Parliament of the United Kingdom

1867: 2342:

House is used for important legislation. Several other types of committees, including Select Committees, may be used, but rarely. A committee considers the bill clause by clause, and reports the bill as amended to the House, where further detailed consideration ("consideration stage" or "report stage") occurs. However, a practice which used to be called the "kangaroo" (Standing Order 32) allows the Speaker to select which amendments are debated. This device is also used under Standing Order 89 by the committee chairman, to restrict debate in committee. The Speaker, who is impartial as between the parties, by convention selects amendments for debate which represent the main divisions of opinion within the House. Other amendments can technically be proposed, but in practice have no chance of success unless the parties in the House are closely divided. If pressed they would normally be casually defeated by acclamation.

2543:. Confidence Motions are generally originated by the Government to reinforce its support in the House, whilst No Confidence Motions are introduced by the Opposition. The motions sometimes take the form "That this House has confidence in His Majesty's Government" but several other varieties, many referring to specific policies supported or opposed by Parliament, are used. For instance, a Confidence Motion of 1992 used the form, "That this House expresses the support for the economic policy of His Majesty's Government." Such a motion may theoretically be introduced in the House of Lords, but, as the Government need not enjoy the confidence of that House, would not be of the same effect as a similar motion in the House of Commons; the only modern instance of such an occurrence involves the 'No Confidence' motion that was introduced in 1993 and subsequently defeated. 2198:. There is a ceremony similar to the State Opening, but much less well known to the general public. Normally, the Sovereign does not personally attend the prorogation ceremony in the House of Lords and is represented by Lords Commissioners. The next session of Parliament begins under the procedures described above, but it is not necessary to conduct another election of a Speaker or take the oaths of allegiance afresh at the beginning of such subsequent sessions. Instead, the State Opening of Parliament proceeds directly. To avoid the delay of opening a new session in the event of an emergency during the long summer recess, Parliament is no longer prorogued beforehand, but only after the Houses have reconvened in the autumn; the State Opening follows a few days later. 2145: 2394:). The words "BE IT ENACTED by the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:-," or, where the House of Lords' authority has been over-ridden by use of the Parliament Acts, the words "BE IT ENACTED by King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Commons in this present Parliament assembled, in accordance with the provisions of the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, and by the authority of the same, as follows:-" appear near the beginning of each Act of Parliament. These words are known as the 2350:

Lords rejects it both times, the Commons may direct that the bill be presented to the Sovereign for his or her Assent, disregarding the rejection of the Bill in the House of Lords. In each case, the bill must be passed by the House of Commons at least one calendar month before the end of the session. The provision does not apply to Private bills or to Public bills if they originated in the House of Lords or if they seek to extend the duration of a Parliament beyond five years. A special procedure applies in relation to bills classified by the Speaker of the House of Commons as "Money Bills". A Money Bill concerns

2601: 1246: 1921:, the position of Speaker of the House of Lords (as it is termed in the Act) was separated from the office of Lord Chancellor (the office which has control over the judiciary as a whole), though the Lords remain largely self-governing. Decisions on points of order and on the disciplining of unruly members are made by the whole body, but by the Speaker alone in the Lower House. Speeches in the House of Lords are addressed to the House as a whole (using the words "My Lords"), but those in the House of Commons are addressed to the Speaker alone (using "Mr Speaker" or "Madam Speaker"). Speeches may be made to 2882: 160: 2362:, nor amend a bill so as to insert a provision relating to taxation or Supply, nor amend a Supply Bill in any way. The House of Commons is free to waive this privilege, and sometimes does so to allow the House of Lords to pass amendments with financial implications. The House of Lords remains free to reject bills relating to Supply and taxation, but may be over-ruled easily if the bills are Money Bills. (A bill relating to revenue and Supply may not be a Money Bill if, for example, it includes subjects other than national taxation and public funds). 2407: 1936:) demanded. (The Speaker of the House of Commons may choose to overrule a frivolous request for a division, but the Lord Speaker does not have that power.) In each House, a division requires members to file into one of the two lobbies alongside the Chamber; their names are recorded by clerks, and their votes are counted as they exit the lobbies to re-enter the Chamber. The Speaker of the House of Commons is expected to be non-partisan, and does not cast a vote except in the case of a tie; the Lord Speaker, however, votes along with the other Lords. 4424: 1003: 2669: 937: 1440: 2240: 435: 2463:. There is an argument that the provisions of Article XIX of the Union with England Act 1707 prevent any Court outside Scotland from hearing any appeal in criminal cases: "And that the said Courts or any other of the like nature after the Unions shall have no power to Cognosce Review or Alter the Acts or Sentences of the Judicatures within Scotland or stop the Execution of the same." The House of Lords judicial committee usually had a minimum of two Scottish Judges to ensure that some experience of 8149: 1771: 650: 1826:. Since then, no British monarch has entered the House of Commons when it is in session. On Black Rod's approach, the doors are slammed shut against them, symbolising the rights of parliament and its independence from the monarch. They then strike, with the end of their ceremonial staff (the Black Rod), three times on the closed doors of the Commons Chamber. They are then admitted, and announce the command of the monarch for the attendance of the Commons. 43: 2266:. The existence of a devolved Scottish Parliament means that while Westminster MPs from Scotland may vote directly on matters that affect English constituencies, they may not have much power over their laws affecting their own constituency. Since there is no devolved "English Parliament", the converse is not true. Any Act of the Scottish Parliament may be overturned, amended or ignored by Westminster under section 35 of the 2833:

House's "undoubted" privileges and rights. The ceremony observed by the House of Commons dates to the reign of King Henry VIII. Each House is the guardian of its privileges, and may punish breaches thereof. The extent of parliamentary privilege is based on law and custom. Sir William Blackstone states that these privileges are "very large and indefinite," and cannot be defined except by the Houses of Parliament themselves.

2346:

the passage of the third reading motion, the House of Lords must vote on the motion "That the Bill do now pass." Following its passage in one House, the bill is sent to the other House. If passed in identical form by both Houses, it may be presented for the Sovereign's Assent. If one House passes amendments that the other will not agree to, and the two Houses cannot resolve their disagreements, the bill will normally fail.

4506: 2213:. Prior to that, dissolution was effected by the Sovereign, always on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister could seek dissolution at a time politically advantageous to their party. If the Prime Minister loses the support of the House of Commons, Parliament will dissolve and a new election will be held. Parliaments can also be dissolved if two-thirds of the House of Commons votes for an early election. 2224:(beginning, basis and end) of the body, but this is no longer the case. The first change was during the reign of William and Mary, when it was seen to be inconvenient to have no Parliament at a time when succession to the Crown could be disputed, and an Act was passed that provided that a Parliament was to continue for six months after the death of a Sovereign, unless dissolved earlier. Under the 2786:, which continues to be governed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Parliament still has the power over areas for which responsibility lies with the devolved institutions, but would ordinarily gain the agreement of those institutions to act on their behalf. Similarly, it has granted the power to make regulations to Ministers of the Crown, and the power to enact religious legislation to the 1333:, introduced the Parliament Bill, which sought to restrict the powers of the House of Lords. (He did not reintroduce the land tax provision of the People's Budget.) When the Lords refused to pass the bill, Asquith countered with a promise extracted from the King in secret before the second general election of 1910 and requested the creation of several hundred Liberal peers, so as to erase the 1348:(a bill dealing with taxation), and allowed them to delay any other bill for a maximum of three sessions (reduced to two sessions in 1949), after which it could become law over their objections. However, regardless of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949, the House of Lords has always retained the unrestricted power to veto any bill outright which attempts to extend the life of a parliament. 2555:

and a new general election. Otherwise the machinery of government grinds to a halt within days. The third choice – to mount a coup d'état or an anti-democratic revolution – is hardly to be contemplated in the present age. Though all three situations have arisen in recent years even in developed economies, international relations have allowed a disaster to be avoided.

2654:." The Minister responsible then answers the question. The peer is then allowed to ask a supplementary question and other peers ask further questions on the theme of the original put down on the order paper. (For instance, if the question regards immigration, peers can ask the Minister any question related to immigration during the allowed period.) 2695:, "It has sovereign and uncontrollable authority in making, confirming, enlarging, restraining, abrogating, repealing, reviving, and expounding of laws, concerning matters of all possible denominations, ecclesiastical, or temporal, civil, military, maritime, or criminal… it can, in short, do every thing that is not naturally impossible." 1422:, to be the basis of membership for a new Dáil Éireann. While the elections in Northern Ireland were both contested and won by Unionist parties, in Southern Ireland, all 128 candidates for the Southern Irish seats were returned unopposed. Of these, 124 were won by Sinn Féin and four by independent Unionists representing 2167:. Once a majority of the members have taken the oath in each House, the State Opening of Parliament may take place. The Lords take their seats in the House of Lords Chamber, the Commons appear at the Bar (at the entrance to the Chamber), and the Sovereign takes the seat on the throne. The Sovereign then reads the 3509:

by O. Hood Phillips and Jackson declares it to be a constitutional convention that "In cases of conflict the Lords should ultimately yield to the Commons." It goes on to observe that this convention was backed until 1911 by the possibility of packing the Lords with government supporters, and has been

2872:

Until at least 2015, members of the House of Commons also had the privilege of a separate seating area in the Palace of Westminster canteen, protected by a false partition labelled "MPs only beyond this point," so that they did not have to sit with canteen staff who were taking a break. This provoked

2832:

Each House of Parliament possesses and guards various ancient privileges. The House of Lords relies on inherent right. In the case of the House of Commons, the Speaker goes to the Lords' Chamber at the beginning of each new Parliament and requests representatives of the Sovereign to confirm the Lower

2797:

In every case aforementioned, authority has been conceded by Act of Parliament and may be taken back in the same manner. It is entirely within the authority of Parliament, for example, to abolish the devolved governments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, or — as happened in 2020 — to leave the

2716:

extinguished the Parliaments of Scotland and England and replaced them by a new Parliament, I have difficulty in seeing why the new Parliament of Great Britain must inherit all the peculiar characteristics of the English Parliament but none of the Scottish." Nevertheless, he did not give a conclusive

2304:

Private Members' Bills make up the majority of bills, but are far less likely to be passed than government bills. There are three methods for an MP to introduce a Private Member's Bill. The Private Members' Ballot (once per Session) put names into a ballot, and those who win are given time to propose

1736:

A party needs to win 326 constituencies (known as "seats") to win a majority in the House of Commons. If no party achieves a majority, then a situation of no overall control occurs – commonly known as a "Hung Parliament". In case of a Hung Parliament, the party with the most seats has the opportunity

4006:

but it wouldn't make one iota of difference because what has happened now is that all power has passed , and even if the British legally under their constitution, under their powers, could say that they reclaimed power, that would be irrelevant for us because all power is now vested here. Our courts

2554:

Where a Government has lost the confidence of the House of Commons, in other words has lost the ability to secure the basic requirement of the authority of the House of Commons to tax and to spend Government money, the Prime Minister is obliged either to resign, or seek the dissolution of Parliament

2499:

The British Government is answerable to the House of Commons. However, neither the Prime Minister nor members of the Government are elected by the House of Commons. Instead, the King requests the person most likely to command the support of a majority in the House, normally the leader of the largest

2349:

Since the passage of the Parliament Act 1911 the power of the House of Lords to reject bills passed by the House of Commons has been restricted, with further restrictions were placed by the Parliament Act 1949. If the House of Commons passes a public bill in two successive sessions, and the House of

2345:

Once the House has considered the bill, the third reading follows. In the House of Commons, no further amendments may be made, and the passage of the motion "That the Bill be now read a third time" is passage of the whole bill. In the House of Lords further amendments to the bill may be moved. After

2155:

Following a general election, a new Parliamentary session begins. Parliament is formally summoned 40 days in advance by the Sovereign, who is the source of parliamentary authority. On the day indicated by the Sovereign's proclamation, the two Houses assemble in their respective chambers. The Commons

2581:

electoral system is employed in elections, the governing party tends to enjoy a large majority in the Commons; there is often limited need to compromise with other parties. Modern British political parties are so tightly organised that they leave relatively little room for free action by their MPs.

2314:

is a danger, as an opponent of a bill can waste much of the limited time allotted to it. Private Members' Bills have no chance of success if the current government opposes them, but they are used in moral issues: the bills to decriminalise homosexuality and abortion were Private Members' Bills, for

1740:

The House of Commons is the most powerful of the components of Parliament, particularly due to its sole right to determine taxation and the supply of money to the government. Additionally, the prime minister and leader of the government sits in the House, having acquiring this position by virtue of

1732:

electoral system. There are 650 constituencies in the United Kingdom, each made up of an average of 65,925 voters. The First-Past-the-Post system means that every constituency elects one MP each (except the constituency of the Speaker, whose seat is uncontested). Each voter assigns one vote for one

1727:

As of 2019, the House consists of 650 members; this total includes the Speaker, who by convention renounces partisan affiliation and does not take part in debates or votes, as well as three Deputy Speakers, who also do not participate in debates or votes but formally retain their party membership.

1473:

removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords, although it made an exception for 92 of them to be elected to life-terms by the other hereditary peers, with by-elections upon their death. The House of Lords is now a chamber that is subordinate to the House of Commons.

2546:

Many votes are considered votes of confidence, although not including the language mentioned above. Important bills that form part of the Government's agenda (as stated in the Speech from the Throne) are generally considered matters of confidence. The defeat of such a bill by the House of Commons

2341:

are used. Each consists of all members of the House; the latter operates under special procedures, and is used only for uncontroversial bills. In the House of Commons, the bill is usually committed to a Public Bill Committee, consisting of between 16 and 50 members, but the Committee of the Whole

2121:

Five-year interval between ordinary general elections. General elections were scheduled to take place on the first Thursday in May in every fifth year or the first Thursday in May on the fourth year if the previous election took place before the first Thursday in May, unless one of two situations

2088:

Maximum 5-year duration of Parliament extended by the Prolongation of Parliament Act 1940, Prolongation of Parliament Act 1941, Prolongation of Parliament Act 1942, Prolongation of Parliament Act 1943 and Prolongation of Parliament Act 1944; each Act of Parliament extended the maximum duration of

2920:

The crowned portcullis came to be accepted during the early 20th century as the emblem of both houses of parliament. This was simply a result of custom and usage rather than a specific decision. The emblem now appears on all official stationery, publications and papers, and is stamped on various

2612:

In the United Kingdom, question time in the House of Commons lasts for an hour each day from Monday to Thursday (2:30 to 3:30 pm on Mondays, 11:30 am to 12:30 pm on Tuesdays and Wednesdays, and 9:30 to 10:30 am on Thursdays). Each Government department has its place in a rota

2724:

states "It is recognised that the Parliament of the United Kingdom is sovereign" without qualification or definition. A related possible limitation on Parliament relates to the Scottish legal system and Presbyterian faith, preservation of which were Scottish preconditions to the creation of the

2511:

Governments have a tendency to dominate the legislative functions of Parliament, by using their in-built majority in the House of Commons, and sometimes using their patronage power to appoint supportive peers in the Lords. In practice, governments can pass any legislation (within reason) in the

2426:

had jurisdiction in some cases (for instance, appeals from ecclesiastical courts). The jurisdiction of Parliament arose from the ancient custom of petitioning the Houses to redress grievances and to do justice. The House of Commons ceased considering petitions to reverse the judgements of lower

2354:

national taxation or public funds; the Speaker's certificate is deemed conclusive under all circumstances. If the House of Lords fails to pass a Money Bill within one month of its passage in the House of Commons, the Lower House may direct that the Bill be submitted for the Sovereign's Assent

2534:

Although the House of Lords may scrutinise the executive through Question Time and through its committees, it cannot bring down the Government. A ministry must always retain the confidence and support of the House of Commons. The Lower House may indicate its lack of support by rejecting a

1705:, including those not sitting in the Lords. Currently, a standing rules divides these seats between the parties with a replacement peer from one party subject to an election only by peers of that party. Formerly, all hereditary peers were members of the Lords, until the passage of the 6710: 2190:

bill is introduced, each House debates the content of the Speech from the Throne for several days. Once each House formally sends its reply to the Speech, legislative business may commence, appointing committees, electing officers, passing resolutions and considering legislation.

2624:

In addition to government departments, there are also questions to the Church commissioners. Additionally, each Member of Parliament is entitled to table questions for written answer. Written questions are addressed to the Ministerial head of a government department, usually a

1455:, recognised by the United Kingdom as a separate state (and thus, no longer represented in the Westminster Parliament), while Northern Ireland would remain British, and in 1927, parliament was renamed the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 2160:(representatives of the Sovereign) instruct them to elect a Speaker. The Commons perform the election; on the next day, they return to the House of Lords, where the Lords Commissioners confirm the election and grant the new Speaker the royal approval in the Sovereign's name. 1322:", which made numerous changes to the taxation system which were detrimental to wealthy landowners. The House of Lords, which consisted mostly of powerful landowners, rejected the Budget. On the basis of the Budget's popularity and the Lords' consequent unpopularity, the 2326:, the general principles of the bill are debated, and the House may vote to reject the bill, by not passing the motion "That the Bill be now read a second time." Defeats of Government Bills in the Commons are extremely rare, the last being in 2005, and may constitute a 1967:, the term was temporarily extended to ten years by Acts of Parliament. Since the end of the war the maximum has remained five years. Modern Parliaments, however, rarely continued for the maximum duration; normally, they were dissolved earlier. For instance, the 2970: 2512:

Commons they wish, unless there is major dissent by MPs in the governing party. But even in these situations, it is highly unlikely a bill will be defeated, though dissenting MPs may be able to extract concessions from the government. In 1976,

2309:

is another method, where MPs are granted ten minutes to outline the case for a new piece of legislation. Standing Order 57 is the third method, which allows a bill to be introduced without debate if a day's notice is given to the Table Office.

1733:

candidate, and the candidate with the most votes in each constituency is elected as MP to represent their constituency. Members sit for a maximum of five years, although elections are generally called before that maximum limit is reached.

2486:

an individual, the trial takes place in the House of Lords. Impeachments are now possibly defunct, as the last one occurred in 1806. In 2006, a number of MPs attempted to revive the custom, having signed a motion for the impeachment of

1975:, which established a presumption that a Parliament will last for five years, unless two thirds of the House of Commons votes for an early general election, or the government loses the confidence of the House. This was repealed by the 1221:), both Acts of Union stating, "That the United Kingdom of Great Britain be represented by one and the same Parliament to be styled The Parliament of Great Britain." At the start of the 19th century, Parliament was further enlarged by 2908:

through its use as decoration in the rebuilding of the Palace after the fire of 1512. However, at the time it was only one of many symbols. The widespread use of the portcullis throughout the Palace dates from the 19th century, when

1932:; members shout out "Aye!" and "No!" in the Commons—or "Content!" and "Not-Content!" in the Lords—and the presiding officer declares the result. The pronouncement of either Speaker may be challenged, and a recorded vote (known as a 2840:

in debate; nothing said in either House may be questioned in any court or other institution outside Parliament. Another privilege claimed is that of freedom from arrest; at one time this was held to apply for any arrest except for

2508:, who became prime minister in 1963. To adhere to the convention under which he was responsible to the Lower House, he disclaimed his peerage and procured election to the House of Commons within days of becoming prime minister. 2813:

One well-recognised consequence of Parliament's sovereignty is that it cannot bind future Parliaments; that is, no Act of Parliament may be made secure from amendment or repeal by a future Parliament. For example, although the

7016: 2582:

In many cases, MPs may be expelled from their parties for voting against the instructions of party leaders. During the 20th century, the Government has lost confidence issues only three times—twice in 1924, and once in 1979.

2315:

example. Governments can sometimes attempt to use Private Members' Bills to pass things it would rather not be associated with. "Handout bills" are bills which a government hands to MPs who win Private Members' Ballots.

2921:

items in use in the Palace of Westminster, such as cutlery, silverware and china. Various shades of red (for the House of Lords) and green (for the House of Commons) are used for visual identification of the houses.

2471:. The Supreme Court now usually has at least two Scottish judges, together with at least one from Northern Ireland. As Wales is developing its own judicature, it is likely that the same principle will be applied. 2447:

in 2009, and the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary became the first Justices of the Supreme Court. Peers who hold high judicial office are no longer allowed to vote or speak in the Lords until they retire as justices.

2171:—the content of which is determined by the Ministers of the Crown—outlining the Government's legislative agenda for the upcoming year. Thereafter, each House proceeds to the transaction of legislative business. 1712:

Life peers are appointed by the monarch, on the advice of the prime minister. Typically, these are members of the party of the prime minister, however some peers from other parties are also generally appointed.

3852:"How democratic is the House of Commons? How effectively does it control the UK government and represent citizens? How effective are the Commons' two committee systems at scrutinising government policy-making?" 3504:

22. Our remit requires us to accept "the primacy of the House of Commons". It is worth considering what this means in the context of legislation, and of the conventions operating between the two Houses. 23.

1922: 1597:), their refusal to pass a bill may only delay its passage for a maximum of two parliamentary sessions over a year. After this, the bill may receive royal assets and become law without the Lords' consent. 1618:

Many members of the general public have questioned the need for The House of Lords in today’s society. They say it is stopping the political system from evolving within the UK and hampering modernisation.

1280:(Commons) did not develop until the 19th century—the House of Lords was superior to the House of Commons both in theory and in practice. Members of the House of Commons (MPs) were elected in an antiquated 7502: 2853:

but it now excludes any arrest on criminal charges; it applies during a session of Parliament, and 40 days before or after such a session. Members of both Houses are no longer privileged from service on

9177: 2358:

Even before the passage of the Parliament Acts, the Commons possessed pre-eminence in cases of financial matters. By ancient custom, the House of Lords may not introduce a bill relating to taxation or

1611:. Appeals were not heard by the whole body, but a committee of senior judges that were appointed to the Lords to act for this purpose. This power was lost when it was transferred to the newly created 1538:

Executive powers (including those granted by legislation or forming part of the prerogative) are not formally exercised by Parliament. However, these powers are in practice exercised on the advice of

3851: 1906:

For the Commons, the approval of the Sovereign is required before the election of the Speaker becomes valid, but it is, by modern convention, always granted. The Speaker's place may be taken by the

1767:

Chamber. Before 2012, it took place in November or December, or, in a general election year, when the new Parliament first assembled. From 2012 onwards, the ceremony has taken place in May or June.

8816: 2712:, he stated, "The principle of unlimited sovereignty of Parliament is a distinctively English principle and has no counterpart in Scottish constitutional law." He continued, "Considering that the 2285:

Laws, in draft form known as bills, may be introduced by any member of either House. A bill introduced by a Minister is known as a "Government Bill"; one introduced by another member is called a "

9297: 9065: 8615: 8535: 3089: 1600:

Like in the House of Commons, the House of Lords may scrutinise governments through asking questions to government ministers that sit in the Lords and through the operation of a small number of

8620: 8530: 6184: 3094: 2646:

In the House of Lords, a half-hour is set aside each afternoon at the start of the day's proceedings for Lords' oral questions. A peer submits a question in advance, which then appears on the

1148:

The Parliament of the United Kingdom is one of the oldest legislatures in the world, and is characterised by the stability of its governing institutions and its capacity to absorb change. The

1102:, including the prime minister, are members of the House of Commons (MPs), or less commonly the House of Lords, and are thereby accountable to the respective branches of the legislature. Most 9491: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 2865:

issued by a committee—may also be punished. The House of Lords may imprison an individual for any fixed period of time, but an individual imprisoned by the House of Commons is set free upon

9425: 8958: 6266: 5986: 2558:

Where a prime minister has ceased to retain the necessary majority and requests a dissolution, the sovereign can in theory reject his or her request, forcing a resignation and allowing the

9025: 2231:

After each Parliament concludes, the Crown issues writs to hold a general election and elect new members of the House of Commons, though membership of the House of Lords does not change.

9172: 1841:, outlining the Government's agenda for the coming year. The speech reflects the legislative agenda for which the Government intends to seek the agreement of both Houses of Parliament. 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9182: 4007:

would always recognise that all power is now vested here. The United Kingdom power is now completely irrelevant to us, but it was necessary to have that act of transferring it across.

1683: 1794:, who is charged with summoning the House of Commons and has been waiting in the Commons lobby. Black Rod turns and, under the escort of the Door-keeper of the House of Lords and an 2369:. Theoretically, the Sovereign may either grant or withhold royal assent (make the bill a law or veto the bill). In modern times the Sovereign always grants royal assent, using the 2286: 9292: 8983: 7495: 9302: 8752: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8525: 8520: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3084: 3079: 151: 9481: 8875: 8833: 3030: 4255: 955: 9242: 2901:

in the 16th century, under whom the Palace of Westminster became the regular meeting place of Parliament. The crown was added to make the badge a specifically royal symbol.

9130: 7191: 2251:

Laws can be made by Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament. While Acts can apply to the whole of the United Kingdom including Scotland, due to the continuing separation of

1910:, the First Deputy Chairman, or the Second Deputy Chairman. (The titles of those three officials refer to the Committee of Ways and Means, a body which no longer exists.) 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 7488: 4487: 2294: 3261:

is not fixed. This figure (correct as of 10 September 2024) excludes 26 peers who are on leave of absence or otherwise disqualified or suspended from sitting.

1844:

After the monarch leaves, each Chamber proceeds to the consideration of an "Address in Reply to His Majesty's Gracious Speech." But, first, each House considers a bill

9362: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 8787: 8742: 6049: 6024: 1917:(a Cabinet member), whose influence as Speaker was very limited (whilst the powers belonging to the Speaker of the House of Commons are vast). However, as part of the 2725:

unified Parliament. Since the Parliament of the United Kingdom was set up in reliance on these promises, it may be that it has no power to make laws that break them.

9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 4890: 1741:

having the confidence of the other members. This also means that the House is also the primary location in which the government faces scrutiny, as expressed through

2186:

in the House of Commons. These bills do not become laws; they are ceremonial indications of the power of each House to debate independently of the Crown. After the

6006: 4848: 2763:

ruled that British courts could have powers to overturn British legislation that was not compatible with European law. This position ended with the passing of the

1574:

The House of Lords is known formally as "The Right Honourable The Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Parliament Assembled", the Lords Spiritual being bishops of the

9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 8782: 8777: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 6054: 4429: 2806:: although the Parliament of the United Kingdom could pass an Act reversing its action, it would not take effect in Australia or Canada as the competence of the 1229:, which abolished the latter and added 100 Irish MPs and 32 Lords to the former to create the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The 6082: 3050: 1087: 1701:. Each of the other 90 are elected for life upon a seat becoming vacant. 15 members are elected by the whole House whilst the other 75 are elected by all the 8799: 2818:

states that the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland are to be united "forever," Parliament permitted southern Ireland to leave the United Kingdom in 1922.

1593:, the legislative powers of the House of Lords have been diminished of that of the House of Commons. Whilst the Lords debates and votes on all bills (except 9486: 3479:

The phrase 'Crown in Parliament' is used to describe the British legislature, which consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

3210: 2987: 2390:

Thus, every bill obtains the assent of all three components of Parliament before it becomes law (except where the House of Lords is over-ridden under the

2138:

Parliament automatically dissolves at the beginning of the day, which is the fifth anniversary of the day on which it first met unless dissolved earlier.

1315:, the electoral system for the House of Commons was progressively regularised. No longer dependent on the Lords for their seats, MPs grew more assertive. 9015: 8926: 8921: 8676: 6573: 6538: 6528: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2202: 2474:

Certain other judicial functions have historically been performed by the House of Lords. Until 1948, it was the body in which peers had to be tried for

9527: 8379: 7511: 7031: 6583: 6104: 5107: 2255:

many Acts do not apply to Scotland and may be matched either by equivalent Acts that apply to Scotland alone or, since 1999, by legislation set by the

1763:

The State Opening of Parliament is an annual event that marks the commencement of a session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is held in the

4788: 2562:

to be asked to form a new government. This power is used extremely rarely. The conditions that should be met to allow such a refusal are known as the

1866: 1188: 8828: 8821: 6931: 6246: 6039: 5362: 4856: 60: 2500:

party in the House of Commons, to form a government. So that they may be accountable to the Lower House, the Prime Minister and most members of the

1884: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 6533: 6094: 5592: 4939: 4740: 1896: 1095: 868: 338: 3207:

parties are not represented. The Scottish Greens are nationalist and republican and so do not sit in the House of Lords as a matter of principle.

2720:

Thus, the question of Parliamentary sovereignty appears to remain unresolved. Parliament has not passed any Act defining its own sovereignty. The

8159: 6523: 5951: 5536: 4745: 2663: 2523:

Parliament controls the executive by passing or rejecting its Bills and by forcing Ministers of the Crown to answer for their actions, either at

1466:

dignities. By the 1960s, the regular creation of hereditary peerage dignities had ceased; thereafter, almost all new peers were life peers only.

1233:

formally amended the name to the "Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", five years after the secession of the

2897:. The portcullis was originally the badge of various English noble families from the 14th century. It went on to be adopted by the kings of the 1411:

and reduced the representation of both parts at Westminster. The number of Northern Ireland seats was increased again after the introduction of

9501: 8943: 6819: 6630: 6146: 4400: 4377: 4325: 3240:

MPs designated as independents may be elected as independents, leave the party for which they were elected, or be suspended from their party's

3040: 2764: 2721: 2293:". A bill that seeks to grant special rights to an individual or small group of individuals, or a body such as a local authority, is called a " 2206: 1976: 107: 2482:; now, they are tried by normal juries. The last occasion of the trial of a peer in the House of Lords was in 1935. When the House of Commons 8968: 8892: 6595: 6241: 6019: 4883: 2827: 2513: 2282:

enables the UK Parliament to vote on issues normally devolved to Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland, as part of United Kingdom legislation.

1968: 1668:

Formerly, the Lords Spiritual included all of the senior clergymen of the Church of England—archbishops, bishops, abbots and mitred priors.

79: 9085: 8806: 7455: 6926: 6705: 6309: 5821: 5582: 5062: 4793: 4755: 3993: 2955:. It shows live coverage from the House of Commons, House of Lords, the Scottish Parliament, the Northern Ireland Assembly and the Senedd. 2567: 598: 4511: 9142: 6871: 6682: 3902:"Chapter 6: Political Parties and Interest Groups | CAMPAIGNS & ELECTIONS: Rules, Reality, Strategy, Choice: W. W. Norton StudySpace" 3045: 3035: 3013: 1261: 1043:

and thereby holds ultimate power over all other political bodies in the United Kingdom and the Overseas Territories. While Parliament is

4290: 3754: 1556:

Whilst the monarch is a constitutive element of parliament, they do not debate bills or otherwise contribute to political debate. Their

86: 9052: 8200: 6881: 6824: 6356: 6299: 5849: 4447: 2997: 2728:

Parliament's power has often been limited by its own Acts, whilst retaining the power to overturn those decisions should it decide to.

2699: 4172: 1426:(Trinity College). Since only four MPs sat in the home rule Southern Irish parliament, with the remaining 124 being in the Republic's 9522: 7220: 6114: 5493: 4533: 3002: 2559: 2271: 2133: 586: 383: 17: 2637:. Written Questions are submitted to the Clerks of the Table Office, either on paper or electronically, and answers are recorded in 9252: 9075: 8938: 7689: 6866: 6725: 6677: 4876: 3979: 3060: 2428: 1888: 1608: 1479: 1138: 93: 9552: 9547: 8901: 6447: 6256: 6087: 5377: 5112: 3876: 2672: 2423: 1507: 1230: 9496: 8219: 8077: 7519: 7208: 6782: 6511: 6479: 6319: 6304: 6294: 6119: 6109: 6099: 6072: 5449: 4813: 4688: 4583: 3956: 2634: 2605: 1722: 1522: 1289: 1056: 684: 495: 200: 3927: 8794: 6901: 6474: 4062: 3258: 2770:

Parliament has also created national devolved parliaments and an assembly with differing degrees of legislative authority in

2547:

indicates that a Government no longer has the confidence of that House. The same effect is achieved if the House of Commons "

2225: 327: 75: 4471: 4148: 8978: 6768: 6590: 6251: 6224: 2861:

Both Houses possess the power to punish breaches of their privilege. Contempt of Parliament—for example, disobedience of a

1834: 1729: 1293: 1072: 923: 911: 360: 2917:

used it extensively as a decorative feature in their designs for the new Palace built following the disastrous 1834 fire.

2195: 8916: 8772: 8362: 7564: 6941: 6886: 6829: 6748: 6692: 6660: 6494: 6179: 5944: 5739: 5529: 5444: 5367: 4775: 4219: 4131: 4052: 3454: 2626: 2444: 2419: 2164: 1612: 1483: 1318:

The supremacy of the British House of Commons was reaffirmed in the early 20th century. In 1909, the Commons passed the "

1134: 4735: 3829: 3617: 9080: 8882: 7964: 7940: 7786: 7644: 7632: 6916: 6896: 6839: 6804: 6452: 6420: 6384: 5844: 5429: 5411: 5122: 5077: 5004: 4765: 4542: 4263: 4048: 2965: 2869:. The punishments imposed by either House may not be challenged in any court, and the Human Rights Act does not apply. 2144: 2036:

Maximum 7-year duration of Parliament. Parliament to be dissolved before the seventh anniversary of its first sitting.

1495: 1389: 813: 801: 2504:

are, by convention, members of the House of Commons. The last prime minister to be a member of the House of Lords was

8948: 6911: 6809: 6464: 6457: 6324: 6289: 6274: 6174: 5789: 5719: 5607: 5434: 5414: 5302: 5232: 5157: 5042: 4237: 2483: 2289:". A different way of categorising bills involves the subject. Most bills, involving the general public, are called " 2105:

Maximum 5-year duration of Parliament. Parliament to be dissolved before the fifth anniversary of its first sitting.

2072:

Maximum 5-year duration of Parliament. Parliament to be dissolved before the fifth anniversary of its first sitting.

1746: 1601: 1412: 1381: 126: 4198: 3573: 2228:

Parliament can now continue for as long as it would otherwise have done in the event of the death of the Sovereign.

8767: 7608: 6996: 6548: 6430: 6425: 6329: 6207: 5839: 5694: 5612: 5307: 5117: 4750: 4600: 1850:

to symbolise their right to deliberate independently of the monarch. In the House of Lords, the bill is called the

1663: 1539: 1423: 777: 663: 562: 474: 2377:" (the King wishes it; "La Reyne" in the case of a Queen). The last refusal to grant the Assent was in 1708, when 9542: 9537: 8762: 8107: 7059: 6876: 6814: 6740: 6435: 6284: 6231: 6194: 6159: 6133: 6034: 5480: 5127: 4783: 3405: 2618: 2436: 2210: 2116: 1972: 1083: 3901: 3771:

Lancashire at War: Cavaliers and Roundheads, 1642–51 : a Series of Talks Broadcast from BBC Radio Blackburn

2216:

Formerly, the demise of the Sovereign automatically brought a Parliament to an end, the Crown being seen as the

9532: 8840: 8193: 8166: 8041: 7006: 6794: 6720: 6615: 6568: 6484: 6404: 6364: 6154: 5937: 5859: 5784: 5577: 5522: 5503: 5498: 5014: 4959: 4919: 3491: 3462: 2440: 2411: 1918: 1499: 1475: 1408: 1396: 1304: 1048: 299: 64: 3721: 100: 9097: 8811: 8352: 8347: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8061: 7448: 7215: 7021: 6951: 6921: 6891: 6856: 6758: 6730: 6648: 6556: 6440: 6219: 5969: 5292: 4999: 4526: 4477: 2595: 2524: 2501: 2391: 1838: 1742: 1590: 1103: 2613:

which repeats every five weeks. The exception to this sequence are the Business Questions (Questions to the

1560:

is required for a bill to become law; however this has not been refused since 1708 and is largely formal.

8845: 8020: 7987: 7334: 7258: 7230: 7176: 6979: 6969: 6906: 6861: 6834: 6687: 6672: 6369: 6344: 6279: 6169: 5597: 5297: 5009: 4723: 4713: 4700: 4554: 4541: 4300: 3307: – who coined the epithet – used it in reference to the political culture of 3204: 2617:), in which questions are answered each Thursday about the business of the House the following week. Also, 2378: 2334: 2053: 1337:

majority in the House of Lords. In the face of such a threat, the House of Lords narrowly passed the bill.

1028: 1737:

to form a coalition with other parties, so their combined seat tally extends past the 326-seat majority.

8953: 8887: 8209: 7225: 7203: 7171: 7166: 7148: 7089: 7011: 7001: 6936: 6799: 6763: 6561: 6339: 5978: 5854: 5764: 5724: 5652: 5567: 5406: 5317: 5252: 5052: 4984: 4979: 4944: 4190: 3416: 2992: 2866: 2732: 2704: 2432: 2427:

courts in 1399, effectively leaving the House of Lords as the court of last resort. In modern times, the

2017: 1979:, which restored the ability for the government to call an early election while keeping five year terms. 1803: 1758: 1357: 1195: 1177: 236: 31: 8712: 4708: 4632: 1369: 8065: 8053: 7830: 7713: 7656: 7285: 7186: 7026: 5759: 5587: 5282: 5097: 5067: 4934: 4852: 3789: 3548: 2614: 2279: 1943:

Both Houses normally conduct their business in public, and there are galleries where visitors may sit.

1907: 1091: 825: 4851:

for Ascension and Tristan da Cunha exist, they are purely consultative. Legislation is enacted by the

4083: 2531:. In both cases, Ministers are asked questions by members of their Houses, and are obliged to answer. 8186: 7928: 7903: 7737: 7729: 7701: 7580: 7480: 7421: 7181: 6986: 6959: 6469: 6349: 5804: 5754: 5749: 5709: 5562: 5272: 5172: 5152: 5047: 4994: 4770: 4608: 4027: 3928:"Can political parties expell [sic] MPs who disobey orders? » Constitutionally Speaking" 3245: 2981: 2760: 2752: 2684: 1937: 1818:. The wars established the constitutional rights of Parliament, a concept legally established in the 1040: 753: 741: 538: 349: 281: 3209:

Cite error: The named reference "Greens" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

2971:

Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union

2201:

Each Parliament comes to an end, after a number of sessions, in anticipation of a general election.

8032: 7999: 7319: 6849: 6489: 6236: 5714: 5684: 5674: 5385: 5212: 5192: 4779: 4519: 3007: 2798:

EU. However, Parliament also revoked its legislative competence over Australia and Canada with the

2456: 1634: 1265: 705: 8933: 2751:

would apply and be enforceable in Britain and that Britain would be subject to the rulings of the

1971:, which assembled in 1997, was dissolved after four years. The Septennial Act was repealed by the 1940:

is a convention which concerns how the Speaker should vote should he be required to break a tie.

8906: 7891: 7778: 7705: 7568: 7544: 7464: 7377: 7198: 7133: 6844: 6501: 5242: 4924: 4116: 3228: 3184: 2327: 1955:

set the maximum duration at three years. As the frequent elections were deemed inconvenient, the

1706: 1470: 1334: 1245: 1068: 729: 696: 507: 395: 53: 8007: 7851: 7790: 7717: 7556: 7314: 6379: 5439: 5424: 5327: 5207: 5132: 5092: 5087: 5057: 5019: 4989: 4969: 2168: 1830: 1787: 1698: 1687: 1459: 1211: 1173: 849: 717: 526: 5877: 2935:, which maintains an archive dating back to 4 December 2007. There is also a related official 2600: 8911: 8089: 7952: 7741: 7668: 7469: 7309: 7265: 7128: 6714: 5744: 5704: 5637: 5627: 5557: 5401: 5352: 5262: 5227: 5217: 5202: 5177: 5147: 5082: 5037: 4974: 4718: 3244:. Six MPs were elected as independents in the 2024 general election, 5 have since joined the 2905: 2691:

Several different views have been taken of Parliament's sovereignty. According to the jurist

2517: 2370: 2297:". A Public Bill which affects private rights (in the way a Private Bill would) is called a " 2263: 2244: 1874: 1311:

of their relatives or supporters. During the reforms of the 19th century, beginning with the

1254: 1250: 1226: 1207: 1181: 1169: 1157: 1099: 1032: 944: 837: 550: 241: 2739:

complete independence in ecclesiastical matters. From 1973 to 2020, under membership of the

2591: 2439:) and by Lords of Appeal (other peers with experience in the judiciary). However, under the 1525:. As a result, a bill must be passed by both houses (or just the House of Commons under the 9092: 7924: 7329: 7270: 7235: 7123: 7096: 6607: 5887: 5769: 5734: 5277: 5267: 5257: 5247: 5187: 5102: 5072: 4949: 4760: 4162: 3174:

The Lords Spiritual sit on the Government benches and are so depicted in the diagram above.

2975: 2890: 2791: 2563: 2179: 2163:

The business of Parliament for the next few days of its session involves the taking of the

1858:. The Bills are considered for the sake of form only, and do not make any actual progress. 1851: 1799: 1650: 1583: 1419: 1418:

The Irish republicans responded by declaring the elections to these home rule Parliaments,

4280: 4232:. Vol. 1: Parliament and Politics, 1235–1560. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 3674: 2881: 2333:

Following the second reading, the bill is sent to a committee. In the House of Lords, the

8: 8119: 7912: 7867: 7765: 7616: 7406: 7324: 7302: 7297: 7280: 7275: 7253: 7143: 7101: 5918: 5809: 5699: 5647: 5602: 5572: 5347: 5337: 5197: 5142: 4964: 4954: 4929: 4613: 3748: 3024: 3018: 2850: 2578: 2381:

withheld her Assent from a bill "for the settling of Militia in Scotland", in the words "

2256: 2157: 2149: 2100: 2067: 2031: 1960: 1956: 1823: 1819: 1527: 1351: 1341: 948: 263: 4434: 4078: 2174:

By custom, before considering the Government's legislative agenda, a bill is introduced

1376:. Accordingly, Sinn Féin MPs, though ostensibly elected to sit in the House of Commons, 7960: 7826: 7401: 7357: 7138: 7116: 7111: 7079: 6991: 6164: 5892: 5669: 5222: 5167: 4661: 4649: 4641: 4550: 4394: 4371: 4350: 4333:

Tanner, R. J. (October 2000). "The Lords of the Articles before 1540: A Reassessment".

4319: 3341: 3224: 3065: 2873:

mockery from a newly elected 20-year-old MP who described it as "ridiculous" snobbery.

2740: 2736: 2692: 2359: 2047: 2011: 1952: 1638: 1551: 1514: 1448: 1323: 1319: 1273: 1269: 1222: 1203: 1149: 1060: 1024: 4423: 2577:

In practice, the House of Commons' scrutiny of the Government is very weak. Since the

2330:. (Defeats of Bills in the Lords never affect confidence and are much more frequent.) 1002: 8131: 8098: 7693: 7532: 7416: 7362: 6964: 5632: 5137: 4728: 4256:"Companion to the Standing Orders and Guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords" 4243: 4233: 4058: 2837: 2815: 2790:

of the Church of England. (Measures of the General Synod and, in some cases proposed

2713: 2676: 2668: 2630: 2505: 2406: 2374: 2267: 1815: 1654: 1575: 1130: 675: 486: 372: 346: 3963: 1795: 7875: 7863: 7411: 7394: 7389: 7372: 7352: 7158: 6011: 5774: 5287: 4491: 4342: 2779: 2709: 2680: 2468: 2395: 2077: 1964: 1646: 1642: 1503: 1452: 1404: 1361: 1281: 1234: 368: 324: 285: 258: 5514: 4868: 4833:"Bailiwick-wide" legislation passed in the States of Guernsey applies not only in 4019: 2422:

in 2009, Parliament was the highest court in the realm for most purposes, but the

1661:, subject to women being preferred if one is eligible from 2015 to 2025 under the 8153: 8028: 7818: 7802: 7640: 7084: 6974: 6665: 6625: 5902: 5475: 5237: 4673: 3241: 3200: 2803: 2756: 2455:

and ended appeal in Scottish criminal matters to the House of Lords, so that the

2338: 2318:

Each Bill goes through several stages in each House. The first stage, called the

2306: 2183: 1933: 1914: 1870: 1855: 1702: 1628: 1312: 1199: 1126: 1122: 1106:

ministers are from the Commons, while junior ministers can be from either house.

1075:, and the powers of the House of Lords are limited to only delaying legislation. 460: 448: 3380: 2652:

My Lords, I beg leave to ask the Question standing in my name on the Order Paper

2516:

created a now widely used name for this behaviour, in an academic paper called "

1653:(who sit by right regardless of seniority) and 21 other diocesan bishops of the 1240: 8127: 8049: 7810: 7680: 7628: 7576: 6697: 6578: 6516: 6077: 5960: 5794: 4588: 4562: 4546: 3055: 2948: 2914: 2744: 2548: 2323: 2239: 1764: 1677: 1569: 1518: 1373: 1300: 1153: 1114: 1052: 1020: 469: 195: 8178: 5419: 4346: 4114:

Lo Dico, Joy (18 May 2015). "Chips are down as Mhairi heads for the canteen".

3466: 3362: 1427: 1121:

appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister, plus up to 92

9516: 9035: 8011: 7995: 7983: 7749: 7604: 6753: 6314: 6212: 6202: 6001: 5996: 5470: 5465: 5182: 5029: 4683: 4285: 4003: 3743: 3600: 2910: 2898: 2799: 2787: 2571: 2319: 1385: 1377: 1330: 970: 957: 877: 434: 4247: 3428: 2794:

made by ministers, must be approved by both Houses before they become law.)

1296:, which had almost completely disappeared into the sea due to land erosion. 254: 8115: 8085: 8073: 7948: 7855: 7814: 7774: 7652: 7600: 7588: 7528: 6620: 5991: 4900: 4453: 3957:"Parliamentary Questions: House of Commons Information Office Factsheet P1" 3696: 2842: 2748: 2479: 2366: 2275: 1951:

Originally there was no fixed limit on the length of a Parliament, but the

1900: 1811: 1807: 1779: 1775: 1694: 1658: 1633:

The Lords Spiritual of the Lords' currently consists of the archbishops of

1557: 1532: 1463: 1285: 1118: 1044: 636: 617: 317: 7916: 5929: 3830:"The Appellate Jurisdiction of the House of Lords (Updated November 2009)" 1895:

Both houses of the British Parliament are presided over by a speaker, the

1810:, who included the celebrated English patriot and leading Parliamentarian 1506:, this power may be limited by Parliament like all other exercises of the 1439: 1365: 1113:

of Parliament, comprising two types of members. The most numerous are the

889: 159: 30:"British Parliament" redirects here. For the legislature before 1801, see 7879: 7798: 7753: 7725: 7664: 7620: 7540: 7106: 7036: 5322: 4903: 4275: 4268:

Constitutional History of England Since the Accession of George the Third

3304: 2952: 2647: 2298: 2290: 1728:

Each Member of Parliament (MP) is chosen by a single constituency by the

1594: 1458:

Further reforms to the House of Lords were made in the 20th century. The

1277: 1110: 1079: 1016: 789: 574: 391: 306: 8148: 4462: 4354: 3090:

List of MPs elected in the February 1974 United Kingdom general election

1770: 9030: 7936: 7887: 5662: 5162: 4911: 4666: 3994:"The States, the Commonwealth and the Crown—the Battle for Sovereignty" 3522: 3095:

List of MPs elected in the October 1974 United Kingdom general election

2894: 2488: 2311: 1929: 1345: 1059:. The three parts acting together to legislate may be described as the 936: 7510: 5882: 2574:

as well as longstanding tradition and practice, not laid down in law.

1498:, Parliament is the supreme legislative body of the state. Whilst the 1352:

Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

1292:, with seven voters, could elect two members, as could the borough of 1013:

Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

649: 145:

Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

7592: 7384: 7292: 5642: 5622: 5617: 4178: 3648: 2464: 2252: 1846: 1791: 1400: 1142: 1064: 765: 180: 1798:, approaches the doors to the Chamber of the Commons. In 1642, King 42: 7552: 7245: 5729: 4838: 4834: 4500: 4496: 3954: 3287: 2940: 2862: 2771: 2460: 1432: 1308: 267: 4855:, although this power is normally exercised on their behalf by an 1582:. The Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal are considered separate " 1168:

For histories of the parliaments preceding the UK Parliament, see

7071: 5897: 5779: 5657: 5357: 4819: 4678: 4279: 4167: 3625: 3308: 2936: 2931: 2783: 2639: 2467:

was brought to bear on Scottish appeals in civil cases, from the

2443:, these judicial functions were transferred to the newly created 2270:, and this happened for the first time in January 2023, when the 1579: 1542:, who much be drawn from and be accountable to the Parliament. 4442: 3747: 1983:

Summary history of terms of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

1607:

The Lords used to also exercise judicial power and acted as the

1264:

was created on 1 January 1801, by the merger of the Kingdoms of

7842: 7367: 5814: 5689: 5679: 4618: 4481: 3155:

List of MPs elected in the 2024 United Kingdom general election

3150:

List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election

3145:

List of MPs elected in the 2017 United Kingdom general election

3140:

List of MPs elected in the 2015 United Kingdom general election

3135:

List of MPs elected in the 2010 United Kingdom general election

3130:

List of MPs elected in the 2005 United Kingdom general election

3125:

List of MPs elected in the 2001 United Kingdom general election

3120:

List of MPs elected in the 1997 United Kingdom general election

3115:

List of MPs elected in the 1992 United Kingdom general election

3110:

List of MPs elected in the 1987 United Kingdom general election

3105:

List of MPs elected in the 1983 United Kingdom general election

3100:

List of MPs elected in the 1979 United Kingdom general election

3085:

List of MPs elected in the 1970 United Kingdom general election

3080:

List of MPs elected in the 1966 United Kingdom general election

2846: 2475: 1036: 272: 3031:

Parliamentary Information and Communication Technology Service

2604:

A wide shot of Prime Ministers Questions in 2012, showing the

2451:

In the late 19th century, Acts allowed for the appointment of

1913:

Prior to July 2006, the House of Lords was presided over by a

1152:

shaped the political systems of the nations once ruled by the

7344: 4417: 3492:"Primacy of the Commons, role of the Lords, and Lords reform" 2904:

The portcullis probably first came to be associated with the

2775: 2301:", although those that draft bills take pains to avoid this. 1241:

Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

993: 276: 3337: 4842: 4294:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2951:, which broadcasts 24 hours a day and is also available on 2855: 1693:

Two hereditary peers sit ex officio by virtue of being the

1329:

Using the result as a mandate, the Liberal Prime Minister,

4002:

Now the United Kingdom could repeal the UK version of the

3812: 3810: 3758:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2944: 2939:

channel. They are also broadcast live by the independent

2836:

The foremost privilege claimed by both Houses is that of

4305:. House of Commons Library. Briefing Paper Number 00675. 1288:

of vastly different sizes existed. Thus, the borough of

3807: 2929:

All public events are broadcast live and on-demand via

2621:

takes place each Wednesday from noon to 12:30 pm.

1451:, the revolutionary Irish Republic was replaced by the 3602:

The House of Lords and the British political tradition

3051:

Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom

2698:

A different view has been taken by the Scottish judge

2494: 1388:

parliament for the independent Irish Republic, called

4137:. House of Commons Information Office. November 2007. 1276:. The principle of ministerial responsibility to the 1198:

was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the

2988:

List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

1344:, as it became, prevented the Lords from blocking a 1303:, were controlled by members of the House of Lords ( 1225:

ratified by the Parliament of Great Britain and the

7058: 5544: 4898: 3849: 3724:. House of Lords Information Office. 6 October 2009 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7512:Leaders of political parties in the United Kingdom 4488:Works by or about Parliament of the United Kingdom 4299:Kelly, Richard; Maer, Lucinda (25 February 2016). 2431:were performed not by the whole House, but by the 2382: 2365:The last stage of a bill involves the granting of 2194:A session of Parliament is brought to an end by a 3955:House of Commons Information Office (June 2005). 3646:"Messers. Bright And Scholefield at Birmingham". 2514:Quintin Hogg, Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone 2435:(judges granted life peerage dignities under the 1380:in Westminster, and instead assembled in 1919 to 9514: 4270:(11th ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co. 3784: 3782: 3780: 2650:for the day's proceedings. The peer shall say: " 1517:, has three separate elements: the Monarch, the 8208: 8160:List of political parties in the United Kingdom 2767:and Britain leaving the EU on 31 January 2020. 2664:Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom 2156:are then summoned to the House of Lords, where 4450:– The British Broadcasting Corporation (2005). 3980:European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 3510:underpinned since then by the Parliament Acts. 3282:, and also domestically referred to simply as 3041:Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology 2765:European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 2722:European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 2207:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 1977:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 1752: 1358:result of the 1918 general election in Ireland 1299:Many small constituencies, known as pocket or 27:Supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom 8194: 7496: 5945: 5530: 4884: 4527: 4430:Public Policy Hub – Parliament and law making 3777: 2828:Parliamentary privilege in the United Kingdom 2643:so as to be widely available and accessible. 1959:extended the maximum to seven years, but the 5440:Yugoslavia (1931–1939, 1945–1963, 1974–1992) 4789:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4387:The British and Irish Ruling Class 1660–1945 2657: 1326:narrowly won two general elections in 1910. 5959: 4274: 4227: 3816: 3768: 3199:Green Party of England and Wales only. The 3046:Parliamentary records of the United Kingdom 3036:Parliamentary Information Management System 3014:Parliament of the United Kingdom relocation 3010:, a programme of anniversary events in 2015 2218: 1586:", but they sit, debate and vote together. 1262:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1139:House of Lords performed judicial functions 8201: 8187: 7503: 7489: 5952: 5938: 5537: 5523: 4891: 4877: 4534: 4520: 4422: 4399:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4376:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4324:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4216: 4191:"Live videos related to the UK Parliament" 3769:Bagley, John Joseph; Lewis, A. S. (1977). 3598: 3311:rather than just the parliamentary system. 3234: 2998:List of legislatures in the United Kingdom 2947:has its own dedicated parliament channel, 2585: 1041:Parliament possesses legislative supremacy 1001: 935: 648: 433: 9528:1801 establishments in the United Kingdom 4845:, with the consent of their governments. 4497:Works by Parliament of the United Kingdom 4298: 4258:. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 2007. 3850:Democratic Audit UK (20 September 2018). 3605:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Birmingham. 3003:List of parliaments of the United Kingdom 2747:, parliament agreed to the position that 2700:Thomas Cooper, 1st Lord Cooper of Culross 2272:Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill 2134:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 1829:The monarch reads a speech, known as the 1806:in an unsuccessful attempt to arrest the 1790:raises their wand of office to signal to 1489: 1430:, the home rule parliament was adjourned 1090:held at least every five years under the 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 4079:"Parliament (United Kingdom government)" 4024:PARLINE database on national parliaments 3742: 3195: 3193: 3061:United Kingdom Parliament constituencies 2880: 2667: 2599: 2429:judicial functions of the House of Lords 2405: 2238: 2234: 2143: 1889:Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom 1865: 1861: 1769: 1480:judicial functions of the House of Lords 1438: 1244: 4113: 3663:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 3618:"Debate: 30 June 2004: Column 318" 3072: 2885:Beaufort Portcullis badge of the Tudors 2262:This has led to a paradox known as the 1686:and all life peers appointed under the 1231:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 14: 9515: 9482:MPs who have acknowledged cannabis use 4814:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association 4384: 4364:Born to Rule: British Political Elites 4361: 4332: 4230:The History of the Scottish Parliament 4020:"United Kingdom; Member of Parliament" 3991: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3217: 2810:is no longer recognised there in law. 2710:Lord President of the Court of Session 2635:Parliamentary Under Secretary of State 2566:. These conditions and principles are 1854:, while the Commons equivalent is the 1723:House of Commons of the United Kingdom 1395:In 1920, in parallel to the Dáil, the 8182: 7484: 7057: 5933: 5518: 5450:Ottoman Empire (1876–1878, 1908–1920) 4872: 4515: 4057:. Lexis Nexis UK. pp. 119, 125. 3507:Constitutional and Administrative Law 3190: 2459:became the highest criminal court in 2401: 2226:Representation of the People Act 1867 1774:Leading 17th-century Parliamentarian 4309: 4228:Brown, K. M.; Tanner, R. J. (2004). 4104:Human Rights Act 1998, section 6(3). 2506:Alec Douglas-Home, 14th Earl of Home 2453:Scottish Lords of Appeal in Ordinary 1928:Both Houses may decide questions by 1786:Upon the signal of the Monarch, the 1078:The House of Commons is the elected 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 4262: 4220:Commentaries on the Laws of England 4201:from the original on 10 March 2019. 4175:from the original on 11 March 2019. 4054:Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice 4047: 3941: 3925: 3459:The Monarchy Today: Queen and State 3208: 2702:. When he decided the 1953 case of 2629:, but they are often answered by a 2592:Question Time § United Kingdom 2495:Relationship with the UK Government 2420:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 1716: 1690:(currently numbering around 700). 1613:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 1502:can also issue legislation through 1484:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 1462:authorised the regular creation of 1360:showed a landslide victory for the 1135:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 1129:consist of up to 26 bishops of the 24: 7965:Social Democratic and Labour Party 7941:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland 7645:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland 7633:Social Democratic and Labour Party 3677:. Parliament of the United Kingdom 3615: 2924: 2387:" (the Queen will think it over). 1622: 1133:. Before the establishment of the 802:Social Democratic and Labour Party 76:"Parliament of the United Kingdom" 25: 9564: 9492:MPs who changed party affiliation 4409: 3926:Vos, Pierre de (15 August 2017). 3429:"What is the role of Parliament?" 3264: 3223:Includes 43 MPs sponsored by the 2889:The quasi-official emblem of the 1671: 1563: 1023:, and may also legislate for the 9523:Parliament of the United Kingdom 8807:Green Party of England and Wales 8147: 7609:Green Party of England and Wales 5494:National unicameral legislatures 5108:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4579:Parliament of the United Kingdom 4504: 4217:Blackstone, Sir William (1765). 2551:," that is, rejects the budget. 1664:Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015 1156:, and thus has been called the " 1088:650 single-member constituencies 158: 41: 7060:Countries of the United Kingdom 6160:Countries of the United Kingdom 5545:National legislatures in Europe 5481:List of legislatures by country 4478:British House of Commons people 4183: 4163:"UK Parliament YouTube channel" 4155: 4141: 4124: 4107: 4098: 4071: 4041: 4012: 4000:. Papers on Parliament No. 48. 3985: 3973: 3919: 3894: 3869: 3843: 3822: 3762: 3736: 3714: 3689: 3667: 3656: 3639: 3609: 3592: 3566: 3541: 3515: 3484: 3447: 3421: 3410: 3406:Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 3399: 3297: 2943:English channel. In the UK the 2619:Questions to the Prime Minister 2437:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 2211:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 2117:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 1973:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 1963:reduced it to five. During the 1682:The Lords Temporal consists of 1513:The legislative authority, the 52:needs additional citations for 9553:Westminster system parliaments 9548:Politics of the United Kingdom 9497:MPs sponsored by mining unions 9439:MPs who stood down by election 8959:Independents and minor parties 8167:Politics of the United Kingdom 6155:Counties of the United Kingdom 5407:Confederate States (1862–1865) 4741:British Indian Ocean Territory 4149:"Parliamentlive.tv Help Pages" 3574:"Lords Spiritual and Temporal" 3373: 3355: 3338:"About: Members of Parliament" 3330: 3251: 3177: 3168: 2441:Constitutional Reform Act 2005 2412:impeachment of Warren Hastings 2274:was prohibited from receiving 2259:relating to devolved matters. 2182:in the House of Lords and the 1919:Constitutional Reform Act 2005 1609:UK's supreme legislative court 1476:Constitutional Reform Act 2005 1436:without ever having operated. 1397:Government of Ireland Act 1920 13: 1: 9487:MPs with the shortest service 8979:MPs who were killed in office 3992:Twomey, Anne (January 2008). 3722:"State Opening of Parliament" 3652:. 19 January 1865. p. 9. 3318: 3259:members of the House of Lords 2821: 2640:The Official Report (Hansard) 2570:arising from the Sovereign's 2491:, but this was unsuccessful. 2418:Prior to the creation of the 2392:Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 2089:Parliament for another year. 1709:limited their numbers to 92. 1591:Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 1578:and the Lords Temporal being 1482:with the creation of the new 1215: 8944:Social Democratic and Labour 8817:Labour and Labour Co-op 2005 6927:Universal basic income (UBI) 4555:British Overseas Territories 4472:Parliamentary procedure site 4132:"The Portcullis (factsheet)" 3599:Mc Manamon, Anthony (2012). 3549:"Work of the House of Lords" 3323: 2335:Committee of the Whole House 2054:Parliament of United Kingdom 1873:in state robes. Portrait by 1420:held on the same day in 1921 1372:to establish an independent 1029:British Overseas Territories 7: 8211:Lists of United Kingdom MPs 6932:Water supply and sanitation 6631:Weapons of mass destruction 6616:His Majesty's Naval Service 4736:British Antarctic Territory 4503:(public domain audiobooks) 4312:The Parliaments of Scotland 3881:www.electoral-reform.org.uk 3790:"Democracy Live: Black Rod" 3697:"Dáil elections since 1918" 3417:Statute of Westminster 1931 3270:Alternatively known as the 2993:List of British governments 2958: 2705:MacCormick v. Lord Advocate 2433:Lords of Appeal in Ordinary 2280:Legislative Consent Motions 2220:caput, principium, et finis 2018:Parliament of Great Britain 1946: 1833:, which is prepared by the 1822:in 1688 and the subsequent 1759:State Opening of Parliament 1753:State Opening of Parliament 1382:proclaim Irish independence 1378:refused to take their seats 1210:(established 1215) and the 1196:Parliament of Great Britain 1178:Parliament of Great Britain 339:Speaker of the Commons 328:The Lord McFall of Alcluith 237:Parliament of Great Britain 32:Parliament of Great Britain 10: 9569: 8066:Communist Party of Britain 7831:Scottish Liberal Democrats 7690:Baroness Smith of Basildon 7657:Traditional Unionist Voice 7027:Stereotypes of the British 5412:Czechoslovakia (1920–1939) 4335:Scottish Historical Review 4223:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 4209: 2825: 2661: 2615:Leader of House of Commons 2596:Prime Minister's Questions 2589: 2568:constitutional conventions 2527:or during meetings of the 2085:Various Acts of Parliament 1923:both Houses simultaneously 1908:Chairman of Ways and Means 1814:. This action sparked the 1756: 1720: 1675: 1626: 1567: 1549: 1545: 1186: 1167: 1163: 1109:The House of Lords is the 1092:first-past-the-post system 826:Traditional Unionist Voice 29: 9474: 9438: 9371: 9251: 9141: 9051: 9044: 9014: 8967: 8751: 8711: 8654: 8513: 8372: 8361: 8218: 8142: 7975: 7929:Democratic Unionist Party 7904:Northern Ireland Assembly 7902: 7841: 7764: 7730:Democratic Unionist Party 7679: 7581:Democratic Unionist Party 7518: 7442: 7343: 7244: 7192:First Minister and deputy 7157: 7070: 7066: 7053: 7049: 6950: 6790: 6781: 6739: 6656: 6647: 6606: 6547: 6416: 6412: 6403: 6265: 6193: 6145: 6141: 6132: 6065: 5977: 5968: 5911: 5868: 5830: 5550: 5489: 5458: 5445:FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) 5394: 5376: 5336: 5028: 4910: 4829: 4806: 4699: 4640: 4631: 4599: 4571: 4561: 4347:10.3366/shr.2000.79.2.189 4278:; Chisholm, Hugh (1911). 4028:Inter-Parliamentary Union 2982:The History of Parliament 2876: 2761:European Court of Justice 2753:European Court of Justice 2685:Northern Ireland Assembly 2658:Parliamentary sovereignty 2322:, is a formality. At the 2247:, where Parliament meets. 2122:arises, mentioned below. 1589:Since the passage of the 1447:In 1922, pursuant to the 1443:Victoria Tower In London. 1384:and form a revolutionary 1096:constitutional convention 991: 986: 943: 934: 929: 924:No later than August 2029 917: 905: 900: 742:Democratic Unionist Party 656: 647: 539:Democratic Unionist Party 441: 432: 409: 404: 381: 358: 336: 315: 297: 292: 282:Northern Ireland Assembly 250: 229: 214: 209: 188: 174: 169: 157: 150: 143: 18:United Kingdom Parliament 8033:Workers Party of Britain 6820:Environmental inequality 5430:Soviet Union (1938–1991) 5363:Northern Mariana Islands 4794:Turks and Caicos Islands 4341:(208, Part 2): 189–212. 3622:House of Commons debates 3161: 3008:Parliament in the Making 2717:opinion on the subject. 2560:Leader of the Opposition 2529:parliamentary committees 2457:High Court of Justiciary 1899:for the Commons and the 1745:and the work of various 1478:led to abolition of the 1307:), who could ensure the 1189:Parliament in the Making 951:, London, United Kingdom 685:HM Most Loyal Opposition 658:Commons political groups 496:HM Most Loyal Opposition 384:Leader of the Opposition 218:1 January 1801 8917:Scottish National Party 7892:Welsh Liberal Democrats 7779:Scottish National Party 7569:Scottish National Party 4291:Encyclopædia Britannica 4117:London Evening Standard 4084:Encyclopædia Britannica 3998:Parliament of Australia 3817:May & Chisholm 1911 3773:. Dalesman. p. 15. 3755:Encyclopædia Britannica 3229:Labour and Co-operative 3185:Labour and Co-operative 2586:Parliamentary questions 2541:Motion of No Confidence 2383: 2328:motion of no confidence 2203:Parliament is dissolved 1903:in the House of Lords. 1707:House of Lords Act 1999 1535:for it to become law. 1471:House of Lords Act 1999 1117:, consisting mainly of 730:Scottish National Party 310:since 8 September 2022 9543:Bicameral legislatures 9538:Parliaments by country 8021:National Health Action 7852:Baroness Morgan of Ely 7791:Scottish Conservatives 7726:Lord Dodds of Duncairn 6706:Science and technology 5593:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4940:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4746:British Virgin Islands 4385:Wasson, E. A. (2017). 4362:Wasson, E. A. (2000). 3523:"How Parliament works" 3381:"State of the parties" 3280:Westminster Parliament 2886: 2693:Sir William Blackstone 2688: 2609: 2415: 2248: 2219: 2169:Speech from the Throne 2152: 1938:Speaker Denison's rule 1878: 1831:Speech from the Throne 1788:Lord Great Chamberlain 1783: 1699:Lord Great Chamberlain 1688:Life Peerages Act 1958 1490:Composition and powers 1460:Life Peerages Act 1958 1444: 1257: 1212:Parliament of Scotland 1174:Parliament of Scotland 1047:, it has three parts: 443:Lords political groups 353:since 4 November 2019 255:Provisional Parliament 9533:National legislatures 8902:Nationalist (Ireland) 7953:Ulster Unionist Party 7742:Ulster Unionist Party 7669:Ulster Unionist Party 6683:Free trade agreements 5504:National upper houses 5499:National lower houses 5402:Venezuela (1811-1999) 5113:Republic of the Congo 4709:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 4633:Dependent territories 4463:Topic: House of Lords 3877:"First Past the Post" 3675:"The Parliament Acts" 3455:"Queen in Parliament" 3227:, who are designated 2906:Palace of Westminster 2884: 2792:statutory instruments 2735:and 1925 granted the 2671: 2603: 2518:elective dictatorship 2409: 2287:Private Member's Bill 2264:West Lothian question 2245:Palace of Westminster 2242: 2235:Legislative functions 2150:Parliament Bill, 1911 2147: 1875:John Singleton Copley 1869: 1862:Legislative procedure 1782:annually commemorated 1773: 1657:, ranked in order of 1442: 1368:, who vowed in their 1255:it burnt down in 1834 1251:Palace of Westminster 1248: 1227:Parliament of Ireland 1208:Parliament of England 1182:Parliament of Ireland 1170:Parliament of England 1158:mother of parliaments 1067:normally acts on the 1033:Palace of Westminster 945:Palace of Westminster 919:Next Commons election 907:Last Commons election 838:Ulster Unionist Party 551:Ulster Unionist Party 242:Parliament of Ireland 8054:Progressive Unionist 7925:Emma Little-Pengelly 7032:World Heritage Sites 6825:Environmental issues 6529:Female party leaders 6170:Overseas territories 4701:Overseas Territories 3701:ARK Northern Ireland 3463:The British Monarchy 3433:How Parliament works 3246:Independent Alliance 3073:Lists of MPs elected 2976:History of democracy 2891:Houses of Parliament 2673:Parliament Buildings 2564:Lascelles Principles 2537:Motion of Confidence 2180:Select Vestries Bill 2010:Ratification of the 1897:Speaker of the House 1852:Select Vestries Bill 1540:government ministers 1125:. The less numerous 1100:government ministers 1082:of Parliament, with 971:51.49944°N 0.12472°W 754:Independent Alliance 164:Logo used since 2018 61:improve this article 8795:Democratic Unionist 8154:Politics portal 8097:Anthony Slaughter ( 7868:Welsh Conservatives 7766:Scottish Parliament 7617:Liz Saville Roberts 5831:States with limited 5420:Estonia (1938–1940) 5303:Trinidad and Tobago 5043:Antigua and Barbuda 4689:Legislative Council 4474:at Leeds University 4448:"A–Z of Parliament" 4302:The Parliament Acts 4264:May, Thomas Erskine 3969:on 16 October 2006. 3025:Parliamentary Brief 3019:Parliamentary agent 2851:breach of the peace 2808:Imperial Parliament 2608:packed with members 2579:first-past-the-post 2257:Scottish Parliament 2209:and previously the 2165:oaths of allegiance 2158:Lords Commissioners 2101:Parliament Act 1911 2068:Parliament Act 1911 2032:Septennial Act 1715 1961:Parliament Act 1911 1957:Septennial Act 1715 1824:Bill of Rights 1689 1820:Glorious Revolution 1796:inspector of police 1730:First-Past-the-Post 1684:92 hereditary peers 1528:Parliament Act 1911 1342:Parliament Act 1911 1187:For a summary, see 967: / 949:City of Westminster 264:Scottish Parliament 8970:By decade of death 8893:National Liberal ( 8106:James Lewthwaite ( 7827:Alex Cole-Hamilton 7706:Conservative Party 7545:Conservative Party 6726:Telecommunications 6678:Economic geography 6534:Political scandals 6165:Crown Dependencies 5425:Serbia (1901–1903) 5123:Dominican Republic 4642:Crown Dependencies 4551:Crown Dependencies 4443:Parliament Live TV 4281:"Parliament" 3469:on 18 January 2008 3363:"Lords membership" 3342:Co-operative Party 3272:British Parliament 3225:Co-operative Party 3066:UK Parliament Week 2887: 2741:European Community 2737:Church of Scotland 2689: 2627:Secretary of State 2610: 2416: 2402:Judicial functions 2384:La reyne s'avisera 2249: 2178:in each House—the 2153: 2048:Acts of Union 1800 1953:Triennial Act 1694 1879: 1784: 1580:Peers of the Realm 1552:King-in-Parliament 1515:King-in-Parliament 1474:Additionally, the 1449:Anglo-Irish Treaty 1445: 1274:Acts of Union 1800 1258: 1150:Westminster system 1061:King-in-Parliament 1031:. It meets at the 1025:Crown Dependencies 976:51.49944; -0.12472 697:Conservative Party 508:Conservative Party 399:since 5 July 2024 376:since 5 July 2024 9510: 9509: 9434: 9433: 8939:Social Democratic 8707: 8706: 8176: 8175: 8132:English Democrats 8108:British Democrats 8099:Wales Green Party 7718:Liberal Democrats 7557:Liberal Democrats 7478: 7477: 7438: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7045: 7044: 6777: 6776: 6643: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6524:Political parties 6448:Foreign relations 6399: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6128: 6127: 6105:Mass surveillance 6083:Foreign relations 6016:Second World War 5927: 5926: 5512: 5511: 5435:Texas (1836–1845) 5340:other territories 5128:Equatorial Guinea 4866: 4865: 4861: 4802: 4801: 4724:House of Assembly 4627: 4626: 4438:from 1803 to 2005 4310:Rait, R. (1924). 4064:978-0-406-97094-7 3749:"Black Rod" 3494:. 3 November 2006 2966:Act of Parliament 2932:parliamentlive.tv 2838:freedom of speech 2816:Act of Union 1800 2714:Union legislation 2631:Minister of State 2268:Scotland Act 1998 2205:by virtue of the 2142: 2141: 1816:English Civil War 1802:stormed into the 1747:select committees 1655:Church of England 1641:, the bishops of 1602:select committees 1576:Church of England 1508:royal prerogative 1504:orders-in-council 1496:UK's constitution 1486:in October 2009. 1424:Dublin University 1131:Church of England 1009: 1008: 858:Presiding officer 718:Liberal Democrats 626:Presiding officer 527:Liberal Democrats 347:Sir Lindsay Hoyle 331:since 1 May 2021 251:Succeeded by 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 9560: 9374: 9373:Northern Ireland 9255: 9145: 9086:Liberal Democrat 9055: 9049: 9048: 9018: 8971: 8883:Liberal Unionist 8846:Liberal Democrat 8755: 8715: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8222: 8212: 8203: 8196: 8189: 8180: 8179: 8169: 8162: 8152: 8151: 8135: 8123: 8111: 8102: 8093: 8081: 8069: 8062:Robert Griffiths 8057: 8045: 8042:NI Conservatives 8036: 8024: 8015: 8003: 7991: 7968: 7956: 7944: 7932: 7920: 7913:Michelle O'Neill 7895: 7883: 7876:Rhun ap Iorwerth 7871: 7864:Andrew RT Davies 7859: 7834: 7822: 7806: 7794: 7782: 7757: 7745: 7733: 7721: 7709: 7697: 7672: 7660: 7648: 7636: 7624: 7612: 7596: 7584: 7572: 7560: 7548: 7536: 7520:House of Commons 7505: 7498: 7491: 7482: 7481: 7458: 7451: 7159:Northern Ireland 7068: 7067: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7050: 6788: 6787: 6701: 6654: 6653: 6512:House of Commons 6480:Local government 6414: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6320:Renewable energy 6305:hydroelectricity 6143: 6142: 6139: 6138: 5975: 5974: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5931: 5930: 5869:Dependencies and 5805:Northern Ireland 5551:Sovereign states 5539: 5532: 5525: 5516: 5515: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4831: 4784:Tristan da Cunha 4771:Pitcairn Islands 4756:Falkland Islands 4638: 4637: 4609:Northern Ireland 4584:House of Commons 4569: 4568: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4492:Internet Archive 4426: 4421: 4420: 4418:Official website 4404: 4398: 4390: 4381: 4375: 4367: 4358: 4329: 4323: 4315: 4306: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4251: 4224: 4203: 4202: 4187: 4181: 4176: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4111: 4105: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4016: 4010: 4009: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3962:. Archived from 3961: 3952: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3856:Democratic Audit 3847: 3841: 3840: 3834: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3786: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3671: 3665: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3527:About Parliament 3519: 3513: 3512: 3501: 3499: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3465:. Archived from 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3425: 3419: 3414: 3408: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3369:. UK Parliament. 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3334: 3312: 3301: 3295: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3238: 3232: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3197: 3188: 3181: 3175: 3172: 2780:Northern Ireland 2681:Northern Ireland 2606:House of Commons 2549:withdraws Supply 2539:or by passing a 2469:Court of Session 2396:enacting formula 2386: 2222: 2078:Second World War 1987: 1986: 1965:Second World War 1885:stages of a bill 1804:House of Commons 1717:House of Commons 1703:hereditary peers 1523:House of Commons 1453:Irish Free State 1409:Southern Ireland 1405:Northern Ireland 1362:Irish republican 1282:electoral system 1235:Irish Free State 1220: 1217: 1123:hereditary peers 1057:House of Commons 1017:legislative body 1005: 1000: 997: 995: 982: 981: 979: 978: 977: 972: 968: 965: 964: 963: 960: 939: 892: 887: 871: 866: 852: 847: 840: 835: 828: 823: 816: 811: 804: 799: 792: 787: 780: 775: 768: 763: 756: 751: 744: 739: 732: 727: 720: 715: 706:Other opposition 699: 694: 678: 673: 652: 639: 634: 620: 615: 601: 596: 589: 584: 577: 572: 565: 560: 553: 548: 541: 536: 529: 524: 510: 505: 489: 484: 463: 458: 437: 369:Sir Keir Starmer 286:Northern Ireland 259:Irish Free State 230:Preceded by 225: 223: 201:House of Commons 162: 141: 140: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 9568: 9567: 9563: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9557: 9513: 9512: 9511: 9506: 9470: 9430: 9372: 9367: 9253: 9247: 9143: 9137: 9053: 9040: 9016: 9010: 8984:First World War 8969: 8963: 8949:Ulster Unionist 8888:National Labour 8753: 8747: 8713: 8703: 8650: 8509: 8364:By year elected 8363: 8357: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8207: 8177: 8172: 8165: 8158: 8146: 8138: 8126: 8114: 8105: 8096: 8084: 8072: 8060: 8048: 8040:Neil Johnston ( 8039: 8029:George Galloway 8027: 8018: 8006: 7994: 7982: 7971: 7961:Matthew O'Toole 7959: 7947: 7935: 7923: 7911: 7898: 7886: 7874: 7862: 7850: 7837: 7825: 7819:Scottish Greens 7809: 7803:Scottish Labour 7797: 7785: 7773: 7760: 7748: 7736: 7724: 7712: 7700: 7688: 7675: 7663: 7651: 7641:Sorcha Eastwood 7639: 7627: 7615: 7599: 7587: 7575: 7563: 7551: 7539: 7527: 7514: 7509: 7479: 7474: 7461: 7454: 7447: 7426: 7339: 7240: 7153: 7062: 7041: 6946: 6902:Public holidays 6882:Life expectancy 6773: 6735: 6715:London Exchange 6711:Stock exchanges 6699: 6698:Pound sterling 6666:Bank of England 6635: 6626:Royal Air Force 6602: 6543: 6475:Law enforcement 6391: 6300:hydraulic frac. 6261: 6242:Lakes and lochs 6189: 6185:Former colonies 6124: 6120:Women's history 6095:Law enforcement 6061: 6007:First World War 5964: 5958: 5928: 5923: 5907: 5870: 5864: 5850:Northern Cyprus 5832: 5826: 5725:North Macedonia 5546: 5543: 5513: 5508: 5485: 5476:Multicameralism 5454: 5390: 5372: 5339: 5332: 5024: 4906: 4897: 4867: 4862: 4849:Island Councils 4846: 4825: 4798: 4695: 4623: 4595: 4557: 4543:Legislatures of 4540: 4505: 4454:Topic: Politics 4416: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4392: 4391: 4369: 4368: 4317: 4316: 4254: 4240: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4018: 4017: 4013: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3959: 3953: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3848: 3844: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3788: 3787: 3778: 3767: 3763: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3657: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3616:Jenkin, Clive. 3614: 3610: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3580:. UK Parliament 3572: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3529:. UK Parliament 3521: 3520: 3516: 3497: 3495: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3472: 3470: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3435:. UK Parliament 3427: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3387:. UK Parliament 3379: 3378: 3374: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3302: 3298: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3239: 3235: 3222: 3218: 3198: 3191: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3075: 3070: 2961: 2927: 2925:Broadcast media 2879: 2830: 2824: 2757:Factortame case 2731:Acts passed in 2683:is home to the 2666: 2660: 2598: 2588: 2525:"Question Time" 2497: 2404: 2375:Le Roy le veult 2339:Grand Committee 2307:Ten Minute Rule 2237: 2184:Outlawries Bill 2148:Passing of the 1949: 1915:Lord Chancellor 1871:Henry Addington 1864: 1856:Outlawries Bill 1761: 1755: 1725: 1719: 1680: 1674: 1631: 1629:Lords Spiritual 1625: 1623:Lords Spiritual 1572: 1566: 1554: 1548: 1492: 1403:parliaments of 1354: 1320:People's Budget 1313:Reform Act 1832 1301:rotten boroughs 1243: 1218: 1200:Treaty of Union 1192: 1185: 1166: 1127:Lords Spiritual 1015:is the supreme 992: 975: 973: 969: 966: 961: 958: 956: 954: 953: 952: 947: 920: 908: 896: 885: 884: 875: 864: 863: 856: 845: 844: 833: 832: 821: 820: 809: 808: 797: 796: 785: 784: 773: 772: 761: 760: 749: 748: 737: 736: 725: 724: 713: 712: 703: 692: 691: 682: 671: 670: 659: 643: 632: 631: 624: 613: 612: 605: 594: 593: 582: 581: 570: 569: 558: 557: 546: 545: 534: 533: 522: 521: 514: 503: 502: 493: 482: 481: 472: 467: 456: 455: 451: 449:Lords Spiritual 444: 428: 400: 398: 386: 377: 375: 363: 354: 352: 341: 332: 330: 320: 311: 309: 302: 280: 271: 262: 246: 221: 219: 205: 184: 183: 165: 152:59th Parliament 146: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9566: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9508: 9507: 9505: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9478: 9476: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9377: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9259: 9257: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9149: 9147: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9062:East Midlands 9059: 9057: 9046: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9026:Female members 9022: 9020: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8975: 8973: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8930: 8929: 8924: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8879: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8843: 8838: 8837: 8836: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8809: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8792: 8791: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8770: 8765: 8759: 8757: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8719: 8717: 8709: 8708: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8669: 8664: 8658: 8656: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8517: 8515: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8376: 8374: 8367: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8226: 8224: 8216: 8215: 8206: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8183: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8163: 8156: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8128:Robin Tilbrook 8124: 8120:Heritage Party 8112: 8103: 8094: 8082: 8070: 8058: 8050:Russell Watton 8046: 8037: 8025: 8016: 8004: 7992: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7957: 7945: 7933: 7921: 7908: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7884: 7872: 7860: 7847: 7845: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7823: 7811:Patrick Harvie 7807: 7795: 7783: 7770: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7758: 7746: 7734: 7722: 7710: 7698: 7685: 7683: 7681:House of Lords 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7661: 7649: 7637: 7629:Colum Eastwood 7625: 7613: 7597: 7585: 7577:Gavin Robinson 7573: 7561: 7549: 7537: 7524: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7508: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7485: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7460: 7459: 7452: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7387: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7378:First Minister 7375: 7370: 7360: 7355: 7349: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7295: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7286:First Minister 7283: 7278: 7268: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7250: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7201: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7174: 7169: 7163: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7076: 7074: 7064: 7063: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6983: 6982: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6956: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6769:Rail transport 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6745: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6708: 6703: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6591:Prime Minister 6588: 6587: 6586: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6553: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6541: 6539:Shadow Cabinet 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6517:House of Lords 6514: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6450: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6417: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6359: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6199: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6149: 6147:Administrative 6136: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6080: 6075: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5983: 5981: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: articles 5961:United Kingdom 5957: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5934: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5919:European Union 5915: 5913: 5912:Other entities 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5871:other entities 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5836: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5800:United Kingdom 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5613:Czech Republic 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5519: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5409: 5404: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5348:American Samoa 5344: 5342: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5313:United Kingdom 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5118:Czech Republic 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5034: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4896: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4873: 4864: 4863: 4837:, but also in 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4751:Cayman Islands 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4676: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4646: 4644: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4605: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4589:House of Lords 4586: 4575: 4573: 4566: 4563:United Kingdom 4559: 4558: 4547:United Kingdom 4539: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4494: 4485: 4475: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4445: 4440: 4432: 4427: 4411: 4410:External links 4408: 4406: 4405: 4382: 4359: 4330: 4307: 4296: 4286:Chisholm, Hugh 4272: 4260: 4252: 4238: 4225: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4182: 4154: 4140: 4123: 4106: 4097: 4070: 4063: 4040: 4011: 4004:Australia Acts 3984: 3972: 3940: 3918: 3893: 3868: 3842: 3821: 3806: 3776: 3761: 3746:, ed. (1911). 3744:Chisholm, Hugh 3735: 3713: 3688: 3666: 3655: 3638: 3608: 3591: 3565: 3540: 3514: 3483: 3446: 3420: 3409: 3398: 3372: 3354: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3296: 3263: 3257:The number of 3250: 3233: 3216: 3205:Northern Irish 3189: 3176: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3056:TheyWorkForYou 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2949:BBC Parliament 2926: 2923: 2915:Augustus Pugin 2878: 2875: 2826:Main article: 2823: 2820: 2745:European Union 2662:Main article: 2659: 2656: 2587: 2584: 2572:reserve powers 2496: 2493: 2403: 2400: 2324:second reading 2236: 2233: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2014: 2008: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1948: 1945: 1893: 1892: 1863: 1860: 1835:Prime Minister 1778:is one of the 1765:House of Lords 1757:Main article: 1754: 1751: 1721:Main article: 1718: 1715: 1678:Lords Temporal 1676:Main article: 1673: 1672:Lords Temporal 1670: 1627:Main article: 1624: 1621: 1570:House of Lords 1568:Main article: 1565: 1564:House of Lords 1562: 1550:Main article: 1547: 1544: 1531:) and receive 1519:House of Lords 1491: 1488: 1374:Irish Republic 1353: 1350: 1286:constituencies 1284:, under which 1242: 1239: 1206:passed by the 1165: 1162: 1154:British Empire 1115:Lords Temporal 1073:prime minister 1053:House of Lords 1021:United Kingdom 1007: 1006: 989: 988: 984: 983: 941: 940: 932: 931: 927: 926: 921: 918: 915: 914: 909: 906: 903: 902: 898: 897: 895: 894: 881: 878:Abstentionists 874: 873: 860: 855: 854: 842: 830: 818: 814:Alliance Party 806: 794: 782: 770: 758: 746: 734: 722: 709: 702: 701: 688: 681: 680: 667: 660: 657: 654: 653: 645: 644: 642: 641: 628: 623: 622: 609: 604: 603: 599:Non-affiliated 591: 579: 567: 555: 543: 531: 518: 513: 512: 499: 492: 491: 478: 470:Lords Temporal 468: 466: 465: 452: 447: 445: 442: 439: 438: 430: 429: 427: 426: 420: 413: 411: 407: 406: 402: 401: 389: 387: 382: 379: 378: 366: 364: 361:Prime Minister 359: 356: 355: 344: 342: 337: 334: 333: 323: 321: 316: 313: 312: 305: 303: 298: 295: 294: 290: 289: 252: 248: 247: 245: 244: 239: 233: 231: 227: 226: 216: 212: 211: 207: 206: 204: 203: 198: 196:House of Lords 192: 190: 186: 185: 179: 178: 176: 172: 171: 167: 166: 163: 155: 154: 148: 147: 144: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9565: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9473: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9437: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9370: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9250: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9140: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9098:Wolverhampton 9096: 9094: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9050: 9047: 9043: 9037: 9036:Cameron Cutie 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9013: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8972: 8966: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8835: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8827: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8793: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8750: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8710: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8653: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8512: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8217: 8213: 8204: 8199: 8197: 8192: 8190: 8185: 8184: 8181: 8168: 8164: 8161: 8157: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8104: 8100: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8019:Alex Ashman ( 8017: 8013: 8012:Mebyon Kernow 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7996:Steve Radford 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7976:Minor parties 7974: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7901: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7840: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7605:Adrian Ramsay 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7565:Stephen Flynn 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7506: 7501: 7499: 7494: 7492: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6942:Welfare state 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6887:Mental health 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6830:Ethnic groups 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6754:Bus transport 6752: 6750: 6749:Air transport 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6696: 6694: 6693:Manufacturing 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6569:Civil service 6567: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6495:republicanism 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6315:North Sea oil 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6213:Great Britain 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6203:British Isles 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6002:Edwardian era 6000: 5998: 5997:Victorian era 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5955: 5950: 5948: 5943: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5883:Faroe Islands 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5855:South Ossetia 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5685:Liechtenstein 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5528: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5471:Tricameralism 5469: 5467: 5466:Unicameralism 5464: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5378:Non-UN states 5375: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5338:Dependent and 5335: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5020:United States 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4882: 4880: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4860: 4858: 4857:Administrator 4854: 4850: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807:Miscellaneous 4805: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4684:House of Keys 4682: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4651:Bailiwick of 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4402: 4396: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4239:9780748614851 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4150: 4144: 4133: 4127: 4120:. p. 16. 4119: 4118: 4110: 4101: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4074: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3929: 3922: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3838: 3837:UK Parliament 3831: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3756: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3723: 3717: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3659: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3604: 3603: 3595: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3554: 3553:parliament.uk 3550: 3544: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3511: 3508: 3493: 3487: 3480: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3413: 3407: 3402: 3386: 3385:MPs and Lords 3382: 3376: 3368: 3367:MPs and Lords 3364: 3358: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3293: 3289: 3288:metonymically 3285: 3281: 3277: 3276:UK Parliament 3273: 3267: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3194: 3186: 3183:Including 14 3180: 3171: 3167: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2922: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2911:Charles Barry 2907: 2902: 2900: 2899:Tudor dynasty 2896: 2893:is a crowned 2892: 2883: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2819: 2817: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2788:General Synod 2785: 2782:, but not in 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2492: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2446: 2445:Supreme Court 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2424:Privy Council 2421: 2413: 2408: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371:Norman French 2368: 2363: 2361: 2356: 2355:immediately. 2353: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320:first reading 2316: 2313: 2312:Filibustering 2308: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2241: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2221: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2151: 2146: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2052:Formation of 2051: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2016:Formation of 2015: 2013: 2012:Acts of Union 2009: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1883:See also the 1881: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1743:Question Time 1738: 1734: 1731: 1724: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500:privy council 1497: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1331:H. H. Asquith 1327: 1325: 1324:Liberal Party 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266:Great Britain 1263: 1256: 1252: 1249:Print of the 1247: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223:Acts of Union 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204:Acts of Union 1201: 1197: 1190: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1137:in 2009, the 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:upper chamber 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1080:lower chamber 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049:the sovereign 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1004: 999: 990: 985: 980: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 930:Meeting place 928: 925: 922: 916: 913: 910: 904: 899: 891: 883: 882: 880: 879: 870: 862: 861: 859: 851: 843: 839: 831: 827: 819: 815: 807: 803: 795: 791: 783: 779: 771: 767: 759: 755: 747: 743: 735: 731: 723: 719: 711: 710: 708: 707: 698: 690: 689: 687: 686: 677: 669: 668: 666: 665: 664:HM Government 661: 655: 651: 646: 638: 630: 629: 627: 619: 618:Crossbenchers 611: 610: 608: 600: 592: 588: 580: 576: 568: 564: 556: 552: 544: 540: 532: 528: 520: 519: 517: 509: 501: 500: 498: 497: 488: 480: 479: 477: 476: 475:HM Government 471: 462: 454: 453: 450: 446: 440: 436: 431: 424: 421: 418: 415: 414: 412: 408: 403: 397: 393: 388: 385: 380: 374: 370: 365: 362: 357: 351: 348: 343: 340: 335: 329: 326: 322: 319: 314: 308: 304: 301: 296: 291: 288:only; partly) 287: 283: 279:only; partly) 278: 274: 270:only; partly) 269: 265: 260: 256: 253: 249: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 232: 228: 217: 213: 208: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 191: 187: 182: 177: 173: 168: 161: 156: 153: 149: 142: 139: 131: 128: 120: 117:December 2023 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 9076:Conservative 8894: 8829:Labour Co-op 8773:Conservative 8714:By seniority 8116:David Kurten 8086:Nick Tenconi 8074:Dave Nellist 7949:Mike Nesbitt 7856:Welsh Labour 7815:Lorna Slater 7787:Douglas Ross 7775:John Swinney 7694:Labour Party 7653:Jim Allister 7601:Carla Denyer 7589:Nigel Farage 7533:Labour Party 7529:Keir Starmer 7320:Homelessness 7134:Homelessness 6917:Social class 6897:Prostitution 6840:Homelessness 6621:British Army 6506: 6453:Human rights 6441:By-elections 6421:Constitution 5992:Georgian era 5860:Transnistria 5822:Vatican City 5799: 5312: 5308:Turkmenistan 5283:South Africa 4904:legislatures 4832: 4818: 4776:Saint Helena 4658:dependencies 4657: 4650: 4578: 4467:The Guardian 4466: 4458:The Guardian 4457: 4435: 4386: 4363: 4338: 4334: 4311: 4301: 4289: 4276:May, Erskine 4267: 4229: 4218: 4197:. Euronews. 4194: 4185: 4166: 4157: 4143: 4126: 4115: 4109: 4100: 4088:. Retrieved 4082: 4073: 4053: 4049:May, Erskine 4043: 4031:. Retrieved 4023: 4014: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3975: 3964:the original 3931:. Retrieved 3921: 3909:. Retrieved 3906:wwnorton.com 3905: 3896: 3884:. Retrieved 3880: 3871: 3859:. Retrieved 3855: 3845: 3836: 3824: 3797:. Retrieved 3793: 3770: 3764: 3753: 3738: 3726:. Retrieved 3716: 3704:. Retrieved 3700: 3691: 3679:. Retrieved 3669: 3662: 3658: 3647: 3641: 3629:. Retrieved 3621: 3611: 3601: 3594: 3582:. Retrieved 3577: 3568: 3556:. Retrieved 3552: 3543: 3531:. Retrieved 3526: 3517: 3506: 3503: 3496:. Retrieved 3486: 3478: 3471:. Retrieved 3467:the original 3458: 3449: 3437:. Retrieved 3432: 3423: 3412: 3401: 3389:. Retrieved 3384: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3345:. Retrieved 3332: 3299: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3253: 3236: 3219: 3179: 3170: 3023: 2980: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2903: 2888: 2871: 2860: 2843:high treason 2835: 2831: 2812: 2807: 2796: 2769: 2749:European law 2730: 2727: 2719: 2703: 2697: 2690: 2651: 2645: 2638: 2623: 2611: 2576: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2533: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2480:high treason 2473: 2452: 2450: 2417: 2389: 2367:royal assent 2364: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2332: 2317: 2305:a bill. The 2303: 2295:Private Bill 2291:public bills 2284: 2276:royal assent 2261: 2250: 2230: 2217: 2215: 2200: 2193: 2187: 2175: 2173: 2162: 2154: 2130:5 (maximum) 1993:Term (years) 1982: 1981: 1950: 1942: 1927: 1912: 1905: 1901:Lord Speaker 1894: 1882: 1845: 1843: 1828: 1812:John Hampden 1808:Five Members 1785: 1780:Five Members 1776:John Hampden 1762: 1739: 1735: 1726: 1711: 1695:Earl Marshal 1692: 1681: 1662: 1659:consecration 1632: 1617: 1606: 1599: 1588: 1573: 1558:royal assent 1555: 1537: 1533:royal assent 1526: 1512: 1493: 1468: 1464:life peerage 1457: 1446: 1431: 1417: 1394: 1390:Dáil Éireann 1355: 1339: 1335:Conservative 1328: 1317: 1298: 1259: 1193: 1147: 1141:through the 1108: 1077: 1012: 1010: 876: 857: 850:Independents 704: 683: 676:Labour Party 662: 637:Lord Speaker 625: 606: 587:Independents 516:Other groups 515: 494: 487:Labour Party 473: 422: 416: 396:Conservative 318:Lord Speaker 138: 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 8907:Plaid Cymru 8822:Labour 2005 7880:Plaid Cymru 7799:Anas Sarwar 7754:Plaid Cymru 7750:Lord Wigley 7665:Robin Swann 7621:Plaid Cymru 7541:Rishi Sunak 7407:Health care 7315:Health care 7221:Health care 7129:Health care 7037:Anglosphere 6912:Social care 6867:Immigration 6810:Drug policy 6574:Departments 6502:Nationality 6275:Agriculture 6208:terminology 6175:City status 6046:Since 1979 5898:Isle of Man 5833:recognition 5785:Switzerland 5720:Netherlands 5415:(1969–1992) 5368:Puerto Rico 5358:Isle of Man 5273:Saint Lucia 5253:Philippines 5233:Netherlands 5173:Ivory Coast 5015:Switzerland 5005:South Sudan 4679:Isle of Man 4090:22 February 4033:22 February 3631:10 February 3584:10 February 3498:13 November 3473:19 February 3439:10 February 3305:John Bright 3292:Westminster 2953:BBC iPlayer 2867:prorogation 2804:Canada Acts 2648:Order Paper 2299:Hybrid Bill 2196:prorogation 2097:5 (maximum) 2064:5 (maximum) 2044:7 (maximum) 2028:7 (maximum) 2007:3 (maximum) 1887:section in 1595:money bills 1428:Second Dáil 1413:direct rule 1278:lower house 1219: 1235 996:.parliament 974: / 912:4 July 2024 790:Plaid Cymru 778:Green Party 700: (121) 679: (404) 621: (184) 575:Plaid Cymru 563:Green Party 511: (276) 490: (185) 392:Rishi Sunak 307:Charles III 215:Established 9517:Categories 9031:Blair Babe 8834:Co-op 2005 8221:By surname 7984:Mal O'Hara 7937:Naomi Long 7888:Jane Dodds 7738:Lord Rogan 7714:Lord Newby 7373:Government 7281:Government 7276:Parliament 6992:Literature 6872:Innovation 6805:Demography 6700:(currency) 6549:Government 6507:Parliament 6431:Devolution 6426:Corruption 6361:Materials 6295:geothermal 5979:Chronology 5755:San Marino 5715:Montenegro 5695:Luxembourg 5675:Kazakhstan 5578:Azerbaijan 5395:Historical 5386:Somaliland 5323:Uzbekistan 5293:Tajikistan 5213:Madagascar 5193:Kazakhstan 4766:Montserrat 4314:. Glasgow. 4177:, without 3982:section 38 3728:14 October 3558:7 December 3319:References 3284:Parliament 2895:portcullis 2822:Privileges 2590:See also: 2489:Tony Blair 2379:Queen Anne 1930:voice vote 1877:, 1797–98. 1651:Winchester 1635:Canterbury 1521:, and the 1494:Under the 1386:unicameral 1346:money bill 1272:under the 1119:life peers 1055:, and the 959:51°29′58″N 721: (72) 607:Crossbench 602: (41) 530: (79) 464: (25) 293:Leadership 222:1801-01-01 87:newspapers 9045:By region 9017:By gender 8934:Sinn Féin 8912:Reform UK 8768:Communist 8008:Dick Cole 7917:Sinn Féin 7702:Lord True 7593:Reform UK 7402:Education 7358:Geography 7310:Education 7266:Geography 7216:Education 7187:Executive 7172:Geography 7124:Education 7097:Geography 6877:Languages 6815:Education 6741:Transport 6579:Ministers 6465:Judiciary 6436:Elections 6376:Wildlife 6285:biodiesel 6267:Resources 6257:Volcanoes 6247:Mountains 6232:Coastline 6134:Geography 6088:1814–1919 6050:political 6035:political 5987:Formation 5888:Gibraltar 5690:Lithuania 5158:Indonesia 4925:Australia 4920:Argentina 4901:bicameral 4899:National 4847:Although 4780:Ascension 4761:Gibraltar 4572:Sovereign 4395:cite book 4389:. Berlin. 4372:cite book 4366:. Stroud. 4320:cite book 4179:subtitles 3649:The Times 3324:Footnotes 3303:However, 3278:, or the 3211:help page 2800:Australia 2755:. In the 2484:impeaches 2465:Scots law 2253:Scots law 2188:pro forma 2176:pro forma 1847:pro forma 1800:Charles I 1792:Black Rod 1615:in 2009. 1415:in 1973. 1401:home rule 1370:manifesto 1366:Sinn Féin 1290:Old Sarum 1253:, before 1143:law lords 1084:elections 1065:The Crown 1045:bicameral 962:0°07′29″W 901:Elections 893: (7) 890:Sinn Féin 872: (1) 853: (8) 841: (1) 829: (1) 817: (1) 805: (2) 793: (4) 781: (4) 769: (5) 766:Reform UK 757: (5) 745: (5) 733: (9) 640: (1) 590: (1) 578: (2) 566: (2) 554: (3) 542: (6) 405:Structure 181:Bicameral 9502:LGBT MPs 9144:Scotland 9102:England 8763:Alliance 8754:By party 7988:Green NI 7553:Ed Davey 7465:Category 7417:Religion 7363:Politics 7330:Religion 7271:Politics 7259:timeline 7246:Scotland 7231:Religion 7182:Assembly 7177:Politics 7144:Religion 7102:Politics 7090:timeline 7007:Religion 6987:Identity 6850:Scotland 6795:Cannabis 6721:Taxation 6608:Military 6490:monarchs 6485:Monarchy 6405:Politics 6365:forestry 6345:Scottish 6336:Fishing 6195:Physical 6115:Taxation 6110:Military 6100:Maritime 6073:Economic 6066:By topic 6031:Postwar 6025:military 6020:civilian 6012:Interwar 5893:Guernsey 5840:Abkhazia 5810:Scotland 5770:Slovenia 5765:Slovakia 5740:Portugal 5598:Bulgaria 5328:Zimbabwe 5298:Thailand 5278:Slovenia 5248:Paraguay 5133:Eswatini 5103:Colombia 5093:Cameroon 5088:Cambodia 5058:Barbados 4990:Pakistan 4970:Malaysia 4960:Ethiopia 4853:Governor 4839:Alderney 4835:Guernsey 4714:Anguilla 4662:Alderney 4653:Guernsey 4614:Scotland 4601:Devolved 4501:LibriVox 4355:25530973 4266:(1896). 4248:56453651 4199:Archived 4173:Archived 4051:(2004). 3799:6 August 3794:BBC News 3706:26 April 3578:Glossary 3201:Scottish 2959:See also 2941:Euronews 2863:subpoena 2772:Scotland 2677:Stormont 2476:felonies 2461:Scotland 2094:Post-WW2 1947:Duration 1934:division 1837:and the 1433:sine die 1399:created 1309:election 1027:and the 423:Commons: 394:MP, 371:MP, 268:Scotland 9072:London 9054:England 8841:Liberal 8000:Liberal 7449:Outline 7422:Symbols 7412:Culture 7395:tourism 7390:Economy 7353:History 7335:Symbols 7325:Culture 7303:tourism 7298:Economy 7254:History 7236:Symbols 7226:Culture 7209:tourism 7204:Economy 7167:History 7149:Symbols 7139:Culture 7117:tourism 7112:Economy 7080:History 7072:England 7022:Theatre 7017:Symbols 6975:Cuisine 6952:Culture 6922:Suicide 6892:Poverty 6857:Housing 6845:England 6783:Society 6759:Driving 6731:Tourism 6649:Economy 6557:Cabinet 6357:Hunting 6340:English 6237:Geology 6220:Climate 5970:History 5795:Ukraine 5745:Romania 5705:Moldova 5663:Ireland 5658:Iceland 5653:Hungary 5643:Germany 5638:Georgia 5628:Finland 5623:Estonia 5618:Denmark 5603:Croatia 5588:Belgium 5583:Belarus 5573:Austria 5568:Armenia 5563:Andorra 5558:Albania 5459:Related 5353:Bermuda 5318:Uruguay 5263:Romania 5228:Namibia 5223:Myanmar 5218:Morocco 5208:Liberia 5203:Lesotho 5178:Jamaica 5163:Ireland 5148:Grenada 5083:Burundi 5078:Bolivia 5063:Belarus 5053:Bahrain 5048:Bahamas 5038:Algeria 5030:Unitary 5000:Somalia 4985:Nigeria 4935:Belgium 4930:Austria 4912:Federal 4820:Hansard 4719:Bermuda 4490:at the 4436:Hansard 4288:(ed.). 4210:Sources 4195:YouTube 4168:YouTube 3933:20 June 3911:20 June 3886:20 June 3861:20 June 3626:Hansard 3533:21 June 3391:16 July 3309:England 2937:YouTube 2784:England 2502:Cabinet 2373:words " 2337:or the 1839:Cabinet 1697:or the 1584:estates 1546:Monarch 1294:Dunwich 1270:Ireland 1164:History 1104:Cabinet 1071:of the 1019:of the 987:Website 869:Speaker 461:Bishops 390:Rt Hon 367:Rt Hon 345:Rt Hon 300:Monarch 220: ( 210:History 101:scholar 9303:Oct 74 9298:Feb 74 9183:Oct 74 9178:Feb 74 9081:Labour 8812:Labour 8621:Oct 74 8616:Feb 74 8536:Dec 10 8531:Jan 10 7843:Senedd 7470:Portal 7368:Senedd 7085:social 6970:Cinema 6965:Anthem 6907:Racism 6862:Hunger 6835:Health 6688:Income 6673:Budget 6370:mining 6310:marine 6280:Energy 6252:Rivers 6225:change 6078:Empire 6055:social 6040:social 5903:Jersey 5845:Kosovo 5790:Turkey 5780:Sweden 5760:Serbia 5750:Russia 5735:Poland 5730:Norway 5710:Monaco 5680:Latvia 5648:Greece 5633:France 5608:Cyprus 5268:Rwanda 5258:Poland 5188:Jordan 5138:France 5073:Bhutan 5068:Belize 4995:Russia 4975:Mexico 4950:Canada 4945:Brazil 4729:Senate 4674:Jersey 4482:C-SPAN 4353: 4246: 4236: 4061: 3681:17 May 3347:10 May 3274:, the 2877:Emblem 2856:juries 2847:felony 2759:, the 2594:, and 2414:, 1788 2360:Supply 2352:solely 1999:Notes 1647:Durham 1643:London 1364:party 1180:, and 1098:, all 1069:advice 1051:, the 1037:London 888: 886: 867: 865: 848: 846: 836: 834: 824: 822: 812: 810: 800: 798: 788: 786: 776: 774: 764: 762: 752: 750: 740: 738: 728: 726: 716: 714: 695: 693: 674: 672: 635: 633: 616: 614: 597: 595: 585: 583: 573: 571: 561: 559: 549: 547: 537: 535: 525: 523: 506: 504: 485: 483: 459: 457: 417:Lords: 373:Labour 325:Rt Hon 273:Senedd 189:Houses 103: 96: 89: 82: 74: 9475:Other 9254:Wales 9006:2020s 9001:2010s 8996:2000s 8991:1990s 8655:2000s 8514:1900s 8373:1800s 7456:Index 7345:Wales 7012:Sport 7002:Music 6997:Media 6937:Waste 6800:Crime 6764:Roads 6661:Banks 6385:flora 6380:fauna 6350:Welsh 6325:solar 6180:Towns 5878:Åland 5815:Wales 5775:Spain 5700:Malta 5670:Italy 5288:Spain 5243:Palau 5198:Kenya 5183:Japan 5168:Italy 5153:Haiti 5143:Gabon 5098:Chile 5010:Sudan 4980:Nepal 4965:India 4955:Egypt 4619:Wales 4351:JSTOR 4339:LXXIX 4284:. In 4135:(PDF) 3967:(PDF) 3960:(PDF) 3833:(PDF) 3187:peers 3162:Notes 2776:Wales 1305:peers 1094:. By 410:Seats 277:Wales 261:only) 108:JSTOR 94:books 9446:2010 9396:2001 9386:1992 9381:1987 9106:2005 9093:Kent 9066:2010 8954:Whig 8922:2005 8895:1931 8851:2005 8800:2005 8778:2005 8723:2010 8662:2001 8521:1900 8380:1801 8090:UKIP 8078:TUSC 7813:and 7603:and 6980:Wine 6596:list 6584:list 6562:list 6458:LGBT 6330:wind 6290:coal 5238:Oman 4843:Sark 4841:and 4782:and 4667:Sark 4565:(UK) 4553:and 4545:the 4401:link 4378:link 4326:link 4244:OCLC 4234:ISBN 4092:2008 4059:ISBN 4035:2008 3935:2019 3913:2019 3888:2019 3863:2019 3801:2008 3730:2009 3708:2009 3683:2013 3633:2008 3586:2008 3560:2022 3535:2017 3500:2018 3475:2008 3441:2008 3393:2023 3349:2024 3242:whip 3203:and 2913:and 2802:and 2778:and 2743:and 2733:1921 2410:The 2243:The 2127:2022 2110:2011 2061:1911 2041:1801 2025:1715 2004:1707 1990:Year 1969:52nd 1649:and 1639:York 1637:and 1469:The 1407:and 1356:The 1340:The 1268:and 1260:The 1194:The 1011:The 175:Type 170:Type 80:news 8677:new 7385:Law 7293:Law 7199:Law 7107:Law 6960:Art 6470:Law 4499:at 4343:doi 3290:as 3286:or 2945:BBC 2849:or 2708:as 2633:or 2520:". 2478:or 1996:Act 1510:. 1202:by 1160:". 1086:to 1035:in 998:.uk 994:www 425:650 419:805 63:by 9519:: 9466:24 9461:19 9456:17 9451:15 9426:24 9421:19 9416:17 9411:15 9406:10 9401:05 9391:97 9363:24 9358:19 9353:17 9348:15 9343:10 9338:05 9333:01 9328:97 9323:92 9318:87 9313:83 9308:79 9293:70 9288:66 9283:64 9278:59 9273:55 9268:51 9263:50 9243:24 9238:19 9233:17 9228:15 9223:10 9218:05 9213:01 9208:97 9203:92 9198:87 9193:83 9188:79 9173:70 9168:66 9163:64 9158:59 9153:55 9131:24 9126:19 9121:17 9116:15 9111:10 8927:10 8876:24 8871:19 8866:17 8861:15 8856:10 8788:24 8783:10 8743:24 8738:19 8733:17 8728:15 8699:24 8694:19 8689:17 8684:15 8672:10 8667:05 8646:97 8641:92 8636:87 8631:83 8626:79 8611:70 8606:66 8601:64 8596:59 8591:55 8586:51 8581:50 8576:45 8571:35 8566:31 8561:29 8556:24 8551:23 8546:22 8541:18 8526:06 8505:95 8500:92 8495:86 8490:85 8485:80 8480:74 8475:68 8470:65 8465:59 8460:57 8455:52 8450:47 8445:41 8440:37 8435:35 8430:32 8425:31 8420:30 8415:26 8410:20 8405:18 8400:12 8395:07 8390:06 8385:02 7793:) 4859:. 4778:, 4660:: 4549:, 4465:– 4456:– 4397:}} 4393:{{ 4374:}} 4370:{{ 4349:. 4337:. 4322:}} 4318:{{ 4242:. 4193:. 4171:. 4165:. 4081:. 4026:. 4022:. 3996:. 3943:^ 3904:. 3879:. 3854:. 3835:. 3809:^ 3792:. 3779:^ 3752:. 3699:. 3624:. 3620:. 3576:. 3551:. 3525:. 3502:. 3477:. 3461:. 3457:. 3431:. 3383:. 3365:. 3340:. 3213:). 3192:^ 2858:. 2845:, 2774:, 2679:, 2675:, 2398:. 2278:. 2082:10 2056:. 2020:. 1925:. 1749:. 1645:, 1604:. 1392:. 1237:. 1216:c. 1176:, 1172:, 1145:. 1063:. 1039:. 350:MP 8897:) 8353:Z 8348:Y 8344:X 8340:W 8335:V 8330:U 8325:T 8320:S 8315:R 8310:Q 8305:P 8300:O 8295:N 8290:M 8285:L 8280:K 8275:J 8270:I 8265:H 8260:G 8255:F 8250:E 8245:D 8240:C 8235:B 8230:A 8202:e 8195:t 8188:v 8134:) 8130:( 8122:) 8118:( 8110:) 8101:) 8092:) 8088:( 8080:) 8076:( 8068:) 8064:( 8056:) 8052:( 8044:) 8035:) 8031:( 8023:) 8014:) 8010:( 8002:) 7998:( 7990:) 7986:( 7967:) 7963:( 7955:) 7951:( 7943:) 7939:( 7931:) 7927:( 7919:) 7915:( 7894:) 7890:( 7882:) 7878:( 7870:) 7866:( 7858:) 7854:( 7833:) 7829:( 7821:) 7817:( 7805:) 7801:( 7789:( 7781:) 7777:( 7756:) 7752:( 7744:) 7740:( 7732:) 7728:( 7720:) 7716:( 7708:) 7704:( 7696:) 7692:( 7671:) 7667:( 7659:) 7655:( 7647:) 7643:( 7635:) 7631:( 7623:) 7619:( 7611:) 7607:( 7595:) 7591:( 7583:) 7579:( 7571:) 7567:( 7559:) 7555:( 7547:) 7543:( 7535:) 7531:( 7504:e 7497:t 7490:v 6717:) 6713:( 5953:e 5946:t 5939:v 5538:e 5531:t 5524:v 4892:e 4885:t 4878:v 4535:e 4528:t 4521:v 4484:) 4480:( 4403:) 4380:) 4357:. 4345:: 4328:) 4250:. 4151:. 4094:. 4067:. 4037:. 3937:. 3915:. 3890:. 3865:. 3839:. 3819:. 3803:. 3732:. 3710:. 3685:. 3635:. 3588:. 3562:. 3537:. 3443:. 3395:. 3351:. 3294:. 3248:. 3231:. 2687:. 2113:5 1666:. 1214:( 1191:. 1184:. 284:( 275:( 266:( 257:( 224:) 130:) 124:( 119:) 115:( 105:· 98:· 91:· 84:· 57:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.