is estimated to be one of the most cost-efficient climate change mitigation strategies. Regeneration of forest on degraded or deforested lands can remove CO₂ from the atmosphere through
490:
Decision 12/CP.19 established that the "summary of information" on the safeguards will be provided in the National Communications to the UNFCCC, which for developing country Parties will be once every four years. Additionally, and on a voluntary basis, the summary of information may be posted on the
428:
The technical assessment of these results is an independent, external process that is managed by the Secretariat to the UNFCCC; countries need to facilitate the requirements of this assessment. The technical assessment is included within the broader process of International Consultation and Analysis
350:
Reference levels are a key component for any national REDD+ program. They serve as a baseline for measuring the success of REDD+ programs in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from forests. They are available for examination by the international community to assess the reported emission reductions or
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realm of multi-lateral negotiations under the UNFCCC. For example, the World Bank and the UN-REDD Programme, the two largest sources of funding and technical assistance for readiness activities and therefore unavoidable for most developing countries, place requirements upon recipient countries that
459:
In response to concerns over the potential for negative consequences resulting from the implementation of REDD+ the UNFCCC established a list of safeguards that countries need to "address and respect" and "promote and support" in order to guarantee the correct and lasting generation of results from
354:
The requirements and characteristics of reference levels are under the purview of the UNFCCC. Given the wide variety in ecological conditions and country-specific circumstances, these requirements are rather global and every country will have a range of options in its definition of reference levels
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produced no fewer than seven decisions on REDD+, which are jointly known as the "Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus". These decisions address a work program on results-based finance; coordination of support for implementation; modalities for national forest monitoring systems; presenting information on
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National Steering Committees facilitate strong country ownership and shared/common decision-making for National REDD+ Programmes, and include representatives of civil society and indigenous peoples. Each National Steering Committee provides oversight for National Programmes, addressing any delays,
852:
One of the largest issues is how reduction of emissions and the removal of greenhouse gases will be monitored consistently on a large scale, across a number of countries, each with separate environmental agencies and laws. Other issues relate to the conflict between the REDD+ approach and existing
743:
At the 2007 Bali Conference, the Norwegian government announced their International Climate and Forests Initiative (NICFI), which provided US$ 1 billion towards the Brazilian REDD scheme and US$ 500 million towards the creation and implementation of national-based, REDD+ activities in Tanzania. In
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While a single, harmonized, global system that accounts for and rewards emissions reductions from forests and land use has been elusive, diverse context-specific projects have emerged that support a variety of activities including community-based forest management, enforcement of protected areas,
862:
Safeguard (e): That actions are consistent with the conservation of natural forests and biological diversity, ensuring that the actions … are not used for the conversion of natural forests, but are instead used to incentivize the protection and conservation of natural forests and their ecosystem
621:
In 2009, at COP 15 in Copenhagen, the Copenhagen Accord was reached, noting in section 6 the recognition of the crucial role of REDD and REDD+ and the need to provide positive incentives for such actions by enabling the mobilization of financial resources from developed countries. The Accord
325:
Of specific interest to REDD+ are the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. The UNFCCC decisions call on countries to make an assessment of these drivers and to base the policies and measures on this assessment, such that the policies and measures can be directed to where the impact is
939:
A national REDD+ strategy need not refer solely to the establishment of national parks or protected areas; by the careful design of rules and guidelines, REDD+ could include land use practices such as shifting cultivation by Indigenous communities and reduced-impact-logging, provided sustainable
652:
Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 73, suggests that national capacity for implementing REDD+ is built up in phases, "beginning with the development of national strategies or action plans, policies and measures, and capacity-building, followed by the implementation of national policies and measures and
304:
The first two activities reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and they are the two activities listed in the original submission on REDD in 2005 by the Coalition for Rainforest Nations. The three remaining activities constitute the "+" in REDD+. The last one enhances removals of greenhouse gases,
1576:
of the Conference of the Parties to the convention (COP) at the request of Costa Rica and Papua New Guinea, on behalf of the Coalition for Rainforest Nations, when they submitted the document "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries: Approaches to Stimulate Action", with a
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grounds. During the UN climate negotiations in Copenhagen (2009) and Cancun (2010) strong civil society and social movements coalitions formed a strong front to fight the World Bank out of the climate. However, this concern has largely died down as the World Bank initiatives have been more full
1109:
Although the World Bank declares its commitment to fight against climate change, many civil society organisations and grassroots movements around the world view with scepticism the processes being developed under the various carbon funds. Among some of the most worrying reasons are the weak (or
313:
In the text of the convention repeated reference is made to national "policies and measures", the set of legal, regulatory and administrative instruments that parties develop and implement to achieve the objective of the convention. These policies can be specific to climate change mitigation or
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final report on climate change and a paragraph that endorsed REDD+; this was captured in a video entitled "the 2nd May Revolt". However, these protests have largely disappeared in recent years. Indigenous people sit as permanent representatives on many multinational and national REDD+ bodies.
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REDD/REDD+ will not benefit Indigenous Peoples, but in fact will result in more violations of Indigenous Peoples' rights. It will increase the violation of our human rights, our rights to our lands, territories and resources, steal our land, cause forced evictions, prevent access and threaten
1263:
The overall development goal of the Programme is "to reduce forest emissions and enhance carbon stocks in forests while contributing to national sustainable development". The UN-REDD Programme supports nationally led REDD+ processes and promotes the informed and meaningful involvement of all
818:
e from a reduction in deforestation. This Technical Annex was reviewed through the International Consultation and Analysis process and on 22 September 2015 a technical report was issued by the UNFCCC which states that "the LULUCF experts consider that the data and information provided in the
486:
Countries have to regularly provide a summary of information on how these safeguards are addressed and respected. This could come in the form, for instance, of explaining the legal and regulatory environment with regards to the recognition, inclusion and engagement of Indigenous Peoples, and
1448:
Additionally, the Programme has identified four important cross-cutting themes as being particularly significant in order to ensure that the outcomes and outputs of the Programme will achieve results as desired: Stakeholder Engagement, Forest Governance, Tenure Security and Gender Equality.
848:
Since the first discussion on REDD+ in 2005, and particularly at COP 13 in 2007 and COP 15 in 2009, many concerns have been voiced on aspects of REDD+. Though it is widely understood that REDD+ will need to undergo full-scale implementation in all non-Annex I countries to meet the
982:
without becoming any more specific. The ability of local communities to effectively contribute to REDD+ field activities and the measurement of forest properties for estimating reduced emissions and enhanced emissions of greenhouse gases has been clearly demonstrated in various countries.
550:
refers to detrimental effects outside of the project area attributable to project activities. Leakage is less of an issue when REDD+ is implemented at a national or subnational level, as there can be no domestic leakage once full national coverage is achieved. However, there can still be
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The UNFCCC does not define what constitutes a forest; it only requires that Parties communicate to the UNFCCC on how they define a forest. The UNFCCC does suggest using a definition in terms of minimal area, minimal crown coverage and minimal height at maturity of perennial vegetation.
633:. The GCF currently finances REDD+ programs in phase 1 (design of national strategies or action plans, capacity building) and phase 2 (implementation of national strategies or action plans, demonstration programs). It is currently finalizing an approach to REDD+ results-based payments.
1036:
Some grassroots organizations are working to develop REDD+ activities with communities and developing benefit-sharing mechanisms to ensure REDD+ funds reach rural communities as well as governments. Examples of these include Plan Vivo projects in Mexico, Mozambique and Cameroon; and
373:
Reference levels have to eventually have national coverage, but they may be composed from a number of sub-national reference levels. As an example, forest degradation may have a reference emission level for commercial selective logging and one for extraction of minor timber and
700:
at the Policy Board meetings, and "may be invited to submit a request to receive funding for a National Programme in the future, if selected through a set of criteria to prioritize funding for new countries approved by the Policy Board". The Programme operates in six work
535:
is included in the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The REDD+ decisions under the UNFCCC do not have this as an explicit requirement; however, the safeguard on respect for the knowledge and rights of Indigenous peoples and members of local communities
3522:
1423:
863:
services, and to enhance other social and environmental benefits. Footnote to this safeguard: Taking into account the need for sustainable livelihoods of indigenous peoples and local communities and their interdependence on forests in most countries, reflected in the
382:
use by rural communities. Effectively, every identified driver of deforestation or forest degradation has to be represented in one or more reference emission level(s). Similarly for reference levels for enhancement of carbon stocks, there may be a reference level for
2499:
1457:
The UN-REDD Programme depends entirely on voluntary funds. Donors to the UN-REDD Programme have included the European Commission and governments of Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, Norway, Spain and Switzerland—with Norway providing a significant portion of the funds.
1470:
The collaborating UN agencies of the UN-REDD Programme – FAO, UNEP and UNDP – are committed to making information about the Programme and its operations available to the public in the interest of transparency. As part of this commitment, the Programme publishes
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Sunderlin, William D.; Larson, Anne M.; Duchelle, Amy E.; Resosudarmo, Ida Aju Pradnja; Huynh, Thu Ba; Awono, Abdon; Dokken, Therese (2014). "How are REDD+ Proponents Addressing Tenure Problems? Evidence from Brazil, Cameroon, Tanzania, Indonesia, and Vietnam".
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COP 20 in December 2014 did not produce any new decisions on REDD+. A reference was made to REDD+ in decision 8/CP.20 "Report of the Green Climate Fund to the Conference of the Parties and guidance to the Green Climate Fund", where in paragraph 18 the COP
672:
Most REDD+ activities or projects implemented since the call for demonstration activities in Decision 2/CP.13 December 2007 are focused on readiness, which is not surprising given that REDD+ and its requirements were completely new to all developing countries.
329:
Countries are encouraged to identify "national circumstances" that impact the drivers: specific conditions within the country that impact the forest resources. Hints for typical national circumstances can be found in preambles to various COP decisions, such as
970:
There are risks that the local inhabitants and the communities that live in the forests will be bypassed and that they will not be consulted and so they will not actually receive any revenues. Fair distribution of REDD+ benefits will not be achieved without a
629:(GCF) was established at COP 17 to function as the financial mechanism for the UNFCCC, thereby including REDD+ finance. The Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus makes various references to the GCF, instructing developing country Parties to apply to the GCF for
1596:(UNFCCC) agreed to explore ways of reducing emissions from deforestation and to enhance forest carbon stocks in developing nations. The underlying idea is that developing nations should be financially compensated if they succeed in reducing their levels of
450:
Financing entities that seek to provide results-based payments (payments per tonne of mitigation achieved) typically seek a true verification of results by external experts, to provide assurance that the results for which they are paying are credible.
321:
The REDD+ approach has a similar, more focused set of policies and measures. Forest sector laws and procedures are typically in place in most countries. In addition, countries have to develop specific national strategies and/or action plans for REDD+.
1672:, and a number of smaller projects financed by the Norwegian International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI), the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, among many others. All of these were based on substantive guidance from the UNFCCC.
1644:
Subsequent to the initial donor nation response, the UN established REDD Plus, or REDD+, expanding the original program's scope to include increasing forest cover through both reforestation and the planting of new forest cover, as well as promoting
823:(a) Continuation in updating and improving the carbon density map, including through the use of improved ground data from Brazil's first national forest inventory, possibly prioritizing geographic areas where deforestation is more likely to occur;
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The United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (or UN-REDD Programme) is a multilateral body that partners with countries to help them establish the technical capacities to implement REDD+ (see below
622:
goes on to note in section 8 that the collective commitment by developed countries for new and additional resources, including forestry and investments through international institutions, will approach US$ 30 billion for the period 2010–2012.
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request to create an agenda item to discuss consideration of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in natural forests as a mitigation measure. COP 11 entered the request to consider the document as agenda item 6:
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already is supporting phase 1 and 2 REDD+ programs, and is finalizing rules to allow disbursement of result-based finance to developing countries that submit verified reports of emission reductions and enhanced removals of greenhouse gases.
3343:
Sunderlin, William D.; Ekaputri, Andini Desita; Sills, Erin O.; Duchelle, Amy E.; Kweka, Demetrius; Diprose, Rachael; Doggart, Nike; Ball, Steve; Lima, Rebeca; Enright, Adrian; Torres, Jorge; Hartanto, Herlina; Toniolo, Angélica (2014).
446:
However, unlike a true verification the technical assessment cannot "approve" or "reject" the reference level, or the reported results measured against this reference level. It does provide clarity on potential areas for improvement.
768:
In 2009, the Government of Finland and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations signed a US$ 17 million partnership agreement to provide tools and methods for multi-purpose forest inventories, REDD+ monitoring and
2560:
3605:
1530:
None of these decisions use an acronym for the title of the agenda item; the acronym is not coined by the COP of the UNFCCC. The set of decisions on REDD+ that were adopted at COP 19 in Warsaw, December 2013, was coined the
1122:
ITTO has been criticized for appearing to support above all the inclusion of forest extraction inside REDD+ under the guise of "sustainable management" in order to benefit from carbon markets while maintaining business-as-usual.
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REDD+ in Article 5 of the Paris Agreement. This was part of a broader Article that specified that all countries should take action to protect and enhance their greenhouse gas sinks and reservoirs (stores of sequestered carbon).
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1420:
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has general oversight for the Programme, taking decisions on the allocation of the UN-REDD Programme fund resources. It meets bi-annually, or more frequently as required to efficiently carry out its roles and responsibilities.
2503:
1443:
REDD+ contributions to the mitigation of climate change are implemented and safeguarded with policies and measures that constitute results-based actions, including the development of appropriate and effective institutional
1522:
The approach detailed under the UNFCCC is commonly referred to as "reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation", abbreviated as REDD+. This title and the acronyms, however, are not used by the COP itself.
326:
greatest. Some of the drivers will be generic – in the sense that they are prevalent in many countries, such as increasing population pressure – while others will be very specific to countries or regions within countries.
748:
Forest Fund to aid forest conservation activities in Central Africa. In 2010, Norway signed a Letter of Intent with Indonesia to provide the latter country with up to US$ 1 billion "assuming that Indonesia achieves good
1279:
under which a trust fund established in July 2008 allows donors to pool resources to generate the requisite transfer flow of resources to significantly reduce global emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.
940:
rotation and harvesting cycles can be demonstrated. Some argue that this is opening the door to logging operations in primary forests, displacement of local populations for "conservation", increase of tree plantations.
275:
issues, forest governance issues, gender considerations and the social and environmental safeguards, ensuring the full and effective participation of stakeholders, inter alia Indigenous peoples and local communities.
790:
In 2010, national governments of developing and developed countries joined efforts to create the Interim REDD+ Partnership as means to enhance implementation of early action and foster fast start finance for REDD+
1899:
Fearnside, Philip (2000). "Global warming and tropical land-use change: Greenhouse gas emissions from biomass burning, decomposition and soils in forest conversion, shifting cultivation and secondary vegetation".
559:
with concrete, cement and bricks (AFOLU to industry). Many initiatives require leakage be taken into account in program design, so that potential leakage of emissions, including across borders, can be minimized.
1096:
While the COP decisions emphasize national ownership and stakeholder consultation, there are concerns that some of the larger institutional organizations are driving the process, in particular outside of the
206:
originally referred to "reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries", which was the title of the original document on REDD. It was superseded by REDD+ in the Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus
1110:
inexistent) consultation processes with local communities; the lack of criteria to determine when a country is ready to implement REDD+ projects (readiness); the negative impacts such as deforestation and
507:. As the concept of REDD+ was being defined, many organizations began promoting REDD+ projects at the scale of a forest area (e.g. large concession, National Park), analogous to AR-CDM projects under the
2993:
In a multi-year research project the engagement of local communities in REDD+ field activity implementation in 7 developing countries was studied and found to be highly effective. See multiple papers at
433:(a) There is consistency in methodologies, definitions, comprehensiveness and the information provided between the assessed reference level and the results of the implementation of the activities (...);
259:(d) A system for providing information on how the social and environmental safeguards (included in an appendix to the decision) are being addressed and respected throughout the implementation of REDD+.
660:
There is a very substantial number of REDD+ projects globally and this section lists only a selection. One of the more comprehensive online tools with up-to-date information on REDD+ projects is the
418:(IPCC), the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change, as well as other parameters of interest such as those related to safeguards and eligible activity implementation.
2447:
1475:
1061:
Under the market-based approach, REDD+ would act as an "offset scheme" in which verified results-based actions translate into some form of carbon credits, more-or-less analogous to the market for
249:(b) A national forest reference emission level and/or forest reference level or, if appropriate, as an interim measure, subnational forest reference emission levels and/or forest reference levels;
414:
is particularly suited to the assessment of areas of forest and stratification of different forest types. Ground-based observations involve forest surveys to measure the carbon pools used by the
334:
that economic and social development and poverty eradication are global priorities" in the Bali Action Plan, enabling developing countries to prioritize policies like poverty eradication through
318:, or of a more generic nature but with an impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Many of the signatory parties to the UNFCCC have by now established climate change strategies and response measures.
2757:"Technical report on the technical analysis of the technical annex to the first biennial update report of Brazil submitted in accordance with decision 14/CP.19, paragraph 7, on 31 December 2014"
1308:
Technical country capacity enhancing support through sharing of expertise, common approaches, analyses, methodologies, tools, data, best practices and facilitated South-South knowledge sharing.
1015:
indigenous agricultural practices, destroy biodiversity and cultural diversity and cause social conflicts. Under REDD/REDD+, states and carbon traders will take more control over our forests.
1977:
van der Werf, G.R.; Morton, D. C.; DeFries, R. S.; Olivier, J. G. J.; Kasibhatla, P. S.; Jackson, R. B.; Collatz, G. J.; Randerson, J. T. (November 2009). "CO2 emissions from forest loss".
784:
Australia established a A$ 200 million International Forest Carbon Initiative, focused on developing REDD+ activities in its vicinity, i.e., in areas like Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea.
734:
2564:
3609:
2608:
814:
within Brazil's territory, a little under half of the national territory, reporting emission reductions against Brazil's previously submitted reference emission level of 2,971.02 MtCO
637:
879:
While there is a safeguard against the conversion of natural forest, developing country Parties are free to include plantations of commercial tree species (including exotics like
1542:
originally referred to "reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries" the title of the original document on REDD. It was superseded in the negotiations by REDD+.
3955:
Entenmann, Steffen Karl; Schmitt, Christine Brigitte (2013). "'Actors' perceptions of forest biodiversity values and policy issues related to REDD plus implementation in Peru".
2473:
2322:
7239:
3742:
864:
541:
1664:
The call for demonstration activities in decision 2/CP.13 led to a very large number of programs and projects, including the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) of the
6740:
2936:
1753:
1363:
613:
naturally. Care must be taken to differentiate between what is a purely ecological process of regrowth and what is induced or enhanced through some management intervention.
1383:
5000:
2962:
1494:
2880:
3408:
Dressler, Wolfram; McDermott, Melanie; Smith, Will; Pulhin, Juan (2012). "REDD Policy Impacts on Indigenous Property Rights Regimes on Palawan Island, the Philippines".
358:
A reference level (RL) is expressed as an amount, derived by differencing a sequence of amounts over a period of time. For REDD+ purposes the amount is expressed in CO
1283:
The Programme has expanded steadily since its establishment and now has over 60 official Partner Countries spanning Africa, Asia-Pacific and Latin America-Caribbean.
6916:
1348:
The governance arrangements are built on and informed by five principles: inclusiveness, transparency, accountability, consensus-based decisions and participation.
1006:
are important stakeholders in REDD+ as they typically live inside forest areas or have their livelihoods (partially) based on exploitation of forest resources. The
6584:
6041:
1007:
551:
international leakage if activities are displaced across international borders, or "displacement of emissions" between sectors, such as replacing wood fires with
284:
The decisions on REDD+ enumerate five "eligible activities" that developing countries may implement to reduce emissions and enhance removals of greenhouse gases:
3445:"Multi-Level Policy Dialogues, Processes, and Actions: Challenges and Opportunities for National REDD+ Safeguards Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)"
2844:
1440:
Country contributions to the mitigation of climate change though REDD+ are measured, reported and verified and necessary institutional arrangements are in place.
3271:
Di Gregorio, Monica; Brockhaus, Maria; Cronin, Tim; Muharrom, Efrian (2012). "Politics and power in national REDD+ policy processes". In Angelsen, Arild (ed.).
1941:
6757:
4771:
4061:
1593:
1498:
826:(b) Expansion of the coverage of carbon pools, including improving the understanding of soil carbon dynamics after the conversion of forests to non-forests;
606:
199:
1030:
3133:
2451:
256:
system for the monitoring and reporting on REDD+ activities (see below), with, if appropriate, subnational monitoring and reporting as an interim measure;
6193:
6014:
1472:
1023:
999:
Safeguard (d): The full and effective participation of relevant stakeholders, in particular indigenous peoples and local communities, in the actions … ;
6188:
2379:
464:"(a) That actions complement or are consistent with the objectives of national forest programmes and relevant international conventions and agreements;
6056:
3824:"Measurement and monitoring needs, capabilities and potential for addressing reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation under REDD+"
1068:
Since COP 17, however, it has become clear that the REDD+ may be financed by a variety of sources, market and non-market. The newly established
4766:
3902:; Shvidenko, A.; Canadell, J.; Ciais, P.; Jackson, R.; Lewis, S.; McGuire, D.; Pacala, S.; Piao, S.; Rautiainen, A.; Sitch, S.; Hayes, D. (2011).
2909:
581:
Emissions of greenhouse gases from forest land can be reduced by slowing down the rates of deforestation and forest degradation, covered by REDD+
5988:
3627:
3160:
2421:
3394:
1433:
In order to realize its goal and target impacts, the Programme has set three outcomes and supporting outputs for its 2016-2020 work programme:
1390:
is a broad multi-stakeholder forum with the role to foster consultation, dialogue and knowledge exchange among UN-REDD Programme stakeholders.
1057:
a fund-based approach where Annex I countries would deposit substantial amounts of money into a fund administered by some multi-lateral entity.
58:
The article is far too long and detailed: needs to be rewritten in summary style. Also not clear what the results were or whether it continues.
2100:
1720:
the Board of the Green Climate Fund (...) (b) to consider decisions relevant to REDD-plus", referring back to earlier COP decisions on REDD+.
955:), and social benefits (for example income and improved forest governance) is currently not addressed, beyond the inclusion in the safeguard.
7234:
7229:
7224:
5697:
1708:
1696:
1688:
1681:
1658:
1573:
1399:
changes or reorientation of a programme and ensuring alignment with and delivery of results as expected and approved by the executive board.
1338:
1089:
512:
511:, with reduction of emissions or enhancement of removals vetted by an external organization using a standard established by some party (e.g.
17:
230:. For this reason the inclusion of reducing emissions from land use change is considered essential to achieve the objectives of the UNFCCC.
5930:
4810:
3476:
den Besten, Jan Willem; Arts, Bas; Verkooijen, Patrick (2014). "The evolution of REDD+: an analysis of discursive-institutional dynamics".
5814:
3199:"Multilevel governance challenges in transitioning towards a national approach for REDD+: Evidence from 23 subnational REDD+ initiatives"
2773:
1430:, with the goal to: Reduce forest emissions and enhance carbon stocks in forests while contributing to national sustainable development.
7219:
6078:
6031:
4479:
3058:
1264:
stakeholders, including indigenous peoples and other forest-dependent communities, in national and international REDD+ implementation.
759:
1019:
Some claim putting a commercial value on forests neglects the spiritual value they hold for Indigenous Peoples and local communities.
6957:
6073:
5653:
2477:
2326:
2244:
641:
415:
3746:
2101:"Technical considerations for Forest Reference Emission Level and/or Forest Reference Level construction for REDD+ under the UNFCCC"
500:
UNFCCC decisions or complementary to those decisions. Below follows a – no doubt incomplete – list of such concepts and approaches.
6288:
6004:
5722:
5499:
3329:
2245:"Integrating remote-sensing and ground-based observations for estimation of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases in forests"
801:
provide payments to these countries based on verified REDD+ emissions reductions achieved under national or subnational programs.
6644:
6433:
5596:
4022:
1437:
Contributions of REDD+ to the mitigation of climate change as well as to the provision of additional benefits have been designed.
1380:
1360:
422:
3563:
United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries *
2969:
7214:
6293:
6256:
6110:
6095:
6009:
5658:
5602:
4108:
3443:
Jagger, Pamela; Brockhaus, Maria; Duchelle, Amy; Gebara, Maria; Lawlor, Kathleen; Resosudarmo, Ida; Sunderlin, William (2014).
2886:
7150:
467:(b) Transparent and effective national forest governance structures, taking into account national legislation and sovereignty;
6952:
6090:
4271:
3378:
3285:
4781:
3106:
1844:
7209:
6974:
5925:
5920:
4183:
1326:
1322:
1230:
1226:
3162:
High Stakes in a Complex Game: A Snapshot of the Climate Change Negotiating Positions of Major Developing Country Emitters
778:
monitoring program to estimate soil carbon stock, using both survey and modelling-based methods, has also been undertaken.
473:(d) The full and effective participation of relevant stakeholders, in particular indigenous peoples and local communities;
182:
options, and to provide technical and financial support for these efforts. The acronym refers to "reducing emissions from
6455:
6233:
6051:
5978:
5968:
5951:
5858:
5665:
4281:
2380:"Key decisions relevant for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD+)"
2292:"Report of the Conference of the Parties on its seventeenth session, held in Durban from 28 November to 11 December 2011"
5983:
6884:
6745:
6702:
6198:
4472:
4430:
4155:
2117:
1813:"Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010"
2802:
2359:
933:
forest definitions date from 1948 and define forest only by the number, height, and canopy cover of trees in an area.
6811:
6687:
6504:
5702:
4704:
4684:
4314:
4124:
2937:"The reality of REDD+ in Peru: Between theory and practice - Indigenous Amazonian Peoples' analyses and alternatives"
1318:
1222:
80:
1949:
190:
in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest
7044:
6682:
6662:
6609:
6561:
5618:
4458:
4374:
4330:
4233:
4197:
4130:
1733:
532:
62:
4212:
4150:
6801:
6752:
6178:
6140:
6085:
5550:
4776:
2196:"Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009"
1773:
1033:
in 2012 over allegations of a failure of the government to properly respect the rights of the Indigenous groups.
7095:
2666:
1564:
Most of the key REDD+ decisions were completed by 2013, with the final pieces of the rulebook finished in 2015.
1290:
The UN-REDD Programme publicly releases each year an Annual Programme Progress Report and a Semi-Annual Report.
242:
Decision 1/CP.16 requests all developing countries aiming to undertake REDD+ to develop the following elements:
218:
are seen here in the striking "herring bone" deforestation patterns that cut through the rainforest. NASA, 2016.
6869:
6153:
5905:
5361:
4397:
4386:
3137:
1631:(the state with the largest area of tropical rainforest) however, opposes including avoided deforestation in a
436:(b) The data and information provided in the technical annex is transparent, consistent, complete and accurate;
3768:
1608:); a concept termed 'avoided deforestation (AD) or, REDD if broadened to include reducing forest degradation.
210:
7199:
6979:
6514:
6046:
4849:
4100:
3169:
3347:
The challenge of establishing REDD+ on the ground: Insights from 23 subnational initiatives in six countries
2396:
2077:"Report of the Conference of the Parties on its thirteenth session, held in Bali from 3 to 15 December 2007"
573:. The REDD+ mechanism addresses both issues of emission reduction and enhanced removal of greenhouse gases.
7204:
7169:
6962:
6634:
6163:
6158:
6063:
5935:
5492:
4309:
3794:"Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twentieth session, held in Lima from 1 to 14 December 2014"
3007:
1062:
570:
410:
Measurements are suggested to be made using a combination of remote sensing and ground-based observations.
1076:
6173:
6021:
4659:
4465:
4140:
4076:
4015:
3899:
3365:
3272:
4276:
305:
while the effect of the other two on emissions or removals is indeterminate but expected to be minimal.
7184:
7123:
7032:
6796:
6599:
6556:
6329:
6251:
6105:
5173:
4815:
4451:
4299:
4238:
4193:
4113:
4040:
2913:
2530:
As the first country to apply for funding under the FCPF Carbon Fund, Costa Rica submitted its revised
733:
The World Bank plays an important role in the development of REDD+ activities since its inception. The
3985:
3623:
3173:
1031:
Indigenous Peoples' groups in Panama broke off their collaboration with the national UN-REDD Programme
439:(c) The data and information provided in the technical annex is consistent with the guidelines (...);
398:
Details on the reporting and technical assessment of reference levels are given in Decision 13/CP.19.
6901:
6576:
6551:
6524:
6486:
6403:
6221:
6068:
6026:
5776:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5136:
4956:
4825:
4486:
4303:
4248:
4218:
4208:
4178:
4135:
4066:
3567:
2425:
2045:"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties - Eleventh Session"
1081:
770:
585:. Another option would be some form of reduced impact logging in commercial logging, under the REDD+
315:
195:
53:
6416:
4091:
7105:
6911:
6906:
6896:
6837:
6677:
6183:
6148:
6036:
5963:
5804:
5633:
5569:
5530:
5275:
4961:
4569:
4534:
4291:
4253:
4223:
4081:
3345:
2268:
1560:
in developing countries" (emphasis added); the most recent, elaborated terminology used by the COP.
1302:
Direct funding and technical support to the design and implementation of National REDD+ Programmes;
516:
367:
227:
171:
4911:
3197:
Ravikumar, Ashwin; Larson, Anne M.; Duchelle, Amy E.; Myers, Rodd; Gonzales Tovar, Jazmin (2015).
2308:
7194:
7174:
7071:
7020:
6942:
6852:
6594:
6566:
6246:
5900:
5878:
5485:
5104:
4995:
4891:
4886:
4263:
4243:
4173:
4118:
4056:
4048:
3587:
3364:
Angelsen, Arild, ed. (2012). "REDD+ safeguards in national policy discourse and pilot projects".
1758:
1738:
1632:
7189:
7179:
6619:
6439:
6381:
6298:
6283:
6168:
5809:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
4881:
4876:
4756:
4744:
4423:
4228:
4188:
4145:
4071:
4008:
929:(a grass). Some opponents of REDD+ argue that this lack of a clear distinction is no accident.
610:
556:
335:
148:
3648:
1505:, conserve forest carbon stocks, sustainably manage forests and enhance forest carbon stocks.
7116:
Code REDD: A campaign to promote REDD+ projects and the corporations who have pledged support
7008:
6654:
6531:
6339:
5794:
5717:
5389:
5375:
5046:
4203:
4165:
3624:
Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries: approaches to stimulate action
3330:"REDD+ on the ground: Global insights from local contexts | REDD+ on the ground - CIFOR"
2879:
Mathai, J. (5 October 2009). "Peat Portal | Learn about peatlands and why they matter".
1579:
Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries: approaches to stimulate action
421:
The reporting has to follow the IPCC guidance, in particular the "Good Practice Guidance for
4983:
3885:
2195:
2044:
1942:"Policies to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) in Tropical Forests"
1497:
is a voluntary climate change mitigation approach that has been developed by Parties to the
986:
In some project-based REDD+, disreputable companies have taken advantage of low governance.
6847:
6725:
6386:
5956:
5883:
5265:
5005:
4946:
4916:
4786:
4574:
3917:
3835:
3793:
3706:
2291:
2164:
2076:
1986:
1812:
1119:
developed, and some of these same actors are now participating in implementation of REDD+.
388:
125:
2251:
849:
objectives of the Paris Agreement, many challenges need resolving before this can happen.
714:
Engagement of Indigenous Peoples, Local Communities and Other Relevant Stakeholders (UNDP)
8:
6864:
6639:
5868:
5863:
5466:
4837:
4654:
4622:
3848:
3823:
2756:
1501:. It aims to incentivize developing countries to reduce emissions from deforestation and
1190:
601:) from the atmosphere can be achieved through various forest management options, such as
108:
3921:
3839:
3710:
1990:
1872:
1558:
conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks
1132:
United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
6692:
6624:
6541:
6391:
6356:
6313:
6308:
6303:
5873:
5417:
4936:
4931:
4761:
4724:
4679:
4632:
4539:
4529:
4335:
3972:
3943:
3676:
3425:
3388:
2845:"How does the FAO Forest definition harm people and forests? An open letter to the FAO"
2002:
1917:
1657:
REDD received substantial attention from the UNFCCC – and the attending community – at
1502:
1077:
Top-down design by large international institutions vs. bottom-up grassroots coalitions
1069:
1003:
948:
898:
626:
268:
187:
167:
2713:
6926:
6589:
6334:
6100:
5888:
5851:
5638:
5592:
5456:
5217:
4739:
4719:
4709:
4694:
4599:
4416:
3935:
3908:
3724:
3680:
3668:
3429:
3374:
3281:
2754:
2667:"Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries"
2525:
2006:
1743:
1669:
1111:
914:
384:
253:
179:
120:
48:
3976:
3947:
3903:
3257:
2644:
1921:
819:
technical annex are transparent, consistent, complete and accurate" (paragraph 38).
144:
7147:
6969:
6536:
6519:
6460:
6351:
6115:
5834:
5707:
5643:
5332:
5317:
5079:
5036:
4871:
4729:
4714:
4689:
3964:
3925:
3870:
3843:
3714:
3660:
3649:"The politics of Avoided Deforestation: historical context and contemporary issues"
3485:
3456:
3417:
3315:
3311:
3253:
3241:
3220:
3210:
2738:
1994:
1909:
1585:
1334:
1305:
Complementary tailored funding and technical support to national REDD+ actions; and
152:
3032:
1636:
control land use at the local level and prove that their emissions are declining.
836:(d) Continuation of the improvements related to monitoring of forest degradation;
7154:
7127:
7075:
6921:
6842:
6806:
6735:
6709:
6697:
6614:
6546:
6278:
5895:
5846:
5824:
5342:
5200:
5185:
5041:
4988:
4971:
4674:
4642:
4612:
4564:
4549:
4524:
4350:
3875:
3858:
3631:
3571:
3489:
3110:
3059:"PROTEST: Indigenous Peoples "2nd MAY REVOLT" at the UNPFII - carbon trade watch"
1748:
1479:
1427:
1387:
1367:
1115:
906:
223:
3822:
Goetz, S.; Hansen, M.; Houghton, R.; Walker, W.; Laporte, N.; Busch, J. (2015).
226:, including deforestation and forest degradation, accounts for 12–29% of global
6874:
6730:
6672:
6667:
6509:
6398:
6130:
6125:
6120:
5973:
5910:
5648:
5628:
5587:
5508:
5403:
5327:
5322:
5255:
5163:
5151:
5116:
5074:
5022:
5017:
4941:
4859:
4751:
4594:
4584:
2587:
1624:
1038:
964:
952:
508:
411:
175:
3968:
3421:
2534:
on 15 February 2013. Apparently only five submissions are currently envisaged.
1913:
975:
reform in forest governance and more secure tenure systems in many countries.
936:
Similarly, there is a lack of a consistent definition for forest degradation.
7163:
7137:
6947:
6879:
6604:
6426:
6411:
6346:
6241:
5431:
5412:
5337:
5297:
5250:
5089:
5061:
4926:
4864:
4803:
4798:
4607:
4559:
4031:
3672:
2622:
1768:
1597:
744:
addition, with the United Kingdom, $ 200 million was contributed towards the
602:
264:
183:
7085:
3930:
1483:
1408:
980:
full and effective participation of Indigenous Peoples and local communities
7100:
6832:
6629:
6273:
6263:
5915:
5799:
5712:
5445:
5280:
4976:
4966:
4951:
4921:
4844:
4820:
4734:
4699:
4664:
4579:
4554:
4510:
3939:
3728:
2755:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (22 September 2015).
2347:
1763:
1611:
Under the free market model advocated by the countries who have formed the
1535:
in a footnote to the title of each of the decisions creating the acronyms:
944:
811:
3664:
2995:
720:
Transparent, Equitable and Accountable Management of REDD+ Payments (UNDP)
6859:
6376:
6368:
5623:
5312:
5292:
5285:
5245:
5212:
4793:
4544:
4340:
1646:
1620:
1616:
839:(e) Expansion of the forest monitoring system to cover additional biomes.
775:
745:
379:
272:
191:
3084:"Plan Vivo " Improving livelihoods, conserving and restoring ecosystems"
2819:
2561:"The Government of Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative"
2124:
680:
UNDP, UNEP and FAO jointly established the UN-REDD Programme (see below
6891:
6268:
5307:
5302:
5028:
4649:
2118:"Guidelines for REDD+ Reference Levels: Principles and Recommendations"
1665:
1589:
1257:
881:
661:
339:
3242:"Forest tenure reform in the age of climate change: Lessons for REDD+"
3225:
1287:
the Collaborative Partnership on Forests, and the Green Climate Fund.
958:
401:
5841:
5190:
5168:
5069:
5011:
4627:
4493:
3461:
3444:
3215:
3198:
2691:
1489:
922:
868:
392:
3719:
3694:
3107:"Why Europe Torpedoed the REDD Forest-For-Carbon Credits Initiative"
1998:
1411:
provides real-time funding administration to the UN-REDD Programme.
1147:
5270:
5240:
5235:
5195:
5141:
5131:
5051:
4439:
4345:
3898:
Pan, Y.; Birdsey, R.; Fang, J.; Hougton, R.; Kauppi, P.; Kurz, W.;
3859:"Modelling Forest Fragmentation and Carbon Emissions for REDD plus"
2269:"Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry"
552:
375:
263:
It further requests developing countries to address the drivers of
3986:"Policy persistence: REDD+ between stabilization and contestation"
3300:
3270:
2803:"Principles and Guidelines for Engagement with Indigenous Peoples"
5819:
5477:
5260:
5156:
5126:
5121:
5109:
5099:
5084:
4637:
4355:
1605:
1085:
1041:
Foundation's VCS and CCBS projects in the state of Acre, Brazil.
918:
723:
REDD+ as a Catalyst for Transformations to a Green Economy (UNEP)
215:
5440:
4000:
2935:
Espinoza Llanos, Roberto & Feather, Conrad (November 2011).
1976:
1010:(IIPFCC) was explicit at the Bali climate negotiations in 2007:
6827:
5094:
4832:
4669:
4617:
4516:
2546:
1628:
1601:
1330:
1138:
926:
910:
893:
856:
114:
3342:
2774:"Measuring the effectiveness of subnational REDD+ initiatives"
1298:
The UN-REDD Programme supports its Partner Countries through:
865:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
542:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
6741:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
5829:
5426:
5146:
3442:
2858:
1584:
In December 2007, after a two-year debate on a proposal from
1351:
UN-REDD Programme 2016-2020 governance arrangements include:
943:
Achieving multiple benefits, for example the conservation of
902:
887:
696:, be invited to attend meetings and training workshops, have
487:
information on how these requirements have been implemented.
7142:
7120:
7101:
Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, hosted by the World Bank
3407:
3196:
1627:
Annex I states who have exceeded their emissions allowance.
7090:
5205:
5180:
4854:
4408:
3904:"A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests"
3008:"Carbon offsetting scheme open to corruption, report warns"
1276:
1272:
7115:
3083:
1317:
The UN-REDD Programme is a collaborative programme of the
1242:
540:"that the United Nations General Assembly has adopted the
7110:
7106:
REDD+ profile on database of Market Governance Mechanisms
7069:
Official UN-REDD Programme Online Collaborative Workspace
7063:
6917:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
3821:
3591:
3564:
3552:
1268:
963:
According to some critics, REDD+ is another extension of
930:
563:
7080:
7068:
3857:
Lu, H.; Wang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Yan, W.; Zhang, J. (2012).
3475:
2997:
under the Resources & Publications link on the left.
2323:"UN-REDD Guidelines on Free, Prior and Informed Consent"
1484:
online public access to real-time funding administration
1008:
International Indigenous Peoples Forum on Climate Change
2859:"Special Report on Climate Change and Land — IPCC site"
2223:
644:(ICAO)'s market-based greenhouse gas offset mechanism.
2934:
2714:"The Carbon Fund | Forest Carbon Partnership Facility"
2563:. Ministry of Environment. 19 May 2009. Archived from
1572:
REDD was first discussed in 2005 by the UNFCCC at its
1050:
were debated by the international community at large:
833:
gases to maintain consistency with the GHG inventory;
717:
Ensuring multiple benefits of forests and REDD+ (UNEP)
442:(d) The results are accurate, to the extent possible."
7240:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
6758:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
3897:
3743:"UD Redd: Can the program save our tropical forests?"
1594:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
741:
Norwegian International Climate and Forest Initiative
200:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
7121:
REDD-Monitor - Critical analysis and news about REDD
7086:
UN-REDD Programme Multi-Partner Trust Fund Factsheet
3893:. Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).
2912:. 60 Minutes, Nine Network Australia. Archived from
2645:"Soil carbon monitoring using surveys and modelling"
1552:) refers to "reducing emissions from deforestation
1419:The work of the UN-REDD Programme is guided by its
1258:#Difference between REDD+ and the UN-REDD Programme
1024:
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
959:
Land tenure, carbon rights and benefit distribution
402:
Monitoring: measurement, reporting and verification
106:It has been suggested that this article should be
3883:
3608:. UN-REDD Programme. February 2016. Archived from
3588:"UN-REDD Programme Online Collaborative Workspace"
2908:Rice, Stephen & Bartlett, Liam (6 July 2012).
2422:"UN-REDD Programme - Support to Partner Countries"
2224:"IPCC — Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"
1490:Difference between REDD+ and the UN-REDD Programme
3523:"UN-REDD Programme 2016-2020 Strategic Framework"
2579:
1842:
1473:annual and semi-annual programme progress reports
1022:Indigenous Peoples protested in 2008 against the
482:(g) Actions to reduce displacement of emissions".
7161:
6958:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
3954:
1702:
1414:
1402:
7096:REDD+ Partnership, including financing database
1393:
1293:
569:the build-up of biomass, making forest lands a
291:(b) Reducing emissions from forest degradation.
194:in developing countries". REDD+ is a voluntary
3856:
3745:. Thomaswhite.com. 11 May 2011. Archived from
2820:"The need for improved forest plantation data"
2039:
2037:
2035:
1675:
616:
555:stoves (AFOLU to energy) or construction with
479:(f) Actions to address the risks of reversals;
5698:History of climate change policy and politics
5493:
4424:
4016:
3769:"UNFCCC documents relevant for REDD+ - REDD+"
3353:. Center for International Forestry Research.
3158:
2623:"Support to forest monitoring and assessment"
1090:2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference
597:Removals of greenhouse gases (specifically CO
3983:
2968:. Asia-Pacific Forestry Week. Archived from
2907:
2808:. Global Environment Facility. October 2012.
2588:"Are We on The Brink of Saving Rainforests?"
857:Natural forests vs. high-density plantations
829:(c) Consideration of the treatment of non-CO
5815:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
3884:Probert, C.; Sharrock, S.; Ali, N. (2011).
2315:
2032:
1894:
1892:
1329:(UNEP), created in 2008 in response to the
913:), or even non-tree species such as palms (
636:REDD+ is also eligible for inclusion under
505:Project-based REDD+, voluntary market REDD+
460:the REDD+ mechanism. These safeguards are:
7039:
7027:
6484:
5500:
5486:
4431:
4417:
4023:
4009:
3393:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1935:
1933:
1931:
1137:
760:International Tropical Timber Organization
288:(a) Reducing emissions from deforestation.
222:Since 2000, various studies estimate that
7138:Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF)
6779:
6585:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
5723:United Nations Climate Change conferences
3929:
3874:
3847:
3718:
3646:
3460:
3357:
3224:
3214:
3056:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2020:Butler, Rhett (August 2009). "Big REDD".
1898:
1695:In 2011 decision 12/CP.17 was adopted at
1556:in developing countries, and the role of
1267:The programme is a collaboration between
642:International Civil Aviation Organization
416:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
294:(c) Conservation of forest carbon stocks.
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
6289:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
3363:
3131:
2739:"First Biennial Update Report of Brazil"
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
1889:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1126:
1080:
804:
308:
300:(e) Enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
209:
143:
6645:National Adaptation Programme of Action
6434:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
3367:Analysing REDD+: Challenges and choices
3274:Analysing REDD+: Challenges and choices
3134:"What the (carbon) market cannot do..."
2960:
2397:"Copenhagen Accord of 18 December 2009"
2165:"UNFCCC document FCCC/CP/2013/10/Add.1"
1928:
1619:would sell carbon sink credits under a
1044:
795:
667:
423:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
246:(a) A national strategy or action plan;
14:
7162:
6294:Economics of climate change mitigation
6257:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
5775:
5603:Scientific consensus on climate change
3786:
3642:
3640:
3239:
3104:
2942:. AIDESEP and Forest Peoples Programme
2878:
2797:
2795:
2585:
2474:"UN-REDD Programme Strategy 2011-2015"
2374:
2372:
2275:
2203:Framework Convention on Climate Change
2181:
2142:
2019:
1972:
1970:
1820:Framework Convention on Climate Change
681:
589:of sustainable management of forests.
564:As a climate change mitigation measure
297:(d) Sustainable management of forests.
279:
252:(c) A robust and transparent national
6953:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
6778:
6483:
6219:
5774:
5686:
5567:
5519:
5481:
4412:
4004:
3582:
3580:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3159:von der Goltz, Jan (10 August 2009),
3038:. Noredd.makenoise.org. November 2011
3027:
3025:
2987:
2062:
1939:
1858:
1786:
989:
978:The UNFCCC has repeatedly called for
897:spp.), agricultural tree crops (e.g.
647:
592:
576:
7235:United Nations Environment Programme
7230:United Nations Development Programme
7225:International forestry organizations
6975:Representative Concentration Pathway
5921:Tipping points in the climate system
5597:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
4381:
3203:International Journal of the Commons
2500:"FCPF template to apply for funding"
1838:
1836:
1327:United Nations Environment Programme
1323:United Nations Development Programme
1231:United Nations Environment Programme
1227:United Nations Development Programme
494:
342:development over forest protection.
92:
31:
6746:Nationally determined contributions
6456:Individual action on climate change
5666:World energy supply and consumption
5356:
4393:
3637:
3553:UN-REDD Programme official website.
2792:
2369:
1967:
1843:UN-REDD Programme (February 2016).
1652:
1345:and clear lines of accountability.
1208:Head, UN-REDD Programme Secretariat
1088:people protesting against REDD+ at
345:
24:
7064:Official UN-REDD Programme Website
6885:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
5507:
3984:Asiyanbi, A.; Lund, J. F. (2020).
3887:A REDD+ manual for botanic gardens
3815:
3577:
3565:Official UN-REDD Programme Website
3533:
3496:
3478:Environmental Science & Policy
3022:
1354:
735:Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
731:Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
609:, but also by letting forest land
25:
7251:
7220:Food and Agriculture Organization
7143:Global Environment Facility (GEF)
7057:
6812:Satellite temperature measurement
6417:forestry for carbon sequestration
5703:History of climate change science
4705:Global Forest Information Service
4030:
3647:Humphreys, D (1 September 2008).
3132:Karsenty, Alain (November 2009).
1833:
1754:CDM excluding Forest Conservation
1361:UN-REDD Programme Executive Board
1321:of the United Nations (FAO), the
1319:Food and Agriculture Organization
1223:Food and Agriculture Organization
1156: UN-REDD National Programmes
7038:
7026:
7015:
7014:
7002:
6663:Climate Change Performance Index
6042:Destruction of cultural heritage
5461:
5452:
5451:
5439:
5425:
5411:
5397:
5383:
5369:
5355:
4392:
4380:
4369:
4368:
4331:Deforestation and climate change
4090:
1940:Myers, Erin C. (December 2007).
1873:"UNFCCC document FCCC/CP/2005/5"
1734:Deforestation and climate change
1146:
711:National REDD+ Governance (UNDP)
605:degraded or deforested areas or
533:Free, prior and informed consent
233:
214:Settlement and deforestation in
97:
36:
27:Climate change mitigation policy
7148:Forest Investment Program (FIP)
6802:Instrumental temperature record
6753:Sustainable Development Goal 13
5462:
3761:
3735:
3687:
3616:
3598:
3557:
3469:
3436:
3401:
3336:
3322:
3294:
3264:
3258:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.11.008
3233:
3190:
3152:
3125:
3098:
3076:
3050:
3000:
2954:
2928:
2901:
2872:
2851:
2837:
2812:
2766:
2748:
2731:
2718:www.forestcarbonpartnership.org
2706:
2684:
2659:
2637:
2615:
2601:
2553:
2539:
2518:
2492:
2466:
2440:
2414:
2389:
2352:
2341:
2301:
2261:
2237:
2216:
2110:
2093:
1774:United Nations Forum on Forests
1613:Coalition of Rainforest Nations
1461:
1162: UN-REDD Partner Countries
867:, as well as the International
708:MRV and Monitoring (led by FAO)
6870:Climate variability and change
6220:
5906:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
3849:10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/123001
3828:Environmental Research Letters
3316:10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.013
3105:Butler, Rhett (5 March 2008).
2963:"REDD: a Steep learning Curve"
2882:Seeing REDD over deforestation
2586:Butler, Rhett (22 July 2009).
2013:
1517:
166:) is a framework to encourage
13:
1:
7215:Sustainable forest management
6980:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
6515:Climate emergency declaration
3957:Biodiversity and Conservation
3653:International Forestry Review
3170:Center for Global Development
3010:. Abc.net.au. 1 November 2010
2424:. Un-redd.org. Archived from
1779:
1703:Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus
1533:Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus
1421:2016-2020 Strategic Framework
1415:2016-2020 Strategic Framework
1409:Multi-Party Trust Fund Office
1403:Multi-Party Trust Fund Office
1312:
1063:Certified Emission Reductions
996:Rights of Indigenous Peoples;
843:
454:
18:United Nations REDD Programme
6963:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
6189:Middle East and North Africa
5520:
4438:
3990:Journal of Political Ecology
3876:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.249
3490:10.1016/j.envsci.2013.03.009
1649:forest resource management.
1394:National Steering Committees
1294:Support to Partner Countries
7:
7210:Environmental controversies
5687:
3705:(7269): 11. November 2009.
3246:Global Environmental Change
2961:Vickers, Ben (April 2008).
2692:"REDD+ Partnership website"
2309:"UNFCCC REDD+ web platform"
1727:
1676:Definition of main elements
1374:
617:REDD+ and the carbon market
491:UNFCCC REDD+ web platform.
198:framework developed by the
56:. The specific problem is:
10:
7256:
6797:Global surface temperature
6688:Popular culture depictions
6600:Ecosystem-based adaptation
6330:Carbon capture and storage
6252:Carbon offsets and credits
5568:
4816:Growth and yield modelling
4041:Deforestation by continent
3634:accessed 10 November 2009.
1615:, developing nations with
1512:
1381:UN-REDD Programme Assembly
7009:Climate change portal
6996:
6935:
6902:Extreme event attribution
6820:
6789:
6785:
6774:
6718:
6653:
6575:
6525:School Strike for Climate
6497:
6493:
6479:
6448:
6404:Climate-smart agriculture
6365:
6322:
6232:
6228:
6215:
6139:
5997:
5944:
5787:
5783:
5770:
5693:
5682:
5611:
5580:
5576:
5563:
5546:Climate change adaptation
5541:Climate change mitigation
5536:Effects of climate change
5526:
5515:
5390:Earth sciences portal
5376:Climate change portal
5351:
5228:
5060:
4957:Great Green Wall (Africa)
4902:
4593:
4503:
4446:
4364:
4323:
4290:
4262:
4164:
4099:
4088:
4047:
4038:
3969:10.1007/s10531-013-0477-5
3606:"Fact Sheet: About REDD+"
3422:10.1007/s10745-012-9527-y
2694:. Reddpluspartnership.org
1452:
1366:12 September 2021 at the
1237:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1168:
1145:
1136:
788:Interim REDD+ Partnership
771:climate change adaptation
391:, possibly stratified by
196:climate change mitigation
151:, 2009. Deforestation in
7126:14 December 2022 at the
7091:UNFCCC REDD Web Platform
6912:Global warming potential
6719:International agreements
6366:Preserving and enhancing
5805:Arctic methane emissions
5727:Years in climate change
5634:Greenhouse gas emissions
5531:Causes of climate change
4962:Great Green Wall (China)
4535:Close to nature forestry
3240:Larson, Anne M. (2011).
3063:www.carbontradewatch.org
1639:
1054:a market-based approach;
662:Voluntary REDD+ Database
571:sink of greenhouse gases
368:global warming potential
228:greenhouse gas emissions
174:and enhance removals of
7081:Official UNFCCC Website
7074:12 October 2022 at the
6943:Climate change scenario
6595:Disaster risk reduction
6247:Carbon emission trading
6057:U.S. insurance industry
6032:Civilizational collapse
5879:sea surface temperature
4996:Million Tree Initiative
3931:10.1126/science.1201609
1914:10.1023/a:1005569915357
1759:Natural Forest Standard
1739:Deforestation by region
1592:, state parties to the
1567:
1172:September 24, 2008
6936:Research and modelling
6620:Nature-based solutions
6440:Nature-based solutions
6382:Carbon dioxide removal
6299:Fossil fuel divestment
6284:Climate risk insurance
6194:Small island countries
5810:Arctic sea ice decline
5418:Environment portal
4850:Sustainable management
4745:Trillion Tree Campaign
3622:United Nations. 2007.
2448:"National Programmes2"
1554:and forest degradation
1478:12 August 2020 at the
1426:18 August 2022 at the
1174:; 15 years ago
1093:
1017:
841:
657:is also encountered).
355:within its territory.
336:agricultural expansion
219:
156:
149:NASA Earth Observatory
6897:Earth's energy budget
6780:Background and theory
6668:Climate crisis (term)
6340:Fossil fuel phase-out
6234:Economics and finance
6199:by individual country
6141:By country and region
6116:Security and conflict
6111:Psychological impacts
5795:Abrupt climate change
5718:Charles David Keeling
5551:By country and region
5343:Wood process engineer
5047:Urban forest inequity
3695:"On the road to REDD"
3665:10.1505/ifor.10.3.433
3136:CIRAD. Archived from
2547:"Amazon Fund website"
1600:(through valuing the
1127:The UN-REDD Programme
1084:
1012:
821:
805:Results-based actions
557:wood for construction
309:Policies and measures
213:
178:through a variety of
147:
112:into articles titled
7200:Forest certification
7153:9 April 2017 at the
6726:Glasgow Climate Pact
6387:Carbon sequestration
5957:Mass mortality event
5006:Shifting cultivation
4947:Forest fragmentation
4917:Carbon sequestration
4787:Woodland Carbon Code
4752:Forest certification
4660:Even-aged management
4575:Sustainable forestry
4398:WikiProject Forestry
3863:Procedia Engineering
3612:on 1 September 2022.
1202:65 Partner Countries
1112:loss of biodiversity
1045:In the carbon market
796:Implementation phase
668:Readiness activities
631:result-based finance
523:Benefit distribution
389:natural regeneration
387:species and one for
168:developing countries
63:improve this article
52:to meet Knowledge's
7205:Forest conservation
7170:Emissions reduction
6865:Climate sensitivity
6640:The Adaptation Fund
6096:Infectious diseases
5998:Social and economic
4811:Formally designated
4655:Ecological thinning
4565:Plantation forestry
4473:Research institutes
3922:2011Sci...333..988P
3840:2015ERL....10l3001G
3711:2009Natur.462Q..11.
3594:on 12 October 2022.
2975:on 29 December 2009
2916:on 13 November 2012
2910:"The Carbon Cowboy"
2480:on 20 December 2013
2454:on 19 February 2014
2428:on 14 February 2014
2329:on 22 February 2014
1991:2009NatGe...2..737V
1955:on 10 November 2009
1948:: 7. Archived from
1386:15 May 2018 at the
1218:Parent organization
1191:Geneva, Switzerland
1133:
1099:one Party, one vote
607:enrichment planting
583:eligible activities
366:e) (see article on
280:Eligible activities
6436:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
6408:Forest management
6392:Direct air capture
6357:Sustainable energy
6314:Net zero emissions
6309:Low-carbon economy
6304:Green Climate Fund
6091:Indigenous peoples
5989:Plant biodiversity
5777:Effects and issues
5404:Ecology portal
4937:Forest degradation
4932:Ecosystem services
4540:Community forestry
4336:Forest degradation
3630:2009-08-05 at the
3570:2018-11-19 at the
3529:on 18 August 2022.
3140:on 28 October 2012
2889:on 13 January 2012
2778:CIFOR Forests News
2567:on 10 October 2012
2526:"FCPF Carbon Fund"
2050:. 11 November 2005
2022:Washington Monthly
1946:Resources Magazine
1707:In December 2013,
1604:that is stored in
1503:forest degradation
1467:REDD+ activities.
1131:
1094:
1070:Green Climate Fund
1004:Indigenous peoples
990:Indigenous peoples
949:ecosystem services
682:#UN-REDD Programme
648:Implementing REDD+
627:Green Climate Fund
593:Enhancing removals
577:Reducing emissions
269:forest degradation
220:
188:forest degradation
157:
7185:Forest governance
7111:UN-REDD Programme
7054:
7053:
6992:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6927:Radiative forcing
6770:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6590:Adaptive capacity
6475:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6335:Energy transition
6211:
6210:
6207:
6206:
5926:Tropical cyclones
5852:Urban heat island
5766:
5765:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5639:Carbon accounting
5593:Greenhouse effect
5559:
5558:
5475:
5474:
5432:Plants portal
5218:green woodworking
4406:
4405:
3963:(5): 1229–p1254.
3916:(6045): 988–993.
3799:. 2 February 2015
3380:978-602-8693-80-6
3304:World Development
3287:978-602-8693-80-6
2130:on 13 August 2017
1979:Nature Geoscience
1744:Emissions trading
1670:UN-REDD Programme
1333:decisions on the
1253:
1252:
694:knowledge sharing
686:partner countries
678:UN-REDD Programme
587:eligible activity
495:Additional issues
393:ecological region
385:plantation timber
254:forest monitoring
180:forest management
142:
141:
121:UN-REDD Programme
91:
90:
83:
54:quality standards
45:This article may
16:(Redirected from
7247:
7042:
7041:
7030:
7029:
7018:
7017:
7007:
7006:
7005:
6970:Paleoclimatology
6787:
6786:
6776:
6775:
6537:Ecological grief
6520:Climate movement
6495:
6494:
6481:
6480:
6461:Plant-based diet
6352:Renewable energy
6230:
6229:
6217:
6216:
6052:Economic impacts
5979:Invasive species
5835:Coastal flooding
5785:
5784:
5772:
5771:
5708:Svante Arrhenius
5684:
5683:
5654:from agriculture
5644:Carbon footprint
5629:Greenhouse gases
5578:
5577:
5565:
5564:
5517:
5516:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5479:
5478:
5465:
5464:
5455:
5454:
5446:Trees portal
5444:
5443:
5430:
5429:
5416:
5415:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5359:
5358:
5080:Forest gardening
5037:Timber recycling
4984:Invasive species
4872:Tree measurement
4433:
4426:
4419:
4410:
4409:
4396:
4395:
4384:
4383:
4372:
4371:
4315:Papua New Guinea
4125:British Columbia
4094:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3980:
3951:
3933:
3894:
3892:
3880:
3878:
3853:
3851:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3644:
3635:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3590:. Archived from
3584:
3575:
3561:
3555:
3550:
3531:
3530:
3525:. Archived from
3519:
3494:
3493:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:10.3390/f5092136
3455:(9): 2136–2162.
3440:
3434:
3433:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3384:
3372:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3279:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3218:
3216:10.18352/ijc.593
3194:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3172:, archived from
3167:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3109:. Archived from
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3004:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2967:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2885:. Archived from
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2780:. 21 August 2017
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2611:. 27 March 2017.
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2506:on 8 August 2012
2502:. Archived from
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2476:. Archived from
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2450:. Archived from
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2360:"Eliasch Review"
2356:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2325:. Archived from
2319:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2297:. 15 March 2012.
2296:
2288:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2257:on 5 March 2014.
2256:
2250:. Archived from
2249:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2192:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2123:. Archived from
2122:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1937:
1926:
1925:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1809:
1687:A year later at
1653:Bali Action Plan
1586:Papua New Guinea
1335:Bali Action Plan
1249:
1246:
1244:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1141:
1134:
1130:
965:green capitalism
690:targeted support
395:or forest type.
362:-equivalents (CO
346:Reference levels
176:greenhouse gases
153:Malaysian Borneo
137:
134:
101:
100:
93:
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
40:
39:
32:
21:
7255:
7254:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7160:
7159:
7155:Wayback Machine
7128:Wayback Machine
7076:Wayback Machine
7060:
7055:
7050:
7003:
7001:
6984:
6931:
6922:Orbital forcing
6816:
6781:
6762:
6736:Paris Agreement
6714:
6710:Warming stripes
6649:
6615:Managed retreat
6610:Loss and damage
6571:
6505:Business action
6489:
6467:
6444:
6367:
6361:
6318:
6279:Climate finance
6224:
6203:
6135:
5993:
5969:Extinction risk
5945:Flora and fauna
5940:
5901:Permafrost thaw
5896:Ozone depletion
5825:Extreme weather
5779:
5762:
5689:
5670:
5607:
5572:
5555:
5522:
5511:
5506:
5476:
5471:
5438:
5424:
5410:
5398:
5396:
5384:
5382:
5370:
5368:
5347:
5224:
5201:spruce-pine-fir
5174:Christmas trees
5056:
4972:Illegal logging
4904:
4898:
4613:Controlled burn
4598:
4589:
4570:Social forestry
4550:Energy forestry
4530:Bamboo forestry
4525:Analog forestry
4499:
4442:
4437:
4407:
4402:
4360:
4351:Illegal logging
4319:
4286:
4258:
4160:
4131:Central America
4095:
4086:
4043:
4034:
4029:
3890:
3818:
3816:Further reading
3813:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3773:redd.unfccc.int
3767:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3749:on 8 April 2016
3741:
3740:
3736:
3720:10.1038/462011a
3693:
3692:
3688:
3645:
3638:
3632:Wayback Machine
3621:
3617:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3586:
3585:
3578:
3572:Wayback Machine
3562:
3558:
3551:
3534:
3521:
3520:
3497:
3474:
3470:
3441:
3437:
3406:
3402:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3238:
3234:
3195:
3191:
3182:
3180:
3179:on 3 March 2016
3176:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3113:on 13 July 2009
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3057:Administrator.
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
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2965:
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2919:
2917:
2906:
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2892:
2890:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2018:
2014:
1999:10.1038/ngeo671
1985:(11): 737–738.
1975:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1938:
1929:
1902:Climatic Change
1897:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1852:www.un-redd.org
1847:
1841:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1787:
1782:
1749:Illegal logging
1730:
1705:
1678:
1655:
1642:
1570:
1520:
1515:
1492:
1480:Wayback Machine
1464:
1455:
1428:Wayback Machine
1417:
1405:
1396:
1388:Wayback Machine
1377:
1368:Wayback Machine
1357:
1355:Executive Board
1325:(UNDP) and the
1315:
1296:
1241:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1129:
1116:climate justice
1079:
1047:
992:
961:
953:drainage basins
859:
846:
832:
817:
807:
798:
698:observer status
670:
650:
619:
600:
595:
579:
566:
497:
457:
404:
365:
361:
348:
311:
282:
236:
224:land use change
138:
132:
129:
102:
98:
87:
76:
70:
67:
60:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7253:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7195:World forestry
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7175:Carbon finance
7172:
7158:
7157:
7145:
7140:
7131:
7130:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7066:
7059:
7058:External links
7056:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7036:
7024:
7012:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6990:
6989:
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6972:
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6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6877:
6875:Cloud feedback
6872:
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6862:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6845:
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6818:
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6767:
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6761:
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6755:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6743:
6733:
6731:Kyoto Protocol
6728:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6685:
6683:Media coverage
6680:
6675:
6673:Climate spiral
6670:
6665:
6659:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
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6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6581:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6562:Public opinion
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6517:
6512:
6510:Climate action
6507:
6501:
6499:
6491:
6490:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6422:REDD and REDD+
6419:
6414:
6406:
6401:
6399:Carbon farming
6396:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6379:
6373:
6371:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6332:
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6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
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6266:
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6260:
6259:
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6236:
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6225:
6213:
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6202:
6201:
6196:
6191:
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6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6145:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6131:Water security
6128:
6126:Water scarcity
6123:
6121:Urban flooding
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5974:Forest dieback
5971:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5911:Sea level rise
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5884:stratification
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5791:
5789:
5781:
5780:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5649:Carbon leakage
5646:
5641:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5590:
5588:Climate system
5584:
5582:
5574:
5573:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5513:
5512:
5509:Climate change
5505:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5482:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5459:
5449:
5435:
5421:
5407:
5393:
5379:
5365:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5333:Timber cruiser
5330:
5328:Shingle weaver
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5166:
5164:Rail transport
5161:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5105:pulp and paper
5102:
5097:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5075:Forest farming
5072:
5066:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5025:
5023:slash-and-char
5020:
5018:slash-and-burn
5015:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4942:Forest dieback
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4585:Urban forestry
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4436:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4413:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4390:
4378:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4282:United Kingdom
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4206:
4201:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4028:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3981:
3952:
3895:
3881:
3854:
3834:(12): 123001.
3817:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3785:
3760:
3734:
3686:
3659:(3): 433–442.
3636:
3615:
3597:
3576:
3556:
3532:
3495:
3468:
3435:
3416:(5): 679–691.
3400:
3379:
3356:
3335:
3321:
3293:
3286:
3263:
3252:(2): 540–549.
3232:
3189:
3151:
3124:
3097:
3086:. Planvivo.org
3075:
3049:
3021:
2999:
2986:
2953:
2927:
2900:
2871:
2850:
2836:
2811:
2791:
2765:
2747:
2730:
2705:
2683:
2658:
2636:
2614:
2600:
2578:
2552:
2538:
2517:
2491:
2465:
2439:
2413:
2388:
2368:
2351:
2340:
2314:
2300:
2274:
2260:
2236:
2215:
2180:
2141:
2109:
2092:
2061:
2031:
2012:
1966:
1927:
1888:
1857:
1832:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1704:
1701:
1677:
1674:
1654:
1651:
1641:
1638:
1633:carbon trading
1625:Kyoto Protocol
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1543:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1491:
1488:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1416:
1413:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1376:
1373:
1356:
1353:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1295:
1292:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:Mario Boccucci
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1128:
1125:
1078:
1075:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1039:Carbonfund.org
991:
988:
960:
957:
858:
855:
845:
842:
830:
815:
806:
803:
797:
794:
793:
792:
785:
779:
763:
753:
750:
738:
727:
726:
725:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
703:
702:
669:
666:
649:
646:
618:
615:
598:
594:
591:
578:
575:
565:
562:
561:
560:
545:
526:
520:
509:Kyoto Protocol
496:
493:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
456:
453:
444:
443:
440:
437:
434:
412:Remote sensing
403:
400:
363:
359:
347:
344:
310:
307:
302:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
281:
278:
261:
260:
257:
250:
247:
235:
232:
140:
139:
105:
103:
96:
89:
88:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7252:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7190:Deforestation
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7180:Reforestation
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7156:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7047:
7046:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7013:
7011:
7010:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6948:Climate model
6946:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6934:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6880:Cloud forcing
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6777:
6773:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6711:
6708:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6655:Communication
6652:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6635:Vulnerability
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6605:Flood control
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6482:
6478:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6428:
6427:reforestation
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6412:afforestation
6410:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6364:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6347:Nuclear power
6345:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6242:Carbon budget
6240:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6218:
6214:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6079:Mental health
6077:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6016:
6015:United States
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5869:deoxygenation
5867:
5865:
5864:acidification
5862:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5685:
5681:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5659:from wetlands
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5619:Deforestation
5617:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5498:
5496:
5491:
5489:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5468:
5460:
5458:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5323:Rubber tapper
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5251:Choker setter
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5090:Manufacturing
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4927:Deforestation
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4903:Environmental
4901:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4804:reforestation
4802:
4800:
4799:afforestation
4797:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:Arboriculture
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Permaforestry
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4491:
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4488:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4477:
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4474:
4470:
4468:
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4463:
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4453:
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4434:
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4422:
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4415:
4414:
4411:
4399:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4367:
4366:
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4357:
4354:
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4316:
4313:
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4308:
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4301:
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4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
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4270:
4269:
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4255:
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4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4213:East Malaysia
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
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4157:
4156:United States
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4120:
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4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
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4102:
4098:
4093:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4032:Deforestation
4026:
4021:
4019:
4014:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4003:
3996:(1): 378–400.
3995:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
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3825:
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3795:
3789:
3774:
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3726:
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3716:
3712:
3708:
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3674:
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3654:
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3643:
3641:
3633:
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3625:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3593:
3589:
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3554:
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3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3410:Human Ecology
3404:
3396:
3390:
3382:
3376:
3373:. Indonesia.
3369:
3368:
3360:
3349:
3348:
3339:
3331:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3283:
3276:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3085:
3079:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3009:
3003:
2996:
2990:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2938:
2931:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2875:
2860:
2854:
2846:
2840:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2758:
2751:
2740:
2734:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2693:
2687:
2668:
2662:
2646:
2640:
2624:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2589:
2582:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2402:. UNFCC. 2009
2398:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2344:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2310:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2264:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2225:
2219:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2102:
2096:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1893:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1846:
1845:"About REDD+"
1839:
1837:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1769:Tree planting
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
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1725:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1690:
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1683:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1662:
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1650:
1648:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:deforestation
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1482:and provides
1481:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1444:arrangements.
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1385:
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1372:
1369:
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1362:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1342:
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1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1171:
1167:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
987:
984:
981:
976:
974:
968:
966:
956:
954:
950:
946:
941:
937:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:
890:
889:
884:
883:
877:
873:
872:
870:
866:
854:
850:
840:
837:
834:
827:
824:
820:
813:
802:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
772:
767:
764:
761:
757:
754:
751:
747:
742:
739:
736:
732:
729:
728:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:
705:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
676:
675:
674:
665:
663:
658:
656:
645:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
623:
614:
612:
608:
604:
590:
588:
584:
574:
572:
558:
554:
549:
546:
543:
539:
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530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:
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501:
492:
488:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
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461:
452:
448:
441:
438:
435:
432:
431:
430:
426:
424:
419:
417:
413:
408:
399:
396:
394:
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386:
381:
377:
371:
369:
356:
352:
343:
341:
337:
333:
327:
323:
319:
317:
306:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:
285:
277:
274:
270:
266:
265:deforestation
258:
255:
251:
248:
245:
244:
243:
240:
234:Main elements
231:
229:
225:
217:
212:
208:
207:negotiations.
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:carbon stocks
189:
185:
184:deforestation
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
154:
150:
146:
136:
127:
123:
122:
117:
116:
111:
110:
104:
95:
94:
85:
82:
74:
71:December 2021
64:
59:
55:
51:
50:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
7132:
7043:
7031:
7019:
7000:
6833:Carbon cycle
6790:Measurements
6485:Society and
6421:
6369:carbon sinks
6274:Climate debt
6264:Carbon price
6086:Human rights
5916:Season creep
5874:heat content
5800:Anoxic event
5713:James Hansen
5437:
5423:
5409:
5395:
5381:
5367:
5360:
5338:Tree planter
5318:Resin tapper
5298:Truck driver
5293:River driver
5042:Tree hugging
5027:
5010:
4977:timber mafia
4967:High grading
4952:Ghost forest
4922:Clearcutting
4845:Silviculture
4821:Horticulture
4665:Fire ecology
4580:Urban forest
4555:Mycoforestry
4515:
4511:Agroforestry
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4459:Forest areas
4457:
4450:
4385:
4373:
4272:Roman Empire
3993:
3989:
3960:
3956:
3913:
3907:
3900:Phillips, O.
3886:
3866:
3862:
3831:
3827:
3801:. Retrieved
3788:
3776:. Retrieved
3772:
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3747:the original
3737:
3702:
3698:
3689:
3656:
3652:
3618:
3610:the original
3600:
3592:the original
3559:
3527:the original
3481:
3477:
3471:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3366:
3359:
3346:
3338:
3324:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3273:
3266:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3181:, retrieved
3174:the original
3161:
3154:
3142:. Retrieved
3138:the original
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3111:the original
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3062:
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3012:. Retrieved
3002:
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2970:the original
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2914:the original
2903:
2891:. Retrieved
2887:the original
2881:
2874:
2862:. Retrieved
2853:
2839:
2827:. Retrieved
2823:
2814:
2782:. Retrieved
2777:
2768:
2750:
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2717:
2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2617:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2565:the original
2555:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2504:the original
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2478:the original
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2452:the original
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2426:the original
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2391:
2385:. June 2014.
2354:
2348:Stern Review
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2327:the original
2317:
2303:
2263:
2252:the original
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2202:
2171:. Retrieved
2132:. Retrieved
2125:the original
2112:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2052:. Retrieved
2025:
2021:
2015:
1982:
1978:
1957:. Retrieved
1950:the original
1945:
1905:
1901:
1879:. Retrieved
1851:
1823:. Retrieved
1819:
1764:Tree credits
1722:
1717:
1714:
1706:
1694:
1686:
1679:
1663:
1656:
1643:
1612:
1610:
1583:
1578:
1574:11th session
1571:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1507:
1493:
1469:
1465:
1462:Transparency
1456:
1447:
1432:
1418:
1406:
1397:
1378:
1358:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1337:and REDD at
1316:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1198:Membership
1187:Headquarters
1121:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1067:
1060:
1048:
1035:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
985:
979:
977:
972:
969:
962:
945:biodiversity
942:
938:
935:
892:
886:
880:
878:
874:
869:Mother Earth
861:
860:
851:
847:
838:
835:
828:
825:
822:
812:Amazon biome
808:
799:
787:
781:
765:
755:
740:
730:
697:
693:
689:
688:may receive
685:
677:
671:
659:
654:
651:
635:
630:
624:
620:
596:
586:
582:
580:
567:
547:
537:
528:
522:
504:
498:
489:
485:
458:
449:
445:
427:
420:
409:
405:
397:
372:
357:
353:
349:
331:
328:
324:
320:
312:
303:
283:
262:
241:
237:
221:
203:
163:
159:
158:
130:
119:
113:
107:
77:
68:
61:Please help
57:
46:
29:
6860:Carbon sink
6838:atmospheric
6703:video games
6377:Blue carbon
6005:Agriculture
5984:Marine life
5931:Water cycle
5889:temperature
5624:Fossil fuel
5362:WikiProject
5286:smokejumper
5266:Firefighter
5229:Occupations
5213:Woodworking
4794:Forestation
4725:restoration
4680:informatics
4545:Ecoforestry
4341:Forestation
4310:New Zealand
4234:Philippines
3869:: 333–338.
3144:15 February
3117:23 November
3090:18 December
3068:16 February
3042:11 December
3014:18 December
2979:23 November
2946:23 November
2920:25 November
2864:11 December
2824:www.fao.org
2698:18 December
2676:23 November
2651:18 December
2629:18 December
2609:"Indonesia"
2593:23 November
2571:23 November
2406:28 December
2333:27 February
2229:11 December
2208:21 February
2173:21 February
2134:27 February
2085:21 February
2054:21 February
1959:24 November
1908:: 115–158.
1881:21 February
1825:21 February
1709:COP 19
1697:COP 17
1689:COP 16
1682:COP 15
1680:In 2009 at
1659:COP 13
1647:sustainable
1621:free market
1617:rainforests
1518:Terminology
1169:Established
776:soil carbon
746:Congo Basin
380:subsistence
332:Reaffirming
273:land tenure
65:if you can.
7164:Categories
7133:Partners:
6892:Cryosphere
6853:permafrost
6625:Resilience
6577:Adaptation
6552:Litigation
6542:Governance
6487:adaptation
6269:Carbon tax
6222:Mitigation
6159:Antarctica
6047:Disability
5308:Lumberjack
5303:Log scaler
5186:engineered
5137:non-timber
5110:sawmilling
5062:Industries
5029:svedjebruk
4740:transition
4720:protection
4710:old-growth
4695:governance
4650:Dendrology
4600:management
4466:Ministries
4198:Kalimantan
4141:Costa Rica
4077:Madagascar
3226:10535/9924
3209:(2): 909.
3183:10 January
3033:"No Redd!"
1780:References
1666:World Bank
1623:system to
1590:Costa Rica
1313:Governance
1179:2008-09-24
882:Eucalyptus
844:Criticisms
611:regenerate
603:replanting
455:Safeguards
340:hydropower
316:adaptation
202:(UNFCCC).
170:to reduce
6907:Feedbacks
6678:Education
6179:Caribbean
6174:Australia
6101:Migration
6064:Fisheries
6010:Livestock
5936:Wildfires
5842:Heat wave
5256:Ecologist
5169:Tree farm
5070:Coppicing
5012:chitemene
4912:Acid rain
4860:allometry
4782:SmartWood
4730:secondary
4715:pathology
4690:inventory
4628:driftwood
4494:Arbor Day
4300:Australia
4239:Sri Lanka
4194:Indonesia
4114:Argentina
3681:154430556
3673:1465-5489
3484:: 40–48.
3430:153840627
3389:cite book
3310:: 37–52.
3280:. CIFOR.
2893:1 October
2647:. Fao.org
2625:. Fao.org
2007:129188479
1550:REDD-plus
1092:in Madrid
951:(such as
782:Australia
749:results".
655:Reddiness
172:emissions
164:REDD-plus
7151:Archived
7124:Archived
7072:Archived
7033:Glossary
7021:Category
6843:biologic
6557:Politics
6449:Personal
6154:Americas
6022:Children
5788:Physical
5581:Overview
5521:Overview
5457:Category
5271:handcrew
5241:Arborist
5236:Forester
5196:mahogany
5142:palm oil
5132:charcoal
5117:Products
5052:Wildfire
4865:breeding
4826:GM trees
4675:dynamics
4487:Journals
4480:Colleges
4440:Forestry
4375:Category
4346:Forestry
4304:Victoria
4249:Thailand
4219:Mongolia
4209:Malaysia
4179:Cambodia
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1229:(UNDP),
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6848:oceanic
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6547:Justice
6498:Society
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4224:Myanmar
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3909:Science
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