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Deforestation is much worse than forest degradation, but it is clear and visible. On the contrary, forest degradation may start and go on without showing clear effects. It is difficult to measure and even the very term is controversial. In a paper submitted to the XII World
Forestry Congress, 2003,
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Davidar et al. also think that "Loss of dense and moderately dense forest cover is suggestive of forest degradation", but for the moment no parameter exists "that indicates at what speed forests become degraded and how long it will take for the ecosystem to degrade beyond the point of recovery."
34:
is a process in which the biological wealth of a forest area is permanently diminished by some factor or by a combination of factors. "This does not involve a reduction of the forest area, but rather a quality decrease in its condition." The forest is still there, but with fewer trees, or less
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Jean-Paul Lanly states: "The situation is even less satisfactory regarding forest degradation due in particular to the imprecision and multiple, and often subjective, interpretations of the term". In 2009 Lund identified more than 50 definitions of forest degradation.
86:
may experience a loss of its biological wealth, but if it is seasonally reversed, then it is not considered degradation. On the contrary, a severe prolonged drought may seriously degrade a forest and make human intervention advisable to limit damages.
315:(UNEP). It should not be confused with REDD+. The UN-REDD Programme supports its partner countries (more than 60) through direct funding and technical support to national REDD+ programmes and technical capacity enhancing.
272:(to combat acid rain) would also reduce forest degradation for this cause. If a coal-fired power plant uses low-quality coal (with a high sulfur contents), this may be alleviated by
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Davidar, Priya; Sashoo, Sasmita; Mammen, Pratheesh C.; Acharya, Prashanth; Puyravaud, Jean-Philippe; Arjunan, M.; Garrigues, Jean Pierre; Roessingh, Krista (15 May 2010).
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159:: the area where extraction takes place is, of course, completely deforested, but also the surrounding zone suffers a degradation of its fauna and flora.
27:, Germany: the soil is being washed out due to lack of vegetal cover, some trees are losing ground and they appear to be sick (photo by Andreas Trepte).
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species of trees, plants or animals, or some of them affected by plagues. This degradation makes the forest less valuable and may lead to
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remains. If less than 30% remains, the area is considered as deforested, and if more than 70% remains, the forest is considered intact.
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43:. Deforestation and forest degradation continue to take place at alarming rates, which contributes significantly to the ongoing
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75:, a forest which has re-grown after a timber harvest. This is a confusion: a secondary forest may be perfectly healthy, and a
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For mapping forest degradation in
Bolivia, MĂĽller et al. consider areas where only between 30% and 70% of the original
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The
Dominican Center for Agricultural and Forest Development lists the following causes of forest degradation:
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the opinion on the evolution prospects: will the final result of the process be desirable or undesirable?
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1971:
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Previously to this August 2017 editing, the
Knowledge page Forest degradation was redirected to
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publication The State of the World's
Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief
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218:: a large forest is broken up in smaller woods, which destroys the habitat of large animals.
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The State of the World’s
Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people
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The term "permanently" also poses some difficulties: a forest affected by a mild seasonal
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United
Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
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approach to curb deforestation and forest degradation. This mechanism makes part of the
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will also reduce forest degradation. Specifically for degradation, Greenpeace proposes:
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Earth
Eclipse, a platform of environment research articles, adds the following causes:
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552:"Assessing the extent and causes of forest degradation in India: Where do we stand?"
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The State of the World's
Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief
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The State of the World's
Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people
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598:"Causas de la deforestaciĂłn y degradaciĂłn de bosques en la RepĂşblica Dominicana"
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Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation by region, 2000–2010, from the
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303:(or UN-REDD Programme) is a collaborative programme created in 2008 by the
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El contexto de la deforestaciĂłn y degradaciĂłn de los bosques en Bolivia
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the different choices of the initial state of reference or baseline;
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the chosen criteria: health, biodiversity, production capacity; and
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Road building: after it has been built, the road favours soil
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MĂĽller, Robert; Pacheco, Pablo; Montero, Juan Carlos (2014).
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Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
39:. Forest degradation is a type of the more general issue of
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182:: goats or sheep eat tree seedlings, thus slowing natural
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
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Difficulties which hamper the assessment of degradation
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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
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205:. Degradation for this cause is specifically called
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United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
95:According to Lanly, there are three difficulties:
246:
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2839:Other effective area-based conservation measures
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259:Attaining a responsible forest products industry
2834:Integrated Conservation and Development Project
487:Proceedings of the XII World Forestry Congress
483:"DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION FACTORS"
50:
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356: This article incorporates text from a
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415:. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020. p. 9.
3786:Habitat management equipment and methods
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18:
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3733:Land use, land-use change and forestry
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288:(REDD+) is an international voluntary
280:Initiatives against forest degradation
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1811:
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370:, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP.
16:Loss of biological wealth of a forest
3682:Managed intensive rotational grazing
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360:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (
313:United Nations Environment Programme
309:United Nations Development Programme
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632:
595:
13:
3558:Soil retrogression and degradation
14:
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2711:Conservation biology of parasites
1035:Global Forest Information Service
708:
61:Food and Agriculture Organization
3713:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
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3491:Deforestation and climate change
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2827:Tropical rainforest conservation
2731:Vulnerability and susceptibility
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351:
253:measure to prevent deforestation
235:Finally as an additional cause:
129:Forest loss by driver and region
3728:Land surface effects on climate
3376:NatureServe conservation status
2661:Conservation-induced extinction
1792:
678:
3633:Arid Lands Information Network
2767:Conservation management system
2651:Conservation-dependent species
2611:Index of conservation articles
652:
449:. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020.
437:
403:
379:
247:Remedies to forest degradation
211:(German word) or forest death.
79:may be suffering degradation.
1:
2993:Assisted natural regeneration
2797:Ecoregion conservation status
687:"About the UN-REDD Programme"
635:"What is Forest Degradation?"
373:
341:Sustainable forest management
263:Sustainable forest management
3381:Special Area of Conservation
2919:Landscape-scale conservation
2914:High conservation value area
2792:Community-based conservation
768:
660:"Solutions to Deforestation"
576:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.032
362:license statement/permission
174:Davidar et al. add another:
7:
3662:Farmer-managed regeneration
3399:List of conservation issues
2807:Evidence-based conservation
2701:Mutualisms and conservation
319:
51:Interpretations of the term
10:
3802:
2849:Roadless area conservation
2641:Compassionate conservation
1146:Growth and yield modelling
346:
239:Excessive or unrespectful
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3672:Great Green Wall (Africa)
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1972:Hemispherical photography
1932:
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1720:Earth sciences portal
1706:Climate change portal
1681:
1558:
1390:
1287:Great Green Wall (Africa)
1232:
923:
833:
776:
481:Lanly, Jean-Paul (2003).
290:climate change mitigation
120:
3677:Great Green Wall (China)
3548:Historic desertification
3236:Central African Republic
2884:Conservation designation
2802:Environmental protection
2787:Conspicuous conservation
2777:Conservation photography
2752:Conservation development
2747:Conservation agriculture
2532:Machine and metalworking
2277:Lombard Steam Log Hauler
1292:Great Green Wall (China)
865:Close to nature forestry
274:flue-gas desulfurization
137:Excessive extraction of
3723:Intact forest landscape
3496:Deforestation by region
2975:Human–wildlife conflict
2859:Site-based conservation
2782:Conservation psychology
2600:Conservation of species
2542:Measuring and alignment
1326:Million Tree Initiative
556:Biological Conservation
3657:Ecological engineering
3032:Species reintroduction
2691:Latent extinction risk
1748:Environment portal
1180:Sustainable management
1075:Trillion Tree Campaign
130:
64:
28:
3738:List of global issues
3404:List of organisations
3058:Hawaiian honeycreeper
2998:Ecosystem restoration
2970:Habitat fragmentation
2965:Fortress conservation
2924:Marine protected area
2894:Conservation easement
2889:Conservation district
2854:Roadside conservation
2772:Conservation movement
2716:Species translocation
2656:Conservation genetics
2646:Conservation behavior
1673:Wood process engineer
1377:Urban forest inequity
268:Curbing emissions of
128:
58:
22:
3642:Conservation grazing
3366:Planetary boundaries
3356:Conservation officer
2960:Conservation refugee
2909:Habitat conservation
2899:Conservation reserve
2864:Wetland conservation
2762:Conservation grazing
2757:Conservation finance
2721:Conservation welfare
2686:In-situ conservation
2681:Extinction threshold
2676:Ex-situ conservation
2507:Cutting and abrasive
2489:WikiProject Forestry
1336:Shifting cultivation
1277:Forest fragmentation
1247:Carbon sequestration
1117:Woodland Carbon Code
1082:Forest certification
990:Even-aged management
905:Sustainable forestry
685:PROGRAMME, UN-REDD.
296:(UNFCCC) since 2005.
45:loss of biodiversity
3667:Flexible Mechanisms
3506:Mountaintop removal
2706:Nature conservation
2696:Marine conservation
2666:Conservation status
2032:Aerial firefighting
1141:Formally designated
985:Ecological thinning
895:Plantation forestry
803:Research institutes
728:forest degradation
568:2010BCons.143.2937D
364:). Text taken from
184:forest regeneration
23:Degraded forest in
3553:Moisture recycling
3003:Island restoration
2934:Open space reserve
2726:Threatened species
2372:Hydraulic debarker
2347:Firewood processor
1734:Ecology portal
1267:Forest degradation
1262:Ecosystem services
870:Community forestry
725:has a profile for
519:. Bolivia: CIFOR.
199:Pests and diseases
131:
65:
32:Forest degradation
29:
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3743:Natural landscape
3427:
3426:
3386:Soil conservation
2939:Wildlife corridor
2822:Forest protection
2817:Forest management
2566:
2565:
2377:Log house moulder
1903:Tree planting bar
1878:Groasis Waterboxx
1805:
1804:
1762:Plants portal
1548:green woodworking
731:
562:(12): 2937–2944.
526:978-602-1504-29-1
464:978-92-5-132707-4
430:978-92-5-132707-4
3793:
3706:Related articles
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3301:Papua New Guinea
3193:Cryopreservation
3158:Gray nurse shark
2812:Flagship species
2636:Captive breeding
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2422:Wood-drying kiln
2357:Forestry mulcher
2307:Washington Winch
2209:Portable sawmill
2024:Fire suppression
1927:
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1410:Forest gardening
1367:Timber recycling
1314:Invasive species
1202:Tree measurement
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693:. United Nations
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633:Eclipse, Earth.
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607:. Archived from
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73:Secondary forest
41:land degradation
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3647:Desert greening
3617:
3535:Desertification
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3501:Illegal logging
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3465:desertification
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3117:Indian elephant
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2944:30 by 30 target
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2844:Riparian buffer
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2177:safety features
2172:safety clothing
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1982:Increment borer
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1531:spruce-pine-fir
1504:Christmas trees
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1302:Illegal logging
1234:
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943:Controlled burn
928:
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900:Social forestry
880:Energy forestry
860:Bamboo forestry
855:Analog forestry
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311:(UNDP) and the
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251:Generally, any
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226:see image above
139:forest products
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3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3565:
3563:Water scarcity
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3516:Slash-and-char
3513:
3511:Slash-and-burn
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3409:List of people
3406:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3321:United Kingdom
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3168:Painted turtle
3165:
3160:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3087:
3085:American bison
3079:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2607:
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2603:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:Types of tools
2493:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2436:
2433:
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2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:Forest railway
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2247:Feller buncher
2244:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2139:Splitting maul
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2066:
2064:Fire retardant
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:Biltmore stick
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1850:
1849:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1765:
1751:
1737:
1723:
1709:
1695:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1663:Timber cruiser
1660:
1658:Shingle weaver
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1494:Rail transport
1491:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1435:pulp and paper
1432:
1427:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:Forest farming
1402:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1353:slash-and-char
1350:
1348:slash-and-burn
1345:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:Forest dieback
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1160:
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1143:
1138:
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1136:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1119:
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1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
976:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
945:
940:
934:
932:
921:
920:
918:
917:
915:Urban forestry
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
851:
850:
837:
835:
831:
830:
828:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
777:
774:
773:
766:
765:
758:
751:
743:
721:
714:
713:
712:
710:
709:External links
707:
705:
704:
677:
666:. 22 June 2015
651:
625:
614:on 5 July 2016
588:
539:
525:
499:
470:
463:
436:
429:
402:
377:
375:
372:
348:
345:
344:
343:
338:
333:
328:
321:
318:
317:
316:
297:
281:
278:
270:sulfur dioxide
266:
265:
260:
248:
245:
244:
243:
233:
232:
224:Soil erosion (
222:
221:Land pollution
219:
212:
200:
197:
188:
187:
172:
171:
160:
153:
146:
122:
119:
107:
106:
103:
100:
92:
89:
77:primary forest
52:
49:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3798:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Deforestation
3774:
3773:
3771:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3692:Reforestation
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:Afforestation
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:Aridification
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:Deforestation
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3473:Deforestation
3470:
3466:
3462:
3461:Deforestation
3455:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3420:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:IUCN Red List
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:De-extinction
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3333:United States
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
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3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
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3272:
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3212:
3209:
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3179:
3176:
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3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
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3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
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3110:
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3083:
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3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
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3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3013:afforestation
3011:
3010:
3009:
3008:Reforestation
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
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2915:
2912:
2910:
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2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2871:
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2855:
2852:
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2845:
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2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
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2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
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2775:
2773:
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2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
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2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
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2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
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2684:
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2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
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2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
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2523:
2520:
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2500:
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2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Whoopie sling
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:Chainsaw mill
2400:
2398:
2397:Stump grinder
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
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2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
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1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:Diameter tape
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
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1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
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1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1859:afforestation
1855:
1854:Tree planting
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1810:
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1696:
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1683:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:Rubber tapper
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
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1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:Choker setter
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1546:
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1527:
1524:
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1497:
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1468:
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1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:Manufacturing
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1257:Deforestation
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1233:Environmental
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1134:reforestation
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1129:afforestation
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938:Arboriculture
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890:Permaforestry
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331:Deforestation
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326:Afforestation
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231:
230:sedimentation
227:
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217:
216:fragmentation
213:
210:
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204:
203:Air pollution
201:
198:
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185:
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177:
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169:
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162:Expansion of
161:
158:
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151:
147:
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141:like timber,
140:
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74:
69:
62:
57:
48:
46:
42:
38:
37:deforestation
33:
26:
21:
3747:
3687:Oasification
3134:Bengal Tiger
3090:Arabian oryx
3081:Land mammal
3068:Golden eagle
2904:Gap analysis
2631:Biodiversity
2621:Conservation
2466:
2444:
2362:Hand compass
2314:Steam donkey
2199:Lumber edger
2184:Crosscut saw
2129:Log splitter
2054:Fire flapper
2009:Tree caliper
1977:Inclinometer
1962:Cruising rod
1911:(Tuley tube)
1909:Tree shelter
1905:(dibble bar)
1893:Root trainer
1767:
1753:
1739:
1725:
1711:
1697:
1690:
1668:Tree planter
1648:Resin tapper
1628:Truck driver
1623:River driver
1372:Tree hugging
1357:
1340:
1307:timber mafia
1297:High grading
1282:Ghost forest
1266:
1252:Clearcutting
1175:Silviculture
1151:Horticulture
995:Fire ecology
910:Urban forest
885:Mycoforestry
845:
841:Agroforestry
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
789:Forest areas
787:
780:
727:
695:. Retrieved
690:
680:
668:. Retrieved
663:
654:
642:. Retrieved
638:
628:
616:. Retrieved
609:the original
604:
596:Ovalles, P.
591:
579:. Retrieved
559:
555:
530:. Retrieved
512:
490:. Retrieved
486:
445:
439:
411:
405:
394:. Retrieved
390:
381:
366:
358:free content
350:
267:
250:
234:
225:
206:
189:
173:
168:urban sprawl
132:
115:
111:forest cover
108:
94:
81:
70:
66:
31:
30:
3749:Terra preta
3652:Ecoforestry
3576:Gobi Desert
3567:By region:
3306:South Sudan
3291:New Zealand
2985:Restoration
2557:Woodworking
2427:Woodchipper
2219:Two-man saw
2134:Marking axe
2115:(shake axe)
2014:Wedge prism
1987:Rangefinder
1947:Angle gauge
1934:Mensuration
1867:Caulk boots
1692:WikiProject
1616:smokejumper
1596:Firefighter
1559:Occupations
1543:Woodworking
1124:Forestation
1055:restoration
1010:informatics
875:Ecoforestry
730:(Q11882336)
391:www.who.int
307:(FAO), the
208:Waldsterben
164:urban areas
3770:Categories
3755:Wilderness
3622:Mitigation
3596:Mauritania
3241:Costa Rica
3204:By country
3124:Slow loris
3100:Polar bear
2953:Key issues
2740:Approaches
2445:Categories
2267:Helicopter
2108:Brush hook
1942:3D scanner
1915:Tree spade
1888:Pottiputki
1638:Lumberjack
1633:Log scaler
1516:engineered
1467:non-timber
1440:sawmilling
1392:Industries
1359:svedjebruk
1070:transition
1050:protection
1040:old-growth
1025:governance
980:Dendrology
930:management
796:Ministries
664:Greenpeace
396:2023-08-04
374:References
178:Livestock
3481:Assarting
3281:Mauritius
3261:Indonesia
3246:Hong Kong
3216:Australia
3188:Seed bank
3178:Sea otter
3048:Arthropod
3020:Rewilding
2874:Protected
2477:equipment
2455:equipment
2407:Tree tyer
2387:Log flume
2367:Hand hook
2297:Skid cone
2292:Pike pole
2287:Pickaroon
2272:Log truck
2262:Harvester
2252:Forwarder
2242:Cant hook
2076:(rakehoe)
2059:Fire rake
2049:Driptorch
2004:Relascope
1999:Microtome
1898:Seed trap
1846:equipment
1586:Ecologist
1499:Tree farm
1400:Coppicing
1342:chitemene
1242:Acid rain
1190:allometry
1112:SmartWood
1060:secondary
1045:pathology
1020:inventory
958:driftwood
824:Arbor Day
697:23 August
670:23 August
644:23 August
618:23 August
581:23 August
532:23 August
492:23 August
195:Acid rain
145:or resin.
25:Lahnberge
3718:Forestry
3601:Mongolia
3419:Category
3326:Scotland
3296:Pakistan
3276:Malaysia
3112:Elephant
3041:By taxon
2671:Endemism
2512:Forestry
2502:Cleaning
2382:Log pond
2342:Denailer
2257:Go-devil
2194:Head saw
2167:Chainsaw
2103:Broadaxe
2098:Billhook
2069:Helitack
1874:(hoedag)
1839:Forestry
1787:Category
1601:handcrew
1571:Arborist
1566:Forester
1526:mahogany
1472:palm oil
1462:charcoal
1447:Products
1382:Wildfire
1195:breeding
1156:GM trees
1005:dynamics
817:Journals
810:Colleges
770:Forestry
387:"Plague"
320:See also
143:charcoal
3637:Biochar
3581:Lebanon
3349:Related
3338:forests
3286:Namibia
3266:Ireland
3251:Iceland
3163:Manatee
3153:Dolphin
3107:Cheetah
2623:biology
2537:Masonry
2527:Kitchen
2467:Commons
2392:Machete
2302:Skidder
2234:Logging
2224:Whipsaw
2204:Polesaw
2189:Dragsaw
2162:Bucksaw
2157:Bow saw
2119:Hatchet
2080:Pulaski
1883:Mattock
1797:Outline
1611:lookout
1606:hotshot
1487:tanbark
1457:biomass
1452:biochar
1430:plywood
1415:Logging
1319:wilding
968:log jam
925:Ecology
723:Scholia
691:UN-REDD
564:Bibcode
347:Sources
241:tourism
214:Forest
180:grazing
150:erosion
84:drought
3316:Uganda
3311:Sweden
3231:Canada
3226:Brazil
3221:Belize
3211:Angola
3184:Plant
3173:Salmon
3148:Marine
3063:Raptor
3025:marine
2929:Marxan
2547:Mining
2517:Garden
2412:Tsakat
2319:Yarder
2282:Peavey
2124:Labrys
2074:McLeod
1872:Hoedad
1643:Ranger
1591:Feller
1576:Bucker
1482:rubber
1425:lumber
1235:topics
1222:volume
1217:height
1163:i-Tree
1000:Forest
953:coarse
948:Debris
847:dehesa
523:
461:
427:
228:) and
157:mining
121:Causes
3611:Yemen
3606:Sahel
3586:Libya
3571:China
3271:Italy
3256:India
3129:Tiger
3077:Fungi
2876:areas
2552:Power
2472:tools
2450:tools
2335:Other
2324:swing
2214:Resaw
2037:DC-10
1992:laser
1957:Chain
1842:tools
1477:rayon
1212:girth
1207:crown
1168:urban
1065:stand
973:slash
963:large
834:Types
782:Index
612:(PDF)
605:CEDAF
601:(PDF)
517:(PDF)
155:Open
3591:Mali
3463:and
3141:Wolf
3095:Bear
3053:Bird
2522:Hand
2149:Saws
2113:Froe
2090:Axes
2042:UAVs
1844:and
1536:teak
1521:fuel
1511:Wood
1331:REDD
1185:Tree
1102:PEFC
1087:ATFS
699:2017
672:2017
646:2017
620:2017
583:2017
534:2017
521:ISBN
494:2017
459:ISBN
425:ISBN
299:The
1107:SFI
1097:FSC
1092:CFS
1030:law
1015:IPM
927:and
572:doi
560:143
451:doi
417:doi
3772::
689:.
662:.
637:.
603:.
570:.
558:.
554:.
542:^
502:^
485:.
473:^
457:.
423:.
389:.
276:.
170:).
47:.
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3446:t
3439:v
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648:.
622:.
585:.
574::
566::
536:.
496:.
467:.
453::
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419::
399:.
186:.
166:(
152:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
